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Song YJ, Zhang J, Xu Z, Nie P, Chang MX. Liver X Receptor LXRα Promotes Grass Carp Reovirus Infection by Attenuating IRF3-CBP Interaction and Inhibiting RLR Antiviral Signaling. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:1006-1019. [PMID: 37548504 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) are nuclear receptors involved in metabolism and the immune response. Different from mammalian LXRs, which include two isoforms, LXRα and LXRβ, only a single LXRα gene exists in the piscine genomes. Although a study has suggested that piscine LXR inhibits intracellular bacterial survival, the functions of piscine LXRα in viral infection are unknown. In this study, we show that overexpression of LXRα from grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus), which is named as gcLXRα, increases host susceptibility to grass carp reovirus (GCRV) infection, whereas gcLXRα knockdown in CIK (C. idellus kidney) cells inhibits GCRV infection. Consistent with these functional studies, gcLXRα knockdown promotes the transcription of antiviral genes involved in the RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) antiviral signaling pathway, including IFN regulatory factor (IRF3) and the type I IFN IFN1. Further results show that gcLXRα knockdown induces the expression of CREB-binding protein (CBP), a transcriptional coactivator. In the knockdown of CBP, the inhibitory effect of gcLXRα knockdown in limiting GCRV infection is completely abolished. gcLXRα also interacts with IRF3 and CBP, which impairs the formation of the IRF3/CBP transcription complex. Moreover, gcLXRα heterodimerizes with RXRg, which cooperatively impair the transcription of the RLR antiviral signaling pathway and promote GCRV infection. Taken together, to our knowledge, our findings provide new insight into the functional correlation between nuclear receptor LXRα and the RLR antiviral signaling pathway, and they demonstrate that gcLXRα can impair the RLR antiviral signaling pathway and the production of type I IFN via forming gcLXRα/RXRg complexes and attenuating IRF3/CBP complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Jie Song
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Pin Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Xian Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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2
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Mlera L, Collins-McMillen D, Zeltzer S, Buehler JC, Moy M, Zarrella K, Caviness K, Cicchini L, Tafoya DJ, Goodrum F. Liver X Receptor-Inducible Host E3 Ligase IDOL Targets a Human Cytomegalovirus Reactivation Determinant. J Virol 2023; 97:e0075823. [PMID: 37338407 PMCID: PMC10373547 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00758-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver X receptor (LXR) signaling broadly restricts virus replication; however, the mechanisms of restriction are poorly defined. Here, we demonstrate that the cellular E3 ligase LXR-inducible degrader of low-density lipoprotein receptor (IDOL) targets the human cytomegalovirus (HMCV) UL136p33 protein for turnover. UL136 encodes multiple proteins that differentially impact latency and reactivation. UL136p33 is a determinant of reactivation. UL136p33 is targeted for rapid turnover by the proteasome, and its stabilization by mutation of lysine residues to arginine results in a failure to quiet replication for latency. We show that IDOL targets UL136p33 for turnover but not the stabilized variant. IDOL is highly expressed in undifferentiated hematopoietic cells where HCMV establishes latency but is sharply downregulated upon differentiation, a stimulus for reactivation. We hypothesize that IDOL maintains low levels of UL136p33 for the establishment of latency. Consistent with this hypothesis, knockdown of IDOL impacts viral gene expression in wild-type (WT) HCMV infection but not in infection where UL136p33 has been stabilized. Furthermore, the induction of LXR signaling restricts WT HCMV reactivation from latency but does not affect the replication of a recombinant virus expressing a stabilized variant of UL136p33. This work establishes the UL136p33-IDOL interaction as a key regulator of the bistable switch between latency and reactivation. It further suggests a model whereby a key viral determinant of HCMV reactivation is regulated by a host E3 ligase and acts as a sensor at the tipping point between the decision to maintain the latent state or exit latency for reactivation. IMPORTANCE Herpesviruses establish lifelong latent infections, which pose an important risk for disease particularly in the immunocompromised. Our work is focused on the betaherpesvirus human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) that latently infects the majority of the population worldwide. Defining the mechanisms by which HCMV establishes latency or reactivates from latency is important for controlling viral disease. Here, we demonstrate that the cellular inducible degrader of low-density lipoprotein receptor (IDOL) targets a HCMV determinant of reactivation for degradation. The instability of this determinant is important for the establishment of latency. This work defines a pivotal virus-host interaction that allows HCMV to sense changes in host biology to navigate decisions to establish latency or to replicate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luwanika Mlera
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Donna Collins-McMillen
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Sebastian Zeltzer
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Jason C. Buehler
