1
|
Carvalho Cabral P, Richard VR, Borchers CH, Olivier M, Cermakian N. Circadian Control of the Response of Macrophages to Plasmodium Spp.-Infected Red Blood Cells. Immunohorizons 2024; 8:442-456. [PMID: 38916585 PMCID: PMC11220744 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2400021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a serious vector-borne disease characterized by periodic episodes of high fever and strong immune responses that are coordinated with the daily synchronized parasite replication cycle inside RBCs. As immune cells harbor an autonomous circadian clock that controls various aspects of the immune response, we sought to determine whether the intensity of the immune response to Plasmodium spp., the parasite causing malaria, depends on time of infection. To do this, we developed a culture model in which mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages are stimulated with RBCs infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA (iRBCs). Lysed iRBCs, but not intact iRBCs or uninfected RBCs, triggered an inflammatory immune response in bone marrow-derived macrophages. By stimulating at four different circadian time points (16, 22, 28, or 34 h postsynchronization of the cells' clock), 24-h rhythms in reactive oxygen species and cytokines/chemokines were found. Furthermore, the analysis of the macrophage proteome and phosphoproteome revealed global changes in response to iRBCs that varied according to circadian time. This included many proteins and signaling pathways known to be involved in the response to Plasmodium infection. In summary, our findings show that the circadian clock within macrophages determines the magnitude of the inflammatory response upon stimulation with ruptured iRBCs, along with changes of the cell proteome and phosphoproteome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vincent R. Richard
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christoph H. Borchers
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Martin Olivier
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Cermakian
- Douglas Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Connick K, Lalor R, Murphy A, O'Neill SM, El Shanawany EE. Sarcocystis fusiformis whole cyst antigen activates pro-inflammatory dendritic cells. J Parasit Dis 2020; 44:186-193. [PMID: 32174724 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-019-01181-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcocystis fusiformis is a coccidian tissue parasite that causes infection in buffalo in countries such an Egypt, China, Iraq and Iran, resulting in significant economic losses to the agricultural industry annually. There is a lack of studies examining host-parasite interactions at the level of the immune response and the present study investigates the interaction between S. fusiformis whole cyst antigens (SFWCA) and dendritic cells (DCs), cells critical to the activation of adaptive immunity. In this study bone marrow derived DCs (BMDCs) were phenotyped following treatment with SFWCA by measuring cell viability, cytokine secretion, and cell surface marker expression. While SFWCA exhibited cytotoxic effects on BMDCs at higher concentrations, lower concentrations of SFWCA activated pro-inflammatory DCs that significantly secreted interleukin (IL)-12p40, tumor necrosis factor alpha, IL-6 and IL-10. These cells also displayed enhanced expression of TLR4, CD80, CD86 and MHC II on their surface, which is indicative of full DCs maturation. Moreover, SFWCA significantly attenuated the capacity of BMDCs to suppress Th2 associated cytokines, notably IL-5 and IL-13, while simultaneously exhibiting no effects on the secretion of interferon (IFN)-γ, IL-2, IL-17, and IL-10. In conclusion, this is the first study to provide fundamental insight into the activation of DCs by SFWCA, providing us with some awareness into the interaction of the Sarcosystis parasite with its host. The pro-inflammatory inducing ability of this antigen is in keeping with studies performed in other protozoan parasites and therefore understanding these interactions is important in the development of future therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Connick
- 1School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - R Lalor
- 1School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - A Murphy
- 1School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - S M O'Neill
- 1School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Eman E El Shanawany
- 2Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, National Research Centre, El Bhooth St, Dokki, Post Pox 12622, Giza, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kumar R, Loughland JR, Ng SS, Boyle MJ, Engwerda CR. The regulation of CD4
+
T cells during malaria. Immunol Rev 2019; 293:70-87. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv Kumar
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery Institute of Medical Sciences Banaras Hindu University Varanasi UP India
- Department of Medicine Institute of Medical Sciences Banaras Hindu University Varanasi UP India
| | - Jessica R. Loughland
