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Akinyele ST, Elusiyan CA, Omisore NO, Adewunmi CO. ANTIMALARIAL activities and alkaloids from Crinum jagus (Thomps) DANDY. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 296:115359. [PMID: 35605920 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Locally, among the Yoruba speaking people of South Western, Nigeria, the bulb of Crinum jagus (CJ), known as "ogede odo" is used to treat malaria and as an anthelmintic among other uses. AIMS OF THIS STUDY Study aimed at identifying the purified active fractions and constituents of this fraction in an antiplasmodial activity-guided process. MATERIALS AND METHODS Antiplasmodial activity-guided fractionation of the bulb and leaf extracts of CJ was investigated against chloroquine-sensitive (NK 65) Plasmodium berghei using 4-day suppressive and prophylactic methods. Molluscicidal activity of the extracts was assayed on adult Biomphalaria glabrata molluscs following WHO test protocols. Fractionation and purification of the active bulb extract was achieved using various chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques to isolate its constituents. Isolated compounds were identified using different spectroscopic methods. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Both extracts had oral median lethal dose (LD50) greater than 5000 mg/kg body weight (b.wt.). The leaf extract had 40% lethality on molluscs while the bulb extract was inactive. The chemosuppressive and prophylactic antimalarial effects of the bulb extract were 76.55 ± 2.76% and 90.49 ± 2.70% (p<0.05) respectively at 1000 mg/kg b. wt. while the reference drugs; chloroquine and pyrimethamine, had 80.26 ± 3.09% and 50.39 ± 6.80% chemosuppressive effects, respectively. Lycorine (1) and crinamine (2) were isolated from the alkaloidal fraction with 71.36 ± 12.54% antiplasmodial activity. CONCLUSION The leaf and bulb extracts of Crinum jagus displayed low molluscicidal and moderate antimalarial activities. Lycorine and crinamine were identified from the antiplasmodial alkaloidal active fraction of the bulb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Toluwani Akinyele
- Drug Research and Production Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, 220005 Osun State, Nigeria.
| | - Christianah Abimbola Elusiyan
- Drug Research and Production Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, 220005 Osun State, Nigeria.
| | - Nusrat Omotayo Omisore
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, 220005 Osun State, Nigeria.
| | - Clement Oladapo Adewunmi
- Drug Research and Production Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, 220005 Osun State, Nigeria.
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Vergara S, Diaz F, Diez A, Bautista JM, Moneriz C. In vitro antiplasmodial activity of selected plants from the Colombian North Coast with low cytotoxicity. Trop Parasitol 2022; 12:78-86. [PMID: 36643988 PMCID: PMC9832501 DOI: 10.4103/tp.tp_9_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plants are an important option in the treatment of malaria, especially in endemic regions, and are a less expensive and more accessible alternative with a lower risk of toxicity. Colombia has a great diversity of plants, and evaluation of natural extracts could result in the discovery of new compounds for the development of antimalarial drugs. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the in vitro antiplasmodial activity and the cytotoxicity of plant extracts from the Colombian North Coast against Plasmodium falciparum. Materials and Methods The antiplasmodial activity of 12 plant species from the Colombian North Coast that are used in traditional medicine was evaluated through in vitro cultures of P. falciparum, and the cytotoxicity of extracts of these species to human cells was determined. Plant extracts with high antiplasmodial activity were subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening. Results Extracts from five plants had promising antiplasmodial activity. Specifically, Bursera simaruba (Burseraceae) (bark), Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. (Malvaceae) (whole plant), Murraya exotica L. (Rutaceae) (leaves), Hippomane mancinella L. (Euphorbiaceae) (seeds), and Capparis odoratissima Jacq. (Capparaceae) (leaves). Extracts presented 50% inhibitory concentration values between 1 and 9 μg/ml. Compared to no extract, these active plant extracts did not show cytotoxic effects on mononuclear cells or hemolytic activity in healthy human erythrocytes. Conclusions The results obtained from this in vitro study of antiplasmodial activity suggest that active plant extracts from the Colombian North Coast are promising for future bioassay-guided fractionation to allow the isolation of active compounds and to elucidate their mechanism of action against Plasmodium spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saray Vergara
- Biochemistry and Disease Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
- Genome Research Group, Faculty of Health, University of Sinu Elias Bechara Zainum - Cartagena Sectional, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Fredyc Diaz
- Phytochemical and Pharmacological Research Laboratory, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Amalia Diez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Bautista
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology IV, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Moneriz
- Biochemistry and Disease Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