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Melissa Moy
- Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Cancer Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Kristen Zarrella
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Katie Caviness
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Genetics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Louis Cicchini
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - David J. Tafoya
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Felicia Goodrum
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Cancer Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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3
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Yin J, Xu J, Chen C, Ma X, Zhu H, Xie L, Wang B, Shao Y, Zhao Y, Wei Y, Hu A, Zheng Z, Yu C, Fu J, Zheng L. HECT, UBA and WWE domain containing 1 represses cholesterol efflux during CD4 + T cell activation in Sjögren's syndrome. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1191692. [PMID: 37435494 PMCID: PMC10330700 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1191692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by exocrine gland dysfunction, leading to loss of salivary function. Histological analysis of salivary glands from SS patients reveals a high infiltration of immune cells, particularly activated CD4+ T cells. Thus, interventions targeting abnormal activation of CD4+ T cells may provide promising therapeutic strategies for SS. Here, we demonstrate that Hect, uba, and wwe domain containing 1 (HUWE1), a member of the eukaryotic Hect E3 ubiquitin ligase family, plays a critical role in CD4+ T-cell activation and SS pathophysiology. Methods: In the context of HUWE1 inhibition, we investigated the impact of the HUWE1 inhibitor BI8626 and sh-Huwe1 on CD4+ T cells in mice, focusing on the assessment of activation levels, proliferation capacity, and cholesterol abundance. Furthermore, we examined the therapeutic potential of BI8626 in NOD/ShiLtj mice and evaluated its efficacy as a treatment strategy. Results: Inhibition of HUWE1 reduces ABCA1 ubiquitination and promotes cholesterol efflux, decreasing intracellular cholesterol and reducing the expression of phosphorylated ZAP-70, CD25, and other activation markers, culminating in the suppressed proliferation of CD4+ T cells. Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of HUWE1 significantly reduces CD4+ T-cell infiltration in the submandibular glands and improves salivary flow rate in NOD/ShiLtj mice. Conclusion: These findings suggest that HUWE1 may regulate CD4+ T-cell activation and SS development by modulating ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux and presents a promising target for SS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhao Yin
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiabao Xu
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Changyu Chen
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyi Ma
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanyi Zhu
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Lisong Xie
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Baoli Wang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanxiong Shao
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yijie Zhao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Wei
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Anni Hu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhanglong Zheng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuangqi Yu
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayao Fu
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingyan Zheng
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
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4
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Wang Y, Li GL, Qi YL, Li LY, Wang LF, Wang CR, Niu XR, Liu TX, Wang J, Yang GY, Zeng L, Chu BB. Pseudorabies Virus Inhibits Expression of Liver X Receptors to Assist Viral Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030514. [PMID: 35336921 PMCID: PMC8954865 DOI: 10.3390/v14030514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a contagious herpesvirus that causes Aujeszky’s disease and economic losses worldwide. Liver X receptors (LXRs) belong to the nuclear receptor superfamily and are critical for the control of lipid homeostasis. However, the role of LXR in PRV infection has not been fully established. In this study, we found that PRV infection downregulated the mRNA and protein levels of LXRα and LXRβ in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we discovered that LXR activation suppressed PRV proliferation, while LXR inhibition promoted PRV proliferation. We demonstrated that LXR activation-mediated reduction of cellular cholesterol was critical for the dynamics of PRV entry-dependent clathrin-coated pits. Replenishment of cholesterol restored the dynamics of clathrin-coated pits and PRV entry under LXR activation conditions. Interestingly, T0901317, an LXR agonist, prevented PRV infection in mice. Our results support a model that PRV modulates LXR-regulated cholesterol metabolism to facilitate viral proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Y.W.); (G.-L.L.); (Y.-L.Q.); (L.-Y.L.); (L.-F.W.); (C.-R.W.); (X.-R.N.); (T.-X.L.); (J.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou 450046, China;
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Guo-Li Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Y.W.); (G.-L.L.); (Y.-L.Q.); (L.-Y.L.); (L.-F.W.); (C.-R.W.); (X.-R.N.); (T.-X.L.); (J.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou 450046, China;
