Aerobic biogenesis of selenium nanospheres by Bacillus cereus isolated from coalmine soil

Nanoselenium attenuates renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats

Using selenium (Se) nanoparticles has received attention in recent years because of their therapeutic benefits due to their anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic effects. This research was conducted to evaluate the possible protective impact of nano-Se on renal unilateral ischemia/reperfusion injury (uIRI) in adult male Wistar rats. Using clamping of the left renal pedicle within 45 min uIRI was induced. The animals were randomly divided into nine groups of control, nano-Se (0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/kg bw/day) alone, uIRI control, and uIRI rats administrated with nano-Se. At 30 days after treatment, the animals were sacrificed to be assessed biochemically and histopathologically. Nano-Se in uIRI groups have significantly decreased serum creatinine, urea levels, renal histological damage, and increased antioxidant status. Also, our findings demonstrated that the administration of nano-Se caused a significant decrease in the immunoreactivity level of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) and EGFR expression (EGF receptor) in the renal tissue of the uIRI rats. Therefore, nano-Se possesses renoprotective effects, and this effect might be attributable to its antioxidant and free radical scavenger effects. These renoprotective effects may depend on the decreased EGF immunoreactivity level and EGFR expression in the kidney tissue and improve the structure of the kidney tissue. Thus, our research provided biochemical and histological data supporting the potential clinical use of nano-Se for the treatment of certain kidney disorders.

Enhanced Induction of Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest in MCF-7 Breast Cancer and HT-29 Colon Cancer Cell Lines via Low-Dose Biosynthesis of Selenium Nanoparticles Utilizing Lactobacillus casei

As a leading global cause of mortality, cancer continues to pose a significant challenge. The shortcomings of prevalent cancer treatments, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, necessitate the exploration of alternative therapeutic strategies. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have emerged as a promising solution, with their synthesis being widely researched due to their potential applications. Among the diverse synthesis methods for SeNPs, the green chemistry approach holds a distinctive position within nanotechnology. This research delves into the anti-proliferative and anticancer properties of green-synthesized SeNPs via the cell-free supernatant (CFS) of Lactobacillus casei (LC-SeNPs), with a specific focus on MCF-7 and HT-29 cancer cell lines. SeNPs were synthesized employing the supernatant of L. casei. The characterization of these green-synthesized SeNPs was performed using TEM, FE-SEM, XRD, FT-IR, UV-vis, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and DLS. The biological impact of LC-SNPs on MCF-7 and HT-29 cancer cells was examined via MTT, flow cytometry, scratch tests, and qRT-PCR. Both FE-SEM and TEM images substantiated the spherical shape of the synthesized nanoparticles. The biosynthesized LC-SNPs reduced the survival of MCF-7 (by 20%) and HT-29 (by 30%) cells at a concentration of 100 μg/mL. Flow cytometry revealed that LC-SNPs were capable of inducing 28% and 23% apoptosis in MCF-7 and HT-29 cells, respectively. In addition, it was found that LC-SNPs treated MCF-7 and HT-29 cells were arrested in the sub-G1 phase. Gene expression analysis indicated that the expression levels of the CASP3, CASP9, and BAX genes were elevated after treating MCF-7 and HT-29 cells with LC-SNPs. Further, SeNPs were observed to inhibit migration and invasion of MCF-7 and HT-29 cancer cells. The SeNPs, produced via L. casei, demonstrated strong anticancer effects on MCF-7 and HT-29 cells, suggesting their potential as biological agents in cancer treatment following additional in vivo experiments.

Selenium Nanoparticles: A Comprehensive Examination of Synthesis Techniques and Their Diverse Applications in Medical Research and Toxicology Studies

Selenium is a trace and necessary micronutrient for human, animal, and microbial health. Many researchers have recently been interested in selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) due to their biocompatibility, bioavailability, and low toxicity. As a result of their greater bioactivity, selenium nanoparticles are widely employed in a variety of biological applications. Physical, chemical, and biological approaches can all be used to synthesize selenium nanoparticles. Since it uses non-toxic solvents and operates at a suitable temperature, the biological technique is a preferable option. This review article addresses the processes implemented in the synthesis of SeNPs and highlights their medicinal uses, such as the treatment of fungi, bacteria, cancer, and wounds. Furthermore, we discuss the most recent findings on the potential of several biological materials for selenium nanoparticle production. The precursor, extract, process, time, temperature, and other synthesis criteria will be elaborated in conjunction with the product's physical properties (size, shape, and stability). The synergies of SeNP synthesis via various methods aid future researchers in precisely synthesizing SeNPs and using them in desired applications.

Improved titer and stability of selenium nanoparticles produced by engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have gained significant attention in the fields of medicine and healthcare products due to their various biological activities and low toxicity. In this study, we focused on genetically modifying the Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain YW16 (CICC 1406), which has the ability to efficiently reduce sodium selenite and produce red SeNPs. By overexpressing genes involved in glutathione production, we successfully increased the glutathione titer of the modified strain YJ003 from 41.0 mg/L to 212.0 mg/L. Moreover, we improved the conversion rate of 2.0 g/L sodium selenite from 49.3% to 59.6%. Furthermore, we identified three surface proteins of SeNPs, and found that overexpression of Act1, one of the identified proteins, led to increased stability of SeNPs across different acid-base and temperature conditions. Through a 135-h feed fermentation process using 5.0 g/L sodium selenite, we achieved an impressive conversion rate of 88.7% for sodium selenite, and each gram of SeNPs contained 195.7 mg of selenium. Overall, our findings present an efficient method for yeast to synthesize SeNPs with high stability. These SeNPs hold great potential for applications in nanomedicine or as nutritional supplements to address selenium deficiency.

Biogenic selenium nanoparticles and selenium/chitosan-Nanoconjugate biosynthesized by Streptomyces parvulus MAR4 with antimicrobial and anticancer potential

BACKGROUND

As antibiotics and chemotherapeutics are no longer as efficient as they once were, multidrug resistant (MDR) pathogens and cancer are presently considered as two of the most dangerous threats to human life. In this study, Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) biosynthesized by Streptomyces parvulus MAR4, nano-chitosan (NCh), and their nanoconjugate (Se/Ch-nanoconjugate) were suggested to be efficacious antimicrobial and anticancer agents.

RESULTS

SeNPs biosynthesized by Streptomyces parvulus MAR4 and NCh were successfully achieved and conjugated. The biosynthesized SeNPs were spherical with a mean diameter of 94.2 nm and high stability. Yet, Se/Ch-nanoconjugate was semispherical with a 74.9 nm mean diameter and much higher stability. The SeNPs, NCh, and Se/Ch-nanoconjugate showed significant antimicrobial activity against various microbial pathogens with strong inhibitory effect on their tested metabolic key enzymes [phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI), pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and nitrate reductase (NR)]; Se/Ch-nanoconjugate was the most powerful agent. Furthermore, SeNPs revealed strong cytotoxicity against HepG2 (IC50 = 13.04 μg/ml) and moderate toxicity against Caki-1 (HTB-46) tumor cell lines (IC50 = 21.35 μg/ml) but low cytotoxicity against WI-38 normal cell line (IC50 = 85.69 μg/ml). Nevertheless, Se/Ch-nanoconjugate displayed substantial cytotoxicity against HepG2 and Caki-1 (HTB-46) with IC50 values of 11.82 and 7.83 μg/ml, respectively. Consequently, Se/Ch-nanoconjugate may be more easily absorbed by both tumor cell lines. However, it exhibited very low cytotoxicity on WI-38 with IC50 of 153.3 μg/ml. Therefore, Se/Ch-nanoconjugate presented the most anticancer activity.

CONCLUSION

The biosynthesized SeNPs and Se/Ch-nanoconjugate are convincingly recommended to be used in biomedical applications as versatile and potent antimicrobial and anticancer agents ensuring notable levels of biosafety, environmental compatibility, and efficacy.

A Snapshot of Selenium-enclosed Nanoparticles for the Management of Cancer

Among the primary causes of mortality in today's world is cancer. Many drugs are employed to give lengthy and severe chemotherapy and radiation therapy, like nitrosoureas (Cisplatin, Oxaliplatin), Antimetabolites (5-fluorouracil, Methotrexate), Topoisomerase inhibitors (Etoposide), Mitotic inhibitors (Doxorubicin); such treatment is associated with significant adverse effects. Antitumor antibiotics have side effects similar to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element for humans and animals, and additional Se supplementation is required, particularly for individuals deficient in Se. Due to its unique features and high bioactivities, selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs), which act as a supplement to counter Se deficiency, have recently gained worldwide attention. This study presented a safer and more economical way of preparing stable SeNPs. The researcher has assessed the antiproliferative efficiency of SeNPs-based paclitaxel delivery systems against tumor cells in vitro with relevant mechanistic visualization. SeNPs stabilized by Pluronic F-127 were synthesized and studied. The significant properties and biological activities of PTX-loaded SeNPs on cancer cells from the lungs, breasts, cervical, and colons. In one study, SeNPs were formulated using chitosan (CTS) polymer and then incorporated into CTS/citrate gel, resulting in a SeNPs-loaded chitosan/citrate complex; in another study, CTS was used in the synthesis of SeNPs and then situated into CTS/citrate gel, resulting in Se loaded nanoparticles. These formulations were found to be more successful in cancer treatment.

