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Rodríguez-Santiago Y, Garay-Canales CA, Nava-Castro KE, Morales-Montor J. Sexual dimorphism in colorectal cancer: molecular mechanisms and treatment strategies. Biol Sex Differ 2024; 15:48. [PMID: 38867310 PMCID: PMC11170921 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-024-00623-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sexual dimorphism significantly influences cancer incidence and prognosis. Notably, females exhibit a lower risk and favorable prognosis for non-reproductive cancers compared to males, a pattern observable beyond the scope of risk behaviors such as alcohol consumption and smoking. Colorectal cancer, ranking third in global prevalence and second in mortality, disproportionately affects men. Sex steroid hormones, particularly estrogens and androgens, play crucial roles in cancer progression, considering epidemiological in vivo and in vitro, in general estrogens imparting a protective effect in females and androgens correlating with an increasing risk of colorectal cancer development. MAIN BODY The hormonal impact on immune response is mediated by receptor interactions, resulting in heightened inflammation, modulation of NF-kB, and fostering an environment conducive to cancer progression and metastasis. These molecules also influence the enteric nervous system, that is a pivotal in neuromodulator release and intestinal neuron stimulation, also contributes to cancer development, as evidenced by nerve infiltration into tumors. Microbiota diversity further intersects with immune, hormonal, and neural mechanisms, influencing colorectal cancer dynamics. A comprehensive understanding of hormonal influences on colorectal cancer progression, coupled with the complex interplay between immune responses, microbiota diversity and neurotransmitter imbalances, underpins the development of more targeted and effective therapies. CONCLUSIONS Estrogens mitigate colorectal cancer risk by modulating anti-tumor immune responses, enhancing microbial diversity, and curbing the pro-tumor actions of the sympathetic and enteric nervous systems. Conversely, androgens escalate tumor growth by dampening anti-tumor immune activity, reducing microbial diversity, and facilitating the release of tumor-promoting factors by the nervous system. These findings hold significant potential for the strategic purposing of drugs to fine-tune the extensive impacts of sex hormones within the tumor microenvironment, promising advancements in colorectal cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yair Rodríguez-Santiago
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Mexico City, 04510, México
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Edificio D, 1er piso, Circuito de Posgrados, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, 04510, México
| | - Claudia Angelica Garay-Canales
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Mexico City, 04510, México
| | - Karen Elizabeth Nava-Castro
- Grupo de Biología y Química Atmosféricas, Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, CDMX, 04510, México
| | - Jorge Morales-Montor
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Mexico City, 04510, México.
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Kim JH, Bae GH, Jung J, Noh TI. Secondary Cancer after Androgen Deprivation Therapy in Prostate Cancer: A Nationwide Study. World J Mens Health 2024; 42:42.e34. [PMID: 38606859 DOI: 10.5534/wjmh.230237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Androgen signaling is associated with various secondary cancer, which could be promising for potential treatment using androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). This study investigated whether ADT use was associated with secondary cancers other than prostate cancer in a nationwide population-based cohort. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total, 278,434 men with newly diagnosed prostate cancer between January 1, 2002 and December 31, 2017 were identified. After applying the exclusion criteria, 170,416 men were enrolled. The study cohort was divided into ADT and non-ADT groups by individual matching followed by propensity score matching (PSM). Study outcomes were incidence of all male cancers. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of events. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 4.5 years, a total of 11,059 deaths (6,329 in the ADT group and 4,730 in the non-ADT group) after PSM were found. After PSM, the overall all-cause of secondary cancer incidence risk of the ADT group was higher than that of the non-ADT group (HR: 1.312, 95% CI: 1.23-1.36; adjusted HR: 1.344, 95% CI: 1.29-1.40). The ADT group showed higher risk of overall brain and other central nervous system (CNS) cancer-specific incidence than the non-ADT group (adjusted HR: 1.648, 95% CI: 1.21-2.24). The ADT group showed lower risks of overall cancer-specific incidence for stomach, colon/rectum, liver/inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), gall bladder/extrahepatic bile duct, lung, bladder, and kidney cancers than the non-ADT group. When the duration of ADT was more than 2 years of ADT, the ADT group showed higher risk of cancer-specific incidence for brain and other CNS cancers but lower risk of cancer-specific incidence for liver/IBD and lung cancers than the non-ADT group. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that ADT could affect cancer-specific incidence for various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Heon Kim
- Department of Urology, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gi Hwan Bae
- Artificial Intelligence and Big-Data Convergence Center, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jaehun Jung
- Artificial Intelligence and Big-Data Convergence Center, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea.
| | - Tae Il Noh
- Department of Urology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Wenxuan L, Liu L, Zhang L, Qiu Z, Wu Z, Deng W. Role of gonadally synthesized steroid hormones in the colorectal cancer microenvironment. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1323826. [PMID: 38115900 PMCID: PMC10728810 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1323826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To understand the relationship between steroid hormones synthesized by the gonads and colorectal cancer as well as its tumor microenvironment, in the expectation of providing new ideas in order to detect and treat colorectal cancer. Methods Through reviewing the relevant literature at home and abroad, we summarized that androgens promote the growth of colorectal cancer, and estrogens and progesterone help prevent bowel cancer from developing; these three hormones also have a relevant role in the cellular and other non-cellular components of the tumor microenvironment of colorectal cancer. Conclusion The current literature suggests that androgens, estrogens, and progesterone are valuable in diagnosing and treating colorectal cancer, and that androgens promote the growth of colorectal cancer whereas estrogens and progesterone inhibit colorectal cancer, and that, in addition, the receptors associated with them are implicated in the modulation of a variety of cellular components of the microenvironment of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Wenxuan
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lilong Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhendong Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhongkai Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wenhong Deng
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Yang J, Zhao S, Su J, Liu S, Wu Z, Ma W, Tang M, Wu J, Mao E, Han L, Liu M, Zhang J, Cao L, Shao J, Shang Y. Comprehensive genomic profiling reveals prognostic signatures and insights into the molecular landscape of colorectal cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1285508. [PMID: 38023196 PMCID: PMC10680082 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1285508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a prevalent malignancy with diverse molecular characteristics. The NGS-based approach enhances our comprehension of genomic landscape of CRC and may guide future advancements in precision oncology for CRC patients. Method In this research, we conducted an analysis using Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) on samples collected from 111 individuals who had been diagnosed with CRC. We identified somatic and germline mutations and structural variants across the tumor genomes through comprehensive genomic profiling. Furthermore, we investigated the landscape of driver mutations and their potential clinical implications. Results Our findings underscore the intricate heterogeneity of genetic alterations within CRC. Notably, BRAF, ARID2, KMT2C, and GNAQ were associated with CRC prognosis. Patients harboring BRAF, ARID2, or KMT2C mutations exhibited shorter progression-free survival (PFS), whereas those with BRAF, ARID2, or GNAQ mutations experienced worse overall survival (OS). We unveiled 80 co-occurring and three mutually exclusive significant gene pairs, enriched primarily in pathways such as TP53, HIPPO, RTK/RAS, NOTCH, WNT, TGF-Beta, MYC, and PI3K. Notably, co-mutations of BRAF/ALK, BRAF/NOTCH2, BRAF/CREBBP, and BRAF/FAT1 correlated with worse PFS. Furthermore, germline AR mutations were identified in 37 (33.33%) CRC patients, and carriers of these variants displayed diminished PFS and OS. Decreased AR protein expression was observed in cases with AR germline mutations. A four-gene mutation signature was established, incorporating the aforementioned prognostic genes, which emerged as an independent prognostic determinant in CRC via univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses. Noteworthy BRAF and ARID2 protein expression decreases detected in patients with their respective mutations. Conclusion The integration of our analyses furnishes crucial insights into CRC's molecular characteristics, drug responsiveness, and the construction of a four-gene mutation signature for predicting CRC prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwei Yang
- Second Department of General Surgery, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Sihui Zhao
- Second Department of General Surgery, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Junyan Su
- Department of Scientific Research Projects, Beijing ChosenMed Clinical Laboratory Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Siyao Liu
- Department of Scientific Research Projects, Beijing ChosenMed Clinical Laboratory Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Zaozao Wu
- Second Department of General Surgery, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Wei Ma
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Ming Tang
- Department of Pathology, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Jingcui Wu
- Second Department of General Surgery, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Erdong Mao
- Second Department of General Surgery, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Li Han
- Department of Scientific Research Projects, Beijing ChosenMed Clinical Laboratory Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Mengyuan Liu
- Department of Scientific Research Projects, Beijing ChosenMed Clinical Laboratory Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Jiali Zhang
- Department of Scientific Research Projects, Beijing ChosenMed Clinical Laboratory Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Lei Cao
- Department of Scientific Research Projects, Beijing ChosenMed Clinical Laboratory Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Jingyi Shao
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Yun Shang
- Second Department of General Surgery, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
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Banibakhsh A, Sidhu D, Khan S, Haime H, Foster PA. Sex steroid metabolism and action in colon health and disease. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 233:106371. [PMID: 37516405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2023.106371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
The colon is the largest hormonally active tissue in the human body. It has been known for over a hundred years that various hormones and bioactive peptides play important roles in colon function. More recently there is a growing interest in the role the sex steroids, oestrogens and androgens, may play in both normal colon physiology and colon pathophysiology. In this review, we examine the potential role oestrogens and androgens play in the colon. The metabolism and subsequent action of sex steroids in colonic tissue is discussed and how these hormones impact colon motility is investigated. Furthermore, we also determine how oestrogens and androgens influence colorectal cancer incidence and development and highlight potential new therapeutic targets for this malignancy. This review also examines how sex steroids potentially impact the severity and progression of other colon disease, such as diverticulitis, irritable bowel syndrome, and polyp formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afnan Banibakhsh
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Daljit Sidhu
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Sunera Khan
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Hope Haime
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Paul A Foster
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK.
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Morelli C, Chiodo C, Nocito MC, Cormace A, Catalano S, Sisci D, Sirianni R, Casaburi I, Andò S, Lanzino M. Androgens Modulate Bcl-2 Agonist of Cell Death (BAD) Expression and Function in Breast Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13464. [PMID: 37686282 PMCID: PMC10487823 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) expression in estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer (BC) correlates with lower tumor grade and a better clinical outcome. Additionally, in normal mammary epithelium or ER+ BC preclinical models, androgens counteract basal/ER-dependent proliferation. Here, we report an additional mechanism, underlining the protective role exerted by AR. Specifically, the activation of intracellular AR upregulates the Bcl-2-family protein BAD, and TCGA database analyses show that in ER+ BC, BAD expression is associated with better disease-free survival. Ligand-activated AR influences its own and BAD cellular compartmentalization by enhancing levels in the nucleus, as well as in mitochondrial fractions. In both compartments, BAD exerts unconventional functions. In the nucleus, BAD and AR physically interact and, upon androgen stimulation, are recruited at the AP-1 and ARE sites within the cyclin D1 promoter region, contributing to explaining the anti-proliferative effect of androgens in BC cells. Androgens cause an enrichment in BAD and AR content in the mitochondria, correlated with a decrease in mitochondrial function. Thus, we have defined a novel mechanism by which androgens modulate BAD expression, its mitochondria localization, and nuclear content to force its ability to act as a cell cycle inhibitor, strengthening the protective role of androgen signaling in estrogen-responsive BCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catia Morelli
- Department of Pharmacy and Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy; (C.M.); (M.C.N.); (S.C.); (D.S.); (R.S.); (S.A.)