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yan-Li Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Y.W.); (G.-L.L.); (Y.-L.Q.); (L.-Y.L.); (L.-F.W.); (C.-R.W.); (X.-R.N.); (T.-X.L.); (J.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou 450046, China;
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Li-Yun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Y.W.); (G.-L.L.); (Y.-L.Q.); (L.-Y.L.); (L.-F.W.); (C.-R.W.); (X.-R.N.); (T.-X.L.); (J.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou 450046, China;
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Lu-Fang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Y.W.); (G.-L.L.); (Y.-L.Q.); (L.-Y.L.); (L.-F.W.); (C.-R.W.); (X.-R.N.); (T.-X.L.); (J.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou 450046, China;
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Cong-Rong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Y.W.); (G.-L.L.); (Y.-L.Q.); (L.-Y.L.); (L.-F.W.); (C.-R.W.); (X.-R.N.); (T.-X.L.); (J.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou 450046, China;
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xin-Rui Niu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Y.W.); (G.-L.L.); (Y.-L.Q.); (L.-Y.L.); (L.-F.W.); (C.-R.W.); (X.-R.N.); (T.-X.L.); (J.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou 450046, China;
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Tao-Xue Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Y.W.); (G.-L.L.); (Y.-L.Q.); (L.-Y.L.); (L.-F.W.); (C.-R.W.); (X.-R.N.); (T.-X.L.); (J.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou 450046, China;
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Y.W.); (G.-L.L.); (Y.-L.Q.); (L.-Y.L.); (L.-F.W.); (C.-R.W.); (X.-R.N.); (T.-X.L.); (J.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou 450046, China;
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Guo-Yu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou 450046, China;
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450047, China
| | - Lei Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Y.W.); (G.-L.L.); (Y.-L.Q.); (L.-Y.L.); (L.-F.W.); (C.-R.W.); (X.-R.N.); (T.-X.L.); (J.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou 450046, China;
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (B.-B.C.)
| | - Bei-Bei Chu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Y.W.); (G.-L.L.); (Y.-L.Q.); (L.-Y.L.); (L.-F.W.); (C.-R.W.); (X.-R.N.); (T.-X.L.); (J.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou 450046, China;
- Key Laboratory of Animal Growth and Development, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (B.-B.C.)
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5
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Kim D, Chung H, Lee JE, Kim J, Hwang J, Chung Y. Immunologic Aspects of Dyslipidemia: a Critical Regulator of Adaptive Immunity and Immune Disorders. J Lipid Atheroscler 2021; 10:184-201. [PMID: 34095011 PMCID: PMC8159760 DOI: 10.12997/jla.2021.10.2.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Dyslipidemia is a major cause of cardiovascular diseases which represent a leading cause of death in humans. Diverse immune cells are known to be involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis. Conversely, dyslipidemia is known to be tightly associated with immune disorders in humans, as evidenced by a higher incidence of atherosclerosis in patients with autoimmune diseases including psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Given that the dyslipidemia-related autoimmune diseases are caused by autoreactive T cells and B cells, dyslipidemia seems to directly or indirectly regulate the adaptive immunity. Indeed, accumulating evidence has unveiled that proatherogenic factors can impact the differentiation and function of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and B cells. This review discusses an updated overview on the regulation of adaptive immunity by dyslipidemia and proposes a potential therapeutic strategy for immune disorders by targeting lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daehong Kim
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hayeon Chung
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Lee
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jiyeon Kim
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Junseok Hwang
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeonseok Chung
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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6
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Frambach SJCM, de Haas R, Smeitink JAM, Rongen GA, Russel FGM, Schirris TJJ. Brothers in Arms: ABCA1- and ABCG1-Mediated Cholesterol Efflux as Promising Targets in Cardiovascular Disease Treatment. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 72:152-190. [PMID: 31831519 DOI: 10.1124/pr.119.017897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of cardiovascular disease worldwide, and hypercholesterolemia is a major risk factor. Preventive treatments mainly focus on the effective reduction of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, but their therapeutic value is limited by the inability to completely normalize atherosclerotic risk, probably due to the disease complexity and multifactorial pathogenesis. Consequently, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol gained much interest, as it appeared to be cardioprotective due to its major role in reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). RCT facilitates removal of cholesterol from peripheral tissues, including atherosclerotic plaques, and its subsequent hepatic clearance into bile. Therefore, RCT is expected to limit plaque formation and progression. Cellular