Selenite bioreduction with concomitant green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles by a selenite resistant EPS and siderophore producing terrestrial bacterium

Environmental bacterial isolates play a very important role in bioremediation of metals and toxic metalloids. A bacterial strain with high selenite (SeO32-) tolerance and reducing capability was isolated from electronic waste dump site in Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India. Based on 16 S rRNA sequencing and BLAST search, this bacterial isolate was identified as Bacillus paramycoides and designated as strain MF-14. It tolerated Sodium selenite up to 110 mM when grown aerobically in LB broth and reduced selenite into elemental selenium (Se0) significantly within 24 h with concomitant biosynthesis of selenium nanoparticles as clearly revealed by brick red precipitate and specific surface plasmon resonance peak at 210 nm using UV-Visible spectrophotometer. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of this bacterial strain exposed to 1mM and 5 mM selenite also demonstrated morphological alterations as cell enlargement due to accumulation and bioprecipitation of elemental selenium (Se0). The FTIR analysis clearly demonstrated that functional groups present on the surface of biogenic selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) play a significant role in the stabilization and capping of SeNPs. Furthermore, these SeNPs were characterized using spectroscopic analysis involving Dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, XPS, FTIR, XRD and Raman spectroscopy which clearly revealed particle size 10-700 nm, amorphous nature, stability as well as it's oxidation state. The biochemical studies have demonstrated that membrane bound reductase enzyme may be responsible for significant reduction of selenite into elemental selenium. Therefore, we may employ Bacillus paramycoides strain MF-14 successfully for bioremediation of selenite contaminated environmental sites with concomitant green synthesis of SeNPs.

Review on Pesticide Abiotic Stress over Crop Health and Intervention by Various Biostimulants

Plants are essential for life on earth, and agricultural crops are a primary food source for humans. For the One Health future, crop health is crucial for safe, high-quality agricultural products and the development of future green commodities. However, the overuse of pesticides in modern agriculture raises concerns about their adverse effects on crop resistance and product quality. Recently, biostimulants, including microecological bacteria agents and nanoparticles, have garnered worldwide interest for their ability to sustain plant health and enhance crop resistance. This review analyzed the effects and mechanisms of pesticide stress on crop health. It also investigated the regulation of biostimulants on crop health and the multiomics mechanism, combining research on nanoselenium activating various crop health aspects conducted by the authors' research group. The paper helps readers understand the impact of pesticides on crop health and the positive influence of various biostimulants, especially nanomaterials and small molecules, on crop health.

Characterization of green synthesized selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) in two different indigenous halophilic bacteria

BACKGROUND

In the biological method, using nonpathogenic and extremophile bacteria systems are not only safe and highly efficient but also a trump card for synthesizing nanoparticles. Halomonas elongata QW6 IBRC-M 10,214 (He10214) and Salinicoccus iranensis IBRC-M 10,198 (Si10198), indigenous halophilic bacteria, can be used for synthesizing selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs).

METHODS

SeNP biosynthesis was optimized in two halophilic bacteria and characterized by UV-Vis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), zeta potential, and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX).

RESULTS

Optimized conditions for synthesizing SeNPs was at 300 °C at 150 rpm for 72 h and 6 mM or 8 mM concentration of Na2SeO3. UV-Vis indicated a sharp absorption peak at 294 nm. Spherical-shaped nanoparticles by a diameter of 30-100 nm were observed in FESEM and TEM microscopy images. The produced SeNPs were identified by a peak in FTIR spectra. In XRD analysis, the highest peak diffraction had a relationship with SeNPs. The zeta potential analysis showed SeNP production, and elemental selenium was confirmed by EDX.

CONCLUSIONS

Halophilic bacteria, owing to easy manipulation to create optimization conditions and high resistance, could serve as appropriate organisms for the bioproduction of nanoparticles. The biological method, due to effectiveness, flexibility, biocompatibility, and low cost, could be used for the synthesis of reproducible and stable nanoparticles.

The Potential of Trichoderma-Mediated Nanotechnology Application in Sustainable Development Scopes

The environmental impact of industrial development has been well-documented. The use of physical and chemical methods in industrial development has negative consequences for the environment, raising concerns about the sustainability of this approach. There is a growing need for advanced technologies that are compatible with preserving the environment. The use of fungi products for nanoparticle (NP) synthesis is a promising approach that has the potential to meet this need. The genus Trichoderma is a non-pathogenic filamentous fungus with a high degree of genetic diversity. Different strains of this genus have a variety of important environmental, agricultural, and industrial applications. Species of Trichoderma can be used to synthesize metallic NPs using a biological method that is environmentally friendly, low cost, energy saving, and non-toxic. In this review, we provide an overview of the role of Trichoderma metabolism in the synthesis of metallic NPs. We discuss the different metabolic pathways involved in NP synthesis, as well as the role of metabolic metabolites in stabilizing NPs and promoting their synergistic effects. In addition, the future perspective of NPs synthesized by extracts of Trichoderma is discussed, as well as their potential applications in biomedicine, agriculture, and environmental health.

Characterization and anti-inflammatory effect of selenium-enriched probiotic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens C-1, a potential postbiotics

A patented strain of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens C-1 in our laboratory could produce functional sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) under optimized fermentation conditions. With the strong stress resistance and abundant secondary metabolites, C-1 showed potential to be developed as selenium-enriched postbiotics. C-1 has the ability to synthesize SeNPs when incubated with 100 μg/ml Na2SeO3 for 30 h at 30 °C aerobically with 10% seeds-culture. The transformation rate from Na2SeO3 into SeNPs reached to 55.51%. After selenium enrichment, there were no significant morphology changes in C-1 cells but obvious SeNPs accumulated inside of cells, observed by scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope, verified by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. SeNPs had antioxidant activity in radical scavenge of superoxide (O2-), Hydroxyl radical (OH-) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazine (DPPH), where scavenging ability of OH- is the highest. Selenium-enriched C-1 had obvious anti-inflammatory effect in protecting integrity of Caco-2 cell membrane destroyed by S. typhimurium; it could preventing inflammatory damage in Caco-2 stressed by 200 μM H2O2 for 4 h, with significantly reduced expression of IL-8 (1.687 vs. 3.487, P = 0.01), IL-1β (1.031 vs. 5.000, P < 0.001), TNF-α (2.677 vs. 9.331, P < 0.001), increased Claudin-1 (0.971 vs. 0.611, P < 0.001) and Occludin (0.750 vs. 0.307, P < 0.001). Transcriptome data analysis showed that there were 381 differential genes in the vegetative growth stage and 1674 differential genes in the sporulation stage of C-1 with and without selenium-enrichment. A total of 22 ABC transporter protein-related genes at vegetative stage and 70 ABC transporter protein-related genes at sporulation stage were founded. Genes encoding MsrA, thiol, glutathione and thioredoxin reduction were significantly up-regulated; genes related to ATP synthase such as atpA and atpD genes showed down-regulated during vegetative stage; the flagellar-related genes (flgG, fliM, fliL, and fliJ) showed down-regulated during sporulation stage. The motility, chemotaxis and colonization ability were weakened along with synthesized SeNPs accumulated intracellular at sporulation stage. B. amyloliquefaciens C-1 could convert extracellular selenite into intracellular SeNPs through the oxidation-reduction pathway, with strong selenium-enriched metabolism. The SeNPs and selenium-enriched cells had potential to be developed as nano-selenium biomaterials and selenium-enriched postbiotics.

Selenium nanoparticles based on Amphipterygium glaucum extract with antibacterial, antioxidant, and plant biostimulant properties

BACKGROUND

In recent years, crop production has expanded due to the variety of commercially available species. This increase in production has led to global competition and the search for biostimulant products that improve crop quality and yield. At the same time, agricultural products that protect against diseases caused by phytopathogenic microorganisms are needed. Thus, the green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) is a proposal for achieving these needs. In this research, SeNPs were synthesized from methanolic extract of Amphipterygium glaucum leaves, and chemically and biologically characterized.

RESULTS

The characterization of SeNPs was conducted by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron microscopy transmission (TEM), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), energy dispersion X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and infrared spectrophotometry (FTIR) techniques. SeNPs with an average size of 40-60 nm and spherical and needle-shaped morphologies were obtained. The antibacterial activity of SeNPs against Serratia marcescens, Enterobacter cloacae, and Alcaligenes faecalis was evaluated. The results indicate that the methanolic extracts of A. glaucum and SeNPs presented a high antioxidant activity. The biostimulant effect of SeNPs (10, 20, 50, and 100 µM) was evaluated in vinca (Catharanthus roseus), and calendula (Calendula officinalis) plants under greenhouse conditions, and they improved growth parameters such as the height, the fresh and dry weight of roots, stems, and leaves; and the number of flowers of vinca and calendula.

