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Aschale Y, Getachew A, Yewhalaw D, De Cristofaro A, Sciarretta A, Atenafu G. Systematic review of sporozoite infection rate of Anopheles mosquitoes in Ethiopia, 2001-2021. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:437. [PMID: 38008761 PMCID: PMC10680292 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-06054-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adult mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles are important vectors of Plasmodium parasites, causative agents of malaria. The aim of this review was to synthesize the overall and species-specific proportion of Anopheles species infected with sporozoites and their geographical distribution in the last 2 decades (2001-2021). METHODS A comprehensive search was conducted using databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Scopus, African Journals OnLine) and manual Google search between January 1 and February 15, 2022. Original articles describing work conducted in Ethiopia, published in English and reporting infection status, were included in the review. All the required data were extracted using a standardized data extraction form, imported to SPSS-24, and analyzed accordingly. The quality of each original study was assessed using a quality assessment tool adapted from the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal checklist. This study was registered on PROSPERO (International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews; registration no. CRD42022299078). RESULTS A search for published articles produced a total of 3086 articles, of which 34 met the inclusion criteria. Data on mosquito surveillance revealed that a total of 129,410 anophelines comprising 25 species were captured, of which 48,365 comprising 21 species were tested for sporozoites. Anopheles arabiensis was the dominant species followed by An. pharoensis and An. coustani complex. The overall proportion infected with sporozoites over 21 years was 0.87%. Individual proportions included Anopheles arabiensis (1.09), An. pharoensis (0.79), An. coustani complex (0.13), An. funestus (2.71), An. demeilloni (0.31), An. stephensi (0.70), and An. cinereus (0.73). Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites accounted 79.2% of Plasmodium species. Mixed infection of Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum was only reported from one An. arabiensis sample. CONCLUSIONS Anopheles arebiensis was the dominant malaria vector over the years, with the highest sporozoite infection proportion of 2.85% and an average of 0.90% over the years. Other species contributing to malaria transmission in the area were An. pharoensis, An. coustani complex, An. funestus, An. stephensi, and An. coustani. The emergence of new vector species, in particular An. stephensi, is particularly concerning and should be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibeltal Aschale
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia.
| | - Aklilu Getachew
- School of Medical Laboratory Science, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | | | - Antonio De Cristofaro
- Department of Agriculture, Environment and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Molise, Italy
| | - Andrea Sciarretta
- Department of Agriculture, Environment and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Molise, Italy
| | - Getnet Atenafu
- Department of Biology, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
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Bandibabone J, McLoughlin C, N'Do S, Bantuzeko C, Byabushi V, Jeanberckmans M, Guardiola M, Zawadi B, Diabaté A, Prudhomme J, Walker T, Messenger LA. Investigating molecular mechanisms of insecticide resistance in the Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. Malar J 2021; 20:464. [PMID: 34906124 PMCID: PMC8670120 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-04002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria vector control in the Democratic Republic of the Congo is plagued by several major challenges, including inadequate infrastructure, lack of access to health care systems and preventative measures, and more recently the widespread emergence of insecticide resistance among Anopheles mosquitoes. Across 26 provinces, insecticide resistance has been reported from multiple sentinel sites. However, to date, investigation of molecular resistance mechanisms among Anopheles vector populations in DRC has been more limited. METHODS Adult Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) and Anopheles funestus s.l. were collected from two sites in Sud-Kivu province and one site in Haut-Uélé province and PCR-screened for the presence of 11 resistance mutations, to provide additional information on frequency of resistance mechanisms in the eastern DRC, and to critically evaluate the utility of these markers for prospective country-wide resistance monitoring. RESULTS L1014F-kdr and L1014S-kdr were present in 75.9% and 56.7% of An. gambiae s.l. screened, respectively, with some individuals harbouring both resistant alleles. Across the three study sites, L43F-CYP4J5 allele frequency ranged from 0.42 to 0.52, with evidence for ongoing selection. G119S-ace1 was also identified in all sites but at lower levels. A triple mutant haplotype (comprising the point mutation CYP6P4-I236M, the insertion of a partial Zanzibar-like transposable element and duplication of CYP6AA1) was present at high frequencies. In An. funestus s.l. cis-regulatory polymorphisms in CYP6P9a and CYP6P9b were detected, with allele frequencies ranging from 0.82 to 0.98 and 0.65 to 0.83, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study screened the most up-to-date panel of DNA-based resistance markers in An. gambiae s.l. and An. funestus s.l. from the eastern DRC, where resistance data is lacking. Several new candidate markers (CYP4J5, G119S-ace1, the triple mutant, CYP6P9a and CYP6P9b) were identified, which are diagnostic of resistance to major insecticide classes, and warrant future, larger-scale monitoring in the DRC to inform vector control decisions by the National Malaria Control Programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janvier Bandibabone
- Laboratoire d'Entomologie Médicale et Parasitologie, Centre de Recherche en Sciences Naturelles (CRSN/Lwiro), Sud-Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Charles McLoughlin
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Sévérin N'Do
- Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) OCBA, Barcelona, Spain
- Université Nazi Boni (UNB), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS)/Centre MURAZ, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Chimanuka Bantuzeko