- Human Malaria Immunology Laboratory QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute Brisbane Australia
| | - Susanna S. Ng
- Immunology and Infection Laboratory QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute Brisbane Australia
| | - Michelle J. Boyle
- Human Malaria Immunology Laboratory QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute Brisbane Australia
| | - Christian R. Engwerda
- Immunology and Infection Laboratory QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute Brisbane Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Howard J, Loizon S, Tyler CJ, Duluc D, Moser B, Mechain M, Duvignaud A, Malvy D, Troye-Blomberg M, Moreau JF, Eberl M, Mercereau-Puijalon O, Déchanet-Merville J, Behr C, Mamani-Matsuda M. The Antigen-Presenting Potential of Vγ9Vδ2 T Cells During Plasmodium falciparum Blood-Stage Infection. J Infect Dis 2017; 215:1569-1579. [PMID: 28368498 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During Plasmodium falciparum infections, erythrocyte-stage parasites inhibit dendritic cell maturation and function, compromising effective antimalarial adaptive immunity. Human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells can act in vitro as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and induce αβ T-cell activation. However, the relevance of this activity in vivo has remained elusive. Because Vγ9Vδ2 T cells are activated during the early immune response against P. falciparum infection, we investigated whether they could contribute to the instruction of adaptive immune responses toward malaria parasites. In P. falciparum-infected patients, Vγ9Vδ2 T cells presented increased surface expression of APC-associated markers HLA-DR and CD86. In response to infected red blood cells in vitro, Vγ9Vδ2 T cells upregulated surface expression of HLA-DR, HLA-ABC, CD40, CD80, CD83, and CD86, induced naive αβ T-cell responses, and cross- presented soluble prototypical protein to antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. Our findings qualify Vγ9Vδ2 T cells as alternative APCs, which could be harnessed for therapeutic interventions and vaccine design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bernhard Moser
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, and
| | - Matthieu Mechain
- Interdepartmental Section Tropical Medicine and Clinical International Health, Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Centre, Bordeaux.,INSERM 897 & Centre René-Labusquière (Tropical Medicine Branch), Faculty of Medicine, University of Bordeaux
| | - Alexandre Duvignaud
- Interdepartmental Section Tropical Medicine and Clinical International Health, Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Centre, Bordeaux.,INSERM 897 & Centre René-Labusquière (Tropical Medicine Branch), Faculty of Medicine, University of Bordeaux
| | - Denis Malvy
- Interdepartmental Section Tropical Medicine and Clinical International Health, Division of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Centre, Bordeaux.,INSERM 897 & Centre René-Labusquière (Tropical Medicine Branch), Faculty of Medicine, University of Bordeaux
| | - Marita Troye-Blomberg
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Sweden
| | - Jean-Francois Moreau
- ImmunoConcEpt, CNRS UMR 5164, Bordeaux University.,CHU de Bordeaux, Immunology and Immunogenetic Laboratory, and
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, and.,Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, United Kingdom ; and
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
TLR4 and TLR9 signals stimulate protective immunity against blood-stage Plasmodium yoelii infection in mice. Exp Parasitol 2016; 170:73-81. [PMID: 27646627 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms regulating the induction of protective immunity against blood-stage malaria remain unclear. Resistant DBA/2 mouse develops a higher Th1 response compared with a susceptible BALB/c strain during Plasmodium yoelii (Py) infection. It is known that the T helper cell response is initiated and polarized by dendritic cells (DCs) of the innate immune system, during which TLR4 and TLR9 are important receptors for the innate recognition of the malaria parasite and its products. We hypothesized that TLR4/9 may play critical roles in the induction of protective immunity against Py infection. We used TLR4/9 antagonists and agonists to study their effects on mouse resistance to Py infection. We found that the administration of an antagonist prior to infection aggravated disease outcomes, impaired DC functions and suppressed the pro-inflammatory response to Py infection in resistant DBA/2 mice. Treatment with the TLR4 agonist lipopolysaccharide (LPS) but not TLR9 agonist significantly improved the survival rate of susceptible Py-infected BALB/c mice. LPS administration promoted the activation and expansion of DCs and drove a Th1-biased response. Our data demonstrate the important roles of TLR4/9 signals in inducing resistance to malaria parasites and provide evidence for the rational use of TLR agonists to potentiate protective immunity against Plasmodium infection.