CONCLUSIONS

The antibacterial, antioxidant, and biostimulant properties of SeNPs synthesized from A. glaucum extract demonstrated in this study support their use as a promising tool in crop production.

A Comparative Study of the Synthesis and Characterization of Biogenic Selenium Nanoparticles by Two Contrasting Endophytic Selenobacteria

The present study examined the biosynthesis and characterization of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) using two contrasting endophytic selenobacteria, one Gram-positive (Bacillus sp. E5 identified as Bacillus paranthracis) and one Gram-negative (Enterobacter sp. EC5.2 identified as Enterobacter ludwigi), for further use as biofortifying agents and/or for other biotechnological purposes. We demonstrated that, upon regulating culture conditions and selenite exposure time, both strains were suitable "cell factories" for producing SeNPs (B-SeNPs from B. paranthracis and E-SeNPs from E. ludwigii) with different properties. Briefly, dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) studies revealed that intracellular E-SeNPs (56.23 ± 4.85 nm) were smaller in diameter than B-SeNPs (83.44 ± 2.90 nm) and that both formulations were located in the surrounding medium or bound to the cell wall. AFM images indicated the absence of relevant variations in bacterial volume and shape and revealed the existence of layers of peptidoglycan surrounding the bacterial cell wall under the conditions of biosynthesis, particularly in the case of B. paranthracis. Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) showed that SeNPs were surrounded by the proteins, lipids, and polysaccharides of bacterial cells and that the numbers of the functional groups present in B-SeNPs were higher than in E-SeNPs. Thus, considering that these findings support the suitability of these two endophytic stains as potential biocatalysts to produce high-quality Se-based nanoparticles, our future efforts must be focused on the evaluation of their bioactivity, as well as on the determination of how the different features of each SeNP modulate their biological action and their stability.

The mechanism of Se(IV) multisystem resistance in Stenotrophomonas sp. EGS12 and its prospect in selenium-contaminated environment remediation

Human activities have led to elevated levels of selenium (Se) in the environment, which poses a threat to ecosystems and human health. Stenotrophomonas sp. EGS12 (EGS12) has been identified as a potential candidate for the bioremediation of repair selenium-contaminated environment because of its ability to efficiently reduce Se(IV) to form selenium nanospheres (SeNPs). To better understand the molecular mechanism of EGS12 in response to Se(IV) stress, a combination of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), genome sequencing techniques, metabolomics and transcriptomics were employed. The results indicated that under 2 mM Se(IV) stress, 132 differential metabolites (DEMs) were identified, and they were significantly enriched in metabolic pathways such as glutathione metabolism and amino acid metabolism. Under the Se(IV) stress of 2 mM, 662 differential genes (DEGs) involved in heavy metal transport, stress response, and toxin synthesis were identified in EGS12. These findings suggest that EGS12 may respond to Se(IV) stress by engaging various mechanisms such as forming biofilms, repairing damaged cell walls/cell membranes, reducing Se(IV) translocation into cells, increasing Se(IV) efflux, multiplying Se(IV) reduction pathways and expelling SeNPs through cell lysis and vesicular transport. The study also discusses the potential of EGS12 to repair Se contamination alone and co-repair with Se-tolerant plants (e.g. Cardamine enshiensis). Our work provides new insights into microbial tolerance to heavy metals and offers valuable information for bio-remediation techniques on Se(IV) contamination.

Anaerobic selenite-reducing bacteria and their metabolic potentials in Se-rich sediment revealed by the combination of DNA-stable isotope probing, metagenomic binning, and metatranscriptomics

Microorganisms play a critical role in the biogeochemical cycling of selenium (Se) in aquatic environments, particularly in reducing the toxicity and bioavailability of selenite (Se(IV)). This study aimed to identify putative Se(IV)-reducing bacteria (Se^IVRB) and investigate the genetic mechanisms underlying Se(IV) reduction in anoxic Se-rich sediment. Initial microcosm incubation confirmed that Se(IV) reduction was driven by heterotrophic microorganisms. DNA stable-isotope probing (DNA-SIP) analysis identified Pseudomonas, Geobacter, Comamonas, and Anaeromyxobacter as putative Se^IVRB. High-quality metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) affiliated with these four putative Se^IVRB were retrieved. Annotation of functional gene indicated that these MAGs contained putative Se(IV)-reducing genes such as DMSO reductase family, fumarate and sulfite reductases. Metatranscriptomic analysis of active Se(IV)-reducing cultures revealed significantly higher transcriptional levels of genes associated with DMSO reductase (serA/PHGDH), fumarate reductase (sdhCD/frdCD), and sulfite reductase (cysDIH) compared to those in cultures not amended with Se(IV), suggesting that these genes played important roles in Se(IV) reduction. The current study expands our knowledge of the genetic mechanisms involved in less-understood anaerobic Se(IV) bio-reduction. Additinally, the complementary abilities of DNA-SIP, metagenomics, and metatranscriptomics analyses are demonstrated in elucidating the microbial mechanisms of biogeochemical processes in anoxic sediment.

Exploring the antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, biocompatibility, and larvicidal activities of selenium nanoparticles fabricated by endophytic fungal strain Penicillium verhagenii

Herein, four endophytic fungal strains living in healthy roots of garlic were used to produce selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs) via green synthesis. Penicillium verhagenii was found to be the most efficient Se-NPs producer with a ruby red color that showed maximum surface plasmon resonance at 270 nm. The as-formed Se-NPs were crystalline, spherical, and well-arranged without aggregation, and ranged from 25 to 75 nm in size with a zeta potential value of -32 mV, indicating high stability. Concentration-dependent biomedical activities of the P. verhagenii-based Se-NPs were observed, including promising antimicrobial activity against different pathogens (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, and C. parapsilosis) with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 12.5-100 µg mL^-1. The biosynthesized Se-NPs showed high antioxidant activity with DPPH-scavenging percentages of 86.8 ± 0.6% at a concentration of 1000 µg mL^-1 and decreased to 19.3 ± 4.5% at 1.95 µg mL^-1. Interestingly, the Se-NPs also showed anticancer activity against PC3 and MCF7 cell lines with IC₅₀ of 225.7 ± 3.6 and 283.8 ± 7.5 µg mL^-1, respectively while it is remaining biocompatible with normal WI38 and Vero cell lines. Additionally, the green synthesized Se-NPs were effective against instar larvae of a medical insect, Aedes albopictus with maximum mortality of 85.1 ± 3.1, 67.2 ± 1.2, 62.10 ± 1.4, and 51.0 ± 1.0% at a concentration of 50 µg mL^-1 for I, II, III, and IV-instar larva, respectively. These data highlight the efficacy of endophytic fungal strains for cost-effective and eco-friendly Se-NPs synthesis with different applications.

Selenite reduction and biogenesis of selenium-nanoparticles by different size groups of aerobic granular sludge under aerobic conditions

Microbial transformations play a vital role in Se cycle in the environment and decrease the solubility and toxicity of Se oxyanions by converting to elemental selenium (Se⁰) nanostructures. Aerobic granular sludge (AGS) has attracted interest due to efficient reduction of selenite to biogenic Se⁰ (Bio-Se⁰) and retention in bioreactors. Here, selenite removal, biogenesis of Bio-Se⁰ and entrapment of Bio-Se⁰ by different size groups of aerobic granules were investigated to optimize biological treatment process for Se-laden wastewaters. Furthermore, a bacterial strain showing high selenite tolerance and reduction was isolated and characterized. Removal of selenite and conversion to Bio-Se⁰ were achieved by all the size groups of granules ranging from 0.12 mm to 2 mm and above. However, selenite reduction and Bio-Se⁰ formation were rapid and more efficient with large aerobic granules (≥0.5 mm). The formed Bio-Se⁰ was majorly associated with the large granules, due to better entrapment capabilities. In contrast, the Bio-Se⁰ formed by the small granules (≤0.2 mm) was distributed both in the granules and aqueous phase because of ineffective entrapment. Scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) analysis confirmed formation of Se⁰ spheres and association with the granules. Efficient selenite reduction and entrapment of Bio-Se⁰ was related to prevalent anoxic/anaerobic zones in the large granules. A bacterial strain showing efficient SeO₃^2- reduction of up to 15 mM SeO₃^2- under aerobic conditions was identified as Microbacterium azadirachtae. SEM-EDX analysis confirmed the formation and entrapment of Se⁰ nanospheres (size: 100 ± 5 nm) in the extracellular matrix. The cells immobilized in alginate beads showed effective SeO₃^2- reduction and Bio-Se⁰ entrapment. Efficient reduction and immobilization of bio-transformed metalloids by large AGS and AGS-borne bacteria implicates prospective use in bioremediation of metal(loid) oxyanions and bio-recovery.