- Laboratoire d'Entomologie Médicale et Parasitologie, Centre de Recherche en Sciences Naturelles (CRSN/Lwiro), Sud-Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Université Officielle de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Vital Byabushi
- Kibali Gold Mine, Haut-Uele, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | | | - Bertin Zawadi
- Laboratoire d'Entomologie Médicale et Parasitologie, Centre de Recherche en Sciences Naturelles (CRSN/Lwiro), Sud-Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | - Jorian Prudhomme
- Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) OCBA, Barcelona, Spain
- UMR MIVEGEC (IRD-CNRS - Université de Montpellier), 911 Avenue Agropolis, 34394, Montpellier, France
| | - Thomas Walker
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Louisa A Messenger
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
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Hendershot AL, Esayas E, Sutcliffe AC, Irish SR, Gadisa E, Tadesse FG, Lobo NF. A comparison of PCR and ELISA methods to detect different stages of Plasmodium vivax in Anopheles arabiensis. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:473. [PMID: 34526109 PMCID: PMC8442364 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04976-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In characterizing malaria epidemiology, measuring mosquito infectiousness informs the entomological inoculation rate, an important metric of malaria transmission. PCR-based methods have been touted as more sensitive than the current “gold-standard” circumsporozoite (CSP) ELISA. Wider application of PCR-based methods has been limited by lack of specificity for the infectious sporozoite stage. We compared a PCR method for detecting the parasite’s mitochondrial (mt) cytochrome oxidase I (COX-I) gene with ELISA for detecting circumsporozoite protein for identification of different life stages of the parasite during development within a mosquito. Methods A PCR-based method targeting the Plasmodium mt COX-I gene was compared with the CSP ELISA method to assess infectivity in Anopheles arabiensis colony mosquitoes fed on blood from patients infected with Plasmodium vivax. Mosquitoes were tested at six post-infection time points (days 0.5, 1, 6, 9, 12, 15). The head and thorax and the abdomen for each specimen were tested separately with each method. Agreement between methods at each infection stage was measured using Cohen’s kappa measure of test association. Results Infection status of mosquitoes was assessed in approximately 90 head/thorax and 90 abdomen segments at each time point; in total, 538 head/thorax and 534 abdomen segments were tested. In mosquitoes bisected after 0.5, 1, and 6 days post-infection (dpi), the mt COX-I PCR detected Plasmodium DNA in both the abdomen (88, 78, and 67%, respectively) and head/thorax segments (69, 60, and 44%, respectively), whilst CSP ELISA detected sporozoites in only one abdomen on day 6 post-infection. PCR was also more sensitive than ELISA for detection of Plasmodium in mosquitoes bisected after 9, 12, and 15 dpi in both the head and thorax and abdomen. There was fair agreement between methods for time points 9–15 dpi (κ = 0.312, 95% CI: 0.230–0.394). Conclusions The mt COX-I PCR is a highly sensitive, robust method for detecting Plasmodium DNA in mosquitoes, but its limited Plasmodium life-stage specificity cannot be overcome by bisection of the head and thorax from the abdomen prior to PCR. Thus, the mt COX-I PCR is a poor candidate for identifying infectious mosquitoes. Graphical Abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Endashaw Esayas
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Research Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Alice C Sutcliffe
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Seth R Irish
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.,President's Malaria Initiative, Bureau for Global Health, Office of Infectious Disease, United States Agency for International Development, Washington DC, USA
| | - Endalamaw Gadisa
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Research Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Fitsum G Tadesse
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Research Directorate, Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Neil F Lobo
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
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Guissou E, Waite JL, Jones M, Bell AS, Suh E, Yameogo KB, Djègbè N, Da DF, Hien DFDS, Yerbanga RS, Ouedraogo AG, Dabiré KR, Cohuet A, Thomas MB, Lefèvre T. A non-destructive sugar-feeding assay for parasite detection and estimating the extrinsic incubation period of Plasmodium falciparum in individual mosquito vectors. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9344. [PMID: 33927245 PMCID: PMC8085177 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88659-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite its epidemiological importance, the time Plasmodium parasites take to achieve development in the vector mosquito (the extrinsic incubation period, EIP) remains poorly characterized. A novel non-destructive assay designed to estimate EIP in single mosquitoes, and more broadly to study Plasmodium-Anopheles vectors interactions, is presented. The assay uses small pieces of cotton wool soaked in sugar solution to collect malaria sporozoites from individual mosquitoes during sugar feeding to monitor infection status over time. This technique has been tested across four natural malaria mosquito species of Africa and Asia, infected with Plasmodium falciparum (six field isolates from gametocyte-infected patients in Burkina Faso and the NF54 strain) and across a range of temperatures relevant to malaria transmission in field conditions. Monitoring individual infectious mosquitoes was feasible. The estimated median EIP of P. falciparum at 27 °C was 11 to 14 days depending on mosquito species and parasite isolate. Long-term individual tracking revealed that sporozoites transfer onto cotton wool can occur at least until day 40 post-infection. Short individual EIP were associated with short mosquito lifespan. Correlations between mosquito/parasite traits often reveal trade-offs and constraints and have important implications for understanding the evolution of parasite transmission strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwige Guissou
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
- MIVEGEC, Montpellier University, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France.