- Centro Sanitario, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata Di Rende, CS, Italy; (C.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Chiara Chiodo
- Centro Sanitario, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata Di Rende, CS, Italy; (C.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Marta Claudia Nocito
- Department of Pharmacy and Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy; (C.M.); (M.C.N.); (S.C.); (D.S.); (R.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Alessandro Cormace
- Centro Sanitario, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata Di Rende, CS, Italy; (C.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Stefania Catalano
- Department of Pharmacy and Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy; (C.M.); (M.C.N.); (S.C.); (D.S.); (R.S.); (S.A.)
- Centro Sanitario, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata Di Rende, CS, Italy; (C.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Diego Sisci
- Department of Pharmacy and Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy; (C.M.); (M.C.N.); (S.C.); (D.S.); (R.S.); (S.A.)
- Centro Sanitario, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata Di Rende, CS, Italy; (C.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Rosa Sirianni
- Department of Pharmacy and Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy; (C.M.); (M.C.N.); (S.C.); (D.S.); (R.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Ivan Casaburi
- Department of Pharmacy and Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy; (C.M.); (M.C.N.); (S.C.); (D.S.); (R.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Sebastiano Andò
- Department of Pharmacy and Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy; (C.M.); (M.C.N.); (S.C.); (D.S.); (R.S.); (S.A.)
- Centro Sanitario, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata Di Rende, CS, Italy; (C.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Marilena Lanzino
- Department of Pharmacy and Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy; (C.M.); (M.C.N.); (S.C.); (D.S.); (R.S.); (S.A.)
- Centro Sanitario, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata Di Rende, CS, Italy; (C.C.); (A.C.)
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Refaat B, Aslam A, Idris S, Almalki AH, Alkhaldi MY, Asiri HA, Almaimani RA, Mujalli A, Minshawi F, Alamri SA, AlHussain MI, Baltow BA, Alqasmi MH, Basfar GT, Alosaimi OM, Muhayya IA. Profiling estrogen, progesterone, and androgen receptors in colorectal cancer in relation to gender, menopausal status, clinical stage, and tumour sidedness. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1187259. [PMID: 37206439 PMCID: PMC10190606 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1187259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although estrogen (ERα/ERβ), progesterone (PGR), and androgen (AR) receptors are pathologically altered in colorectal cancer (CRC), their simultaneous expression within the same cohort of patients was not previously measured. Methods ERα/ERβ/PGR/AR proteins were measured in archived paired normal and malignant colon specimens (n =120 patients) by immunohistochemistry, and results were analyzed by gender, age (≤50 vs. ≥60 years), clinical stages (early-stage I/II vs. late-stage III/IV), and anatomical location (right; RSCs vs. left; LSCs). Effects of 17β-estradiol (E2), progesterone (P4), and testosterone alone or combined with the specific blockers of ERα (MPP dihydrochloride), ERβ (PHTPP), PGR (mifepristone), and AR (bicalutamide) on cell cycle and apoptosis were also measured in the SW480 male and HT29 female CRC cell lines. Results ERα and AR proteins increased, whilst ERβ and PGR declined markedly in malignant specimens. Moreover, male neoplastic tissues showed highest AR expression, whilst ERβ and PGR weakest alongside ERα strongest expression was seen in cancerous tissues from women aged ≥60 years. Late-stage neoplasms also revealed maximal alterations in the expression of sex steroid receptors. By tumor location, LSCs disclosed significant elevations in ERα with marked declines in PGR compared with RSCs, and ERα strongest alongside PGR weakest expression was detected in advanced LSCs from women aged ≥60 years. Late-stage LSCs from females aged ≥60 years also showed weakest ERβ and strongest AR expression. In contrast, male RSC and LSC tissues exhibited equal ERβ and AR expression in all clinical stages. ERα and AR proteins also correlated positively, whereas ERβ and PGR inversely, with tumor characteristics. Concomitantly, E2 and P4 monotherapies triggered cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in the SW480 and HT29 cells, and while pre-treatment with ERα-blocker enhanced the effects of E2, ERβ-blocker and PGR-blocker suppressed the E2 and P4 anti-cancer actions, respectively. In contrast, treatment with the AR-blocker induced apoptosis, whilst co-treatment with testosterone hindered the effects. Conclusions This study advocates that protein expression of sex steroid receptors in malignant tissues could represent prognostic markers, as well as hormonal therapy could provide an alternative strategy against CRC, and their efficacies could be dependent on gender, clinical stage, and tumor location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassem Refaat
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Bassem Refaat, ;
| | - Akhmed Aslam
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shakir Idris
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed H. Almalki
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Regional Laboratory and Central Blood Bank, Ministry of Health, Jizan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mofareh Y. Alkhaldi
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Laboratory And Blood Bank Department, Asir Central Hospital, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan A. Asiri
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Forensic Medicine Department, Health Affairs General Directorate in Assir, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Riyad A. Almaimani
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Mujalli
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal Minshawi
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sara A. Alamri
- Histopathology Department, King Abdullah Medical City, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona I. AlHussain
- Histopathology Department, King Abdullah Medical City, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Badee A. Baltow
- Histopathology Department, King Abdullah Medical City, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mansour H. Alqasmi
- Clinical Laboratories, Al-Noor Specialist Hospital, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghaiyda T. Basfar
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Clinical Laboratories, Al-Noor Specialist Hospital, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ohoud M. Alosaimi
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Clinical Laboratories, Eradah and Mental Health Complex, Ministry of Health, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim A. Muhayya
- Laboratory And Blood Bank Department, Asir Central Hospital, Abha, Saudi Arabia
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Mi S, Chen H, Lin P, Kang P, Qiao D, Zhang B, Wang Z, Zhang J, Hu X, Wang C, Cui H, Li S. CaMKII is a modulator in neurodegenerative diseases and mediates the effect of androgen on synaptic protein PSD95. Front Genet 2022; 13:959360. [PMID: 35991539 PMCID: PMC9386121 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.959360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgens rapidly regulate synaptic plasticity in hippocampal neurones, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we carried out a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis of functional similarities between androgen receptor (AR) and the synaptic protein postsynaptic density 95 (PSD95) to evaluate the effect. Using different measurements and thresholds, we obtained consistent results illustrating that the two proteins were significantly involved in similar pathways. We further identified CaMKII plays a critical role in mediating the rapid effect of androgen and promoting the expression of PSD95. We used mouse hippocampal neurone HT22 cells as a cell model to investigate the effect of testosterone (T) on intracellular Ca2+ levels and the mechanism. Calcium imaging experiments showed that intracellular Ca2+ increased to a peak due to calcium influx in the extracellular fluid through L-type and N-type voltage-gated calcium channels when HT22 cells were treated with 100 nM T for 20 min. Subsequently, we investigated whether the Ca2+/CaMKII signaling pathway mediates the rapid effect of T, promoting the expression of the synaptic protein PSD95. Immunofluorescence cytochemical staining and western blotting results showed that T promoted CaMKII phosphorylation by rapidly increasing extracellular Ca2+ influx, thus increasing PSD95 expression. This study demonstrated that CaMKII acts as a mediator assisting androgen which regulates the synaptic protein PSD95Also, it provides evidence for the neuroprotective mechanisms of androgens in synaptic plasticity and reveals the gated and pharmacological mechanisms of the voltage-gated Ca2+ channel family for androgen replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixiong Mi
- Department of Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease Mechanism, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Peijing Lin
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peiyuan Kang
- Clinical Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Dan Qiao
- Department of Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Bohan Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jingbao Zhang
- Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiangting Hu
- Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chang Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease Mechanism, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Huixian Cui
- Department of Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease Mechanism, Shijiazhuang, China
- *Correspondence: Sha Li, ; Huixian Cui,
| | - Sha Li
- Department of Anatomy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Neuroscience Research Center, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease Mechanism, Shijiazhuang, China
- The Key Laboratory of Neural and Vascular Biology, Ministry of Education, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- *Correspondence: Sha Li, ; Huixian Cui,
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9
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Harbs J, Rinaldi S, Gicquiau A, Keski-Rahkonen P, Mori N, Liu X, Kaaks R, Katzke V, Schulze MB, Agnoli C, Tumino R, Bueno-de-Mesquita B, Crous-Bou M, Sánchez MJ, Aizpurua A, Chirlaque MD, Gurrea AB, Travis RC, Watts EL, Christakoudi S, Tsilidis KK, Weiderpass E, Gunter MJ, Van Guelpen B, Murphy N, Harlid S. Circulating Sex Hormone Levels and Colon Cancer Risk in Men: A Nested Case-Control Study and Meta-Analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022; 31:793-803. [PMID: 35086823 PMCID: PMC9381125 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-21-0996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endogenous sex hormones may contribute to higher colorectal cancer incidence rates in men compared with women, but despite an increased number of studies, clear evidence is lacking. METHODS We conducted a comprehensive nested case-control study of circulating concentrations of sex hormones, sex hormone precursors, and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) in relation to subsequent colon cancer risk in European men. Concentrations were measured using liquid LC/MS-MS in prospectively collected plasma samples from 690 cases and 690 matched controls from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) and the Northern Sweden Health and Disease Study (NSHDS) cohorts. Multivariable conditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). In addition, we conducted a meta-analysis of previous studies on men. RESULTS Circulating levels of testosterone (OR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.51-0.89) and SHBG (OR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.62-0.96) were inversely associated with colon cancer risk. For free testosterone, there was a nonsignificant inverse association (OR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.58-1.18). In a dose-response meta-analysis of endogenous sex hormone levels, inverse associations with colorectal/colon cancer risk were found for testosterone [relative risks (RR) per 100 ng/dL = 0.98; 95% CI, 0.96-1.00; I2 = 22%] and free testosterone (RR per 1 ng/dL = 0.98; 95% CI, 0.95-1.00; I2 = 0%). CONCLUSIONS Our results provide suggestive evidence for the association between testosterone, SHBG, and male colon cancer development. IMPACT Additional support for the involvement of sex hormones in male colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Harbs
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sabina Rinaldi
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Audrey Gicquiau
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Pekka Keski-Rahkonen
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Nagisa Mori
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Xijia Liu
- Department of Statistics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Rudolf Kaaks
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Verena Katzke
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias B. Schulze
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Claudia Agnoli
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosario Tumino
- Cancer Registry and Histopathology Department, Provincial Health Authority (ASP 7), Ragusa, Italy
| | - Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita
- Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Marta Crous-Bou
- Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO) - Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Maria-Jose Sánchez
- Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública (EASP), Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Amaia Aizpurua
- Ministry of Health of the Basque Government, Sub-Directorate for Public Health and Addictions of Gipuzkoa, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - María-Dolores Chirlaque
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Epidemiology, Regional Health Council, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia University, Murcia, Spain
| | - Aurelio Barricarte Gurrea
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Navarra Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA) Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ruth C. Travis
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor L. Watts
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sofia Christakoudi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Konstantinos K. Tsilidis
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Elisabete Weiderpass
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Marc J. Gunter
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Bethany Van Guelpen
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Neil Murphy
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Sophia Harlid
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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10
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Costa AR, Lança de Oliveira M, Cruz I, Gonçalves I, Cascalheira JF, Santos CRA. The Sex Bias of Cancer. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2020; 31:785-799. [PMID: 32900596 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2020.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In hormone-dependent organs, sex hormones and dysregulated hormone signaling have well-documented roles in cancers of the breast and female reproductive organs including endometrium and ovary, as well as in prostate and testicular cancers in males. Strikingly, epidemiological data highlight significant differences between the sexes in the incidence of various cancers in nonreproductive organs, where the role of sex hormones has been less well studied. In an era when personalized medicine is gaining recognition, understanding the molecular, cellular, and biological differences between men and women is timely for developing more appropriate therapeutic interventions according to gender. We review evidence that sex hormones also shape many of the dysregulated cellular and molecular pathways that lead to cell proliferation and cancer in nonreproductive organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Raquel Costa
- Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), Covilhã, Portugal
| | | | - Inês Cruz
- Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Isabel Gonçalves
- Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), Covilhã, Portugal
| | - José Francisco Cascalheira
- Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), Covilhã, Portugal; Department of Chemistry, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Cecília R A Santos
- Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), Covilhã, Portugal.