A critical analysis of sources, pollution, and remediation of selenium, an emerging contaminant

Selenium (Se) is an essential metalloid and is categorized as emerging anthropogenic contaminant released to the environment. The rise of Se release into the environment has raised concern about its bioaccumulation, toxicity, and potential to cause serious damages to aquatic and terrestrial ecosystem. Therefore, it is extremely important to monitor Se level in environment on a regular basis. Understanding Se release, anthropogenic sources, and environmental behavior is critical for developing an effective Se containment strategy. The ongoing efforts of Se remediation have mostly emphasized monitoring and remediation as an independent topics of research. However, our paper has integrated both by explaining the attributes of monitoring on effective scale followed by a candid review of widespread technological options available with specific focus on Se removal from environmental media. Another novel approach demonstrated in the article is the presentation of an overwhelming evidence of limitations that various researchers are confronted with to overcome achieving effective remediation. Furthermore, we followed a holistic approach to discuss ways to remediate Se for cleaner environment especially related to introducing weak magnetic field for ZVI reactivity enhancement. We linked this phenomenal process to electrokinetics and presented convincing facts in support of Se remediation, which has led to emerge 'membrane technology', as another viable option for remediation. Hence, an interesting, innovative and future oriented review is presented, which will undoubtedly seek attention from global researchers.

Biological Selenite Reduction, Characterization and Bioactivities of Selenium Nanoparticles Biosynthesised by Pediococcus acidilactici DSM20284

Selenium (Se) is in great demand as a health supplement due to its superior reactivity and excellent bioavailability, despite selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) having signs of minor toxicity. At present, the efficiency of preparing SeNPs using lactic acid bacteria is unsatisfactory. Therefore, a probiotic bacterial strain that is highly efficient at converting selenite to elemental selenium is needed. In our work, four selenite-reducing bacteria were isolated from soil samples. Strain LAB-Se2, identified as Pediococcus acidilactici DSM20284, had a reduction rate of up to 98% at ambient temperature. This strain could reduce 100 mg L^-1 of selenite to elemental Se within 48 h at pH 4.5-6.0, a temperature of 30-40 °C, and a salinity of 1.0-6.5%. The produced SeNPs were purified, freeze-dried, and subsequently systematically characterised using FTIR, DSL, SEM-EDS, and TEM techniques. SEM-EDS analysis proved the presence of selenium as the foremost constituent of SeNPs. The strain was able to form spherical SeNPs, as determined by TEM. In addition, DLS analysis confirmed that SeNPs were negatively charged (-26.9 mV) with an average particle size of 239.6 nm. FTIR analysis of the SeNPs indicated proteins and polysaccharides as capping agents on the SeNPs. The SeNPs synthesised by P. acidilactici showed remarkable antibacterial activity against E. coli, B. subtilis, S. aureus, and K. pneumoniae with inhibition zones of 17.5 mm, 13.4 mm, 27.9 mm, and 16.2 mm, respectively; they also showed varied MIC values in the range of 15-120 μg mL^-1. The DPPH, ABTS, and hydroxyl, and superoxide scavenging activities of the SeNPs were 70.3%, 72.8%, 95.2%, and 85.7%, respectively. The SeNPs synthesised by the probiotic Lactococcus lactis have the potential for safe use in biomedical and nutritional applications.

Development and application of a new biological nano-selenium fermentation broth based on Bacillus subtilis SE201412

In order to improve the functionality and additional value of agricultural products, this study developing nano-selenium fermentation broth and established a new application strategy of bio-nano-selenium by screening and identifying selenium-rich microorganisms. We isolated a new strain from tobacco waste and named it Bacillus subtilis SE201412 (GenBank accession no. OP854680), which could aerobically grow under the condition of 66,000 mg L^-1 selenite concentration, and could convert 99.19% of selenite into biological nano-selenium (BioSeNPs) within 18 h. Using strain SE201412, we industrially produced the different concentrations of fermentation broth containing 5000-3000 mg L^-1 pure selenium for commercial use. The synthesized selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). TEM and SEM results showed that SeNPs were distributed outside cells. NTA assay of fermentation broth indicated that the nanoparticles were spherical with an average particle size of 126 ± 0.5 nm. Toxicity test revealed that the median lethal dose (LD₅₀) of the fermentation broth to mice was 2710 mg kg^-1, indicating its low toxicity and high safety. In addition, we applied BioSeNP fermentation broth to rice and wheat through field experiments. The results showed that the application of fermentation broth significantly increased the total selenium content and organic selenium percentage in rice and wheat grains. Our findings provide valuable reference for the development of BioSeNPs with extensive application prospects.

Rhodotorula mucilaginosa CAM4 improved selenium uptake in Spinacia oleracea L. and soil enzymatic activities under abiotic stresses

This study aimed to examine selenium (Se) acquisition by spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) plants growing under salinity and drought stress through the inoculation of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa strain CAM4. Under abiotic stress conditions, strain CAM4 with Se inoculation increased the shoot length, root length, shoot dry weight and root dry weight by 75.8-93.7%, 47.7-80.9%, 101.9-109.8% and 130.5-270.2%, respectively compared to uninoculated Se-treated plants grown under the same conditions. Under abiotic stresses, the Se-treated CAM4 inoculated plants showed a significant increase in Se concentration in the edible leaves of spinach, which was 227.3-234.5% higher than uninoculated Se-treated control plants. Likewise, strain CAM4 treatment significantly enhanced the plant nutrition of both micro and macro-nutrients. Under normal and abiotic stresses, CAM4 inoculation enhanced soil activities of acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, dehydrogenase, β-glucosidase and urease in the post harvested soil up to 28-47.5%, 62.6-121.8%, 69-177.1%, 16.2-37.9% and 19.8-41.2%, respectively over corresponding uninoculated soil.

Selenium Nanoparticle-Enriched and Potential Probiotic, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum S14 Strain, a Diet Supplement Beneficial for Rainbow Trout

Simple Summary

Potential probiotic bacteria for aquacultured species should be naturally occurring and non-pathogenic in the native habitat of the host, easy to culture, and able to grow in the intestine of the host. Se nanoparticles (Se⁰Nps) can be effectively used as a growth promoter, antioxidant, and immunostimulant agent in aquacultured species. Dietary supplementation with probiotics and Se⁰Nps contributes to the balance of the intestinal microbiota and probiotics have been proposed as an alternative to chemotherapeutants and antibiotics to prevent disease outbreaks, to mitigate the negative effects of stress and to strengthen the antioxidant capacity and the immune system of fish. Our results reported the isolation of a probiotic strain obtained from healthy rainbow trout. The strain was identified as Lactiplantibacillus plantarum species. This strain showed characteristics typically present in probiotics and, concurrently, the capacity to biosynthesize Se⁰Nps. The supplementation of the rainbow trout fish diet with LABS14-Se⁰Nps showed a positive effect on innate immune response parameters, oxidative status, well-being, and a better growth performance than the supplementation of the diet with the bacterium LABS14 alone. Therefore, we propose LABS14-Se⁰Nps as a promising alternative for the nutritional supplementation for rainbow trout or even other salmonids.

Abstract

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), obtained from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) intestine, were cultured in MRS medium and probiotic candidates. Concurrently, producers of elemental selenium nanoparticles (Se⁰Nps) were selected. Probiotic candidates were subjected to morphological characterization and the following tests: antibacterial activity, antibiotic susceptibility, hemolytic activity, catalase, hydrophobicity, viability at low pH, and tolerance to bile salts. Two LAB strains (S4 and S14) satisfied the characteristics of potential probiotics, but only strain S14 reduced selenite to biosynthesize Se⁰Nps. S14 strain was identified, by 16S rDNA analysis, as Lactiplantibacillus plantarum. Electron microscopy showed Se⁰Nps on the surface of S14 cells. Rainbow trout diet was supplemented (10⁸ CFU g⁻¹ feed) with Se⁰Nps-enriched L. plantarum S14 (LABS14-Se⁰Nps) or L. plantarum S14 alone (LABS14) for 30 days. At days 0, 15, and 30, samples (blood, liver, and dorsal muscle) were obtained from both groups, plus controls lacking diet supplementation. Fish receiving LABS14-Se⁰Nps for 30 days improved respiratory burst and plasmatic lysozyme, (innate immune response) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) (oxidative status) activities and productive parameters when compared to controls. The same parameters also improved when compared to fish receiving LABS14, but significant only for plasmatic and muscle GPX. Therefore, Se⁰Nps-enriched L. plantarum S14 may be a promising alternative for rainbow trout nutritional supplementation.