- Laboratoire mixte international sur les vecteurs (LAMIVECT), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
- Université Nazi Boni, Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
| | - Jessica L Waite
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Green Mountain Antibodies, Inc. 1 Mill St. Suites 1-7, Burlington, VT, 05401, USA
| | - Matthew Jones
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Andrew S Bell
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Eunho Suh
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | | | - Nicaise Djègbè
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Dari F Da
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Domonbabele F D S Hien
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Laboratoire mixte international sur les vecteurs (LAMIVECT), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Rakiswende S Yerbanga
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Laboratoire mixte international sur les vecteurs (LAMIVECT), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Kounbobr Roch Dabiré
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Laboratoire mixte international sur les vecteurs (LAMIVECT), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Anna Cohuet
- MIVEGEC, Montpellier University, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
- Laboratoire mixte international sur les vecteurs (LAMIVECT), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Matthew B Thomas
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- York Environmental Sustainability Institute and Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
| | - Thierry Lefèvre
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- MIVEGEC, Montpellier University, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
- Laboratoire mixte international sur les vecteurs (LAMIVECT), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Centre de Recherche en Écologie et Évolution de la Santé (CREES), Montpellier, France
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Prediction of malaria transmission drivers in Anopheles mosquitoes using artificial intelligence coupled to MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11379. [PMID: 32647135 PMCID: PMC7347643 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68272-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vector control programmes are a strategic priority in the fight against malaria. However, vector control interventions require rigorous monitoring. Entomological tools for characterizing malaria transmission drivers are limited and are difficult to establish in the field. To predict Anopheles drivers of malaria transmission, such as mosquito age, blood feeding and Plasmodium infection, we evaluated artificial neural networks (ANNs) coupled to matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) and analysed the impact on the proteome of laboratory-reared Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. ANNs were sensitive to Anopheles proteome changes and specifically recognized spectral patterns associated with mosquito age (0–10 days, 11–20 days and 21–28 days), blood feeding and P. berghei infection, with best prediction accuracies of 73%, 89% and 78%, respectively. This study illustrates that MALDI-TOF MS coupled to ANNs can be used to predict entomological drivers of malaria transmission, providing potential new tools for vector control. Future studies must assess the field validity of this new approach in wild-caught adult Anopheles. A similar approach could be envisaged for the identification of blood meal source and the detection of insecticide resistance in Anopheles and to other arthropods and pathogens.
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Hauser G, Thiévent K, Koella JC. Consequences of larval competition and exposure to permethrin for the development of the rodent malaria Plasmodium berghei in the mosquito Anopheles gambiae. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:107. [PMID: 32106886 PMCID: PMC7045583 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-3983-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mosquitoes and other vectors are often exposed to sublethal doses of insecticides. Larvae can be exposed to the run-off of agricultural use, and adults can be irritated by insecticides used against them and move away before they have picked up a lethal dose. This sublethal exposure may affect the success of control of insect-borne diseases, for it may affect the competence of insects to transmit parasites, in particular if the insects are undernourished. Methods We assessed how exposure of larvae and adults to a sublethal dose of permethrin (a pyrethroid) and how larval competition for food affect several aspects of the vector competence of the mosquito Anopheles gambiae for the malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei. We infected mosquitoes with P. berghei and measured the longevity and the prevalence and intensity of infection to test for an effect of our treatments. Results Our general result was that the exposure to the insecticide helped mosquitoes deal with infection by malaria. Exposure of either larvae or adults decreased the likelihood that mosquitoes were infected by about 20%, but did not effect the parasite load. Exposure also increased the lifespan of infected mosquitoes, but only if they had been reared in competition. Larval competition had no effect on the prevalence of infection, but increased parasite load. These effects may be a consequence of the machinery governing oxidative stress, which underlies the responses of mosquitoes to insecticides, to food stress and to parasites. Conclusions We conclude that insecticide residues are likely to affect the ability of mosquitoes to carry and transmit pathogens such as malaria, irrespective of the stage at which they are exposed to the insecticide. Our results stress the need for further studies to consider sublethal doses in the context of vector ecology and vector-borne disease epidemiology.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaël Hauser
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Kevin Thiévent
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Jacob C Koella
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Collins E, Vaselli NM, Sylla M, Beavogui AH, Orsborne J, Lawrence G, Wiegand RE, Irish SR, Walker T, Messenger LA. The relationship between insecticide resistance, mosquito age and malaria prevalence in Anopheles gambiae s.l. from Guinea. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8846. [PMID: 31222175 PMCID: PMC6586859 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45261-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Insecticide resistance across sub-Saharan Africa may impact the continued effectiveness of malaria vector control. We investigated the association between carbamate and pyrethroid resistance with Anopheles gambiae s.l. parity, Plasmodium falciparum infection, and molecular insecticide resistance mechanisms in Guinea. Pyrethroid resistance was intense, with field populations surviving ten times the insecticidal concentration required to kill susceptible individuals. The L1014F kdr-N1575Y haplotype and I1527T mutation were significantly associated with mosquito survival following permethrin exposure (Prevalence Ratio; PR = 1.92, CI = 1.09–3.37 and PR = 2.80, CI = 1.03–7.64, respectively). Partial restoration of pyrethroid susceptibility following synergist pre-exposure suggests a role for mixed-function oxidases. Carbamate resistance was lower and significantly associated with the G119S Ace-1 mutation. Oocyst rates were 6.8% and 4.2% among resistant and susceptible mosquitoes, respectively; survivors of bendiocarb exposure were significantly more likely to be infected. Pyrethroid resistant mosquitoes had significantly lower parity rates than their susceptible counterparts (PR = 1.15, CI = 1.10–1.21). Our findings emphasize the need for additional studies directly assessing the influence of insecticide resistance on mosquito fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Collins
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Natasha M Vaselli
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Moussa Sylla
- Centre National de Formation et de Recherche en Santé Rurale de Maferinyah, Maferinyah, Guinea
| | - Abdoul H Beavogui
- Centre National de Formation et de Recherche en Santé Rurale de Maferinyah, Maferinyah, Guinea
| | - James Orsborne
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gena Lawrence
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Ryan E Wiegand
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Seth R Irish
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America.,President's Malaria Initiative, Bureau for Global Health, Office of Infectious Disease, United States Agency for International Development, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Thomas Walker
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Louisa A Messenger
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America. .,American Society for Microbiology, 1752 N Street, NW, Washington DC, 20036, United States of America.