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Milliken W, Walker BE, Howes MJR, Forest F, Nic Lughadha E. Plants used traditionally as antimalarials in Latin America: Mining the tree of life for potential new medicines. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 279:114221. [PMID: 34029639 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Malaria remains a serious and challenging disease. Traditional antimalarial medicines are largely based on plants, and ethnopharmacological research has inspired the development of antimalarial pharmaceuticals such as artemisinin. Antimalarial drug resistance is an increasing problem in Plasmodium species, and new therapeutic strategies to combat malaria are needed. Although the number of malaria cases has been decreasing in Latin America, malaria remains a significant threat in many regions. Local people in Latin America have been using numerous plant species to treat malaria, some of which have been scientifically studied, but many others have not. AIM OF THE STUDY Our principal objective is to harness ethnobotanical data on species used traditionally to treat malaria, combined with phylogenetic approaches, to understand how ethnobotany could help identify plant genera as potential sources of new medicines. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plants used to treat malaria in Latin America were compiled from published and grey literature, unpublished data, and herbarium specimens. Initial assessment of potentially important species/genera/families included compiling the number of species used within the genus, the number of use reports per genus and species, and the geographic distribution of their use. The analysis of taxonomic distribution of species reported as antimalarial in Latin America (excluding the Southern Cone) was conducted, to determine which genera and families with reputed antimalarial properties are over-represented, and phylogenetic analyses were performed to identify if there was evidence for antimalarial species being dispersed/clustered throughout the tree or at its tips. This approach enabled 'hot-nodes' in certain families to be identified, to predict new genera with potential antimalarial properties. RESULTS Over 1000 plant species have been used to treat malaria in Latin America, of which over 600 species were cited only once. The genera with the highest number of antimalarial species were Aspidosperma, Solanum, Piper, Croton and Aristolochia. In terms of geographic distribution, the most widely used genera were Aspidosperma, Momordica, Cinchona, Senna and Stachytarpheta. Significant phylogenetic signal was detected in the distribution of native species used for malaria, analysed in a genus-level phylogenetic framework. The eudicot and magnoliidae lineages were over-represented, while monocots were not. CONCLUSION Analysis of ethnobotanical use reports in a phylogenetic framework reveals the existence of hot nodes for malaria across the Latin American flora. We demonstrate how species and genera currently lacking such reports could be pinpointed as of potential interest based on their evolutionary history. Extending this approach to other regions of the world and other diseases could accelerate the discovery of novel medicines and enhance healthcare in areas where new therapeutic strategies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Melanie-Jayne R Howes
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE, UK; Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, SE1 9NH, UK.
| | - Félix Forest
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE, UK.
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Yan SD, Orkis J, Khan Sohail S, Wilson S, Davis T, Storey JD. Digging for care-seeking behaviour among gold miners in the Guyana hinterland: a qualitative doer non-doer analysis of social and behavioural motivations for malaria testing and treatment. Malar J 2020; 19:235. [PMID: 32631345 PMCID: PMC7336500 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03289-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although Guyana has made significant progress toward malaria control, limited access to malaria testing and treatment services threatens those gains. Mining activities create breeding environments for mosquitoes, and the migrant and mobile mining populations are hard to reach with information and services. The Ministry of Public Health (MoPH) has trained volunteers to test and treat malaria cases in remote regions. However, it remains unclear how miners perceive these testers, the services they provide, or what their malaria care-seeking behaviour is in general. To better address these challenges, Breakthrough ACTION Guyana and MoPH conducted qualitative research from October to November 2018 in Regions 7 and 8 in Guyana. METHODS A total of 109 individuals, 70 miners, 17 other mining camp staff, and 22 other key stakeholders (e.g. community health workers, pharmacists, and regional leadership), participated in semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions. Results were derived using a framework analysis, with an adjusted doer and non-doer analysis, and organized using the integrated behaviour framework. RESULTS Miners sought MoPH-approved services because of close geographic proximity to testing services, a preference for public service treatment, and a desire to correctly diagnose and cure malaria rather than just treat its symptoms. Those who chose to initiate self-treatment-using unregulated medications from the private and informal sector-did so out of convenience and the belief that self-treatment had worked before. Miners who completed the full MoPH-approved treatment understood the need to complete the treatment, while those who prematurely stopped treatment did so because of medication side effects and a desire to feel better as soon as possible. CONCLUSION Reasons why miners do and do not pursue malaria testing and treatment services are diverse. These results can inform better MoPH programming and new solutions to improve malaria outcomes in Guyana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley D Yan
- Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, 111 Market Place, Suite 310, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Jennifer Orkis
- Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, 111 Market Place, Suite 310, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Saifra Khan Sohail
- Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, 111 Market Place, Suite 310, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sean Wilson
- Breakthrough ACTION Guyana, XX Barrack St., Georgetown, Guyana