Antimicrobial, Antiviral, and In-Vitro Cytotoxicity and Mosquitocidal Activities of Portulaca oleracea-Based Green Synthesis of Selenium Nanoparticles

The aqueous extract of Portulaca oleracea was used as a biocatalyst for the reduction of Na₂SeO₃ to form Se-NPs that appeared red in color and showed maximum surface plasmon resonance at a wavelength of 266 nm, indicating the successful Phyto-fabrication of Se-NPs. A FT-IR chart clarified the role of plant metabolites such as proteins, carbohydrates, and amino acids in capping and stabilizing Se-NPs. TEM, SAED, and XRD analyses indicated the formation of spherical, well-arranged, and crystalline Se-NPs with sizes in the range of 2-22 nm. SEM-EDX mapping showed the maximum peaks of Se at 1.4, 11.3, and 12.4 KeV, with weight and atomic percentages of 36.49 and 30.39%, respectively. A zeta potential of -43.8 mV also indicated the high stability of the synthesized Se-NPs. The Phyto-synthesized Se-NPs showed varied biological activities in a dose-dependent manner, including promising activity against pathogenic bacteria and Candida species with varied MIC values in the range of 12.5-50 µg·mL^-1. Moreover, the Se-NPs showed antiviral activity toward HAV and Cox-B4, with percentages of 70.26 and 62.58%, respectively. Interestingly, Se-NPs showed a target orientation to cancer cell lines (HepG2) with low IC₅₀ concentration at 70.79 ± 2.2 µg·mL^-1 compared to normal cell lines (WI-38) with IC₅₀ at165.5 ± 5.4 µg·mL^-1. Moreover, the as-formed Se-NPs showed high activity against various instar larvae I, II, III, and IV of Culex pipiens, with the highest mortality percentages of 89 ± 3.1, 73 ± 1.2, 68 ± 1.4, and 59 ± 1.0%, respectively, at 50 mg L^-1. Thus, P. oleracea-based Se-NPs would be strong potential antimicrobial, anti-viral, anti-cancer, and anti-insect agents in the pharmaceutical and biomedical industries.

Turning gray selenium into a nanoaccelerator of tissue regeneration by PEG modification

Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element involved in nearly all human physiological processes but suffers from a narrow margin between benefit and toxicity. The nanoform of selenium has been proven shown to be more bioavailable and less toxic, yet significant challenges remain regarding the efficient and feasible synthesis of biologically active nanoselenium. In addition, although nanoselenium has shown a variety of biological activities, more interesting nanoselenium features are expected. In this work, hydrosoluble nanoselenium termed Nano-Se in the zero oxidation state was synthesized between gray Se and PEG. A zebrafish screen was carried out in zebrafish larvae cocultured with Nano-Se. Excitingly, Nano-Se promoted the action of the FGFR, Wnt, and VEGF signaling pathways, which play crucial roles in tissue regeneration. As expected, Nano-Se not only achieved the regeneration of zebrafish tail fins and mouse skin but also promoted the repair of skin in diabetic mice while maintaining a profitable safe profile. In brief, the Nano-Se reported here provided an efficient and feasible method for bioactive nanoselenium synthesis and not only expanded the application of nanoselenium to regenerative medicine but also likely reinvigorated efforts for discovering more peculiarunique biofunctions of nanoselenium in a great variety of human diseases.

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It was found that selenium nanoparticles through FGFR、Wnt、VEGFR signal pathway to promote tissue regeneration;

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Development a new water-soluble, bio-compatible, zero oxidation state Nano-Se;

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Development a new efficient and safe nano-biologic agent for promoting tissue regeneration.

Voyage of selenium from environment to life: Beneficial or toxic?

Selenium (Se), a naturally occurring metalloid, is an essential micronutrient for life as it is incorporated as selenocysteine in proteins. Although beneficial at low doses, Se is hazardous at high concentrations and poses a serious threat to various ecosystems. Due to this contrasting 'dual' nature, Se has garnered the attention of researchers wishing to unravel its puzzling properties. In this review, we describe the impact of selenium's journey from environment to diverse biological systems, with an emphasis on its chemical advantage. We describe the uneven distribution of Se and how this affects the bioavailability of this element, which, in turn, profoundly affects the habitat of a region. Once taken up, the subsequent incorporation of Se into proteins as selenocysteine and its antioxidant functions are detailed here. The causes of improved protein function due to the incorporation of redox-active Se atom (instead of S) are examined. Subsequently, the reasons for the deleterious effects of Se, which depend on its chemical form (organo-selenium or the inorganic forms) in different organisms are elaborated. Although Se is vital for the function of many antioxidant enzymes, how the pro-oxidant nature of Se can be potentially exploited in different therapies is highlighted. Furthermore, we succinctly explain how the presence of Se in biological systems offsets the toxic effects of heavy metal mercury. Finally, the different avenues of research that are fundamental to expand our understanding of selenium biology are suggested.

Nanoparticle Effects on Stress Response Pathways and Nanoparticle-Protein Interactions

Nanoparticles (NPs) are increasingly used in a wide variety of applications and products; however, NPs may affect stress response pathways and interact with proteins in biological systems. This review article will provide an overview of the beneficial and detrimental effects of NPs on stress response pathways with a focus on NP-protein interactions. Depending upon the particular NP, experimental model system, and dose and exposure conditions, the introduction of NPs may have either positive or negative effects. Cellular processes such as the development of oxidative stress, the initiation of the inflammatory response, mitochondrial function, detoxification, and alterations to signaling pathways are all affected by the introduction of NPs. In terms of tissue-specific effects, the local microenvironment can have a profound effect on whether an NP is beneficial or harmful to cells. Interactions of NPs with metal-binding proteins (zinc, copper, iron and calcium) affect both their structure and function. This review will provide insights into the current knowledge of protein-based nanotoxicology and closely examines the targets of specific NPs.

Enhancing the Activity of Carboxymethyl Cellulase Enzyme Using Highly Stable Selenium Nanoparticles Biosynthesized by Bacillus paralicheniformis Y4

The inorganic selenium is absorbed and utilized inefficiently, and the range between toxicity and demand is narrow, so the application is strictly limited. Selenium nanoparticles have higher bioactivity and biosafety properties, including increased antioxidant and anticancer properties. Thus, producing and applying eco-friendly, non-toxic selenium nanoparticles in feed additives is crucial. Bacillus paralicheniformis Y4 was investigated for its potential ability to produce selenium nanoparticles and the activity of carboxymethyl cellulases. The selenium nanoparticles were characterized using zeta potential analyses, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Additionally, evaluations of the anti-α-glucosidase activity and the antioxidant activity of the selenium nanoparticles and the ethyl acetate extracts of Y4 were conducted. B. paralicheniformis Y4 exhibited high selenite tolerance of 400 mM and the selenium nanoparticles had an average particle size of 80 nm with a zeta potential value of −35.8 mV at a pH of 7.0, suggesting that the particles are relatively stable against aggregation. After 72 h of incubation with 5 mM selenite, B. paralicheniformis Y4 was able to reduce it by 76.4%, yielding red spherical bio-derived selenium nanoparticles and increasing the carboxymethyl cellulase activity by 1.49 times to 8.96 U/mL. For the first time, this study reports that the carboxymethyl cellulase activity of Bacillus paralicheniforis was greatly enhanced by selenite. The results also indicated that B. paralicheniformis Y4 could be capable of ecologically removing selenite from contaminated sites and has great potential for producing selenium nanoparticles as feed additives to enhance the added value of agricultural products.

Light enhanced the antimicrobial, anticancer, and catalytic activities of selenium nanoparticles fabricated by endophytic fungal strain, Penicillium crustosum EP-1

Selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs) has recently received great attention over owing to their superior optical properties and wide biological and biomedical applications. Herein, crystallographic and dispersed spherical Se-NPs were green synthesized using endophytic fungal strain, Penicillium crustosum EP-1. The antimicrobial, anticancer, and catalytic activities of biosynthesized Se-NPs were investigated under dark and light (using Halogen tungsten lamp, 100 Watt, λ > 420 nm, and light intensity of 2.87 W m⁻²) conditions. The effect of Se-NPs was dose dependent and higher activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well different Candida spp. were attained in the presence of light than obtained under dark conditions. Moreover, the viabilities of two cancer cells (T47D and HepG2) were highly decreased from 95.8 ± 2.9% and 93.4 ± 3.2% in dark than those of 84.8 ± 2.9% and 46.4 ± 3.3% under light-irradiation conditions, respectively. Significant decreases in IC₅₀ values of Se-NPs against T47D and HepG2 were obtained at 109.1 ± 3.8 and 70.4 ± 2.5 µg mL⁻¹, respectively in dark conditions than 19.7 ± 7.2 and 4.8 ± 4.2 µg mL⁻¹, respectively after exposure to light-irradiation. The photoluminescence activity of Se-NPs revealed methylene blue degradation efficiency of 89.1 ± 2.1% after 210 min under UV-irradiation compared to 59.7 ± 0.2% and 68.1 ± 1.03% in dark and light conditions, respectively. Moreover, superior stability and efficient MB degradation efficiency were successfully achieved for at least five cycles.