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Mulatier M, Camara S, Koffi A, Carrasco D, Porciani A, Chandre F, Moiroux N, Lefevre T, Dabiré R, Assi S, Ahoua Alou LP, Dormont L, Pennetier C, Cohuet A. Efficacy of vector control tools against malaria-infected mosquitoes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6664. [PMID: 31040349 PMCID: PMC6491600 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43195-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Within mosquito vector populations, infectious mosquitoes are the ones completing the transmission of pathogens to susceptible hosts and they are, consequently, of great epidemiological interest. Mosquito infection by malaria parasites has been shown to affect several traits of mosquito physiology and behavior, and could interplay with the efficacy of control tools. In this study, we evaluated, in pyrethroid resistant Anopheles gambiae, the effect of mosquito infection with the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum on the efficacy of nets treated with either the insecticide deltamethrin or the repellent DEET, measuring (i) mosquito success to pass through the net, (ii) blood-feeding on a host and (iii) chemicals-induced mortality. Infection of mosquitoes at non-infectious stage did not affect their success to pass through the net, to blood-feed, nor chemicals-induced mortality. At infectious stage, depending on replicates, infected mosquitoes had higher mortality rates than uninfected mosquitoes, with stronger effect in presence of DEET. This data evidenced a cost of infection on mosquito survival at transmissible stages of infection, which could have significant consequences for both malaria epidemiology and vector control. This stresses the need for understanding the combined effects of insecticide resistance and infection on the efficacy on control tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Mulatier
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
- CEFE, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France.
| | - Soromane Camara
- Institut Pierre Richet/Institut National de Santé Publique, Bouake, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Alphonsine Koffi
- Institut Pierre Richet/Institut National de Santé Publique, Bouake, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - David Carrasco
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Nicolas Moiroux
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Institut de Recherches en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Thierry Lefevre
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Institut de Recherches en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Roch Dabiré
- Institut de Recherches en Sciences de la Santé, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Serge Assi
- Institut Pierre Richet/Institut National de Santé Publique, Bouake, Côte d'Ivoire
| | | | - Laurent Dormont
- CEFE, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Cédric Pennetier
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Institut Pierre Richet/Institut National de Santé Publique, Bouake, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Anna Cohuet
- MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Maia MF, Kapulu M, Muthui M, Wagah MG, Ferguson HM, Dowell FE, Baldini F, Ranford-Cartwright L. Detection of Plasmodium falciparum infected Anopheles gambiae using near-infrared spectroscopy. Malar J 2019; 18:85. [PMID: 30890179 PMCID: PMC6423776 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2719-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Large-scale surveillance of mosquito populations is crucial to assess the intensity of vector-borne disease transmission and the impact of control interventions. However, there is a lack of accurate, cost-effective and high-throughput tools for mass-screening of vectors. METHODS A total of 750 Anopheles gambiae (Keele strain) mosquitoes were fed Plasmodium falciparum NF54 gametocytes through standard membrane feeding assay (SMFA) and afterwards maintained in insectary conditions to allow for oocyst (8 days) and sporozoite development (14 days). Thereupon, each mosquito was scanned using near infra-red spectroscopy (NIRS) and processed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to determine the presence of infection and infection load. The spectra collected were randomly assigned to either a training dataset, used to develop calibrations for predicting oocyst- or sporozoite-infection through partial least square regressions (PLS); or to a test dataset, used for validating the calibration's prediction accuracy. RESULTS NIRS detected oocyst- and sporozoite-stage P. falciparum infections with 88% and 95% accuracy, respectively. This study demonstrates proof-of-concept that NIRS is capable of rapidly identifying laboratory strains of human malaria infection in African mosquito vectors. CONCLUSIONS Accurate, low-cost, reagent-free screening of mosquito populations enabled by NIRS could revolutionize surveillance and elimination strategies for the most important human malaria parasite in its primary African vector species. Further research is needed to evaluate how the method performs in the field following adjustments in the training datasets to include data from wild-caught infected and uninfected mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta F Maia
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4020, Basel, Switzerland.
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001, Basel, Switzerland.
- KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230, Kilifi, 80108, Kenya.
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK.
| | - Melissa Kapulu
- KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230, Kilifi, 80108, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Michelle Muthui
- KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230, Kilifi, 80108, Kenya
| | - Martin G Wagah
- KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 230, Kilifi, 80108, Kenya
- Department of Public Health, School of Human and Health Sciences, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Heather M Ferguson
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Floyd E Dowell
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, KS, 66502, USA
| | - Francesco Baldini
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Lisa Ranford-Cartwright
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
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10