| | - TrishAnn Davis
- Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, 111 Market Place, Suite 310, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J Douglas Storey
- Johns Hopkins Center for Communication Programs, 111 Market Place, Suite 310, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Alkaloids from Plants with Antimalarial Activity: A Review of Recent Studies. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:8749083. [PMID: 32104196 PMCID: PMC7037883 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8749083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is one of the major health problems in developing countries. The disease kills a large number of people every year and also affects financial status of many countries. Resistance of the plasmodium parasite, the causative agent, to the existing drugs, including chloroquine, mefloquine, and artemisinin based combination therapy (ACT), is a serious global issue in malaria treatment and control. This warrants an urgent quest for novel compounds, particularly from natural sources such as medicinal plants. Alkaloids have over the years been recognized as important phytoconstituents with interesting biological properties. In fact, the first successful antimalarial drug was quinine, an alkaloid, which was extracted from Cinchona tree. In the present review work, the alkaloids isolated and reported recently (2013 till 2019) to possess antimalarial activity are presented. Several classes of alkaloids, including terpenoidal, indole, bisindole, quinolone, and isoquinoline alkaloids, were identified with a promising antimalarial activity. It is hoped that the reports of the review work will spur further research into the structural modification and/or development of the interesting compounds as novel antimalarial drugs.
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Mohammadi S, Jafari B, Asgharian P, Martorell M, Sharifi-Rad J. Medicinal plants used in the treatment of Malaria: A key emphasis to Artemisia, Cinchona, Cryptolepis, and Tabebuia genera. Phytother Res 2020; 34:1556-1569. [PMID: 32022345 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is one of the life-threatening parasitic diseases that is endemic in tropical areas. The increased prevalence of malaria due to drug resistance leads to a high incidence of mortality. Drug discovery based on natural products and secondary metabolites is considered as alternative approaches for antimalarial therapy. Herbal medicines have advantages over modern medicines, including fewer side effects, cost-effectiveness, and affordability encouraging the herbal-based drug discovery. Several naturally occurring, semisynthetic, and synthetic antimalarial medications are on the market. For example, chloroquine is a synthetic medication for antimalarial therapy derived from quinine. Moreover, artemisinin, and its derivative, artesunate with sesquiterpene lactone backbone, is an antimalarial agent originated from Artemisia annua L. A. annua traditionally has been used to detoxify blood and eliminate fever in China. Although the artemisinin-based combination therapy against malaria has shown exceptional responses, the limited medicinal options demand novel therapeutics. Furthermore, drug resistance is the cause in most cases, and new medications are proposed to overcome the resistance. In addition to conventional therapeutics, this review covers some important genera in this area, including Artemisia, Cinchona, Cryptolepis, and Tabebuia, whose antimalarial activities are finely verified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samin Mohammadi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Jafari
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Parina Asgharian
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Miquel Martorell
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepcion, Chile.,Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico (UDT), Universidad de Concepción, Chile
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Chu VM, Sallum MAM, Moore TE, Lainhart W, Schlichting CD, Conn JE. Regional variation in life history traits and plastic responses to temperature of the major malaria vector Nyssorhynchus darlingi in Brazil. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5356. [PMID: 30926833 PMCID: PMC6441093 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41651-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary Brazilian malaria vector, Nyssorhynchus darlingi (formerly Anopheles darlingi), ranges from 0°S-23°S across three biomes (Amazonia, Cerrado, Mata Atlântica). Rising temperatures will increase mosquito developmental rates, and models predict future malaria transmission by Ny. darlingi in Brazil will shift southward. We reared F1 Ny. darlingi (progeny of field-collected females from 4 state populations across Brazil) at three temperatures (20, 24, 28 °C) and measured key life-history traits. Our results reveal geographic variation due to both genetic differences among localities and plastic responses to temperature differences. Temperature significantly altered all traits: faster larval development, shorter adult life and overall lifespan, and smaller body sizes were seen at 28 °C versus 20 °C. Low-latitude Amazonia mosquitoes had the fastest larval development at all temperatures, but at 28 °C, average development rate of high-latitude Mata Atlântica mosquitoes was accelerated and equivalent to low-latitude Amazonia. Body size of adult mosquitoes from the Mata Atlântica remained larger at all temperatures. We detected genetic variation in the plastic responses among mosquitoes from different localities, with implications for malaria transmission under climate change. Faster development combined with larger body size, without a tradeoff in adult longevity, suggests vectorial capacities of some Mata Atlântica populations may significantly increase under warming climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Chu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany (State University of New York), Albany, NY, USA.