cholesterol efflux is initiated and propagated by the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters ABCA1 and ABCG1. Their expression and function are expected to be rate-limiting for cholesterol efflux, which makes them interesting targets to stimulate RCT and lower atherosclerotic risk. This systematic review discusses the molecular mechanisms relevant for RCT and ABCA1 and ABCG1 function, followed by a critical overview of potential pharmacological strategies with small molecules to enhance cellular cholesterol efflux and RCT. These strategies include regulation of ABCA1 and ABCG1 expression, degradation, and mRNA stability. Various small molecules have been demonstrated to increase RCT, but the underlying mechanisms are often not completely understood and are rather unspecific, potentially causing adverse effects. Better understanding of these mechanisms could enable the development of safer drugs to increase RCT and provide more insight into its relation with atherosclerotic risk. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Hypercholesterolemia is an important risk factor of atherosclerosis, which is a leading pathological mechanism underlying cardiovascular disease. Cholesterol is removed from atherosclerotic plaques and subsequently cleared by the liver into bile. This transport is mediated by high-density lipoprotein particles, to which cholesterol is transferred via ATP-binding cassette transporters ABCA1 and ABCG1. Small-molecule pharmacological strategies stimulating these transporters may provide promising options for cardiovascular disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne J C M Frambach
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (S.J.C.M.F., G.A.R., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine (S.J.C.M.F., R.d.H., J.A.M.S., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Department of Pediatrics (R.d.H., J.A.M.S.), and Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences (G.A.R.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ria de Haas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (S.J.C.M.F., G.A.R., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine (S.J.C.M.F., R.d.H., J.A.M.S., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Department of Pediatrics (R.d.H., J.A.M.S.), and Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences (G.A.R.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A M Smeitink
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (S.J.C.M.F., G.A.R., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine (S.J.C.M.F., R.d.H., J.A.M.S., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Department of Pediatrics (R.d.H., J.A.M.S.), and Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences (G.A.R.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard A Rongen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (S.J.C.M.F., G.A.R., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine (S.J.C.M.F., R.d.H., J.A.M.S., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Department of Pediatrics (R.d.H., J.A.M.S.), and Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences (G.A.R.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frans G M Russel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (S.J.C.M.F., G.A.R., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine (S.J.C.M.F., R.d.H., J.A.M.S., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Department of Pediatrics (R.d.H., J.A.M.S.), and Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences (G.A.R.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tom J J Schirris
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (S.J.C.M.F., G.A.R., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine (S.J.C.M.F., R.d.H., J.A.M.S., F.G.M.R., T.J.J.S.), Department of Pediatrics (R.d.H., J.A.M.S.), and Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences (G.A.R.), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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7
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Analysis of Low Molecular Weight Substances and Related Processes Influencing Cellular Cholesterol Efflux. Pharmaceut Med 2020; 33:465-498. [PMID: 31933239 PMCID: PMC7101889 DOI: 10.1007/s40290-019-00308-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol efflux is the key process protecting the vascular system from the development of atherosclerotic lesions. Various extracellular and intracellular events affect the ability of the cell to efflux excess cholesterol. To explore the possible pathways and processes that promote or inhibit cholesterol efflux, we applied a combined cheminformatic and bioinformatic approach. We performed a comprehensive analysis of published data on the various substances influencing cholesterol efflux and found 153 low molecular weight substances that are included in the Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI) database. Pathway enrichment was performed for substances identified within the Reactome database, and 45 substances were selected in 93 significant pathways. The most common pathways included the energy-dependent processes related to active cholesterol transport from the cell, lipoprotein metabolism and lipid transport, and signaling pathways. The activators and inhibitors of cholesterol efflux were non-uniformly distributed among the different pathways: the substances influencing ‘biological oxidations’ activate cholesterol efflux and the substances influencing ‘Signaling by GPCR and PTK6’ inhibit efflux. This analysis may be used in the search and design of efflux effectors for therapies targeting structural and functional high-density lipoprotein deficiency.