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11
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Influence of Intratumor Microbiome on Clinical Outcome and Immune Processes in Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092524. [PMID: 32899474 PMCID: PMC7564876 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary While the intratumor microbiome has been largely unexplored in relation to prostate cancer development, our research shows that microbes may play an anti-tumor or pro-tumor role to significantly alter clinical course in prostate cancer patients. We found that the presence and absence of specific microbes are strongly correlated with known biomarkers of prostate cancer, including increased androgen receptor expression, prostate-specific antigen level, immune-associated gene dysregulation, stem-cell related gene overexpression, cancer pathways, and known chromosomal alterations. Our results provide important insight on potential mechanisms by which intratumor microbes may greatly contribute to prostate cancer progression and prognosis. We hope our results can be validated in future studies, and the key microbes that we identified can be used as effective targets for more specialized prebiotic and probiotic treatments for prostate cancer. Abstract Although 1 in 9 American men will receive a diagnosis of prostate cancer (PC), most men with this diagnosis will not die from it, as most PCs are indolent. However, there is a subset of patients in which the once-indolent PC becomes metastatic and eventually, fatal. In this study, we analyzed microbial compositions of intratumor bacteria in PC to determine the influence of the microbiome on metastatic growth. Using large-scale RNA-sequencing data and corresponding clinical data, we correlated the abundance of microbes to immune pathways and PC risk factors, identifying specific microbes that either significantly deter or contribute to cancer aggressiveness. Interestingly, most of the microbes we found appeared to play anti-tumor roles in PC. Since these anti-tumor microbes were overrepresented in tumor samples, we believe that microbes thrive in the tumor microenvironment, outcompete cancer cells, and directly mitigate tumor growth by recruiting immune cells. These include Listeria monocytogenes, Methylobacterium radiotolerans JCM 2831, Xanthomonas albilineans GPE PC73, and Bradyrhizobium japonicum, which are negatively correlated with Gleason score, Tumor-Node-Metastasis (TNM) stage, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level, and Androgen Receptor (AR) expression, respectively. We also identified microbes that contribute to tumor growth and are positively correlated with genomic alterations, dysregulated immune-associated (IA) genes, and prostate cancer stem cells (PCSC) genes.
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12
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Heng MP, Tan CH, Saad HM, Sim KS, Tan KW. Mitochondria-dependent apoptosis inducer: Testosterone-N4-ethylthiosemicarbazonate and its metal complexes with selective cytotoxicity towards human colorectal carcinoma cell line (HCT 116). Inorganica Chim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2020.119581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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13
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Heng MP, Sim KS, Tan KW. Nickel and zinc complexes of testosterone N4-substituted thiosemicarbazone: Selective cytotoxicity towards human colorectal carcinoma cell line HCT 116 and their cell death mechanisms. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 208:111097. [PMID: 32438269 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Two new Schiff base ligands (TE and TF) were prepared from conjugation of testosterone with 4-(4-ethylphenyl)-3-thiosemicarbazide and 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-thiosemicarbazide, respectively. Their nickel (NE and NF) and zinc (ZE and ZF) complexes were reported. X-ray crystallography revealed a distorted square planar geometry was adopted by NE. The compounds demonstrated excellent selectivity towards the colorectal carcinoma cell line HCT 116 despite their weak preferences towards the prostate cancer cell lines (PC-3 and LNCaP). Against HCT 116, all these compounds were able to arrest cell cycle at G0/G1 phase and induce apoptosis via mitochondria-dependent (TE, NE, and TF) and extrinsic apoptotic pathway (ZE, NF, and ZF). Moreover, only ZE was able to act as topoisomease I poison and halt its enzymatic reactions although all compounds presented excellent affinity towards DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mok Piew Heng
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kae Shin Sim
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kong Wai Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia..
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14
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Ly LK, Rowles JL, Paul HM, Alves JMP, Yemm C, Wolf PM, Devendran S, Hudson ME, Morris DJ, Erdman JW, Ridlon JM. Bacterial steroid-17,20-desmolase is a taxonomically rare enzymatic pathway that converts prednisone to 1,4-androstanediene-3,11,17-trione, a metabolite that causes proliferation of prostate cancer cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 199:105567. [PMID: 31870912 PMCID: PMC7333170 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The adrenal gland has traditionally been viewed as a source of "weak androgens"; however, emerging evidence indicates 11-oxy-androgens of adrenal origin are metabolized in peripheral tissues to potent androgens. Also emerging is the role of gut bacteria in the conversion of C21 glucocorticoids to 11-oxygenated C19 androgens. Clostridium scindens ATCC 35,704 is a gut microbe capable of converting cortisol into 11-oxy-androgens by cleaving the side-chain. The desA and desB genes encode steroid-17,20-desmolase. Our prior study indicated that the urinary tract bacterium, Propionimicrobium lymphophilum ACS-093-V-SCH5 encodes desAB and converts cortisol to 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione. We wanted to determine how widespread this function occurs in the human microbiome. Phylogenetic and sequence similarity network analyses indicated that the steroid-17,20-desmolase pathway is taxonomically rare and located in gut and urogenital microbiomes. Two microbes from each of these niches, C. scindens and Propionimicrobium lymphophilum, respectively, were screened for activity against endogenous (cortisol, cortisone, and allotetrahydrocortisol) and exogenous (prednisone, prednisolone, dexamethasone, and 9-fluorocortisol) glucocorticoids. LC/MS analysis showed that both microbes were able to side-chain cleave all glucocorticoids, forming 11-oxy-androgens. Pure recombinant DesAB from C. scindens showed the highest activity against prednisone, a commonly prescribed glucocorticoid. In addition, 0.1 nM 1,4-androstadiene-3,11,17-trione, bacterial side-chain cleavage product of prednisone, showed significant proliferation relative to vehicle in androgen-dependent growth LNCaP prostate cancer cells after 24 h (2.3 fold; P < 0.01) and 72 h (1.6 fold; P < 0.01). Taken together, DesAB-expressing microbes may be an overlooked source of androgens in the body, potentially contributing to various disease states, such as prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey K Ly
- Microbiome Metabolic Engineering Theme, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Joe L Rowles
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Hans Müller Paul
- Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Urbana, IL, USA; Illinois Informatics Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - João M P Alves
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camdon Yemm
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Patricia M Wolf
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Saravanan Devendran
- Microbiome Metabolic Engineering Theme, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Matthew E Hudson
- Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Urbana, IL, USA; Illinois Informatics Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - David J Morris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - John W Erdman
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jason M Ridlon
- Microbiome Metabolic Engineering Theme, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Cancer Center of Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA.
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15
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Integrin αvβ3 in the Mediating Effects of Dihydrotestosterone and Resveratrol on Breast Cancer Cell Proliferation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082906. [PMID: 32326308 PMCID: PMC7216104 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hormones and their receptors play an important role in the development and progression of breast cancer. Hormones regulate the proliferation of breast cancer cells through binding between estrogen or progestins and steroid receptors that may reside in the cytoplasm or be transcriptionally activated as steroid–protein nuclear receptor complexes. However, receptors for nonpeptide hormones also exist in the plasma membrane. Via those receptors, hormones are able to stimulate breast cancer cell proliferation when activated. Integrins are heterodimeric structural proteins of the plasma membrane. Their primary functions are to interact with extracellular matrix proteins and growth factors. Recently, integrin αvβ3 has been identified as a receptor for nonpeptide hormones, such as thyroid hormone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). DHT promotes the proliferation of human breast cancer cells through binding to integrin αvβ3. A receptor for resveratrol, a polyphenol stilbene, also exists on this integrin in breast cancer cells, mediating the anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic action of the compound in these cells. Unrelated activities of DHT and resveratrol that originate at integrin depend upon downstream stimulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK, ERK1/2) activity, suggesting the existence of distinct, function-specific pools of ERK1/2 within the cell. This review will discuss the features of these receptors in breast cancer cells, in turn suggesting clinical applications that are based on the interactions of resveratrol/DHT with integrin αvβ3 and other androgen receptors.
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16
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Albasri AM, Elkablawy MA. Clinicopathological and prognostic significance of androgen receptor overexpression in colorectal cancer. Experience from Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 2020; 40:893-900. [PMID: 31522216 PMCID: PMC6790489 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2019.9.24204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To examine the androgen receptor (AR) status in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients by the immunohistochemical method and to correlate the findings with all available clinicopathological parameters of prognostic significance. Methods: Archival tumor samples were studied using immunohistochemistry for AR expression in 324 patients with CRC. Patients were diagnosed at the Pathology Department at a tertiary care Hospital, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia, between January 2006 and December 2017. Results: There is a complete lack of AR expression in normal colonic mucosa; however, AR was expressed in 16 cases (40%) of colorectal adenoma. In CRC, AR expression was high in 118 cases (36.4%). There were no significant correlations between AR expression and gender, age, tumor histologic type, and tumor location. However, AR expression revealed a significant correlation with tumor size (p=0.026), tumor differentiation (p=0.047), American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging (p=0.043), lymph node positivity (p=0.018), lymphovascular invasion (p=0.018), and distant metastasis (p=0.049). In univariate Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, there was a significant (p=0.002) difference in overall survival between AR positive and negative tumors in favor of the latter. In multivariate (COX) models, high AR expression (p=0.002), AJCC (p<0.001), and lymphovascular invasion (p<0.001) were the only significant independent prognostic indicators of overall survival in CRC. Conlusion: Our study showed that the patients with higher AR expression had a significantly poorer survival rate, AR expression had the potential to be a prognostic marker of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulkader M Albasri
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. E-mail.