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA.
| | - M A M Sallum
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - T E Moore
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - W Lainhart
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany (State University of New York), Albany, NY, USA
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - C D Schlichting
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - J E Conn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany (State University of New York), Albany, NY, USA.
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA.
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Ryan SJ, Lippi CA, Boersch-Supan PH, Heydari N, Silva M, Adrian J, Noblecilla LF, Ayala EB, Encalada MD, Larsen DA, Krisher JT, Krisher L, Fregosi L, Stewart-Ibarra AM. Quantifying seasonal and diel variation in Anopheline and Culex human biting rates in Southern Ecuador. Malar J 2017; 16:479. [PMID: 29166907 PMCID: PMC5700746 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-2121-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quantifying mosquito biting rates for specific locations enables estimation of mosquito-borne disease risk, and can inform intervention efforts. Measuring biting itself is fraught with ethical concerns, so the landing rate of mosquitoes on humans is often used as a proxy measure. Southern coastal Ecuador was historically endemic for malaria (Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax), although successful control efforts in the 2000s eliminated autochthonous transmission (since 2011). This study presents an analysis of data collected during the elimination period. METHODS Human landing catch (HLC) data for three mosquito taxa: two malaria vectors, Anopheles albimanus and Anopheles punctimacula, and grouped Culex spp. were examined for this study. These data were collected by the National Vector Control Service of the Ministry of Health over a 5-year time span (2007-2012) in five cities in southern coastal Ecuador, at multiple households, in all months of the year, during dusk-dawn (18:00-6:00) hours, often at both indoor and outdoor locations. Hurdle models were used to determine if biting activity was fundamentally different for the three taxa, and to identify spatial and temporal factors influencing bite rate. Due to the many different approaches to studying and quantifying bite rates in the literature, a glossary of terms was created, to facilitate comparative studies in the future. RESULTS Biting trends varied significantly with species and time. All taxa exhibited exophagic feeding behavior, and outdoor locations increased both the odds and incidence of bites across taxa. Anopheles albimanus was most frequently observed biting, with an average of 4.7 bites/h. The highest and lowest respective months for significant biting activity were March and July for An. albimanus, July and August for An. punctimacula, and February and July for Culex spp. CONCLUSIONS Fine-scale differences in endophagy and exophagy, and temporal differences among months and hours exist in biting patterns among mosquito taxa in southern coastal Ecuador. This analysis provides detailed information for targeting vector control activities, and household level vector prevention strategies. These data were collected as part of routine vector surveillance conducted by the Ministry of Health, and such data have not been collected since. Reinstating such surveillance measures would provide important information to aid in preventing malaria re-emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadie J. Ryan
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
- Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
- Center for Global Health and Translational Science and Department of Medicine, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY USA
- College of Agriculture, Engineering, and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Catherine A. Lippi
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
- Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Philipp H. Boersch-Supan
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
- Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL USA
| | - Naveed Heydari
- Center for Global Health and Translational Science and Department of Medicine, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY USA
| | - Mercy Silva
- Laboratorio Clínico Hospital Teófilo Dávila, Ministerio de Salud Pública, Machala, Ecuador
| | - Jefferson Adrian
- Center for Global Health and Translational Science and Department of Medicine, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY USA
| | | | - Efraín B. Ayala
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Técnica de Machala, Machala, Ecuador
| | - Mayling D. Encalada
- Dirección Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica, Ministerio de Salud Pública, Av. República de El Salvador 36-64 y Suecia, 170515 Quito, Ecuador
| | - David A. Larsen
- Department of Public Health, Food Studies, and Nutrition, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY USA
| | - Jesse T. Krisher
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA
| | - Lyndsay Krisher
- Center for Health, Work & Environment, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO USA
- Colorado Consortium on Climate Change and Human Health, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO USA
| | - Lauren Fregosi
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
- Dirección Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica, Ministerio de Salud Pública, Av. República de El Salvador 36-64 y Suecia, 170515 Quito, Ecuador