Biogenesis of selenium nanospheres using Halomonas venusta strain GUSDM4 exhibiting potent environmental applications

Selenite reducing bacterial strain (GUSDM4) isolated from Mandovi estuary of Goa, India was identified as Halomonas venusta based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Its maximum tolerance level for sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃) was 100 mM. The 2, 3-diaminonaphthalene-based spectroscopic analysis demonstrated 96 and 93% reduction of 2 and 4 mM Na₂SeO₃ respectively to elemental selenium (Se⁰) during the late stationary growth phase. Biosynthesis of Se nanoparticles (SeNPs) commenced within 4 h during the log phase, which was evident from the brick red color in the growth medium and a characteristic peak at 265 nm revealed by UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The intracellular periplasmic synthesis of SeNPs in GUSDM4 was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Characterization of SeNPs by X-ray crystallography, TEM and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) clearly demonstrated spherical SeNPs of 20-80 nm diameter with hexagonal crystal lattice. SeNPs (0.8 and 1 mg/L) primed seeds under arsenate [As(V)] stress showed increase in shoot length, root length and biomass by 1.4-, 1.5- and 1.1-fold respectively, as compared to As(V) primed seeds alone. The proline and phenolic content in seeds primed with SeNPs under arsenate stress showed alleviated levels proving its ameliorative potential. SeNPs also demonstrated anti-biofilm activity at 20 µg/mL against human pathogens which was evident by scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis. SeNPs interestingly revealed mosquito larvicidal activity also. Therefore, these studies have clearly demonstrated amazing potential of the marine bacterium, Halomonas venusta in biosynthesis of SeNPs and their applications as ameliorative, anti-biofilm and mosquito larvicidal agents which is the first report of its kind.

Green route for recycling of low-cost waste resources for the biosynthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) and nanomaterials (NMs)-A review

Nowadays, nanoparticles (NPs) and nanomaterials (NMs) are used extensively in various streams such as medical science, solar energy, drug delivery, water treatment, and detection of persistent pollutants. Intensive synthesis of NPs/NMs carried out via physico-chemical technologies is deteriorating the environment globally. Therefore, an urgent need to adopt cost-effective and green technologies to synthesize NPs/NMs by recycling of secondary waste resources is highly required. Environmental wastes such as metallurgical slag, electronics (e-waste), and acid mine drainage (AMD) are rich sources of metals to produce NPs. This concept can remediate the environment on the one hand and the other hand, it can provide a future roadmap for economic benefits at industrial scale operations. The waste-derived NPs will reduce the industrial consumption of limited primary resources. In this review article, green emerging technologies involving lignocellulosic waste to synthesize the NPs from the waste streams and the role of potential microorganisms such as microalgae, fungi, yeast, bacteria for the synthesis of NPs have been discussed. A critical insight is also given on use of recycling technologies and the incorporation of NMs in the membrane bioreactors (MBRs) to improve membrane functioning and process performance. Finally, this study aims to mitigate various persisting scientific and technological challenges for the safe disposal and recycling of organic and inorganic waste for future use in the circular economy.

Selenium nanoparticles stimulate osteoblast differentiation via BMP-2/MAPKs/β-catenin pathway in diabetic osteoporosis

Aim: To evaluate whether selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) can stimulate bone formation and inhibit the bone loss involved in hyperglycemia-induced osteoporosis. Methods: Rat osteoblastic UMR-106 cells were used for in vitro studies and female Sprague–Dawley rats were used for type 2 diabetes-associated osteoporosis in vivo study. Results: In vitro studies show that SeNPs promote osteoblast differentiation via modulating alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and promoting calcium nodule formation and collagen content. The authors also provide evidence regarding the involvement of the BMP-2/MAPKs/β-catenin pathway in preventing diabetic osteoporosis. Further, in vivo and ex vivo studies suggested that SeNPs can preserve mechanical and microstructural properties of bone. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this study provides the first evidence regarding the therapeutic benefits of SeNPs in preventing diabetes-associated bone fragility.

Selenium (Se) recovery for technological applications from environmental matrices based on biotic and abiotic mechanisms

Selenium (Se) is an essential element with application in manufacturing from food to medical industries. Water contamination by Se is of concern due to anthropogenic activities. Recently, Se remediation has received increasing attention. Hence, different types of remediation techniques are listed in this work, and their potential for Se recovery is evaluated. Sorption, co-precipitation, coagulation and precipitation are effective for low-cost Se removal. In photocatalytic, zero-valent iron and electrochemical systems, the above mechanisms occur with reduction as an immobilization and detoxification process. In combination with magnetic separation, the above techniques are promising for Se recovery. Biological Se oxyanions reduction has been widely recognized as a cost-effective method for Se remediation, simultaneously generating biosynthetic Se nanoparticles (BioSeNPs). Increasing the extracellular production of BioSeNPs and controlling their morphology will benefit its recovery. However, the mechanism of the microbial production of BioSeNPs is not well understood. Se containing products from both microbial reduction and abiotic methods need to be refined to obtain pure Se. Eco-friendly and cost-effective Se refinery methods need to be developed. Overall, this review offers insight into the necessity of shifting attention from Se remediation to Se recovery.

Selenium Nanoparticles Biosynthesized by Pantoea agglomerans and Their Effects on Cellular and Physiological Parameters in the Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss

Simple Summary

Nanoparticles (Nps), new biotechnological tools, possess unique physical and chemical properties and are increasingly being used in several fields, such as manufacture, medicine and veterinary medicine. In this work, we evaluated the effects of selenium (Se) nanoparticles stabilized with L-Cysteine (Se⁰Nps/L-Cys) as a nutritional supplement, to modulate immunological, oxidative status, and productive parameters in O. mykiss. The results demonstrated that Se⁰Nps/L-Cys showed less toxicity and higher antioxidant activity than Se⁰Nps and Na₂SeO₃. The Se⁰Nps/L-Cys, as a dietary supplement, had a significantly better effect on both immunological and physiological parameters, causing improvements at the productive level of O. mykiss when compared with Se⁰Nps and Na₂SeO₃. We concluded that Se⁰Nps sythetised by P. agglomerans, used as dietary supplement, is an environmentally friendly and promising alternative for nutritional supplementation for O. mykiss.

Abstract

The applications of nanoparticles (Nps) as food additives, health enhancers, and antimicrobials in animal production are increasing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of selenium (Se) nanoparticles (Se⁰Nps) stabilized with L-cysteine (Se⁰Nps/L-Cys), as a nutritional supplement, on immunological, oxidative status, and productive parameters in O. mykiss. TEM and SEM-EDS showed the accumulation of spherical Se⁰Nps entirely composed by elemental selenium (Se⁰) as intracellular and extracellular deposits in Pantoea agglomerans UC-32 strain. The in vitro antioxidant capacity of Se⁰Nps/L-Cys was significant more efficient ROS scavengers than Se⁰Nps and Na₂SeO₃. We also evaluate the effect of Se⁰Nps/L-Cys on cell viability and oxidative stress in RTgill-W1, RTS-11, or T-PHKM Oncorhynchus mykiss cell lines. Se⁰Nps/L-Cys showed less toxic and high antioxidant activity than Se⁰Nps and Na₂SeO₃. Finally, the dietary Se⁰Nps/L-Cys had a significant better effect on both plasma lysozyme and respiratory burst activity (innate immune response), on tissular Gpx activity (oxidative status), and on well-being (productive parameter) of O. mykiss when it is compared to Se⁰Nps and Na₂SeO₃. Se⁰Nps/L-Cys is a promising alternative for nutritional supplement for O. mykiss with better performance than Na₂SeO₃ and Se⁰Nps, ease to implementation, and reduced environmental impact.

Enhancement the Mycosynthesis of Selenium Nanoparticles by Using Gamma Radiation

Selenium is a fundamental trace element of the living system. Microorganisms play a crucial role in the selenium cycle, both in the environment and in life. Biogenic selenium nanoparticles have shown promising prospects for use in medicine as an antioxidant and anticancer agent. In this study, SeNPs were biosynthesized by Penicillium citrinum. The spore suspension which was previously prepared was exposed to different doses of gamma radiation (10, 20, 30, 50, and 60 Gy). SeNPs were then produced by an irradiated P citrinum. UV spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and GSH content were assayed to evaluate the probability of P citrinum synthesizing SeNPs. In conclusion, irradiation of P citrinum by gamma ray enhances the mycosynthesis of SeNPs.

Green-synthetized selenium nanoparticles using berberine as a promising anticancer agent

OBJECTIVE

The chemo-preventative and therapeutic properties of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have been documented over recent decades and suggest the potential uses of SeNPs in medicine. Biogenic SeNPs have higher biocompatibility and stability than chemically synthesized nanoparticles, which enhances their medical applications, especially in the field of cancer therapy. This study evaluated the potential of green-synthetized SeNPs by using berberine (Ber) as an antitumor agent and elucidated the mechanism by which these molecules combat Ehrlich solid tumors (ESTs).