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17
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Yang W, Giovannucci EL, Hankinson SE, Chan AT, Ma Y, Wu K, Fuchs CS, Lee IM, Sesso HD, Lin JH, Zhang X. Endogenous sex hormones and colorectal cancer survival among men and women. Int J Cancer 2020; 147:920-930. [PMID: 31863463 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although previous studies have suggested a potential role of sex hormones in the etiology of colorectal cancer (CRC), no study has yet examined the associations between circulating sex hormones and survival among CRC patients. We prospectively assessed the associations of prediagnostic plasma concentrations of estrone, estradiol, free estradiol, testosterone, free testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) with CRC-specific and overall mortality among 609 CRC patients (370 men and 239 postmenopausal women not taking hormone therapy at blood collection) from four U.S. cohorts. Multivariable hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using Cox proportional hazard regression. We identified 174 deaths (83 CRC-specific deaths) in men and 106 deaths (70 CRC-specific deaths) in women. In men, higher circulating level of free testosterone was associated with lower risk of overall (the highest vs. lowest tertiles, HR = 0.66, 95% CI, 0.45-0.99, ptrend = 0.04) and possibly CRC-specific mortality (HR = 0.73, 95% CI, 0.41-1.29, ptrend = 0.27). We generally observed nonsignificant inverse associations for other sex steroids, and a positive association for SHBG with CRC-specific mortality among male patients. In women, however, we found a suggestive positive association of estrone with overall (HR = 1.54, 95% CI, 0.92-2.60, ptrend = 0.11) and CRC-specific mortality (HR = 1.96, 95% CI, 1.01-3.84, ptrend = 0.06). Total estradiol, free estradiol and free testosterone were generally suggestively associated with higher risk of mortality among female patients, although not statistically significant. These findings implicated a potential role of endogenous sex hormones in CRC prognosis, which warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanshui Yang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Edward L Giovannucci
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Susan E Hankinson
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit (CTEU), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Yanan Ma
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Kana Wu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Charles S Fuchs
- Department of Medical Oncology, Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT.,Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Department of Medical Oncology, Smilow Cancer Hospital, New Haven, CT
| | - I-Min Lee
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Howard D Sesso
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Xuehong Zhang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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18
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Krasanakis T, Nikolouzakis TK, Sgantzos M, Mariolis-Sapsakos T, Souglakos J, Spandidos DA, Tsitsimpikou C, Tsatsakis A, Tsiaoussis J. Role of anabolic agents in colorectal carcinogenesis: Myths and realities (Review). Oncol Rep 2019; 42:2228-2244. [PMID: 31578582 PMCID: PMC6826302 DOI: 10.3892/or.2019.7351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the four leading causes of cancer‑related mortality worldwide. Even though over the past few decades the global scientific community has made tremendous efforts to understand this entity, many questions remain to be raised on this issue and even more to be answered. Epidemiological findings have unveiled numerous environmental and genetic risk factors, each one contributing to a certain degree to the final account of new CRC cases. Moreover, different trends have been revealed regarding the age of onset of CRC between the two sexes. That, in addition to newly introduced therapeutic approaches for various diseases based on androgens, anti‑androgens and anabolic hormones has raised some concerns regarding their possible carcinogenic effects or their synergistic potential with other substances/risk factors, predisposing the individual to CRC. Notably, despite the intense research on experimental settings and population studies, the conclusions regarding the majority of anabolic substances are ambiguous. Some of these indicate the carcinogenic properties of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), growth hormone and insulin‑like growth factor (IGF) and others, demonstrating their neutral nature or even their protective one, as in the case of vitamin D. Thus, the synergistic nature of anabolic substances with other CRC risk factors (such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome and smoking) has emerged, suggesting a more holistic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Krasanakis
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - Markos Sgantzos
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41221 Larissa, Greece
| | - Theodore Mariolis-Sapsakos
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Agioi Anargyroi General and Oncologic Hospital of Kifisia, 14564 Athens, Greece
| | - John Souglakos
- Department of Medical Oncology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Demetrios A. Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71409 Heraklion, Greece
| | - John Tsiaoussis
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
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19
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Hu C, Fang D, Xu H, Wang Q, Xia H. The androgen receptor expression and association with patient's survival in different cancers. Genomics 2019; 112:1926-1940. [PMID: 31759122 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
To understand the androgen receptor (AR) in different human malignancies, we conducted a pan-cancer analysis of AR in different tumor tissues and association with patient survival and obtained AR expression data from The Cancer Genome Atlas. Pan-Cancer Analysis of AR indicated that 12 tumor types had decreased AR expression in the tumor, while glioblastoma multiforme has overexpressed AR. The survival analysis showed that high AR mRNA is associated with poor survival of stomach adenocarcinoma and low-grade glioma, but better survival of adrenocortical carcinoma, kidney renal clear cell carcinoma, acute myeloid leukemia, liver hepatocellular carcinoma, ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma, and skin cutaneous melanoma based on AR mRNA, protein or AR-score. AR was associated with different clinical characteristics and AR correlated genes enriched in cancer-related pathways. These data indicate that AR signaling may be strongly associated with some cancer development and patients' survival, which is promising for potential treatment using antiandrogen therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of National Health Commission, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & The Affiliated Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 21116, China
| | - Dan Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of National Health Commission, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & The Affiliated Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 21116, China
| | - Haojun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of National Health Commission, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & The Affiliated Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 21116, China
| | - Qianghu Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Nanjing Medical University, 211116 Nanjing, China
| | - Hongping Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of National Health Commission, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & The Affiliated Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 21116, China.
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20
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Thomas P. Membrane Androgen Receptors Unrelated to Nuclear Steroid Receptors. Endocrinology 2019; 160:772-781. [PMID: 30753403 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Rapid (nongenomic) membrane-initiated androgen actions have been described in nuclear androgen receptor-null cells. Four distinct proteins have been proposed as membrane androgen receptors (mARs) or sensors. Transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) is a calcium channel that acts as a pain receptor and mediates androgen- and menthol-induced increases in calcium levels and survival of prostate cancer cells. Testosterone (T) directly interacts with TRPM8, but extensive androgen receptor binding studies to confirm its role as an mAR are lacking. Oxoeicosanoid receptor 1 (OXER1) is highly expressed in prostate cancer tissues, and its major ligand, 5-oxoeicosatretraenoic acid (5-oxo-ETE), is a potent inducer of prostate cancer cell proliferation and survival. T competes for 5-oxo-ETE binding to OXER1 and antagonizes 5-oxo-ETE-mediated inhibition of cAMP production. However, OXER1 does not meet a traditional criterion for its designation as an mAR because T treatment alone does not alter cAMP signaling. GPRC6A is a class C G protein-coupled receptor activated by l-α-amino acids and is modulated by calcium. Although there has been controversy over the proposed role of T as a GPRC6A ligand, androgen induction of GPRC6A signaling has recently been confirmed by several researchers. ZIP9 belongs to the zinc transporter ZIP (SLC39A) family and displays specific T binding characteristic of an mAR. ZIP9 mediates androgen-dependent intracellular signaling and apoptosis of breast and prostate cancer cells through activation of G proteins. Androgen-signaling functions of ZIP9 have been confirmed in other cells, but the overall importance of ZIP9 in androgen physiology remains unclear. Here, the current status of these four proteins as mARs or sensors is critically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Thomas
- University of Texas at Austin Marine Science Institute, Port Aransas, Texas
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21
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Ghatak S, Misra S, Moreno-Rodrigue RA, Hascall VC, Leone GW, Markwald RR. Periostin/β1integrin interaction regulates p21-activated kinases in valvular interstitial cell survival and in actin cytoskeleton reorganization. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2019; 1863:813-829. [PMID: 30742951 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The matricellular protein periostin (PN) promotes postnatal valve remodeling and maturation. Incomplete remodeling of the valve can trigger degenerative processes that lead to a myxomatous phenotype that includes loss of PN. However, signaling pathways involved that link valvular-interstitial-fibroblast cells (VICs) to proliferation, migration and actin remodeling functions are unclear. The p21-activated kinases (Paks) have been shown to regulate cytoskeleton rearrangements and cell proliferation/adhesion/migration functions in a variety of cellular contexts, including normal cells and cancer cells. This study shows that Pak1, but not Pak2 and Pak4, is a critical mediator of VIC survival and actin organization, and that the molecular signaling regulating actin-remodeling is initiated upon PN/beta-integrin-induced phosphorylation of the focal-adhesion-kinase (Fak) (Y397). Molecular and pharmacological inhibition of key components of PN/Fak/Akt1 signaling abolished the PN-induced actin polymerization and the activation of mTOR, p70S6K and Pak1. Similarly, blocking mTOR inhibited p70S6K, Pak1 phosphorylation and consequently actin-polymerization. Accordingly, inhibiting p70S6K blocked Pak1 phosphorylation and actin polymerization, and subsequently inhibited adhesion and growth of VICs. Periostin-induced Akt1 activation of Pak1 is independent of Cdc42 and Rac1 GTPases, and Akt1 is both downstream and upstream of Pak1. Further, the PN-Pak1-induced Akt1 protects cells from apoptosis through suppression of transcriptional activation of Forkhead-Transcription-Factor (FKHR). In contrast, kinase deficient Pak1 increases apoptosis by increasing FKHR-mediated transcriptional activation. These studies define new functional significance of PN-Fak-Akt1-Pak1 signaling that at least partly regulates Akt1-induced actin polymerization and FKHR-mediated transcriptional activation, which may eventually regulate the mature-valve-leaflet remodeling function, and also FKHR-mediated transcriptional activation for pro-survival of VICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibnath Ghatak
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 86 Jonathan Lucas St, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Suniti Misra
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 86 Jonathan Lucas St, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
| | - Ricardo A Moreno-Rodrigue
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Vincent C Hascall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering/ND20, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Gustavo W Leone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 86 Jonathan Lucas St, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Roger R Markwald
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA..
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22
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Kalyvianaki K, Panagiotopoulos AA, Malamos P, Moustou E, Tzardi M, Stathopoulos EN, Ioannidis GS, Marias K, Notas G, Theodoropoulos PA, Castanas E, Kampa M. Membrane androgen receptors (OXER1, GPRC6A AND ZIP9) in prostate and breast cancer: A comparative study of their expression. Steroids 2019; 142:100-108. [PMID: 30707908 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence during the last decades revealed that androgens exert membrane-initiated actions leading to the modulation of significant cellular processes, important for cancer cell growth and metastasis (including prostate and breast), that involve signaling via specific kinases. Collectively, many nonclassical, cell surface-initiated androgen actions are mediated by novel membrane androgen receptors (mARs), unrelated to nuclear androgen receptors. Recently, our group identified the G protein coupled oxo-eicosanoid receptor 1 (OXER1) (a receptor of the arachidonic acid metabolite, 5-oxoeicosatetraenoic acid, 5-oxoETE) as a novel mAR involved in the rapid effects of androgens. However, two other membrane proteins, G protein-coupled receptor family C group 6 member A (GPRC6A) and zinc transporter member 9 (ZIP9) have also been portrayed as mARs, related to the extranuclear action of androgens. In the present work, we present a comparative study of in silico pharmacology, gene expression and immunocytochemical data of the three receptors in various prostate and breast cancer cell lines. Furthermore, we analyzed the immunohistochemical expression of these receptors in human tumor and non-tumoral specimens and provide a pattern of expression and intracellular distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantina Kalyvianaki
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, University of Crete, School of Medicine, Heraklion 71013, Greece
| | | | - Panagiotis Malamos
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, University of Crete, School of Medicine, Heraklion 71013, Greece
| | - Eleni Moustou
- Laboratory of Pathology, University of Crete, School of Medicine, Heraklion 71013, Greece
| | - Maria Tzardi
- Laboratory of Pathology, University of Crete, School of Medicine, Heraklion 71013, Greece
| | | | - Georgios S Ioannidis
- Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas (FORTH), Institute of Computer Science (ICS), Computational Bio-Medicine Laboratory (CBML), Heraklion, Greece
| | - Kostas Marias
- Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas (FORTH), Institute of Computer Science (ICS), Computational Bio-Medicine Laboratory (CBML), Heraklion, Greece; Technological Educational Institute of Crete, Department of Informatics Engineering, Heraklion, Greece
| | - George Notas
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, University of Crete, School of Medicine, Heraklion 71013, Greece
| | | | - Elias Castanas
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, University of Crete, School of Medicine, Heraklion 71013, Greece.
| | - Marilena Kampa
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, University of Crete, School of Medicine, Heraklion 71013, Greece.