Collapse
|
6
|
Profoundly Reduced CD1c+ Myeloid Dendritic Cell HLA-DR and CD86 Expression and Increased Tumor Necrosis Factor Production in Experimental Human Blood-Stage Malaria Infection. Infect Immun 2016; 84:1403-1412. [PMID: 26902728 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01522-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are sentinels of the immune system that uniquely prime naive cells and initiate adaptive immune responses. CD1c (BDCA-1) myeloid DCs (CD1c(+) mDCs) highly express HLA-DR, have a broad Toll-like receptor (TLR) repertoire, and secrete immune modulatory cytokines. To better understand immune responses to malaria, CD1c(+) mDC maturation and cytokine production were examined in healthy volunteers before and after experimental intravenous Plasmodium falciparum infection with 150- or 1,800-parasite-infected red blood cells (pRBCs). After either dose, CD1c(+) mDCs significantly reduced HLA-DR expression in prepatent infections. Circulating CD1c(+) mDCs did not upregulate HLA-DR after pRBC or TLR ligand stimulation and exhibited reduced CD86 expression. At peak parasitemia, CD1c(+) mDCs produced significantly more tumor necrosis factor (TNF), whereas interleukin-12 (IL-12) production was unchanged. Interestingly, only the 1,800-pRBC dose caused a reduction in the circulating CD1c(+) mDC count with evidence of apoptosis. The 1,800-pRBC dose produced no change in T cell IFN-γ or IL-2 production at peak parasitemia or at 3 weeks posttreatment. Overall, CD1c(+) mDCs are compromised by P. falciparum exposure, with impaired HLA-DR and CD86 expression, and have an increased capacity for TNF but not IL-12 production. A first prepatent P. falciparum infection is sufficient to modulate CD1c(+) mDC responsiveness, likely contributing to hampered effector T cell cytokine responses and assisting parasite immune evasion.
Collapse
|
7
|
Bujila I, Schwarzer E, Skorokhod O, Weidner JM, Troye-Blomberg M, Östlund Farrants AK. Malaria-derived hemozoin exerts early modulatory effects on the phenotype and maturation of human dendritic cells. Cell Microbiol 2016; 18:413-23. [PMID: 26348250 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum)-induced effects on the phenotype of human dendritic cells (DC) could contribute to poor induction of long-lasting protective immunity against malaria. DC ability to present antigens to naïve T cells, thus initiating adaptive immune responses depends on complex switches in chemokine receptors, production of soluble mediators and expression of molecules enabling antigen-presentation and maturation. To examine the cellular basis of these processes in the context of malaria, we performed detailed analysis of early events following exposure of human monocyte-derived DC to natural hemozoin (nHZ) and the synthetic analog of its heme core, β-hematin. DC exposed to either molecule produced high levels of the inflammatory chemokine MCP-1, showed continuous high expression of the inflammatory chemokine receptor CCR5, no upregulation of the lymphoid homing receptor CCR7 and no cytoskeletal actin redistribution with loss of podosomes. DC partially matured as indicated by increased expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and CD86 following nHZ and β-hematin exposure, however there was a lack in expression of the maturation marker CD83 following nHZ but not β-hematin exposure. Overall our data demonstrate that exposure to nHZ partially impairs the capacity of DC to mature, an effect in part differential to β-hematin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Bujila
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusväg 20C, Stockholm, 106 91, Sweden
| | - Evelin Schwarzer
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Via Santena 5, Turin, 10126, Italy
| | - Oleksii Skorokhod
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Via Santena 5, Turin, 10126, Italy
| | - Jessica M Weidner
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusväg 20C, Stockholm, 106 91, Sweden
| | - Marita Troye-Blomberg
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusväg 20C, Stockholm, 106 91, Sweden
| | - Ann-Kristin Östlund Farrants
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusväg 20C, Stockholm, 106 91, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
van den Bogaart E, de Bes HM, Balraadjsing PPS, Mens PF, Adams ER, Grobusch MP, van Die I, Schallig HDFH. Leishmania donovani infection drives the priming of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells during Plasmodium falciparum co-infections. Parasite Immunol 2015; 37:453-69. [PMID: 26173941 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Functional impairment of dendritic cells (DCs) is part of a survival strategy evolved by Leishmania and Plasmodium parasites to evade host immune responses. Here, the effects of co-exposing human monocyte-derived DCs to Leishmania donovani promastigotes and Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes were investigated. Co-stimulation resulted in a dual, dose-dependent effect on DC differentiation which ranged from semi-mature cells, secreting low interleukin(-12p70 levels to a complete lack of phenotypic