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8
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Glaría E, Letelier NA, Valledor AF. Integrating the roles of liver X receptors in inflammation and infection: mechanisms and outcomes. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2020; 53:55-65. [PMID: 32599447 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) are transcription factors from the nuclear receptor family that can be pharmacologically activated by high-affinity agonists. LXR activation exerts a combination of metabolic and anti-inflammatory actions that result in the modulation of immune responses and in the amelioration of inflammatory disorders. In addition, LXR agonists modulate the metabolism of infected cells and limit the infectivity and/or growth of several pathogens. This review gives an overview of the recent advances in understanding the complexity of the mechanisms through which the LXR pathway controls inflammation and host-cell pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estibaliz Glaría
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nicole A Letelier
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Annabel F Valledor
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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9
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High-Density Lipoprotein Functionality as a New Pharmacological Target on Cardiovascular Disease: Unifying Mechanism That Explains High-Density Lipoprotein Protection Toward the Progression of Atherosclerosis. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2019. [PMID: 29528874 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The formation of the atherosclerotic plaque that is characterized by the accumulation of abnormal amounts of cholesterol-loaded macrophages in the artery wall is mediated by both inflammatory events and alterations of lipid/lipoprotein metabolism. Reverse transport of cholesterol opposes the formation and development of atherosclerotic plaque by promoting high density lipoprotein (HDL)-mediated removal of cholesterol from peripheral macrophages and its delivery back to the liver for excretion into the bile. Although an inverse association between HDL plasma levels and the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been demonstrated over the years, several studies have recently shown that the antiatherogenic functions of HDL seem to be mediated by their functionality, not always associated with their plasma concentrations. Therefore, assessment of HDL function, evaluated as the capacity to promote cell cholesterol efflux, may offer a better prediction of CVD than HDL levels alone. In agreement with this idea, it has recently been shown that the assessment of serum cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC), as a metric of HDL functionality, may represent a predictor of atherosclerosis extent in humans. The purpose of this narrative review is to summarize the current evidence concerning the role of cholesterol efflux capacity that is important for evaluating CVD risk, focusing on pharmacological evidences and its relationship with inflammation. We conclude that HDL therapeutics are a promising area of investigation but strategies for identifying efficacy must move beyond the idea of simply raising static HDL-cholesterol levels and toward methods of measuring the dynamics of HDL particle remodeling and the generation of lipid-free apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I). In this way, apoA-I, unlike mature HDL, can promote the greatest extent of cholesterol efflux relieving cellular cholesterol toxicity and the inflammation it causes.
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10
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LXR Alpha Restricts Gammaherpesvirus Reactivation from Latently Infected Peritoneal Cells. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.02071-18. [PMID: 30602604 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02071-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Gammaherpesviruses are ubiquitous viruses that establish lifelong infections. Importantly, these viruses are associated with numerous cancers and lymphoproliferative diseases. While risk factors for developing gammaherpesvirus-driven cancers are poorly understood, it is clear that elevated viral reactivation from latency often precedes oncogenesis. Here, we demonstrate that the liver X receptor alpha isoform (LXRα) restricts gammaherpesvirus reactivation in an anatomic-site-specific manner. We have previously demonstrated that deficiency of both LXR isoforms (α and β) leads to an increase in fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis in primary macrophage cultures, with a corresponding increase in gammaherpesvirus replication. Interestingly, expression of fatty acid synthesis genes was not derepressed in LXRα-deficient hosts, indicating that the antiviral effects of LXRα are independent of lipogenesis. Additionally, the critical host defenses against gammaherpesvirus reactivation, virus-specific CD8+ T cells and interferon (IFN) signaling, remained intact in the absence of LXRα. Remarkably, using a murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68) reporter virus, we discovered that LXRα expression dictates the cellular tropism of MHV68 in the peritoneal cavity. Specifically, LXRα-/- mice exhibit reduced latency within the peritoneal B cell compartment and elevated latency within F4/80+ cells. Thus, LXRα restricts gammaherpesvirus reactivation through a novel mechanism that is independent of the known CD8+ T cell-based antiviral responses or changes in lipid synthesis and likely involves changes in the tropism of MHV68 in the peritoneal cavity.IMPORTANCE Liver X receptors (LXRs) are nuclear receptors that mediate cholesterol and fatty acid homeostasis. Importantly, as ligand-activated transcription factors, LXRs represent potential targets for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. Here, we demonstrate that LXRα, one of the two LXR isoforms, restricts reactivation of latent gammaherpesvirus from peritoneal cells. As gammaherpesviruses are ubiquitous oncogenic agents, LXRs may represent a targetable host factor for the treatment of poorly controlled gammaherpesvirus infection and associated lymphomagenesis.