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23
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Bleach R, McIlroy M. The Divergent Function of Androgen Receptor in Breast Cancer; Analysis of Steroid Mediators and Tumor Intracrinology. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:594. [PMID: 30416486 PMCID: PMC6213369 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) is the most widely expressed steroid receptor protein in normal breast tissue and is detectable in approximately 90% of primary breast cancers and 75% of metastatic lesions. However, the role of AR in breast cancer development and progression is mired in controversy with evidence suggesting it can either inhibit or promote breast tumorigenesis. Studies have shown it to antagonize estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) DNA binding, thereby preventing pro-proliferative gene transcription; whilst others have demonstrated AR to take on the mantle of a pseudo ERα particularly in the setting of triple negative breast cancer. Evidence for a potentiating role of AR in the development of endocrine resistant breast cancer has also been mounting with reports associating high AR expression with poor response to endocrine treatment. The resurgence of interest into the function of AR in breast cancer has resulted in various emergent clinical trials evaluating anti-AR therapy and selective androgen receptor modulators in the treatment of advanced breast cancer. Trials have reported varied response rates dependent upon subtype with overall clinical benefit rates of ~19-29% for anti-androgen monotherapy, suggesting that with enhanced patient stratification AR could prove efficacious as a breast cancer therapy. Androgens and AR have been reported to facilitate tumor stemness in some cancers; a process which may be mediated through genomic or non-genomic actions of the AR, with the latter mechanism being relatively unexplored in breast cancer. Steroidogenic ligands of the AR are produced in females by the gonads and as sex-steroid precursors secreted from the adrenal glands. These androgens provide an abundant reservoir from which all estrogens are subsequently synthesized and their levels are undiminished in the event of standard hormonal therapeutic intervention in breast cancer. Steroid levels are known to be altered by lifestyle factors such as diet and exercise; understanding their potential role in dictating the function of AR in breast cancer development could therefore have wide-ranging effects in prevention and treatment of this disease. This review will outline the endogenous biochemical drivers of both genomic and non-genomic AR activation and how these may be modulated by current hormonal therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marie McIlroy
- Endocrine Oncology Research Group, Department of Surgery, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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24
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Proteomic profile associated with cell death induced by androgens in Taenia crassiceps cysticerci: proposed interactome. J Helminthol 2018; 93:539-547. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x18000706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAndrogens have been shown to exert a cysticidal effect uponTaenia crassiceps, an experimental model of cysticercosis. To further inquire into this matter, theTaenia crassicepsmodel was used to evaluate the expression of several proteins after testosterone (T4) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT)in vitrotreatment. Under 2-D proteomic maps, parasite extracts were resolved into approximately 130 proteins distributed in a molecular weight range of 10–250 kDa and isoelectrical point range of 3–10. The resultant proteomic pattern was analysed, and significant changes were observed in response to T4 and DHT. Based on our experience with electrophoretic patterns and proteomic maps of cytoskeletal proteins, alteration in the expression of isoforms of actin, tubulin and paramyosin and of other proteins was assessed. Considering that androgens may exert their biological activity in taeniids through the non-specific progesterone receptor membrane component (PGRMC), we harnessed bioinformatics to propose the identity of androgen-regulated proteins and establish their hypothetical physiological role in the parasites. These analyses yield a possible explanation of how androgens exert their cysticidal effects through changes in the expression of proteins involved in cytoskeletal rearrangement, dynamic vesicular traffic and transduction of intracellular signals.
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25
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Androgens have been implicated in prostate growth; however, the role of androgens in prostate cancer development is not clear. Furthermore, studies suggest a role for androgens in female-hormone-dependent cancers and common nonhormone dependent cancers. This study aims to review key studies and more recent studies of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and cancer risk. RECENT FINDINGS Epidemiological studies are reassuring as they have not associated endogenous androgens with prostate cancer risk. Intraprostatic regulation of DHT is becoming recognized as an important area of research to clarify the role of DHT in prostate cancer development. In females, further understanding of intracrine regulation of sex hormones and interactions between androgens and estrogens in influencing breast and endometrial cancer risk are required. Studies show a signal for DHT in modulating lung and colorectal cancer growth; however, research in this area is relatively scarce and further studies are required to clarify these associations. SUMMARY Although concerns of prostate cancer risk remain, there is also potential for androgens to modulate the growth and development of other common cancers. Further research is required as this may have clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi X Chan
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Bu B Yeap
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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26
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Alevizopoulos K, Dimas K, Papadopoulou N, Schmidt EM, Tsapara A, Alkahtani S, Honisch S, Prousis KC, Alarifi S, Calogeropoulou T, Lang F, Stournaras C. Functional characterization and anti-cancer action of the clinical phase II cardiac Na+/K+ ATPase inhibitor istaroxime: in vitro and in vivo properties and cross talk with the membrane androgen receptor. Oncotarget 2017; 7:24415-28. [PMID: 27027435 PMCID: PMC5029711 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium potassium pump (Na+/K+ ATPase) is a validated pharmacological target for the treatment of various cardiac conditions. Recent published data with Na+/K+ ATPase inhibitors suggest a potent anti-cancer action of these agents in multiple indications. In the present study, we focus on istaroxime, a Na+/K+ ATPase inhibitor that has shown favorable safety and efficacy properties in cardiac phase II clinical trials. Our experiments in 22 cancer cell lines and in prostate tumors in vivo proved the strong anti-cancer action of this compound. Istaroxime induced apoptosis, affected the key proliferative and apoptotic mediators c-Myc and caspase-3 and modified actin cystoskeleton dynamics and RhoA activity in prostate cancer cells. Interestingly, istaroxime was capable of binding to mAR, a membrane receptor mediating rapid, non-genomic actions of steroids in prostate and other cells. These results support a multi-level action of Na+/K+ ATPase inhibitors in cancer cells and collectively validate istaroxime as a strong re-purposing candidate for further cancer drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Konstantinos Dimas
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Natalia Papadopoulou
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Eva-Maria Schmidt
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anna Tsapara
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Saad Alkahtani
- Department of Zoology, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabina Honisch
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kyriakos C Prousis
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Saud Alarifi
- Department of Zoology, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Theodora Calogeropoulou
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christos Stournaras
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklion, Greece.,Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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27
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Kalyvianaki K, Gebhart V, Peroulis N, Panagiotopoulou C, Kiagiadaki F, Pediaditakis I, Aivaliotis M, Moustou E, Tzardi M, Notas G, Castanas E, Kampa M. Antagonizing effects of membrane-acting androgens on the eicosanoid receptor OXER1 in prostate cancer. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44418. [PMID: 28290516 PMCID: PMC5349529 DOI: 10.1038/srep44418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence during the last decades revealed that androgen can exert membrane initiated actions that involve signaling via specific kinases and the modulation of significant cellular processes, important for prostate cancer cell growth and metastasis. Results of the present work clearly show that androgens can specifically act at the membrane level via the GPCR oxoeicosanoid receptor 1 (OXER1) in prostate cancer cells. In fact, OXER1 expression parallels that of membrane androgen binding in prostate cancer cell lines and tumor specimens, while in silico docking simulation of OXER1 showed that testosterone could bind to OXER1 within the same grove as 5-OxoETE, the natural ligand of OXER1. Interestingly, testosterone antagonizes the effects of 5-oxoETE on specific signaling pathways and rapid effects such as actin cytoskeleton reorganization that ultimately can modulate cell migration and metastasis. These findings verify that membrane-acting androgens exert specific effects through an antagonistic interaction with OXER1. Additionally, this interaction between androgen and OXER1, which is an arachidonic acid metabolite receptor expressed in prostate cancer, provides a novel link between steroid and lipid actions and renders OXER1 as new player in the disease. These findings should be taken into account in the design of novel therapeutic approaches in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantina Kalyvianaki
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, GR-71003, Greece
| | | | - Nikolaos Peroulis
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, GR-71003, Greece
| | - Christina Panagiotopoulou
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, GR-71003, Greece
| | - Fotini Kiagiadaki
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, GR-71003, Greece
| | - Iosif Pediaditakis
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, GR-71003, Greece.,Institute of Molecular Biology &Biotechnology, Foundation of Research &Technology-Hellas (IMBB-FORTH), Heraklion, Greece
| | - Michalis Aivaliotis
- Proteomics Facility at Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation of Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Crete
| | - Eleni Moustou
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, GR-71003, Greece
| | - Maria Tzardi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, GR-71003, Greece
| | - George Notas
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, GR-71003, Greece
| | - Elias Castanas
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, GR-71003, Greece
| | - Marilena Kampa
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, GR-71003, Greece
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28
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Roshan MHK, Tambo A, Pace NP. The role of testosterone in colorectal carcinoma: pathomechanisms and open questions. EPMA J 2016; 7:22. [PMID: 27833666 PMCID: PMC5103431 DOI: 10.1186/s13167-016-0071-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the fourth commonest type of malignancy after breast, lung and prostate in the USA and accounts for approximately 49,190 deaths annually in USA alone. The 5-year survival rate of CRC has increased over the past decades, in part, due to greater awareness and the widespread implementation of national screening programmes. Recently, a number of studies reported that males have a higher risk of developing CRC due to the action of testosterone. Testosterone is an androgen that is responsible for the development of male secondary sex characteristics and for spermatogenesis. Studies on rats with mutated Apc tumour-suppressor gene subjected to either ovariectomy or orchidectomy exhibit different risks of CRC. Female rats subjected to ovariectomy are at higher risk of CRC, whereas orchidectomised male rats exhibit a lower risk of developing CRC. Sex hormones, in particular estrogen and testosterone, play a significant role in the development of CRC since the anti-neoplastic effect of estrogen lost during ovariectomy increases the risk of females developing CRC. Male mice exposed to testosterone after orchidectomy were also at greater risk than those who were orchidectomised but administered placebo only. Moreover, the recently established role of membrane androgen receptors in regression of CRC via non-genomic androgen-dependent action sets these receptors apart from intracellular androgen receptors (iARs) which themselves promote CRC development. In addition, testosterone-albumin conjugates are selective to membrane androgen receptors (mARs) and lead to apoptosis via caspase-3 activation. Akt kinases promote invasion of colon cancer cells when phosphorylated. These kinases are dephosphorylated upon activation of mARs, thereby reducing colon cancer cell motility and invasiveness. Testosterone similarly plays important roles in human CRC. Long cytosine-adenine-guanine (CAG) repeats in the gene for the androgen receptors have been associated with a poor 5-year survival compared to shorter CAG repeats. Very recently, the measurement of serum unbound testosterone has been suggested as a novel biomarker along with carcinoembryonic antigen in CRC. In conclusion, testosterone may promote the development of CRC via a number of pathways, which may place males at greater risk. Testosterone holds promise as a potential biomarker in CRC risk prediction; however, further studies are required to better define its role in colorectal neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsin H K Roshan
- Department of Anatomy, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Malta, Msida, MSD2080 Malta
| | - Amos Tambo
- Department of Anatomy, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Malta, Msida, MSD2080 Malta
| | - Nikolai P Pace
- Department of Anatomy, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Malta, Msida, MSD2080 Malta