maturation in the presence of high parasite amounts. The effect was mainly triggered by the Leishmania parasites, as illustrated by their ability to induce semi-mature, interleukin-10-producing DCs, that poorly responded to lipopolysaccharide stimulation. Conversely, P. falciparum blood-stage forms failed to activate DCs and only slightly interfered with lipopolysaccharide effects. Stimulation with high L. donovani concentrations triggered phosphatidylserine translocation, whose onset presented after initiating the maturation impairment process. When added in combination, the two parasites could co-localize in the same DCs, confirming that the leading effects of Leishmania over Plasmodium may not be due to mutual exclusion. Altogether, these results suggest that in the presence of visceral leishmaniasis-malaria co-infections, Leishmania-driven effects may overrule the more silent response elicited by P. falciparum, shaping host immunity towards a regulatory pattern and possibly delaying disease resolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E van den Bogaart
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - H M de Bes
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - P P S Balraadjsing
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - P F Mens
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - E R Adams
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M P Grobusch
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - I van Die
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, VU University Medical Centre (VUMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - H D F H Schallig
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Biomedical Research, Royal Tropical Institute (KIT), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Thomé R, Issayama LK, Alves da Costa T, Gangi RD, Ferreira IT, Rapôso C, Lopes SCP, da Cruz Höfling MA, Costa FTM, Verinaud L. Dendritic cells treated with crude Plasmodium berghei extracts acquire immune-modulatory properties and suppress the development of autoimmune neuroinflammation. Immunology 2014; 143:164-73. [PMID: 24689455 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells specifically targeted during Plasmodium infection. Upon infection, DCs show impaired antigen presentation and T-cell activation abilities. In this study, we aimed to evaluate whether cellular extracts obtained from Plasmodium berghei-infected erythrocytes (PbX) modulate DCs phenotypically and functionally and the potential therapeutic usage of PbX-modulated DCs in the control of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE, the mouse model for human multiple sclerosis). We found that PbX-treated DCs have impaired maturation and stimulated the generation of regulatory T cells when cultured with naive T lymphocytes in vitro. When adoptively transferred to C57BL/6 mice the EAE severity was reduced. Disease amelioration correlated with a diminished infiltration of cytokine-producing T cells in the central nervous system as well as the suppression of encephalitogenic T cells. Our study shows that extracts obtained from P. berghei-infected erythrocytes modulate DCs towards an immunosuppressive phenotype. In addition, the adoptive transfer of PbX-modulated DCs was able to ameliorate EAE development through the suppression of specific cellular immune responses towards neuro-antigens. To our knowledge, this is the first study to present evidence that DCs treated with P. berghei extracts are able to control autoimmune neuroinflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Thomé
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Thomé R, Bombeiro AL, Issayama LK, Rapôso C, Lopes SCP, da Costa TA, Di Gangi R, Ferreira IT, Longhini ALF, Oliveira ALR, da Cruz Höfling MA, Costa FTM, Verinaud L. Exacerbation of autoimmune neuro-inflammation in mice cured from blood-stage Plasmodium berghei infection. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110739. [PMID: 25329161 PMCID: PMC4201583 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The thymus plays an important role shaping the T cell repertoire in the periphery, partly, through the elimination of inflammatory auto-reactive cells. It has been shown that, during Plasmodium berghei infection, the thymus is rendered atrophic by the premature egress of CD4+CD8+ double-positive (DP) T cells to the periphery. To investigate whether autoimmune diseases are affected after Plasmodium berghei NK65 infection, we immunized C57BL/6 mice, which was previously infected with P. berghei NK65 and treated with chloroquine (CQ), with MOG35-55 peptide and the clinical course of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) was evaluated. Our results showed that NK65+CQ+EAE mice developed a more severe disease than control EAE mice. The same pattern of disease severity was observed in MOG35-55-immunized mice after adoptive transfer of P. berghei-elicited splenic DP-T cells. The higher frequency of IL-17+- and IFN-γ+-producing DP lymphocytes in the Central Nervous System of these mice suggests that immature lymphocytes contribute to disease worsening. To our knowledge, this is the first study to integrate the possible relationship between malaria and multiple sclerosis through the contribution of the thymus. Notwithstanding, further studies must be conducted to assert the relevance of malaria-induced thymic atrophy in the susceptibility and clinical course of other inflammatory autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Thomé