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11
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Liver X Receptors Suppress Activity of Cholesterol and Fatty Acid Synthesis Pathways To Oppose Gammaherpesvirus Replication. mBio 2018; 9:mBio.01115-18. [PMID: 30018108 PMCID: PMC6050960 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01115-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gammaherpesviruses are oncogenic pathogens that persist in ~95% of the adult population. Cellular metabolic pathways have emerged as important regulators of many viral infections, including infections by gammaherpesviruses that require several lipid synthetic pathways for optimal replication. Liver X receptors (LXRs) are transcription factors that are critical regulators of cellular fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis pathways. Not surprisingly, LXRs are attractive therapeutic targets in cardiovascular disease. Here we describe an antiviral role for LXRs in the context of gammaherpesvirus infection of primary macrophages. We show that type I interferon increased LXR expression following infection. Surprisingly, there was not a corresponding induction of LXR target genes. Rather, LXRs suppressed the expression of target genes, leading to decreased fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis, two metabolic pathways that support gammaherpesvirus replication. This report defines LXR-mediated restriction of cholesterol and lipid synthesis as an intrinsic metabolic mechanism to restrict viral replication in innate immune cells.IMPORTANCE Fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis pathways of the host play important roles in diverse biological systems. Importantly, these two metabolic pathways are also usurped by a number of viruses to facilitate viral replication. In this report, we show that suppression of these pathways by liver X receptors in primary macrophages creates an intrinsic antiviral state that attenuates gammaherpesvirus replication by limiting viral access to the two metabolic pathways.
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12
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Andersen CJ. Impact of Dietary Cholesterol on the Pathophysiology of Infectious and Autoimmune Disease. Nutrients 2018; 10:E764. [PMID: 29899295 PMCID: PMC6024721 DOI: 10.3390/nu10060764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular cholesterol metabolism, lipid raft formation, and lipoprotein interactions contribute to the regulation of immune-mediated inflammation and response to pathogens. Lipid pathways have been implicated in the pathogenesis of bacterial and viral infections, whereas altered lipid metabolism may contribute to immune dysfunction in autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Interestingly, dietary cholesterol may exert protective or detrimental effects on risk, progression, and treatment of different infectious and autoimmune diseases, although current findings suggest that these effects are variable across populations and different diseases. Research evaluating the effects of dietary cholesterol, often provided by eggs or as a component of Western-style diets, demonstrates that cholesterol-rich dietary patterns affect markers of immune inflammation and cellular cholesterol metabolism, while additionally modulating lipoprotein profiles and functional properties of HDL. Further, cholesterol-rich diets appear to differentially impact immunomodulatory lipid pathways across human populations of variable metabolic status, suggesting that these complex mechanisms may underlie the relationship between dietary cholesterol and immunity. Given the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015⁻2020 revision to no longer include limitations on dietary cholesterol, evaluation of dietary cholesterol recommendations beyond the context of cardiovascular disease risk is particularly timely. This review provides a comprehensive and comparative analysis of significant and controversial studies on the role of dietary cholesterol and lipid metabolism in the pathophysiology of infectious disease and autoimmune disorders, highlighting the need for further investigation in this developing area of research.