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Disciglio V, Devecchi A, Palumbo O, Carella M, Penso D, Milione M, Valle G, Pierotti MA, Vitellaro M, Bertario L, Canevari S, Signoroni S, De Cecco L. Whole exome sequencing and single nucleotide polymorphism array analyses to identify germline alterations in genes associated with testosterone metabolism in a patient with androgen insensitivity syndrome and early-onset colorectal cancer. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2016; 35:51. [PMID: 27267075 PMCID: PMC4897824 DOI: 10.1186/s40880-016-0115-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS), a disorder of sexual development in 46, XY individuals, is caused by loss-of-function mutations in the androgen receptor (AR) gene. A variety of tumors have been reported in association with AIS, but no cases with colorectal cancer (CRC) have been described. Case presentation Here, we present a male patient with AIS who developed multiple early-onset CRCs and his pedigree. His first cousin was diagnosed with AIS and harbored the same AR gene mutation, but with no signs of CRC. The difference in clinical management for the two patients was that testosterone treatment was given to the proband for a much longer time compared with the cousin. The CRC family history was negative, and no germline mutations in well-known CRC-related genes were identified. A single nucleotide polymorphism array revealed a microduplication on chromosome 22q11.22 that encompassed a microRNA potentially related to CRC pathogenesis. In the proband, whole exome sequencing identified a polymorphism in an oncogene and 13 rare loss-of-function variants, of which two were in CRC-related genes and four were in genes associated with other human cancers. Conclusions By pathway analysis, all inherited germline genetic events were connected in a unique network whose alteration in the proband, together with continuous testosterone stimulation, may have played a role in CRC pathogenesis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40880-016-0115-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Disciglio
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Devecchi
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Orazio Palumbo
- Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013, San Giovanni Rotondo FG, Italy
| | - Massimo Carella
- Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, 71013, San Giovanni Rotondo FG, Italy
| | - Donata Penso
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Milione
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Valle
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Marco Vitellaro
- Hereditary Digestive Tract Tumors Unit, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133, Milan, Italy.,Colorectal Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucio Bertario
- Hereditary Digestive Tract Tumors Unit, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvana Canevari
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Stefano Signoroni
- Hereditary Digestive Tract Tumors Unit, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Loris De Cecco
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133, Milan, Italy
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Fajol A, Honisch S, Zhang B, Schmidt S, Alkahtani S, Alarifi S, Lang F, Stournaras C, Föller M. Fibroblast growth factor (Fgf) 23 gene transcription depends on actin cytoskeleton reorganization. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:705-15. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abul Fajol
- Department of Physiology; University of Tübingen; Germany
| | - Sabina Honisch
- Department of Physiology; University of Tübingen; Germany
| | - Bingbing Zhang
- Department of Physiology; University of Tübingen; Germany
| | | | - Saad Alkahtani
- Department of Zoology; Science College; King Saud University; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biochemistry; University of Crete Medical School; Heraklion Greece
| | - Saud Alarifi
- Department of Zoology; Science College; King Saud University; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biochemistry; University of Crete Medical School; Heraklion Greece
| | - Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology; University of Tübingen; Germany
| | - Christos Stournaras
- Department of Physiology; University of Tübingen; Germany
- Department of Biochemistry; University of Crete Medical School; Heraklion Greece
| | - Michael Föller
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences; Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; Halle (Saale) Germany
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Liu G, Honisch S, Liu G, Schmidt S, Alkahtani S, AlKahtane AA, Stournaras C, Lang F. Up-regulation of Orai1 expression and store operated Ca(2+) entry following activation of membrane androgen receptors in MCF-7 breast tumor cells. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:995. [PMID: 26690689 PMCID: PMC4687293 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-2014-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Membrane androgen receptors (mAR) are functionally expressed in a variety of tumor-cells including the breast tumor-cell line MCF-7. They are specifically activated by testosterone albumin conjugates (TAC). The mAR sensitive signaling includes activation of Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) and reorganization of the actin filament network. Signaling of tumor-cells may further involve up-regulation of pore forming Ca2+ channel protein Orai1, which accomplishes store operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE). This study explored the regulation of Orai1 abundance and SOCE by mAR. Methods Actin filaments were visualized utilizing confocal microscopy, Rac1 activity using GST-GBD assay, Orai1 transcript levels by RT-PCR and total protein abundance by western blotting, Orai1 abundance at the cell surface by confocal microscopy and FACS-analysis, cytosolic Ca2+ activity ([Ca2+]i) utilizing Fura-2-fluorescence, and SOCE from increase of [Ca2+]i following readdition of Ca2+ after store depletion with thapsigargin (1 μM). Results TAC treatment of MCF-7 cells was followed by Rac1 activation, actin polymerization, transient increase of Orai1transcript levels and protein abundance, and transient increase of SOCE. The transient increase of Orai1 protein abundance was abrogated by Rac1 inhibitor NSC23766 (50 μM) and by prevention of actin reorganization with cytochalasin B (1 μM). Conclusions mAR sensitive Rac1 activation and actin reorganization contribute to the regulation of Orai1 protein abundance and SOCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilai Liu
- Department of Physiology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Sabina Honisch
- Department of Physiology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Guoxing Liu
- Department of Physiology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Schmidt
- Department of Physiology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Saad Alkahtani
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklion, Crete, Greece. .,Department of Zoology, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdullah A AlKahtane
- Department of Zoology, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Christos Stournaras
- Department of Physiology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany. .,Department of Biochemistry, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany. .,Physiologisches Institut, der Universität Tübingen, Gmelinstr. 5, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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Liu G, Honisch S, Liu G, Schmidt S, Pantelakos S, Alkahtani S, Toulany M, Lang F, Stournaras C. Inhibition of SGK1 enhances mAR-induced apoptosis in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Cancer Biol Ther 2015; 16:52-9. [PMID: 25427201 DOI: 10.4161/15384047.2014.986982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional membrane androgen receptors (mAR) have previously been described in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Their stimulation by specific testosterone albumin conjugates (TAC) activate rapidly non-genomic FAK/PI3K/Rac1/Cdc42 signaling, trigger actin reorganization and inhibit cell motility. PI3K stimulates serum and glucocorticoid inducible kinase SGK1, which in turn regulates the function of mAR. In the present study we addressed the role of SGK1 in mAR-induced apoptosis. TAC-stimulated mAR activation elicited apoptosis of MCF-7 cells, an effect significantly potentiated by concomitant incubation of the cells with TAC and the specific SGK1 inhibitors EMD638683 and GSK650394. In line with this, TAC and EMD638683 activated caspase-3. These effects were insensitive to the classical androgen receptor (iAR) antagonist flutamide, pointing to iAR-independent, mAR-induced responses. mAR activation and SGK1 inhibition further considerably augmented the radiation-induced apoptosis of MCF-7 cells. Moreover, TAC- and EMD638683 triggered early actin polymerization in MCF-7 cells. Blocking actin restructuring with cytochalasin B abrogated the TAC- and EMD638683-induced pro-apoptotic responses. Further analysis of the molecular signaling revealed late de-phosphorylation of FAK and Akt. Our results demonstrate that mAR activation triggers pro-apoptotic responses in breast tumor cells, an effect significantly enhanced by SGK1 inhibition, involving actin reorganization and paralleled by down-regulation of FAK/Akt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilai Liu
- a Department of Physiology ; University of Tübingen ; Tübingen , Germany
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La Colla A, Pronsato L, Milanesi L, Vasconsuelo A. 17β-Estradiol and testosterone in sarcopenia: Role of satellite cells. Ageing Res Rev 2015; 24:166-77. [PMID: 26247846 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The loss of muscle mass and strength with aging, referred to as sarcopenia, is a prevalent condition among the elderly. Although the molecular mechanisms underlying sarcopenia are unclear, evidence suggests that an age-related acceleration of myocyte loss via apoptosis might be responsible for muscle perfomance decline. Interestingly, sarcopenia has been associated to a deficit of sex hormones which decrease upon aging. The skeletal muscle ability to repair and regenerate itself would not be possible without satellite cells, a subpopulation of cells that remain quiescent throughout life. They are activated in response to stress, enabling them to guide skeletal muscle regeneration. Thus, these cells could be a key factor to overcome sarcopenia. Of importance, satellite cells are 17β-estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T) targets. In this review, we summarize potential mechanisms through which these hormones regulate satellite cells activation during skeletal muscle regeneration in the elderly. The advance in its understanding will help to the development of potential therapeutic agents to alleviate and treat sarcopenia and other related myophaties.
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Mueller JW, Gilligan LC, Idkowiak J, Arlt W, Foster PA. The Regulation of Steroid Action by Sulfation and Desulfation. Endocr Rev 2015; 36:526-63. [PMID: 26213785 PMCID: PMC4591525 DOI: 10.1210/er.2015-1036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Steroid sulfation and desulfation are fundamental pathways vital for a functional vertebrate endocrine system. After biosynthesis, hydrophobic steroids are sulfated to expedite circulatory transit. Target cells express transmembrane organic anion-transporting polypeptides that facilitate cellular uptake of sulfated steroids. Once intracellular, sulfatases hydrolyze these steroid sulfate esters to their unconjugated, and usually active, forms. Because most steroids can be sulfated, including cholesterol, pregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone, and estrone, understanding the function, tissue distribution, and regulation of sulfation and desulfation processes provides significant insights into normal endocrine function. Not surprisingly, dysregulation of these pathways is associated with numerous pathologies, including steroid-dependent cancers, polycystic ovary syndrome, and X-linked ichthyosis. Here we provide a comprehensive examination of our current knowledge of endocrine-related sulfation and desulfation pathways. We describe the interplay between sulfatases and sulfotransferases, showing how their expression and regulation influences steroid action. Furthermore, we address the role that organic anion-transporting polypeptides play in regulating intracellular steroid concentrations and how their expression patterns influence many pathologies, especially cancer. Finally, the recent advances in pharmacologically targeting steroidogenic pathways will be examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W Mueller
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Lorna C Gilligan
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Idkowiak
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Wiebke Arlt
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A Foster
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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Heng MP, Sinniah SK, Teoh WY, Sim KS, Ng SW, Cheah YK, Tan KW. Synthesis of a DNA-targeting nickel (II) complex with testosterone thiosemicarbazone which exhibits selective cytotoxicity towards human prostate cancer cells (LNCaP). SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 150:360-372. [PMID: 26057090 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.05.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Testosterone thiosemicarbazone, L and its nickel (II) complex 1 were synthesized and characterized by using FTIR, CHN, (1)H NMR, and X-ray crystallography. X-ray diffraction study confirmed the formation of L from condensation of testosterone and thiosemicarbazide. Mononuclear complex 1 is coordinated to two Schiff base ligands via two imine nitrogens and two tautomeric thiol sulfurs. The cytotoxicity of both compounds was investigated via MTT assay with cisplatin as positive reference standard. L is more potent towards androgen-dependent LNCaP (prostate) and HCT 116 (colon). On the other hand, complex 1, which is in a distorted square planar environment with L acting as a bidentate NS-donor ligand, is capable of inhibiting the growth of all the cancer cell lines tested, including PC-3 (prostate). It is noteworthy that both compounds are less toxic towards human colon cell CCD-18Co. The intrinsic DNA binding constant (Kb) of both compounds were evaluated via UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Both compounds showed Kb values which are comparable to the reported Kb value of typical classical intercalator such as ethidium bromide. The binding constant of the complex is almost double compared with ligand L. Both compounds were unable to inhibit the action topoisomerase I, which is the common target in cancer treatment (especially colon cancer). This suggest a topoisomerase I independent-cell death mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mok Piew Heng
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Saravana Kumar Sinniah
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wuen Yew Teoh
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kae Shin Sim
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Seik Weng Ng
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yoke Kqueen Cheah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Kong Wai Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Bai JA, Xu GF, Yan LJ, Zeng WW, Ji QQ, Wu JD, Tang QY. SGK1 inhibits cellular apoptosis and promotes proliferation via the MEK/ERK/p53 pathway in colitis. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:6180-6193. [PMID: 26034353 PMCID: PMC4445095 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i20.6180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the role of serum-and-glucocorticoid-inducible-kinase-1 (SGK1) in colitis and its potential pathological mechanisms.