| | - Anna M. Stewart-Ibarra
- Center for Global Health and Translational Science and Department of Medicine, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY USA
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Radini IAM, Elsheikh TMY, El-Telbani EM, Khidre RE. New Potential Antimalarial Agents: Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Some Novel Quinoline Derivatives as Antimalarial Agents. Molecules 2016; 21:E909. [PMID: 27428939 PMCID: PMC6273215 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21070909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel series of dihydropyrimidines (DHPMs) 4a-j; 2-oxopyran-3-carboxylate 7a,b; 1-amino-1,2-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate 8; and 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives 12 with quinolinyl residues have been synthesized in fairly good yields. The structure of the newly synthesized compounds was elucidated on the basis of analytical and spectral analyses. In vitro antimalarial evaluation of the synthesized quinoline derivatives against Plasmodium falciparum revealed them to possess moderate to high antimalarial activities, with IC50 values ranging from 0.014-5.87 μg/mL. Compounds 4b,g,i and 12 showed excellent antimalarial activity against to Plasmodium falciparum compared with the antimalarial agent chloroquine (CQ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Ali M Radini
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Jazan University, Jazan 2097, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Tarek M Y Elsheikh
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Jazan University, Jazan 2097, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11675, Egypt.
| | - Emad M El-Telbani
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Jazan University, Jazan 2097, Saudi Arabia.
- Chemical Industries Division, National Research Centre, Dokki 12622, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Rizk E Khidre
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Jazan University, Jazan 2097, Saudi Arabia.
- Chemical Industries Division, National Research Centre, Dokki 12622, Giza, Egypt.
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Akanji OC, Cyril Olutayo CM, Elufioye OT, Ogunsusi OO. The antimalaria effect of Momordica charantia L. and Mirabilis jalapa leaf extracts using animal model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.5897/jmpr2016.6046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Chenet SM, Taylor JE, Blair S, Zuluaga L, Escalante AA. Longitudinal analysis of Plasmodium falciparum genetic variation in Turbo, Colombia: implications for malaria control and elimination. Malar J 2015; 14:363. [PMID: 26395166 PMCID: PMC4578328 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0887-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria programmes estimate changes in prevalence to evaluate their efficacy. In this study, parasite genetic data was used to explore how the demography of the parasite population can inform about the processes driving variation in prevalence. In particular, how changes in treatment and population movement have affected malaria prevalence in an area with seasonal malaria. Methods Samples of Plasmodium falciparum collected over 8 years from a population in Turbo, Colombia were genotyped at nine microsatellite loci and three drug-resistance loci. These data were analysed using several population genetic methods to detect changes in parasite genetic diversity and population structure. In addition, a coalescent-based method was used to estimate substitution rates at the microsatellite loci. Results The estimated mean microsatellite substitution rates varied between 5.35 × 10−3 and 3.77 × 10−2 substitutions/locus/month. Cluster analysis identified six distinct parasite clusters, five of which persisted for the full duration of the study. However, the frequencies of the clusters varied significantly between years, consistent with a small effective population size. Conclusions Malaria control programmes can detect re-introductions and changes in transmission using rapidly evolving microsatellite loci. In this population, the steadily decreasing diversity and the relatively constant effective population size suggest that an increase in malaria prevalence from 2004 to 2007 was primarily driven by local rather than imported cases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12936-015-0887-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella M Chenet
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
| | - Jesse E Taylor
- School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
| | - Silvia Blair
- Malaria Group, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Lina Zuluaga
- Malaria Group, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Ananias A Escalante
- Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Pimenta PFP, Orfano AS, Bahia AC, Duarte APM, Ríos-Velásquez CM, Melo FF, Pessoa FAC, Oliveira GA, Campos KMM, Villegas LM, Rodrigues NB, Nacif-Pimenta R, Simões RC, Monteiro WM, Amino R, Traub-Cseko YM, Lima JBP, Barbosa MGV, Lacerda MVG, Tadei WP, Secundino NFC. An overview of malaria transmission from the perspective of Amazon Anopheles vectors. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015; 110:23-47. [PMID: 25742262 PMCID: PMC4371216 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760140266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the Americas, areas with a high risk of malaria transmission are mainly located in the Amazon Forest, which extends across nine countries. One keystone step to understanding the Plasmodium life cycle in Anopheles species from the Amazon Region is to obtain experimentally infected mosquito vectors. Several attempts to colonise Anopheles species have been conducted, but with only short-lived success or no success at all. In this review, we review the literature on malaria transmission from the perspective of its Amazon vectors. Currently, it is possible to develop experimental Plasmodium vivax infection of the colonised and field-captured vectors in laboratories located close to Amazonian endemic areas. We are also reviewing studies related to the immune response to P. vivax infection of Anopheles aquasalis, a coastal mosquito species. Finally, we discuss the importance of the modulation of Plasmodium infection by the vector microbiota and also consider the anopheline genomes. The establishment of experimental mosquito infections with Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium yoelii and Plasmodium berghei parasites that could provide interesting models for studying malaria in the Amazonian scenario is important. Understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the development of the parasites in New World vectors is crucial in order to better determine the interaction process and vectorial competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo FP Pimenta
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou-Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, MG,
Brasil
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM,
Brasil
| | | | - Ana C Bahia
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Ana PM Duarte
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou-Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, MG,
Brasil
| | | | - Fabrício F Melo
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou-Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, MG,
Brasil
| | | | | | - Keillen MM Campos
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM,
Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Rejane C Simões
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Wuelton M Monteiro
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM,
Brasil
| | - Rogerio Amino
- Unité de Biologie et Génétique du Paludisme, Institut Pasteur, Paris,
France
| | | | - José BP Lima
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM,
Brasil
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Maria GV Barbosa
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM,
Brasil
| | - Marcus VG Lacerda
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM,
Brasil
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane-Fiocruz, Manaus, AM, Brasil
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Pereira TB, Rocha e Silva LF, Amorim RCN, Melo MRS, Zacardi de Souza RC, Eberlin MN, Lima ES, Vasconcellos MC, Pohlit AM. In vitro and in vivo anti-malarial activity of limonoids isolated from the residual seed biomass from Carapa guianensis (andiroba) oil production. Malar J 2014; 13:317. [PMID: 25124944 PMCID: PMC4138406 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carapa guianensis is a cultivable tree used by traditional health practitioners in the Amazon region to treat several diseases and particularly symptoms related to malaria. Abundant residual pressed seed material (RPSM) results as a by-product of carapa or andiroba oil production. The objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo anti-malarial activity and cytotoxicity of limonoids isolated from C. guaianensis RPSM. METHODS 6α-acetoxyepoxyazadiradione (1), andirobin (2), 6α-acetoxygedunin (3) and 7-deacetoxy-7-oxogedunin (4) (all isolated from RPSM using extraction and chromatography techniques) and 6α-hydroxy-deacetylgedunin (5) (prepared from 3) were evaluated using the micro test on the multi-drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum K1 strain. The efficacy of limonoids 3 and 4 was then evaluated orally and subcutaneously in BALB/c mice infected with chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium berghei NK65 strain in the 4-day suppressive test. RESULTS In vitro, limonoids 1-5 exhibited median inhibition concentrations (IC50) of 20.7-5.0 μM, respectively. In general, these limonoids were not toxic to normal cells (MRC-5 human fibroblasts). In vivo, 3 was more active than 4. At oral doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg/day, 3 suppressed parasitaemia versus untreated controls by 40 and 66%, respectively, evidencing a clear dose-response. CONCLUSION 6α-acetoxygedunin is an abundant natural product present in C. guianensis residual seed materials that exhibits significant in vivo anti-malarial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago B Pereira
- />Laboratório de Princípios Ativos da Amazônia, Coordenação de Tecnologia e Inovação, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Avenida André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, 69067-375 Manaus, Amazonas Brasil
- />Programa de Pós-graduação em Química, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Avenida General Rodrigo Octávio, 6200, Coroado I, Campus Universitário, 69077-000 Manaus, Amazonas Brasil
| | - Luiz F Rocha e Silva
- />Laboratório de Princípios Ativos da Amazônia, Coordenação de Tecnologia e Inovação, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Avenida André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, 69067-375 Manaus, Amazonas Brasil
- />Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Avenida General Rodrigo Octávio, 3000, Coroado I, Campus Universitário, 69077-000 Manaus, Amazonas Brasil
| | - Rodrigo CN Amorim