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13
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Hu J, Luo T, Xi D, Guo K, Hu L, Zhao J, Chen S, Guo Z. Silencing ZAP70 prevents HSP65-induced reverse cholesterol transport and NF-κB activation in T cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 102:271-277. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.03.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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14
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Bietz A, Zhu H, Xue M, Xu C. Cholesterol Metabolism in T Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1664. [PMID: 29230226 PMCID: PMC5711771 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Compartmentalization and spatial control of biochemical reactions is the foundation of cell-based life on earth. The lipid bilayer system employed by eukaryote cells not only keeps them separate from the environment but also provides a platform for key receptors to sense and interact with outside factors. Arguably one of the cell types most reliant on interactions of this kind, immune cells depend on their membrane to keep functioning properly. In this review, the influence of variation in cholesterol levels, a key component of lipid bilayer stability, on T cells will be discussed in detail. In comparison to other cells, T cells must be able to undergo rapid activation followed by proliferation. Furthermore, receptor colocalization is an important mechanism in this activation process. The impact of cholesterol availability on the processes of T cell proliferation and receptor sensitivity, as well as its potential for immunomodulation in disease treatment will be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Bietz
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Chinese Academy Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hengyu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Chinese Academy Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Manman Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Chinese Academy Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenqi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Chinese Academy Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
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15
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Luo T, Hu J, Xi D, Xiong H, He W, Liu J, Li M, Lu H, Zhao J, Lai W, Guo Z. Lck Inhibits Heat Shock Protein 65-Mediated Reverse Cholesterol Transport in T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:3861-3870. [PMID: 27742830 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we reported that heat shock protein (HSP)65 impairs the effects of high-density lipoprotein on macrophages. We also showed that immune response activation adversely affects reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). In this study, we investigated the effects of the Src family kinase lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (Lck) and elucidated the mechanism underlying HSP65-regulated cholesterol efflux in T cells. We evaluated cell proliferation, Lck expression, and inflammatory cytokine production in Jurkat cells and CD4+ T cells. HSP65-mediated inhibition of RCT was assessed by evaluating ABCA1, ABCG1, SR-BI, PPAR-γ, and liver X receptor-α expression. A dose-dependent relationship was found between the levels of these proteins and the suppression of cholesterol efflux. Stimulation of Lck-silenced T cells with ionomycin resulted in a decrease in intracellular calcium levels. Treatment of Jurkat cells with PP2, an inhibitor of Src family kinase, inhibited calcium-induced, but not PMA-induced, ERK phosphorylation. NF-κB activation in response to PMA was minimally inhibited in cells stimulated with PP2. HSP65 failed to trigger downstream ERK or JNK phosphorylation or to activate NF-κB or protein kinase C-γ in Lck-silenced cells. Additionally, elevation of intracellular calcium was also impaired. However, HSP65 significantly enhanced cholesterol efflux and decreased cellular cholesterol content by inducing the expression of cholesterol transport proteins in Lck-silenced cells. The treatment of Jurkat cells with PP2 also inhibited cell proliferation and promoted RCT. In conclusion, Lck is a key molecule in the TCR signaling cascade that inhibits cholesterol efflux and upregulates intracellular cholesterol ester content in T cells. Our results demonstrate that the immune response plays a previously unrecognized role in RCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Luo
- Division of Cardiology, HuiQiao Medical Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Hu
- Division of Cardiology, HuiQiao Medical Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Xi
- Division of Cardiology, HuiQiao Medical Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Haowei Xiong
- Division of Cardiology, HuiQiao Medical Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenshuai He
- Division of Cardiology, HuiQiao Medical Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Jichen Liu
- Division of Cardiology, HuiQiao Medical Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Menghao Li
- Division of Cardiology, HuiQiao Medical Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Lu
- Division of Cardiology, HuiQiao Medical Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinzhen Zhao
- Division of Cardiology, HuiQiao Medical Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyan Lai
- Division of Cardiology, HuiQiao Medical Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigang Guo
- Division of Cardiology, HuiQiao Medical Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China
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16