METHODS: SGK1 expression in mucosal biopsies from patients with active Crohn’s disease (CD) and normal controls was detected by immunohistochemistry. We established an acute colitis model in mice induced by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonicacid, and demonstrated the presence of colitis using the disease activity index, the histologic activity index and hematoxylin and eosin staining. The cellular events and potential mechanisms were implemented with small interference RNA and an inhibitor of signaling molecule (i.e., U0126) in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). The interaction between SGK1 and the signaling molecule was assessed by co-immunoprecipitation.
RESULTS: SGK1 expression was significantly increased in the inflamed epithelia of patients with active CD and TNBS-induced colitis model (0.58 ± 0.055 vs 0.85 ± 0.06, P < 0.01). At the cellular level, silencing of SGK1 by small interference RNA (siSGK1) significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 (MEK1) and the downstream molecule extracellular signal regulated protein kinase (ERK) 1/2, which induced the upregulation of p53 and Bcl-2-associated X protein, mediating the subsequent cellular apoptosis and proliferation in IECs. Cells treated with MEK1 inhibitor (i.e., U0126) before siSGK1 transfection showed a reversal of the siSGK1-induced cellular apoptosis.
CONCLUSION: Our data suggested that SGK1 may protect IECs in colitis from tumor necrosis factor-α-induced apoptosis partly by triggering MEK/ERK activation.
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Sukocheva OA, Li B, Due SL, Hussey DJ, Watson DI. Androgens and esophageal cancer: What do we know? World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:6146-6156. [PMID: 26034350 PMCID: PMC4445092 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i20.6146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Significant disparities exist between genders for the development and progression of several gastro-intestinal (GI) diseases including cancer. Differences in incidence between men vs women for colon, gastric and hepatocellular cancers suggest a role for steroid sex hormones in regulation of GI carcinogenesis. Involvement of intrinsic gender-linked mechanisms is also possible for esophageal adenocarcinoma as its incidence is disproportionally high among men. However, the cause of the observed gender differences and the potential role of androgens in esophageal carcinogenesis remains unclear, even though the cancer-promoting role of androgen receptors (AR) shown in other cancers such as prostate and bladder suggests this aspect warrants exploration. Several studies have demonstrated expression of ARs in esophageal cancer. However, only one study has suggested a potential link between AR signaling and outcome - poorer prognosis. Two groups have analyzed data from cohorts with prostate cancer and one of these found a decreased incidence of esophageal squamous and adenocarcinoma after androgen deprivation therapy. However, very limited information is available about the effects of androgen and AR-initiated signaling on esophageal cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Possible mechanisms for androgens/AR involvement in the regulation of esophageal cancer growth are considered, and the potential use of AR as a prognostic factor and clinical target is highlighted, although insufficient evidence is available to support clinical trials of novel therapies. As esophageal adenocarcinoma is a gender linked cancer with a large male predominance further studies are warranted to clarify the role of androgens and ARs in shaping intracellular signaling and genomic responses in esophageal cancer.
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Berg AH, Rice CD, Rahman MS, Dong J, Thomas P. Identification and characterization of membrane androgen receptors in the ZIP9 zinc transporter subfamily: I. Discovery in female atlantic croaker and evidence ZIP9 mediates testosterone-induced apoptosis of ovarian follicle cells. Endocrinology 2014; 155:4237-49. [PMID: 25014354 PMCID: PMC4197986 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Rapid, cell surface-initiated, pregenomic androgen actions have been described in various vertebrate cells, but the receptors mediating these actions remain unidentified. We report here the cloning and expression of a cDNA from Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus) ovaries encoding a 33-kDa, seven-transmembrane protein with binding and signaling characteristics of a membrane androgen receptor that is unrelated to any previously described steroid receptor. Instead, croaker membrane androgen receptor has 81-93% amino acid sequence identity with zinc transporter ZIP9 (SLC39A9) subfamily members, indicating it is a ZIP9 protein. Croaker ZIP9 is expressed in gonadal tissues and in brain and is up-regulated in the ovary by reproductive hormones. Croaker ZIP9 protein is localized to plasma membranes of croaker granulosa cells and human breast cancer (SKBR-3) cells stably transfected with ZIP9. Recombinant croaker ZIP9 has a high affinity (dissociation constant, Kd, 12.7 nM), limited capacity (maximal binding capacity 2.8 nM/mg protein), displaceable, single binding site-specific for androgens, characteristic of steroid receptors. Testosterone activates a stimulatory G protein coupled to ZIP9, resulting in increased cAMP production. Testosterone promotes serum starvation-induced cell death and apoptosis in transfected cells and in croaker ovarian follicle cells that is associated with rapid increases in intracellular free zinc concentrations, suggesting an involvement of zinc in this nonclassical androgen action to promote apoptosis. These responses to testosterone are abrogated by treatment with ZIP9 small interfering RNA. The results provide the first evidence that zinc transporter proteins can function as specific steroid membrane receptors and indicate a previously unrecognized signaling pathway mediated by steroid receptors involving alterations in intracellular zinc.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Håkan Berg
- Marine Science Institute (A.H.B., M.S.R., J.D., P.T.), The University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, Texas 78373; Department of Science and Technology (A.H.B.), Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden SE-70182; and Department of Biology (C.D.R.), Clemson University, Pendleton, South Carolina 29670
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Stournaras C, Gravanis A, Margioris AN, Lang F. The actin cytoskeleton in rapid steroid hormone actions. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2014; 71:285-93. [DOI: 10.1002/cm.21172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christos Stournaras
- Department of Biochemistry; University of Crete Medical School; Heraklion Greece
- Department of Physiology; University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| | - Achilles Gravanis
- Department of Pharmacology; University of Crete Medical School; Heraklion Greece
| | - Andrew N. Margioris
- Department of Clinical Chemistry; University of Crete Medical School; Heraklion Greece
| | - Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology; University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
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Membrane androgen receptor sensitive Na+/H+ exchanger activity in prostate cancer cells. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:1571-9. [PMID: 24607544 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Membrane androgen receptors (mAR) are expressed in several tumors. mAR activation by testosterone albumin conjugates (TAC) suppresses tumor growth and migration. mAR signaling involves phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) and Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK). PI3K stimulates serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase SGK1, which in turn activates Na(+)/H(+)-exchangers (NHE). In prostate cancer cells cytosolic pH (pHi) was determined utilizing 2',7'-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5-(and-6)-carboxyfluorescein-fluorescence and NHE-activity utilizing Na(+)-dependent cytosolic realkalinization following an ammonium pulse. TAC (100 nM) significantly increased pHi and NHE-activity, effects abrogated by NHE1-inhibitor cariporide (10 μM), SGK1-inhibitors EMD638683 (50 μM) and GSK650349 (10 μM) and ROCK-inhibitors Y-27632 (10 μM) and fasudil (100 μM). TAC treatment rapidly and significantly increased cell volume and actin polymerization, effects abolished in the presence of cariporide. Thus, mAR-activation activates cariporide-sensitive Na(+)/H(+)-exchangers, an effect requiring SGK1 and ROCK activity.
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Anagnostopoulou V, Pediaditakis I, Alkahtani S, Alarifi SA, Schmidt EM, Lang F, Gravanis A, Charalampopoulos I, Stournaras C. Differential effects of dehydroepiandrosterone and testosterone in prostate and colon cancer cell apoptosis: the role of nerve growth factor (NGF) receptors. Endocrinology 2013; 154:2446-56. [PMID: 23696568 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-2249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tumor growth is fostered by inhibition of cell death, which involves the receptiveness of tumor to growth factors and hormones. We have recently shown that testosterone exerts proapoptotic effects in prostate and colon cancer cells through a membrane-initiated mechanism. In addition, we have recently reported that dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can control cell fate, activating nerve growth factor (NGF) receptors, namely tropomyosin-related kinase (Trk)A and p75 neurotrophin receptor, in primary neurons and in PC12 tumoral cells. NGF was recently involved in cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis. In the present study, we explored the cross talk between androgens (testosterone and DHEA) and NGF in regulating apoptosis of prostate and colon cancer cells. DHEA and NGF strongly blunted serum deprivation-induced apoptosis, whereas testosterone induced apoptosis of both cancer cell lines. The antiapoptotic effect of both DHEA and NGF was completely reversed by testosterone. In line with this, DHEA or NGF up-regulated, whereas testosterone down-regulated, the expression of TrkA receptor. The effects of androgens were abolished in both cell lines in the presence of TrkA inhibitor. DHEA induced the phosphorylation of TrkA and the interaction of p75 neurotrophin receptor with its effectors, Rho protein GDP dissociation inhibitor and receptor interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 2. Conversely, testosterone was unable to activate both receptors. Testosterone acted as a DHEA and NGF antagonist, by blocking the activation of both receptors by DHEA or NGF. Our findings suggest that androgens may influence hormone-sensitive tumor cells via their cross talk with NGF receptors. The interplay between steroid hormone and neurotrophins signaling in hormone-dependent tumors offers new insights in the pathophysiology of these neoplasias.