METHODS

SeNPs containing Ber (SeNPs-Ber) were synthesized using Ber and Na₂SeO₃ and characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Sixty male Swiss albino mice were then acclimatized for one week, injected with Ehrlich ascites tumor cells, and divided into four groups: EST, EST + cisplatin (5 mg/kg), EST + Ber (20 mg/kg), and EST + SeNPs-Ber (0.5 mg/kg). At the end of a 16-day observation period, 12 mice from each group were euthanized to analyze differences in the body weight, tumor size, gene expression, and oxidative stress markers in the four groups. Three mice from each group were kept alive to compare the survival rates.

RESULTS

Treatment with SeNPs-Ber significantly improved the survival rate and decreased the body weight and tumor size, compared to the EST group. SeNPs-Ber reduced oxidative stress in tumor tissue, as indicated by a decrease in the lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide levels and an increase in the glutathione levels. Moreover, SeNPs-Ber activated an apoptotic cascade in the tumor cells by downregulating the B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) expression rate and upregulating the Bcl-2-associated X protein and caspase-3 expression rates. SeNPs-Ber also considerably improved the histopathological alterations in the developed tumor tissue, compared to the EST group.

CONCLUSION

Our study provides a new insight into the potential role of green-synthesized SeNPs by using Ber as a promising anticancer agent, these molecules could be used alone or as supplementary medication during chemotherapy.

The Potency of Fungal-Fabricated Selenium Nanoparticles to Improve the Growth Performance of Helianthus annuus L. and Control of Cutworm Agrotis ipsilon

The application of green nanotechnology in agriculture has been receiving substantial attention, especially in the development of new nano-fertilizers and nano-insecticides. Herein, the metabolites secreted by the fungal strain Penicillium chrysogenum are used as a reducing agent for selenium ions to form selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs). The synthesized Se-NPs were characterized using color change, UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The biomass filtrate of the fungal strain changed from colorless to a ruby red color after mixing with sodium selenite with a maximum surface plasmon resonance at 262 nm. Data exhibits the successful formation of spherical, amorphous Se-NPs with sizes ranging between 3–15 nm and a weight percentage of 38.52%. The efficacy of Se-NPs on the growth performance of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and inhibition of cutworm Agrotis ipsilon was investigated. The field experiment revealed the potentiality of Se-NPs to enhance the growth parameters and carotenoid content in sunflower, especially at 20 ppm. The chlorophylls, carbohydrates, proteins, phenolic compounds, and free proline contents were markedly promoted in response to Se-NPs concentrations. The antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and polyphenol oxidase) were significantly decreased compared with the control. Data analysis showed that the highest mortality for the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th instar larvae of Agrotis ipsilon was achieved at 25 ppm with percentages of 89.7 ± 0.3, 78.3 ± 0.3, 72.3 ± 0.6, 63.7 ± 0.3, and 68.7 ± 0.3 respectively after 72 h.

Selenium nanoparticles from Lactobacillus paracasei HM1 capable of antagonizing animal pathogenic fungi as a new source from human breast milk

The current study was performed to develop a simple, safe, and cost-effective technique for the biosynthesis of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) from lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from human breast milk with antifungal activity against animal pathogenic fungi. The LAB was selected based on their speed of transforming sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) to SeNPs. Out of the four identified LAB isolates, only one strain produced dark red color within 32 h of incubation, indicating that this isolate was the fastest in transforming Na2SeO3 to SeNPs; and was chosen for the biosynthesis of LAB-SeNPs. The superior isolate was further identified as Lactobacillus paracasei HM1 (MW390875) based on matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and phylogenetic tree analysis of 16S rRNA sequence alignments. The optimum experimental conditions for the biosynthesis of SeNPs by L. paracasei HM1 were found to be pH (6.0), temperature (35˚C), Na2SeO3 (4.0 mM), reaction time (32 h), and agitation speed (160 rpm). The ultraviolet absorbance of L. paracasei-SeNPs was detected at 300 nm, and the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) captured a diameter range between 3.0 and 50.0 nm. The energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) provided a clear image of the active groups associated with the stability of L. paracasei-SeNPs. The size of L. paracasei-SeNPs using dynamic light scattering technique was 56.91 ± 1.8 nm, and zeta potential value was -20.1 ± 0.6 mV in one peak. The data also revealed that L. paracasei-SeNPs effectively inhibited the growth of Candida and Fusarium species, and this was further confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The current study concluded that the SeNPs obtained from L. paracasei HM1 could be used to prepare biological antifungal formulations effective against major animal pathogenic fungi. The antifungal activity of the biologically synthesized SeNPs using L. paracasei HM1 outperforms the chemically produced SeNPs. In vivo studies showing the antagonistic effect of SeNPs on pathogenic fungi are underway to demonstrate the potential of a therapeutic agent to treat animals against major infectious fungal diseases.

Organoselenium-chitosan derivative: Synthesis via "click" reaction, characterization and antioxidant activity

The derivatization of chitosan (CS) is widely exploited to endow this polysaccharide with enhanced physicochemical and biological properties. Beyond the synthetic route, the nature of the compounds used to functionalize the CS-derivatives exerts a pivotal role in their final properties. Making use of a simple "click" reaction, we synthesized for the first time an organoselenium-CS derivative through a 1,2,3-triazole formation. The product (CS-TSe) was characterized in detail by FTIR, NMR (¹H, ¹³C, and ⁷⁷Se) and UV-Vis techniques, and SEM microscopy. The antioxidant activity of CS-TSe was examined by ABTS⁺ and DPPH (free radical-scavenging) assays. Experimentally, it was demonstrated that CS-TSe has superior antioxidant activity compared with raw CS and "free" organoselenium compound, suggesting a benign and synergistic effect due to the derivatization. In short, the antioxidant property of CS-TSe combined with the other attractive properties of CS and selenium could be useful in the formulation of advanced materials for biomedical and packaging applications.

Antibacterial Activity of Biosynthesized Selenium Nanoparticles Using Extracts of Calendula officinalis against Potentially Clinical Bacterial Strains

The use of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) in the biomedical area has been increasing as an alternative to the growing bacterial resistance to antibiotics. In this research, SeNPs were synthesized by green synthesis using ascorbic acid (AsAc) as a reducing agent and methanolic extract of Calendula officinalis L. flowers as a stabilizer. Characterization of SeNPs was performed by UV-vis spectrophotometry, infrared spectrophotometry (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. SeNPs of 40–60 nm and spherical morphologies were obtained. The antibacterial activity of marigold extracts and fractions was evaluated by disk diffusion methodology. The evaluation of SeNPs at different incubation times was performed through the colony-forming unit (CFU) count, in both cases against Serratia marcescens, Enterobacter cloacae, and Alcaligenes faecalis bacteria. Partial antibacterial activity was observed with methanolic extracts of marigold leaves and flowers and total inhibition with SeNPs from 2 h for S. marcescens, 1 h for E. cloacae, and 30 min for A. faecalis. In addition, SeNPs were found to exhibit antioxidant activity. The results indicate that SeNPs present a potentiated effect of both antimicrobial and antioxidant activity compared to the individual use of marigold extracts or sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃). Their application emerges as an alternative for the control of clinical pathogens.

Synthesis, Characterization, Immune Regulation, and Antioxidative Assessment of Yeast-Derived Selenium Nanoparticles in Cyclophosphamide-Induced Rats

This article introduces an environmentally friendly and more economical method for preparing red selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs) with high stability, good biocompatibility, and narrow size using yeast as a bio-reducing agent with high antioxidant, immune regulation, and low toxicity than inorganic and organic Se. The yeast-derived Se-NPs were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results revealed spherical-shaped particles of Se-NPs with an average diameter of 71.14 ± 18.17 nm, an amorphous structure, and surface enhancement with an organic shell layer, that provide precise geometry and stability in the formation of bio-inert gray or black Se-NPs instead of red Se-NPs. Furthermore, the addition of 0.3-0.8 mg/kg Se-NPs in the feed significantly improved the health of mice. As Se-NPs stimulated the oxidative state of mice, it significantly increased the level of GSH-Px, SOD, and AOC, and decreased the level of MDA. The yeast-derived Se-NPs alleviated the immunosuppression induced by cyclophosphamide, whereas protected the liver, spleen, and kidney of mice, stimulated the humoral immune potential of the mice, and significantly increased the levels of I g M, IgA, and I g G. These results indicated that the yeast-derived Se-NPs, as a trace element feed additive, increased the defense of the animal against oxidative stress and infectious diseases and therefore Se-NPs can be used as a potential antibiotic substitute for animal husbandry.