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Jeffries CL, Lawrence GG, Golovko G, Kristan M, Orsborne J, Spence K, Hurn E, Bandibabone J, Tantely LM, Raharimalala FN, Keita K, Camara D, Barry Y, Wat'senga F, Manzambi EZ, Afrane YA, Mohammed AR, Abeku TA, Hedge S, Khanipov K, Pimenova M, Fofanov Y, Boyer S, Irish SR, Hughes GL, Walker T. Novel Wolbachia strains in Anopheles malaria vectors from Sub-Saharan Africa. Wellcome Open Res 2018; 3:113. [PMID: 30483601 PMCID: PMC6234743 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.14765.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Wolbachia, a common insect endosymbiotic bacterium that can influence pathogen transmission and manipulate host reproduction, has historically been considered absent from the Anopheles (An.) genera, but has recently been found in An. gambiae s.l. populations in West Africa. As there are numerous Anopheles species that have the capacity to transmit malaria, we analysed a range of species across five malaria endemic countries to determine Wolbachia prevalence rates, characterise novel Wolbachia strains and determine any correlation between the presence of Plasmodium, Wolbachia and the competing bacterium Asaia. Methods: Anopheles adult mosquitoes were collected from five malaria-endemic countries: Guinea, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Ghana, Uganda and Madagascar, between 2013 and 2017. Molecular analysis was undertaken using quantitative PCR, Sanger sequencing, Wolbachia multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and high-throughput amplicon sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. Results: Novel Wolbachia strains were discovered in five species: An. coluzzii, An. gambiae s.s., An. arabiensis, An. moucheti and An. species A, increasing the number of Anopheles species known to be naturally infected. Variable prevalence rates in different locations were observed and novel strains were phylogenetically diverse, clustering with Wolbachia supergroup B strains. We also provide evidence for resident strain variants within An. species A. Wolbachia is the dominant member of the microbiome in An. moucheti and An. species A but present at lower densities in An. coluzzii. Interestingly, no evidence of Wolbachia/Asaia co-infections was seen and Asaia infection densities were shown to be variable and location dependent. Conclusions: The important discovery of novel Wolbachia strains in Anopheles provides greater insight into the prevalence of resident Wolbachia strains in diverse malaria vectors. Novel Wolbachia strains (particularly high-density strains) are ideal candidate strains for transinfection to create stable infections in other Anopheles mosquito species, which could be used for population replacement or suppression control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L Jeffries
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Gena G Lawrence
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, 30033, USA
| | - George Golovko
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Mojca Kristan
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - James Orsborne
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Kirstin Spence
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Eliot Hurn
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Janvier Bandibabone
- Laboratoire d'entomologie médicale et parasitologie, Centre de Recherche en Sciences Naturelles (CRSN/LWIRO), Sud-Kivu, Congo, Democratic Republic
| | - Luciano M Tantely
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Fara N Raharimalala
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Kalil Keita
- Nationale de Lutte contre le Paludisme, Ministere de la Sante, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Denka Camara
- Nationale de Lutte contre le Paludisme, Ministere de la Sante, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Yaya Barry
- Nationale de Lutte contre le Paludisme, Ministere de la Sante, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Francis Wat'senga
- National Institute of Biomedical Research, Kinshasa, Congo, Democratic Republic
| | - Emile Z Manzambi
- National Institute of Biomedical Research, Kinshasa, Congo, Democratic Republic
| | - Yaw A Afrane
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Abdul R Mohammed
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Shivanand Hedge
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Kamil Khanipov
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Maria Pimenova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Yuriy Fofanov
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Sebastien Boyer
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Seth R Irish
- The US President's Malaria Initiative and Entomology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, 30329-4027, USA
| | - Grant L Hughes
- Department of Pathology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Tropical Diseases, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Disease, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Thomas Walker
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
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11
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Jeffries CL, Lawrence GG, Golovko G, Kristan M, Orsborne J, Spence K, Hurn E, Bandibabone J, Tantely LM, Raharimalala FN, Keita K, Camara D, Barry Y, Wat’senga F, Manzambi EZ, Afrane YA, Mohammed AR, Abeku TA, Hedge S, Khanipov K, Pimenova M, Fofanov Y, Boyer S, Irish SR, Hughes GL, Walker T. Novel Wolbachia strains in Anopheles malaria vectors from Sub-Saharan Africa. Wellcome Open Res 2018; 3:113. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.14765.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Wolbachia, a common insect endosymbiotic bacterium that can influence pathogen transmission and manipulate host reproduction, has historically been considered absent from the Anopheles (An.) genera, but has recently been found in An. gambiae s.l. populations. As there are numerous Anopheles species that have the capacity to transmit malaria, we analysed a range of species to determine Wolbachia prevalence rates, characterise novel Wolbachia strains and determine any correlation between the presence of Plasmodium, Wolbachia and the competing endosymbiotic bacterium Asaia. Methods: Anopheles adult mosquitoes were collected from five malaria-endemic countries: Guinea, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Ghana, Uganda and Madagascar, between 2013 and 2017. Molecular analysis of samples was undertaken using quantitative PCR, Sanger sequencing, Wolbachia multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and high-throughput amplicon sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. Results: Novel Wolbachia strains were discovered in five species: An. coluzzii, An. gambiae s.s., An. arabiensis, An. moucheti and An. species ‘A’, increasing the number of Anopheles species known to be naturally infected. Variable prevalence rates in different locations were observed and novel strains were phylogenetically diverse, clustering with Wolbachia supergroup B strains. We also provide evidence for resident strain variants within An. species ‘A’. Wolbachia is the dominant member of the microbiome in An. moucheti and An. species ‘A’, but present at lower densities in An. coluzzii. Interestingly, no evidence of Wolbachia/Asaia co-infections was seen and Asaia infection densities were also shown to be variable and location dependent. Conclusions: The important discovery of novel Wolbachia strains in Anopheles provides greater insight into the prevalence of resident Wolbachia strains in diverse malaria vectors. Novel Wolbachia strains (particularly high-density strains) are ideal candidate strains for transinfection to create stable infections in other Anopheles mosquito species, which could be used for population replacement or suppression control strategies.