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - André Luis Bombeiro
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Luidy Kazuo Issayama
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Catarina Rapôso
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Stefanie Costa Pinto Lopes
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Thiago Alves da Costa
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Rosária Di Gangi
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Isadora Tassinari Ferreira
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Liana Verinaud
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Strain-specific innate immune signaling pathways determine malaria parasitemia dynamics and host mortality. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E511-20. [PMID: 24474800 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1316467111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria infection triggers vigorous host immune responses; however, the parasite ligands, host receptors, and the signaling pathways responsible for these reactions remain unknown or controversial. Malaria parasites primarily reside within RBCs, thereby hiding themselves from direct contact and recognition by host immune cells. Host responses to malaria infection are very different from those elicited by bacterial and viral infections and the host receptors recognizing parasite ligands have been elusive. Here we investigated mouse genome-wide transcriptional responses to infections with two strains of Plasmodium yoelii (N67 and N67C) and discovered differences in innate response pathways corresponding to strain-specific disease phenotypes. Using in vitro RNAi-based gene knockdown and KO mice, we demonstrated that a strong type I IFN (IFN-I) response triggered by RNA polymerase III and melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5, not Toll-like receptors (TLRs), binding of parasite DNA/RNA contributed to a decline of parasitemia in N67-infected mice. We showed that conventional dendritic cells were the major sources of early IFN-I, and that surface expression of phosphatidylserine on infected RBCs might promote their phagocytic uptake, leading to the release of parasite ligands and the IFN-I response in N67 infection. In contrast, an elevated inflammatory response mediated by CD14/TLR and p38 signaling played a role in disease severity and early host death in N67C-infected mice. In addition to identifying cytosolic DNA/RNA sensors and signaling pathways previously unrecognized in malaria infection, our study demonstrates the importance of parasite genetic backgrounds in malaria pathology and provides important information for studying human malaria pathogenesis.
Collapse
|
12
|
Pinzon-Charry A, Woodberry T, Kienzle V, McPhun V, Minigo G, Lampah DA, Kenangalem E, Engwerda C, López JA, Anstey NM, Good MF. Apoptosis and dysfunction of blood dendritic cells in patients with falciparum and vivax malaria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:1635-46. [PMID: 23835848 PMCID: PMC3727318 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20121972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Acute Plasmodium infections in humans result in dendritic cell dysfunction and apoptosis caused in part by elevated levels of IL-10. Malaria causes significant morbidity worldwide and a vaccine is urgently required. Plasmodium infection causes considerable immune dysregulation, and elicitation of vaccine immunity remains challenging. Given the central role of dendritic cells (DCs) in initiating immunity, understanding their biology during malaria will improve vaccination outcomes. Circulating DCs are particularly important, as they shape immune responses in vivo and reflect the functional status of other subpopulations. We performed cross-sectional and longitudinal assessments of the frequency, phenotype, and function of circulating DC in 67 Papuan adults during acute uncomplicated P. falciparum, P. vivax, and convalescent P. falciparum infections. We demonstrate that malaria patients display a significant reduction in circulating DC numbers and the concurrent accumulation of immature cells. Such alteration is associated with marked levels of spontaneous apoptosis and impairment in the ability of DC to mature, capture, and present antigens to T cells. Interestingly, sustained levels of plasma IL-10 were observed in patients with acute infection and were implicated in the induction of DC apoptosis. DC apoptosis was reversed upon IL-10 blockade, and DC function recovered when IL-10 levels returned to baseline by convalescence. Our data provide key information on the mechanisms behind DC suppression during malaria and will assist in developing strategies to better harness DC’s immunotherapeutic potential.