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Alkahtani S. Testosterone induced apoptosis in colon cancer cells is regulated by PI3K/Rac1 signaling. Asian J Androl 2013; 15:831-4. [PMID: 23770942 DOI: 10.1038/aja.2013.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, it has been reported that testosterone membrane signaling regulates actin reorganization and induces pro-apoptotic responses in colon tumor cells. In the present study the membrane androgen receptors (mARs)-induced activation of Rac1 GTPase and the involvement of PI3K/Rac1 signaling in controlling the apoptotic responses in testosterone treated Caco2 colon cancer cells has been analyzed. In line with previous findings, activation of mAR by testosterone conjugates triggered early and transient actin reorganization as indicated by the significant decrease of the G/Total actin ratio after 15- and 30-min treatment of the cells. Interestingly, stimulation of mAR rapidly activated the Rac1 GTPase. This effect was evident after 15 min and persisted for at least 24 h. Testosterone induced Rac1 activation was fully blocked in Caco2 cells pre-treated with the PI3K inhibitor wortmannin, indicating that Rac1 signaling is acting downstream of the PI3K pathway. Remarkably, when cells were pre-treated with wortmannin that blocks the PI3K/Rac1 signaling, apoptotic response was almost fully inhibited. These finding suggest that Rac1 activation, triggering actin redistribution, is involved in testosterone induced pro-apoptotic responses governed by mAR activation and emphasize the regulatory role of PI3K/Rac1 signaling in colon tumors.
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Lang F, Alevizopoulos K, Stournaras C. Targeting membrane androgen receptors in tumors. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2013; 17:951-63. [PMID: 23746222 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2013.806491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the last decade androgen actions that are originated from non-genomic, rapid signaling have been described in a large number of cell models and tissues. These effects are initiated through the stimulation of membrane androgen-binding sites or receptors (mAR). Although the molecular identity of mARs remains elusive, their activation is known to trigger multiple non-genomic signaling cascades and to regulate numerous cell responses. In recent years specific interest is being paid to the role of mARs in tumors. Specifically, it was demonstrated that mAR activation by non-permeable testosterone conjugates induced potent anti-tumorigenic responses in prostate, breast, colon and glial tumors. In addition, in vivo animal studies further emphasized the potential clinical importance of these receptors. AREAS COVERED This review will summarize the current knowledge on the mAR-induced non-genomic, rapid androgen actions. It will focus on the molecular signaling pathways governed by mAR activation, discuss latest attempts to elucidate the molecular identity of mAR, address the plethora of cell responses initiated by mAR and evaluate the potential role of mAR and mAR-specific signaling as possible therapeutic targets in tumors. EXPERT OPINION mAR and mAR-induced specific signaling may represent novel therapeutic targets in tumors through the development of specific testosterone analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Lang
- University of Tübingen, Department of Physiology, Gmelin Str. 5, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
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Lang F, Voelkl J. Therapeutic potential of serum and glucocorticoid inducible kinase inhibition. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2013; 22:701-14. [PMID: 23506284 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2013.778971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Expression of serum-and-glucocorticoid-inducible kinase-1 (SGK1) is low in most cells, but dramatically increases under certain pathophysiological conditions, such as glucocorticoid or mineralocorticoid excess, inflammation with TGFβ release, hyperglycemia, cell shrinkage and ischemia. SGK1 is activated by insulin and growth factors via phosphatidylinositide-3-kinase, 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase and mammalian target of rapamycin. SGK1 sensitive functions include activation of ion channels (including epithelial Na(+) channel ENaC, voltage gated Na(+) channel SCN5A transient receptor potential channels TRPV4 - 6, Ca(2+) release activated Ca(2+) channel Orai1/STIM1, renal outer medullary K(+) channel ROMK, voltage gated K(+) channels KCNE1/KCNQ1, kainate receptor GluR6, cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator CFTR), carriers (including Na(+),Cl(-) symport NCC, Na(+),K(+),2Cl(-) symport NKCC, Na(+)/H(+) exchangers NHE1 and NHE3, Na(+), glucose symport SGLT1, several amino acid transporters), and Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase. SGK1 regulates several enzymes (e.g., glycogen synthase kinase-3, ubiquitin-ligase Nedd4-2) and transcription factors (e.g., forkhead transcription factor 3a, β-catenin, nuclear factor kappa B). AREAS COVERED The phenotype of SGK1 knockout mice is mild and SGK1 is apparently dispensible for basic functions. Excessive SGK1 expression and activity, however, contributes to the pathophysiology of several disorders, including hypertension, obesity, diabetes, thrombosis, stroke, fibrosing disease, infertility and tumor growth. A SGK1 gene variant (prevalence ∼ 3 - 5% in Caucasians and ∼ 10% in Africans) is associated with hypertension, stroke, obesity and type 2 diabetes. SGK1 inhibitors have been developed and shown to reduce blood pressure of hyperinsulinemic mice and to counteract tumor cell survival. EXPERT OPINION Targeting SGK1 may be a therapeutic option in several clinical conditions, including metabolic syndrome and tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Lang
- University of Tuebingen, Department of Physiology, Tuebingen, Germany.
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Pronsato L, Boland R, Milanesi L. Non-classical localization of androgen receptor in the C2C12 skeletal muscle cell line. Arch Biochem Biophys 2013; 530:13-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2012.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Gu S, Kounenidakis M, Schmidt EM, Deshpande D, Alkahtani S, Alarifi S, Föller M, Alevizopoulos K, Lang F, Stournaras C. Rapid activation of FAK/mTOR/p70S6K/PAK1-signaling controls the early testosterone-induced actin reorganization in colon cancer cells. Cell Signal 2013; 25:66-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Anabolic-androgenic steroids induce apoptosis and NOS2 (nitric-oxide synthase 2) in adult rat Leydig cells following in vivo exposure. Reprod Toxicol 2012; 34:686-93. [PMID: 23085480 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are synthetic derivatives of testosterone (T) predominantly taken as drugs of abuse. Using in vivo treatment of adult male rats we investigated the effects of testosterone enanthate (TE) a widely abused AAS, on apoptosis of Leydig cells. Increased T and decreased luteinizing hormone levels in serum and decreased intra-testicular T values were found in 2 and 10 weeks treated groups. Two weeks of TE-treatment stimulated the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) followed by increased NO production, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and increased prevalence of Leydig cell apoptosis. This was prevented by in vivo administration of androgen receptor blocker. The induced NOS2 level and apoptosis returned to control levels after 10 weeks of TE-treatment but testes contained fewer Leydig cells. Overall, AAS in addition to reduced steroidogenesis induce transient increase of Leydig cells apoptotic rate through mechanism associated with androgen receptor, most likely involving NOS2 induction.
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Schmid E, Gu S, Yang W, Münzer P, Schaller M, Lang F, Stournaras C, Shumilina E. Serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase SGK1 regulates reorganization of actin cytoskeleton in mast cells upon degranulation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2012; 304:C49-55. [PMID: 23015548 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00179.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aggregation of the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) on mast cells (MCs) causes MC degranulation, a process that involves cortical F-actin disassembly. Actin depolymerization may be triggered by increase of cytosolic Ca(2+). Entry of Ca(2+) through the Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+) (CRAC) channels is under powerful regulation by the serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase SGK1. Moreover, FcεRI-dependent degranulation is decreased in SGK1-deficient (sgk1(-/-)) MCs. The present study addressed whether SGK1 is required for actin cytoskeleton rearrangement in MCs and whether modulation of actin architecture could underlie decreased degranulation of sgk1(-/-) MCs. Confirming previous results, release of β-hexosaminidase reflecting FcεRI-dependent degranulation was impaired in sgk1(-/-) MCs compared with sgk1(+/+) MCs. When CRAC channels were inhibited by 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB; 50 μM), MC degranulation was strongly decreased in both sgk1(+/+) and sgk1(-/-) MCs and the difference between genotypes was abolished. Moreover, degranulation was impaired by actin-stabilizing (phallacidin) and enhanced by actin-disrupting (cytochalasin B) agents to a similar extent in sgk1(+/+) MCs and sgk1(-/-) MCs, implying a regulatory role of actin reorganization in this event. In line with this, measurements of monomeric (G) and filamentous (F) actin content by FACS analysis and Western blotting of detergent-soluble and -insoluble cell fractions indicated an increase of the G/F-actin ratio in sgk1(+/+) MCs but not in sgk1(-/-) MCs upon FcεRI ligation, an observation reflecting actin depolymerization. In sgk1(+/+) MCs, FcεRI-induced actin depolymerization was abolished by 2-APB. The observed actin reorganization was confirmed by confocal laser microscopic analysis. Our observations uncover SGK1-dependent Ca(2+) entry in mast cells as a novel mechanism regulating actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evi Schmid
- Dept. of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Gmelinstr. 5, D-72072 Tübingen, Germany
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Dreaden EC, Gryder BE, Austin LA, Tene Defo BA, Hayden SC, Pi M, Quarles LD, Oyelere AK, El-Sayed MA. Antiandrogen gold nanoparticles dual-target and overcome treatment resistance in hormone-insensitive prostate cancer cells. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:1507-12. [PMID: 22768914 DOI: 10.1021/bc300158k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among men in the developed countries.(1) One in six males in the U.S.(2) and one in nine males in the U.K.(3) will develop the disease at some point during their lifetime. Despite advances in prostate cancer screening, more than a quarter of a million men die from the disease every year(1) due primarily to treatment-resistance and metastasis. Colloidal nanotechnologies can provide tremendous enhancements to existing targeting/treatment strategies for prostate cancer to which malignant cells are less sensitive. Here, we show that antiandrogen gold nanoparticles--multivalent analogues of antiandrogens currently used in clinical therapy for prostate cancer--selectively engage two distinct receptors, androgen receptor (AR), a target for the treatment of prostate cancer, as well as a novel G-protein coupled receptor, GPRC6A, that is also upregulated in prostate cancer. These nanoparticles selectively accumulated in hormone-insensitive and chemotherapy-resistant prostate cancer cells, bound androgen receptor with multivalent affinity, and exhibited greatly enhanced drug potency versus monovalent antiandrogens currently in clinical use. Further, antiandrogen gold nanoparticles selectively stimulated GPRC6A with multivalent affinity, demonstrating that the delivery of nanoscale antiandrogens can also be facilitated by the transmembrane receptor in order to realize increasingly selective, increasingly potent therapy for treatment-resistant prostate cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik C Dreaden
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, USA
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Ryan CP, Crespi BJ. Androgen receptor polyglutamine repeat number: models of selection and disease susceptibility. Evol Appl 2012; 6:180-96. [PMID: 23467468 PMCID: PMC3586616 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2012.00275.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Variation in polyglutamine repeat number in the androgen receptor (AR CAGn) is negatively correlated with the transcription of androgen-responsive genes and is associated with susceptibility to an extensive list of human disease. Only a small portion of the heritability for many of these diseases is explained by conventional SNP-based genome-wide association studies, and the forces shaping AR CAGn among humans remains largely unexplored. Here, we propose evolutionary models for understanding selection at the AR CAG locus, namely balancing selection, sexual conflict, accumulation-selection, and antagonistic pleiotropy. We evaluate these models by examining AR CAGn-linked susceptibility to eight extensively studied diseases representing the diverse physiological roles of androgens, and consider the costs of these diseases by their frequency and fitness effects. Five diseases could contribute to the distribution of AR CAGn observed among contemporary human populations. With support for disease susceptibilities associated with long and short AR CAGn, balancing selection provides a useful model for studying selection at this locus. Gender-specific differences AR CAGn health effects also support this locus as a candidate for sexual conflict over repeat number. Accompanied by the accumulation of AR CAGn in humans, these models help explain the distribution of repeat number in contemporary human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calen P Ryan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University Burnaby, BC, Canada
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