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12
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Calzetta M, Perugini E, Seixas G, Sousa CA, Guelbeogo WM, Sagnon N, Della Torre A, Pinto J, Pombi M, Mancini E. A novel nested polymerase chain reaction assay targeting Plasmodium mitochondrial DNA in field-collected Anopheles mosquitoes. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 32:372-377. [PMID: 29344968 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Sensitive techniques for the detection of Plasmodium (Aconoidasida: Plasmodiidae) sporozoites in field-collected malaria vectors are essential for the correct assessment of risk for malaria transmission. A real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) protocol targeting Plasmodium mtDNA proved to be much more sensitive in detecting sporozoites in mosquitoes than the widely used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay targeting Plasmodium circumsporozoite protein (CSP-ELISA). However, because of the relatively high costs associated with equipment and reagents, RT-PCRs are mostly used to assess the outcomes of experimental infections in the frame of research experiments, rather than in routine monitoring of mosquito infection in the field. The present authors developed a novel mtDNA-based nested PCR protocol, modified from a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for Plasmodium recognition in human blood samples, and compared its performance with that of routinely used CSP-ELISAs in field-collected Anopheles coluzzii (Diptera: Culicidae) samples. The nested PCR showed 1.4-fold higher sensitivity than the CSP-ELISA. However, nested PCR results obtained in two laboratories and in different replicates within the same laboratory were not 100% consistent, probably because the copy number of amplifiable Plasmodium mtDNA was close in some specimens to the threshold of nested PCR sensitivity. This implies that Plasmodium-positive specimens should be confirmed by a second nested PCR to avoid false positives. Overall, the results emphasize the need to use molecular approaches to obtain accurate estimates of the actual level of Plasmodium circulation within malaria vector populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Calzetta
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Istituto Pasteur Italia Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - E Perugini
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Istituto Pasteur Italia Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy
| | - G Seixas
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - C A Sousa
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - W M Guelbeogo
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme (CNRFP), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - N Sagnon
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme (CNRFP), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - A Della Torre
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Istituto Pasteur Italia Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - J Pinto
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - M Pombi
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Istituto Pasteur Italia Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - E Mancini
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy
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13
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Esperança PM, Blagborough AM, Da DF, Dowell FE, Churcher TS. Detection of Plasmodium berghei infected Anopheles stephensi using near-infrared spectroscopy. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:377. [PMID: 29954424 PMCID: PMC6027764 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2960-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The proportion of mosquitoes infected with malaria is an important entomological metric used to assess the intensity of transmission and the impact of vector control interventions. Currently, the prevalence of mosquitoes with salivary gland sporozoites is estimated by dissecting mosquitoes under a microscope or using molecular methods. These techniques are laborious, subjective, and require either expensive equipment or training. This study evaluates the potential of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to identify laboratory reared mosquitoes infected with rodent malaria. METHODS Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes were reared in the laboratory and fed on Plasmodium berghei infected blood. After 12 and 21 days post-feeding mosquitoes were killed, scanned and analysed using NIRS and immediately dissected by microscopy to determine the number of oocysts on the midgut wall or sporozoites in the salivary glands. A predictive classification model was used to determine parasite prevalence and intensity status from spectra. RESULTS The predictive model correctly classifies infectious and uninfectious mosquitoes with an overall accuracy of 72%. The false negative and false positive rates were 30 and 26%, respectively. While NIRS was able to differentiate between uninfectious and highly infectious mosquitoes, differentiating between mid-range infectious groups was less accurate. Multiple scans of the same specimen, with repositioning the mosquito between scans, is shown to improve accuracy. On a smaller dataset NIRS was unable to predict whether mosquitoes harboured oocysts. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, we provide the first evidence that NIRS can differentiate between infectious and uninfectious mosquitoes. Currently, distinguishing between different intensities of infection is challenging. The classification model provides a flexible framework and allows for different error rates to be optimised, enabling the sensitivity and specificity of the technique to be varied according to requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro M. Esperança
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG UK
| | - Andrew M. Blagborough
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Dari F. Da
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Direction Régionale, 399 Avenue de la liberté, Bobo Dioulasso, 01 01 BP 545 Burkina Faso
| | - Floyd E. Dowell
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA
| | - Thomas S. Churcher
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG UK
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14
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Brugman VA, Kristan M, Gibbins MP, Angrisano F, Sala KA, Dessens JT, Blagborough AM, Walker T. Detection of malaria sporozoites expelled during mosquito sugar feeding. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7545. [PMID: 29765136 PMCID: PMC5954146 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26010-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a severe disease of global importance transmitted by mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles. The ability to rapidly detect the presence of infectious mosquitoes able to transmit malaria is of vital importance for surveillance, control and elimination efforts. Current methods principally rely on large-scale mosquito collections followed by labour-intensive salivary gland dissections or enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) methods to detect sporozoites. Using forced salivation, we demonstrate here that Anopheles mosquitoes infected with Plasmodium expel sporozoites during sugar feeding. Expelled sporozoites can be detected on two sugar-soaked substrates, cotton wool and Whatman FTA cards, and sporozoite DNA is detectable using real-time PCR. These results demonstrate a simple and rapid methodology for detecting the presence of infectious mosquitoes with sporozoites and highlight potential laboratory applications for investigating mosquito-malaria interactions. Our results indicate that FTA cards could be used as a simple, effective and economical tool in enhancing field surveillance activities for malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Brugman
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK.
- Evolution Biotechnologies, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedford, MK44 1LZ, UK.
| | - M Kristan
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - M P Gibbins
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - F Angrisano
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, Imperial College Road, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - K A Sala
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, Imperial College Road, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - J T Dessens
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - A M Blagborough
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, Imperial College Road, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - T Walker
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
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15
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Kefi M, Mavridis K, Simões ML, Dimopoulos G, Siden-Kiamos I, Vontas J. New rapid one-step PCR diagnostic assay for Plasmodium falciparum infective mosquitoes. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1462. [PMID: 29362379 PMCID: PMC5780459 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19780-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An essential component of malaria vector control programmes is the detection of Plasmodium falciparum within its mosquito vectors, particularly in the salivary glands where the infective sporozoites reside. Several protocols have been developed for this purpose; however they require dissection of mosquito specimens prior to analysis. Here, a novel one-step RT-qPCR TaqMan diagnostic assay was developed for mosquitoes with infective Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites in the salivary glands. It is based on detection of the sporozoite-specific Pfslarp and Pfplp1 gene transcripts. These transcripts were chosen based on bioinformatics analysis, and experimentally verified to be overexpressed in the salivary gland sporozoite stage of the parasite compared to other mosquito parasite stages. The proof of principle and the performance of the assay were demonstrated using RNAlater preserved mosquito samples. Tests of analytical sensitivity showed the novel TaqMan assay to be 100% accurate, although its performance in the field needs to be further demonstrated. This method has no requirement for dissection and post-PCR processing and thus is simple and rapid to perform in individual mosquitoes or mosquito pools. It can be used in single or multiplex formats also targeting additional markers expressed in different tissues, such as detoxification enzymes associated with insecticide resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Kefi
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, 70013, Greece.,Department of Biology, University of Crete, VassilikaVouton, Heraklion, 70013, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Mavridis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, 70013, Greece
| | - Maria L Simões
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - George Dimopoulos
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Inga Siden-Kiamos
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, 70013, Greece.