Collapse
|
13
|
Immune activation and regulation in simian immunodeficiency virus-Plasmodium fragile-coinfected rhesus macaques. J Virol 2013; 87:9523-37. [PMID: 23785209 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00861-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is characterized by immune activation, while chronic malaria is associated with elevated interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels. How these apparently antagonizing forces interact in the coinfected host is poorly understood. Using a rhesus macaque model of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-Plasmodium fragile coinfection, we evaluated how innate immune effector cells affect the balance between immune activation and regulation. In vitro Toll-like receptor (TLR) responses of peripheral blood myeloid dendritic cells (mDC) and monocytes were temporarily associated with acute parasitemic episodes and elevated plasma IL-10 levels. Prolonged infection resulted in a decline of mDC function. Monocytes maintained TLR responsiveness but, in addition to IL-12 and tumor necrosis factor alpha, also produced IL-10. Consistent with the role of spleen in the clearance of parasite-infected red blood cells, coinfected animals also had increased splenic IL-10 mRNA levels. The main cellular source of IL-10 in the spleens of coinfected animals, however, was not splenic macrophages but T cells, suggesting an impairment of adaptive immunity. In contrast to those in spleen, IL-10-positive cells in axillary lymph nodes of coinfected animals were predominantly mDC, reminiscent of the immunosuppressive phenotype of peripheral blood mDC. Concurrent with IL-10 induction, however, SIV infection promoted elevated systemic IL-12 levels. The continuously increasing ratio of plasma IL-12 to IL-10 suggested that the overall host response in SIV-P. fragile-coinfected animals was shifted toward immune activation versus immune regulation. Therefore, SIV-P. fragile coinfection might be characterized by earlier manifestation of immune dysfunction and exhaustion than that of single-pathogen infections. This could translate into increased morbidity in HIV-malaria-coinfected individuals.
Collapse
|
14
|
Mueller I, Galinski MR, Tsuboi T, Arevalo-Herrera M, Collins WE, King CL. Natural acquisition of immunity to Plasmodium vivax: epidemiological observations and potential targets. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2013; 81:77-131. [PMID: 23384622 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407826-0.00003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Population studies show that individuals acquire immunity to Plasmodium vivax more quickly than Plasmodium falciparum irrespective of overall transmission intensity, resulting in the peak burden of P. vivax malaria in younger age groups. Similarly, actively induced P. vivax infections in malaria therapy patients resulted in faster and generally more strain-transcending acquisition of immunity than P. falciparum infections. The mechanisms behind the more rapid acquisition of immunity to P. vivax are poorly understood. Natural acquired immune responses to P. vivax target both pre-erythrocytic and blood-stage antigens and include humoral and cellular components. To date, only a few studies have investigated the association of these immune responses with protection, with most studies focussing on a few merozoite antigens (such as the Pv Duffy binding protein (PvDBP), the Pv reticulocyte binding proteins (PvRBPs), or the Pv merozoite surface proteins (PvMSP1, 3 & 9)) or the circumsporozoite protein (PvCSP). Naturally acquired transmission-blocking (TB) immunity (TBI) was also found in several populations. Although limited, these data support the premise that developing a multi-stage P. vivax vaccine may be feasible and is worth pursuing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Mueller
- Walter + Eliza Hall Institute, Infection & Immunity Division, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Modulation of the immune and inflammatory responses by Plasmodium falciparum schizont extracts: role of myeloid dendritic cells in effector and regulatory functions of CD4+ lymphocytes. Infect Immun 2013; 81:1842-51. [PMID: 23509139 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01226-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The optimal immune response to malaria infection comprises rapid induction of inflammatory responses promptly counteracted by regulatory mechanisms to prevent immunopathology. To evaluate the role of dendritic cells (DC) in the balance of parasite-induced inflammatory/anti-inflammatory mechanisms, we studied the activity of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDC), previously exposed to soluble extracts of Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells (PfSE), in the differentiation of CD4 cells isolated from donors never exposed to malaria infection. We show that MDDC exposed to PfSE are extremely efficient to induce a contemporary differentiation of TH1 effector cells and T regulatory (Treg) cells in CD4 T cells even when exposed to low concentrations of parasitic extracts. Treg cells induced by MDDC infected with PfSE (MDDC-PfSE) produce transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) and are endowed with strong suppressive properties. They also show phenotypical and functional peculiarities, such as the contemporary expression of markers of Treg and TH1 differentiation and higher sensitivity to TLR4 ligands both inducing an increasing production of suppressive cytokines. On the whole, our data indicate that MDDC exposed to PfSE orchestrate a well-balanced immune response with timely differentiation of TH1 and Treg cells in CD4 cells from nonimmune donors and suggest that, during the infection, the role of MDCC could be particularly relevant in low-parasitemia conditions.