- />Laboratório de Princípios Ativos da Amazônia, Coordenação de Tecnologia e Inovação, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Avenida André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, 69067-375 Manaus, Amazonas Brasil
| | - Márcia RS Melo
- />Escola Superior de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Estadual do Amazonas, Avenida Carvalho Leal, 1777, Cachoeirinha, 69065-001 Manaus, Amazonas Brasil
| | - Rita C Zacardi de Souza
- />Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Caixa Postal 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo Brasil
| | - Marcos N Eberlin
- />Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Caixa Postal 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, São Paulo Brasil
| | - Emerson S Lima
- />Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Rua Comendador Alexandre Amorim, 330, Aparecida, 69103-00 Manaus, Amazonas Brasil
| | - Marne C Vasconcellos
- />Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Rua Comendador Alexandre Amorim, 330, Aparecida, 69103-00 Manaus, Amazonas Brasil
| | - Adrian M Pohlit
- />Laboratório de Princípios Ativos da Amazônia, Coordenação de Tecnologia e Inovação, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Avenida André Araújo, 2936, Petrópolis, 69067-375 Manaus, Amazonas Brasil
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Ntie-Kang F, Onguéné PA, Lifongo LL, Ndom JC, Sippl W, Mbaze LM. The potential of anti-malarial compounds derived from African medicinal plants, part II: a pharmacological evaluation of non-alkaloids and non-terpenoids. Malar J 2014; 13:81. [PMID: 24602358 PMCID: PMC3975711 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-13-81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is currently a public health concern in many countries in the world due to various factors which are not yet under check. Drug discovery projects targeting malaria often resort to natural sources in the search for lead compounds. A survey of the literature has led to a summary of the major findings regarding plant-derived compounds from African flora, which have shown anti-malarial/antiplasmodial activities, tested by in vitro and in vivo assays. Considerations have been given to compounds with activities ranging from "very active" to "weakly active", leading to >500 chemical structures, mainly alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, coumarins, phenolics, polyacetylenes, xanthones, quinones, steroids and lignans. However, only the compounds that showed anti-malarial activity, from "very active" to "moderately active", are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Luc Meva'a Mbaze
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Douala, PO Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon.
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Amoa Onguéné P, Ntie-Kang F, Lifongo LL, Ndom JC, Sippl W, Mbaze LM. The potential of anti-malarial compounds derived from African medicinal plants, part I: a pharmacological evaluation of alkaloids and terpenoids. Malar J 2013; 12:449. [PMID: 24330395 PMCID: PMC3878730 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-12-449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional medicine caters for about 80% of the health care needs of many rural populations around the world, especially in developing countries. In addition, plant-derived compounds have played key roles in drug discovery. Malaria is currently a public health concern in many countries in the world due to factors such as chemotherapy faced by resistance, poor hygienic conditions, poorly managed vector control programmes and no approved vaccines. In this review, an attempt has been made to assess the value of African medicinal plants for drug discovery by discussing the anti-malarial virtue of the derived phytochemicals that have been tested by in vitro and in vivo assays. This survey was focused on pure compounds derived from African flora which have exhibited anti-malarial properties with activities ranging from "very active" to "weakly active". However, only the compounds which showed anti-malarial activities from "very active" to "moderately active" are discussed in this review. The activity of 278 compounds, mainly alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, coumarines, phenolics, polyacetylenes, xanthones, quinones, steroids, and lignans have been discussed. The first part of this review series covers the activity of 171 compounds belonging to the alkaloid and terpenoid classes. Data available in the literature indicated that African flora hold an enormous potential for the development of phytomedicines for malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Amoa Onguéné
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Douala, PO Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Fidele Ntie-Kang
- Chemical and Bioactivity Information Centre, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, PO Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Lydia Likowo Lifongo
- Chemical and Bioactivity Information Centre, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, PO Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Jean Claude Ndom
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Douala, PO Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Wolfgang Sippl
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Martin-Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck Str. 4, Halle, Saale 06120, Germany
| | - Luc Meva’a Mbaze
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Douala, PO Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon
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