| | - John Vontas
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, 70013, Greece.,Pesticide Science Laboratory, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855, Athens, Greece
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16
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Chaumeau V, Andolina C, Fustec B, Tuikue Ndam N, Brengues C, Herder S, Cerqueira D, Chareonviriyaphap T, Nosten F, Corbel V. Comparison of the Performances of Five Primer Sets for the Detection and Quantification of Plasmodium in Anopheline Vectors by Real-Time PCR. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159160. [PMID: 27441839 PMCID: PMC4956213 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qrtPCR) has made a significant improvement for the detection of Plasmodium in anopheline vectors. A wide variety of primers has been used in different assays, mostly adapted from molecular diagnosis of malaria in human. However, such an adaptation can impact the sensitivity of the PCR. Therefore we compared the sensitivity of five primer sets with different molecular targets on blood stages, sporozoites and oocysts standards of Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) and P. vivax (Pv). Dilution series of standard DNA were used to discriminate between methods at low concentrations of parasite and to generate standard curves suitable for the absolute quantification of Plasmodium sporozoites. Our results showed that the best primers to detect blood stages were not necessarily the best ones to detect sporozoites. Absolute detection threshold of our qrtPCR assay varied between 3.6 and 360 Pv sporozoites and between 6 and 600 Pf sporozoites per mosquito according to the primer set used in the reaction mix. In this paper, we discuss the general performance of each primer set and highlight the need to use efficient detection methods for transmission studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Chaumeau
- Centre hospitalier universitaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
- Centre for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food, Institute of Advanced Studies, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail: (V. Chaumeau); (V. Corbel)
| | - C. Andolina
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
| | - B. Fustec
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
- Centre for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food, Institute of Advanced Studies, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - N. Tuikue Ndam
- Institut de Recherche pour le développement, UMR216, Mère et enfant face aux infections tropicales, Paris, France
- Communauté d’Universités et d’Etablissements Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Pharmacie, Paris, France
| | - C. Brengues
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
| | - S. Herder
- UMR Intertryp, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - D. Cerqueira
- Centre for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food, Institute of Advanced Studies, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
| | - T. Chareonviriyaphap
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - F. Nosten
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - V. Corbel
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
- Centre for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food, Institute of Advanced Studies, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail: (V. Chaumeau); (V. Corbel)
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Das S, Muleba M, Stevenson JC, Norris DE. Habitat Partitioning of Malaria Vectors in Nchelenge District, Zambia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 94:1234-44. [PMID: 27001755 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Nchelenge District in Luapula Province, northern Zambia, experiences holoendemic malaria despite implementation of vector control programs. The major Anopheles vectors that contribute to Plasmodium falciparum transmission in this area had not previously been well defined. Three collections performed during the 2012 wet and dry seasons and the 2013 wet season revealed Anopheles funestus sensu stricto and Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto as the main vectors, where 80-85% of each collection was composed of An. funestus Both vectors were found to be highly anthropophilic, and An. funestus has higher sporozoite infection rates (SIRs) and entomological inoculation rates (EIRs) year-round compared with An. gambiae: SIRs of 1.8-3.0% and 0-2.5%, respectively, and EIRs of 3.7-41.5 infectious bites per 6-month period (ib/p/6mo) and 0-5.9 ib/p/6mo, respectively. Spatial and temporal changes in each vector's dynamics and bionomics were also observed. Anopheles funestus was the predominant vector in the villages near Kenani Stream in both wet and dry seasons, whereas An. gambiae was found to be the main vector in areas near Lake Mweru during the wet season. The vector data illustrate the need for broader temporal and spatial sampling in Nchelenge and present unique opportunities to further our understanding of malarial transmission and implications for malarial control in high-risk areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita Das
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Tropical Disease Research Centre, Ndola Central Hospital, Ndola, Zambia; Macha Research Trust, Choma, Zambia
| | - Mbanga Muleba
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Tropical Disease Research Centre, Ndola Central Hospital, Ndola, Zambia; Macha Research Trust, Choma, Zambia
| | - Jennifer C Stevenson
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; Tropical Disease Research Centre, Ndola Central Hospital, Ndola, Zambia; Macha Research Trust, Choma, Zambia
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Bickersmith SA, Lainhart W, Moreno M, Chu VM, Vinetz JM, Conn JE. A sensitive, specific and reproducible real-time polymerase chain reaction method for detection of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum infection in field-collected anophelines. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015; 110:573-6. [PMID: 26061150 PMCID: PMC4501424 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760150031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a simple method for detection of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum infection in anophelines using a triplex TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay (18S rRNA). We tested the assay on Anopheles darlingi and Anopheles stephensi colony mosquitoes fed with Plasmodium-infected blood meals and in duplicate on field collected An. darlingi. We compared the real-time PCR results of colony-infected and field collected An. darlingi, separately, to a conventional PCR method. We determined that a cytochrome b-PCR method was only 3.33% as sensitive and 93.38% as specific as our real-time PCR assay with field-collected samples. We demonstrate that this assay is sensitive, specific and reproducible.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William Lainhart
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Marta Moreno