Collapse
|
16
|
van de Hoef DL, Coppens I, Holowka T, Ben Mamoun C, Branch O, Rodriguez A. Plasmodium falciparum-derived uric acid precipitates induce maturation of dendritic cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55584. [PMID: 23405174 PMCID: PMC3565962 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is characterized by cyclical fevers and high levels of inflammation, and while an early inflammatory response contributes to parasite clearance, excessive and persistent inflammation can lead to severe forms of the disease. Here, we show that Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes contain uric acid precipitates in the cytoplasm of the parasitophorous vacuole, which are released when erythrocytes rupture. Uric acid precipitates are highly inflammatory molecules that are considered a danger signal for innate immunity and are the causative agent in gout. We determined that P. falciparum-derived uric acid precipitates induce maturation of human dendritic cells, increasing the expression of cell surface co-stimulatory molecules such as CD80 and CD86, while decreasing human leukocyte antigen-DR expression. In accordance with this, uric acid accounts for a significant proportion of the total stimulatory activity induced by parasite-infected erythrocytes. Moreover, the identification of uric acid precipitates in P. falciparum- and P. vivax-infected erythrocytes obtained directly from malaria patients underscores the in vivo and clinical relevance of our findings. Altogether, our data implicate uric acid precipitates as a potentially important contributor to the innate immune response to Plasmodium infection and may provide a novel target for adjunct therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana L. van de Hoef
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United State of America
| | - Isabelle Coppens
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, United State of America
| | - Thomas Holowka
- Section of Infectious Disease and Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United State of America
| | - Choukri Ben Mamoun
- Section of Infectious Disease and Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United State of America
| | - OraLee Branch
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United State of America
| | - Ana Rodriguez
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United State of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chan CL, Rénia L, Tan KSW. A simplified, sensitive phagocytic assay for malaria cultures facilitated by flow cytometry of differentially-stained cell populations. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38523. [PMID: 22675573 PMCID: PMC3366917 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Phagocytosis of infected and uninfected erythrocytes is an important feature of malaria infections. Flow cytometry is a useful tool for studying phagocytic uptake of malaria-infected erythrocytes in vitro. However, current approaches are limited by the inability to discriminate between infected and uninfected erythrocytes and a failure to stain the early developmental ring stages of infected erythrocytes. The majority of infected erythrocytes in circulation are of the ring stage and these are therefore important targets to study. Methodology/Principal Findings In vitro P. falciparum cultures comprising infected and uninfected erythrocytes were labeled and exposed to cells derived from the human monocytic THP-1 cell line. Phagocytosis was assayed by flow cytometry. Dual labeling of Plasmodium DNA and erythrocyte cytoplasm with dihydroethidium and CellTrace™ Violet respectively allowed, for the first time, the detection and enumeration of phagocytes with ingested erythrocytes from both early ring- and late schizont-stage P, falciparum cultures. The sensitivity of the method was tested using varying conditions including phagocyte type (monocytes versus macrophages), parasite stage (rings versus schizonts), and negative (incubation with cytochalasin D) and positive (incubation with immune sera) effectors of phagocytosis. The current assay clearly demonstrated uptake of infected and uninfected erythrocytes exposed to phagocytes; the extent of which was dependent on the conditions mentioned. Conclusions We describe a simple, sensitive and rapid method for quantifying phagocytosis of P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes, by flow cytometry. This approach can be applied for studying parasite-phagocyte interactions under a variety of conditions. The investigation of phagocytosis of P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes can extend from looking solely at late-staged infected erythrocytes to include early-staged ones as well. It does away with the need to purify infected cells, allowing the study of effects on neighboring uninfected cells. This method may also be translated for use with different types of phagocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuu Ling Chan
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Laurent Rénia