Selenite bioreduction and biosynthesis of selenium nanoparticles by Bacillus paramycoides SP3 isolated from coal mine overburden leachate

A native strain of Bacillus paramycoides isolated from the leachate of coal mine overburden rocks was investigated for its potential to produce selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) by biogenic reduction of selenite, one of the most toxic forms of selenium. 16S rDNA sequencing was used to identify the bacterial strain (SP3). The SeNPs were characterized using spectroscopic (UV-Vis absorbance, dynamic light scattering, X-ray diffraction, and Raman), surface charge measurement (zeta potential), and ultramicroscopic (FESEM, EDX, FETEM) analyses. SP3 exhibited extremely high selenite tolerance (1000 mM) and reduced 10 mM selenite under 72 h to produce spherical monodisperse SeNPs with an average size of 149.1 ± 29 nm. FTIR analyses indicated exopolysaccharides coating the surface of SeNPs, which imparted a charge of -29.9 mV (zeta potential). The XRD and Raman spectra revealed the SeNPs to be amorphous. Furthermore, biochemical assays and microscopic studies suggest that selenite was reduced by membrane reductases. This study reports, for the first time, the reduction of selenite and biosynthesis of SeNPs by B. paramycoides, a recently discovered bacterium. The results suggest that B. paramycoides SP3 could be exploited for eco-friendly removal of selenite from contaminated sites with the concomitant biosynthesis of SeNPs.

Biosynthesis of Selenium Nanoparticles (via Bacillus subtilis BSN313), and Their Isolation, Characterization, and Bioactivities

Among the trace elements, selenium (Se) has great demand as a health supplement. Compared to its other forms, selenium nanoparticles have minor toxicity, superior reactivity, and excellent bioavailability. The present study was conducted to produce selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) via a biosynthetic approach using probiotic Bacillus subtilis BSN313 in an economical and easy manner. The BSN313 exhibited a gradual increase in Se reduction and production of SeNPs up to 5–200 µg/mL of its environmental Se. However, the capability was decreased beyond that concentration. The capacity for extracellular SeNP production was evidenced by the emergence of red color, then confirmed by a microscopic approach. Produced SeNPs were purified, freeze-dried, and subsequently characterized systematically using UV–Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, Zetasizer, SEM–EDS, and TEM techniques. SEM–EDS analysis proved the presence of selenium as the foremost constituent of SeNPs. With an average particle size of 530 nm, SeNPs were shown to have a −26.9 (mV) zeta potential and −2.11 µm cm/Vs electrophoretic mobility in water. SeNPs produced during both the 24 and 48 h incubation periods showed good antioxidant activity in terms of DPPH and ABST scavenging action at a concentration of 150 µg/mL with no significant differences (p > 0.05). Moreover, 200 µg/mL of SeNPs showed antibacterial reactivity against Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 9027, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 25923. In the future, this work will be helpful to produce biogenic SeNPs using probiotic Bacillus subtilis BSN313 as biofactories, with the potential for safe use in biomedical and nutritional applications.

The use of biological selenium nanoparticles to suppress Triticum aestivum L. crown and root rot diseases induced by Fusarium species and improve yield under drought and heat stress

Fusarium species threaten wheat crops around the world and cause global losses. The global trend is toward using biological materials such as selenium (Se) in nano form to control these fungi. Bulk selenium is toxic and harmful at high doses; however, selenium nanoparticles are safe; therefore, the aim of this study to employ the biological selenium nanoparticles (BioSeNPs) synthesized by Lactobacillus acidophilus ML14 in controlling wheat crown and root rot diseases (CRDs) induced by Fusarium spp., especially Fusarium culmorum and Fusarium graminearum, and their reflection on the growth and productivity of wheat. The ability of BioSeNPs to suppress the development and propagation of F. culmorum and F. graminearum and the CRDs incidence were also investigated. The obtained BioSeNPs were spherical with a size of 46 nm and a net charge of -23.48. The BioSeNPs significantly scavenged 88 and 92% of DPPḢ and ABTṠ radicals and successfully inhibited the fungal growth in the range of 20-40 µg/mL; these biological activities were related to the small size of BioSeNPs and the phenolic content in their suspension. Under greenhouse conditions, the wheat supplemented with BioSeNPs (100 µg/mL) was significantly reduced the incidence of CRDs by 75% and considerably enhanced plant growth, grain quantity and quality by 5-40%. Also, photosynthetic pigments and gas exchange parameters were significantly increased as compared to chemical selenium nanoparticles (Che-SeNPs) and control. This study results could be recommended the use of BioSeNPs (100 µg/mL) in reducing CRDs incidence and severity in wheat plants, enhancing their tolerance with drought and heat stress, and increasing their growth and productivity as compared to control and Che-SeNPs.

Antimicrobial Activity of Se-Nanoparticles from Bacterial Biotransformation

Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) are gaining importance in the food and medical fields due to their antibacterial properties. The microbial inhibition of these kinds of particles has been tested in a wide range of Gram (+) and Gram (−) pathogenic bacteria. When SeNPs are synthesized by biological methods, they are called biogenic SeNPs, which have a negative charge caused by their interaction between surface and capping layer (bioorganic material), producing their high stability. This review is focused on SeNPs synthesis by bacteria and summarizes the main factors that influence their main characteristics: shape, size and surface charge, considering the bacteria growth conditions for their synthesis. The different mechanisms of antimicrobial activity are revised, and this review describes several biosynthesis hypotheses that have been proposed due to the fact that the biological mechanism of SeNP synthesis is not fully known.

Isolation, Identification, Biocontrol Activity, and Plant Growth Promoting Capability of a Superior Streptomyces tricolor Strain HM10

Streptomyces is a genus with known biocontrol activity, producing a broad range of biologically active substances. Our goal was to isolate local Streptomyces species, evaluate their capacity to biocontrol the selected phytopathogens, and promote the plant growth via siderophore and indole acetic acid (IAA) production and phosphate solubilization. Eleven isolates were obtained from local soil samples in Saudi Arabia via the standard serial dilution method and identified morphologically by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. The biocontrol of phytopathogens was screened against known soil-borne fungi and bacteria. Plant growth promotion capacity was evaluated based on siderophore and IAA production and phosphate solubilization capacity. From eleven isolates obtained, one showed 99.77% homology with the type strain Streptomyces tricolor AS 4.1867, and was designated S. tricolor strain HM10. It showed aerial hyphae in SEM, growth inhibition of ten known phytopathogens in in vitro experiments, and the production of plant growth promoting compounds such as siderophores, IAA, and phosphate solubilization capacity. S. tricolor strain HM10 exhibited high antagonism against the fungi tested (i.e., Colletotrichum gloeosporides with an inhibition zone exceeding 18 mm), whereas the lowest antagonistic effect was against Alternaria solani (an inhibition zone equal to 8 mm). Furthermore, the most efficient siderophore production was recorded to strain HM8, followed by strain HM10 with 64 and 22.56 h/c (halo zone area/colony area), respectively. Concerning IAA production, Streptomyces strain HM10 was the most effective producer with a value of 273.02 μg/ml. An autochthonous strain S. tricolor HM10 should be an important biological agent to control phytopathogens and promote plant growth.

Tellurium: A Rare Element with Influence on Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Biological Systems

Metalloid tellurium is characterized as a chemical element belonging to the chalcogen group without known biological function. However, its compounds, especially the oxyanions, exert numerous negative effects on both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Recent evidence suggests that increasing environmental pollution with tellurium has a causal link to autoimmune, neurodegenerative and oncological diseases. In this review, we provide an overview about the current knowledge on the mechanisms of tellurium compounds' toxicity in bacteria and humans and we summarise the various ways organisms cope and detoxify these compounds. Over the last decades, several gene clusters conferring resistance to tellurium compounds have been identified in a variety of bacterial species and strains. These genetic determinants exhibit great genetic and functional diversity. Besides the existence of specific resistance mechanisms, tellurium and its toxic compounds interact with molecular systems, mediating general detoxification and mitigation of oxidative stress. We also discuss the similarity of tellurium and selenium biochemistry and the impact of their compounds on humans.

Biogenic selenium nanoparticles produced by Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393 inhibit colon cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo

Selenium compounds exhibit excellent anticancer properties but have a narrow therapeutic window. Selenium nanoparticles, however, are less toxic compared to other selenium forms, and their biogenic production leads to improved bioavailability. Herein, we used the probiotic strain Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393, previously shown to inhibit colon cancer cell growth, to synthesize biogenic selenium nanoparticles. We examined the anticancer activity of orally administered L. casei, L. casei-derived selenium nanoparticles and selenium nanoparticle-enriched L. casei, and investigated their antitumor potential in the CT26 syngeneic colorectal cancer model in BALB/c mice. Our results indicate that L. casei-derived selenium nanoparticles and selenium nanoparticle-enriched L. casei exert cancer-specific antiproliferative activity in vitro. Moreover, the nanoparticles were found to induce apoptosis and elevate reactive oxygen species levels in cancer cells. It is noteworthy that, when administered orally, selenium nanoparticle-enriched L. casei attenuated the growth of colon carcinoma in mice more effectively than the isolated nanoparticles or L. casei, suggesting a potential additive effect of the nanoparticles and the probiotic. To the best of our knowledge this is the first comparative study examining the anticancer effects of selenium nanoparticles synthesized by a microorganism, the selenium nanoparticle-enriched microorganism and the sole microorganism.