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Virginia M Chu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Joseph M Vinetz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jan E Conn
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
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Marie A, Holzmuller P, Tchioffo MT, Rossignol M, Demettre E, Seveno M, Corbel V, Awono-Ambéné P, Morlais I, Remoue F, Cornelie S. Anopheles gambiae salivary protein expression modulated by wild Plasmodium falciparum infection: highlighting of new antigenic peptides as candidates of An. gambiae bites. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:599. [PMID: 25526764 PMCID: PMC4287575 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-014-0599-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria is the major parasitic disease worldwide caused by Plasmodium infection. The objective of integrated malaria control programs is to decrease malaria transmission, which needs specific tools to be accurately assessed. In areas where the transmission is low or has been substantially reduced, new complementary tools have to be developed to improve surveillance. A recent approach, based on the human antibody response to Anopheles salivary proteins, has been shown to be efficient in evaluating human exposure to Anopheles bites. The aim of the present study was to identify new An. gambiae salivary proteins as potential candidate biomarkers of human exposure to P. falciparum-infective bites. Methods Experimental infections of An. gambiae by wild P. falciparum were carried out in semi-field conditions. Then a proteomic approach, combining 2D-DIGE and mass spectrometry, was used to identify the overexpressed salivary proteins in infected salivary glands compared to uninfected An. gambiae controls. Subsequently, a peptide design of each potential candidate was performed in silico and their antigenicity was tested by an epitope-mapping technique using blood from individuals exposed to Anopheles bites. Results Five salivary proteins (gSG6, gSG1b, TRIO, SG5 and long form D7) were overexpressed in the infected salivary glands. Eighteen peptides were designed from these proteins and were found antigenic in children exposed to the Anopheles bites. Moreover, the results showed that the presence of wild P. falciparum in salivary glands modulates the expression of several salivary proteins and also appeared to induce post-translational modifications. Conclusions This study is, to our knowledge, the first that compares the sialome of An. gambiae both infected and not infected by wild P. falciparum, making it possible to mimic the natural conditions of infection. This is a first step toward a better understanding of the close interactions between the parasite and the salivary gland of mosquitoes. In addition, these results open the way to define biomarkers of infective bites of Anopheles, which could, in the future, improve the estimation of malaria transmission and the evaluation of malaria vector control tools. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-014-0599-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Marie
- MIVEGEC (UMR IRD224 CNRS 5290 UM1-UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le développement (IRD), 911 avenue Agropolis, Montpellier cedex 5, 34394, France.
| | - Philippe Holzmuller
- CIRAD Département Systèmes Biologiques BIOS UMR 15 CMAEE "Contrôle des Maladies Exotiques et Emergentes", Campus International de Baillarguet, TA A-15/G, Montpellier cedex 5, 34398, France.
| | - Majoline T Tchioffo
- MIVEGEC (UMR IRD224 CNRS 5290 UM1-UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le développement (IRD), 911 avenue Agropolis, Montpellier cedex 5, 34394, France.
| | - Marie Rossignol
- MIVEGEC (UMR IRD224 CNRS 5290 UM1-UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le développement (IRD), 911 avenue Agropolis, Montpellier cedex 5, 34394, France.
| | - Edith Demettre
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS UMR 5203, INSERM U661, UM1, UM2, Plate-forme de Protéomique Fonctionnelle CNRS UMS BioCampus 3426, Montpellier, 34094, France.
| | - Martial Seveno
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS UMR 5203, INSERM U661, UM1, UM2, Plate-forme de Protéomique Fonctionnelle CNRS UMS BioCampus 3426, Montpellier, 34094, France.
| | - Vincent Corbel
- MIVEGEC (UMR IRD224 CNRS 5290 UM1-UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le développement (IRD), 911 avenue Agropolis, Montpellier cedex 5, 34394, France. .,Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Rd, Ladyaow Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand.
| | - Parfait Awono-Ambéné
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, BP 288, Cameroun.
| | - Isabelle Morlais
- MIVEGEC (UMR IRD224 CNRS 5290 UM1-UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le développement (IRD), 911 avenue Agropolis, Montpellier cedex 5, 34394, France. .,Laboratoire de Recherche sur le Paludisme, Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, BP 288, Cameroun.
| | - Franck Remoue
- MIVEGEC (UMR IRD224 CNRS 5290 UM1-UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le développement (IRD), 911 avenue Agropolis, Montpellier cedex 5, 34394, France.
| | - Sylvie Cornelie
- MIVEGEC (UMR IRD224 CNRS 5290 UM1-UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le développement (IRD), 911 avenue Agropolis, Montpellier cedex 5, 34394, France. .,MIVEGEC- IRD- CREC, Cotonou, 01 BP4414 RP, Bénin.
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Stone WJR, Eldering M, van Gemert GJ, Lanke KHW, Grignard L, van de Vegte-Bolmer MG, Siebelink-Stoter R, Graumans W, Roeffen WFG, Drakeley CJ, Sauerwein RW, Bousema T. The relevance and applicability of oocyst prevalence as a read-out for mosquito feeding assays. Sci Rep 2013; 3:3418. [PMID: 24301557 PMCID: PMC4894383 DOI: 10.1038/srep03418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquito feeding assays are important in evaluations of malaria transmission-reducing interventions. The proportion of mosquitoes with midgut oocysts is commonly used as an outcome measure, but in natural low intensity infections the effect of oocyst non-rupture on mosquito infectivity is unclear. By identifying ruptured as well as intact oocysts, we show that in low intensity P. falciparum infections i) 66.7–96.7% of infected mosquitoes experienced oocyst rupture between 11–21 days post-infection, ii) oocyst rupture led invariably to sporozoite release, iii) oocyst rupture led to salivary gland infections in 97.8% of mosquitoes, and iv) 1250 (IQR 313-2400) salivary gland sporozoites were found per ruptured oocyst. These data show that infectivity can be predicted with reasonable certainty from oocyst prevalence in low intensity infections. High throughput methods for detecting infection in whole mosquitoes showed that 18s PCR but not circumsporozoite ELISA gave a reliable approximation of mosquito infection rates on day 7 post-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will J R Stone
- 1] Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands [2]
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