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunobiology, Singapore Immunology Network, Immunos, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kevin S. W. Tan
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Metenou S, Kovacs M, Dembele B, Coulibaly YI, Klion AD, Nutman TB. Interferon regulatory factor modulation underlies the bystander suppression of malaria antigen-driven IL-12 and IFN-γ in filaria-malaria co-infection. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:641-50. [PMID: 22213332 PMCID: PMC3430845 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201141991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In areas where polyparasitism is highly prevalent, the impact of multiple parasites on the host response is underestimated. In particular, the presence of helminth infection coincident with malaria profoundly alters the production of malaria-specific IFN-γ, IL-12p70, CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11, cytokines/chemokines known to be critical in mediating malaria-specific immunity. In order to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the suppression of malaria-specific cytokines/chemokines, we assessed the expression of malaria-specific IL-12Rβ1, IL-12Rβ2 and interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-1 in blood obtained from 18 filaria-infected (Fil(+)) and 17 filaria-uninfected (Fil(-)) individuals in a filaria-malaria co-endemic region of Mali. We found that Fil(+) individuals had significantly lower RNA expression of IRF-1 but not IL-12Rβ1 or IL-12Rβ2 in response to malaria antigen stimulation. We also measured the frequency of IL-12-producing DCs from these subjects and found that Fil(+) subjects had lower frequencies of IL-12(+) mDCs after malaria antigen stimulation than did the Fil(-) subjects. Modeling these data in vitro, we found that mDCs pre-exposed to live microfilariae not only produced significantly lower levels of CXCL-9, CXCL-10, IL-12p35, IL-12p40, IL-12p19 and CXCL-11 following stimulation with malaria antigen but also markedly downregulated the expression of IRF-1, IRF-2 and IRF-3 compared with microfilaria-unexposed mDCs. siRNA-inhibition of irf-1 in mDCs downregulated the production of IL-12p70 through repression of IL-12p35. Our data demonstrate that the modulation of IRFs seen in filarial (and presumably other tissue-invasive helminths) infection underlies the suppression of malaria-specific cytokines/chemokines that play a crucial role in immunity to malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Metenou
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Stevenson MM, Ing R, Berretta F, Miu J. Regulating the adaptive immune response to blood-stage malaria: role of dendritic cells and CD4⁺Foxp3⁺ regulatory T cells. Int J Biol Sci 2011; 7:1311-22. [PMID: 22110383 PMCID: PMC3221367 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.7.1311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although a clearer understanding of the underlying mechanisms involved in protection and immunopathology during blood-stage malaria has emerged, the mechanisms involved in regulating the adaptive immune response especially those required to maintain a balance between beneficial and deleterious responses remain unclear. Recent evidence suggests the importance of CD11c+ dendritic cells (DC) and CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in regulating immune responses during infection and autoimmune disease, but information concerning the contribution of these cells to regulating immunity to malaria is limited. Here, we review recent findings from our laboratory and others in experimental models of malaria in mice and in Plasmodium-infected humans on the roles of DC and natural regulatory T cells in regulating adaptive immunity to blood-stage malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary M Stevenson
- Centre for the Study of Host Resistance and Centre for Host-Parasite Interactions, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre and Department of Medicine, McGill University Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lundie RJ. Antigen presentation in immunity to murine malaria. Curr Opin Immunol 2010; 23:119-23. [PMID: 20951016 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2010.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the initiation of cellular immune responses during blood-stage malaria infection is essential for the development of an effective vaccine that improves upon the naturally acquired immune response and induces rapid and long-lasting protection against disease. Recent studies have identified the dendritic cell (DC) subtypes responsible for priming Plasmodium-specific T cells that mediate protection and/or pathology during blood-stage infection. Significant progress has also been made towards understanding DC recognition of Plasmodium parasites through engagement of TLR signalling pathways, as well as the potential for non-TLR ligands to mediate Plasmodium-induced suppression of DC antigen presentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J Lundie
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|