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Bouttier M, Laperriere D, Memari B, Mangiapane J, Fiore A, Mitchell E, Verway M, Behr MA, Sladek R, Barreiro LB, Mader S, White JH. Alu repeats as transcriptional regulatory platforms in macrophage responses to M. tuberculosis infection. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:10571-10587. [PMID: 27604870 PMCID: PMC5159539 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand the epigenetic regulation of transcriptional response of macrophages during early-stage M. tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, we performed ChIPseq analysis of H3K4 monomethylation (H3K4me1), a marker of poised or active enhancers. De novo H3K4me1 peaks in infected cells were associated with genes implicated in host defenses and apoptosis. Our analysis revealed that 40% of de novo regions contained human/primate-specific Alu transposable elements, enriched in the AluJ and S subtypes. These contained several transcription factor binding sites, including those for members of the MEF2 and ATF families, and LXR and RAR nuclear receptors, all of which have been implicated in macrophage differentiation, survival, and responses to stress and infection. Combining bioinformatics, molecular genetics, and biochemical approaches, we linked genes adjacent to H3K4me1-associated Alu repeats to macrophage metabolic responses against Mtb infection. In particular, we show that LXRα signaling, which reduced Mtb viability 18-fold by altering cholesterol metabolism and enhancing macrophage apoptosis, can be initiated at response elements present in Alu repeats. These studies decipher the mechanism of early macrophage transcriptional responses to Mtb, highlighting the role of Alu element transposition in shaping human transcription programs during innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuella Bouttier
- Department of Physiology, Montréal, Québec, Canada .,McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - David Laperriere
- Département de Biochimie, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Institut de Recherche en Immunologie et Cancérologie (IRIC), Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Babak Memari
- Department of Physiology, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Joseph Mangiapane
- Department of Physiology, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Amanda Fiore
- Department of Physiology, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Eric Mitchell
- Department of Physiology, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Mark Verway
- Department of Physiology, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marcel A Behr
- McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,McGill International TB Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Robert Sladek
- McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,School of Computer Science, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Luis B Barreiro
- Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sylvie Mader
- Département de Biochimie, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Institut de Recherche en Immunologie et Cancérologie (IRIC), Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - John H White
- Department of Physiology, Montréal, Québec, Canada .,McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Medecine, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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17
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Long J, Basu Roy R, Zhang YJ, Antrobus R, Du Y, Smith DL, Weekes MP, Javid B. Plasma Membrane Profiling Reveals Upregulation of ABCA1 by Infected Macrophages Leading to Restriction of Mycobacterial Growth. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1086. [PMID: 27462310 PMCID: PMC4940386 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The plasma membrane represents a critical interface between the internal and extracellular environments, and harbors multiple proteins key receptors and transporters that play important roles in restriction of intracellular infection. We applied plasma membrane profiling, a technique that combines quantitative mass spectrometry with selective cell surface aminooxy-biotinylation, to Bacille Calmette–Guérin (BCG)-infected THP-1 macrophages. We quantified 559 PM proteins in BCG-infected THP-1 cells. One significantly upregulated cell-surface protein was the cholesterol transporter ABCA1. We showed that ABCA1 was upregulated on the macrophage cell-surface following infection with pathogenic mycobacteria and knockdown of ABCA1 resulted in increased mycobacterial survival within macrophages, suggesting that it may be a novel mycobacterial host-restriction factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Long
- Collaboration Innovation Centre for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Robin Antrobus
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
| | - Yuxian Du
- Collaboration Innovation Centre for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University Beijing, China
| | - Duncan L Smith
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester Manchester, UK
| | - Michael P Weekes
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
| | - Babak Javid
- Collaboration Innovation Centre for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Tsinghua UniversityBeijing, China; Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, BostonMA, USA
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18
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Sheng XX, Sun YJ, Zhan Y, Qu YR, Wang HX, Luo M, Liao Y, Qiu XS, Ding C, Fan HJ, Mao X. The LXR ligand GW3965 inhibits Newcastle disease virus infection by affecting cholesterol homeostasis. Arch Virol 2016; 161:2491-501. [PMID: 27357231 PMCID: PMC7087268 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-2950-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Newcastle disease (ND) is a contagious disease that affects most species of birds. Its causative pathogen, Newcastle disease virus (NDV), also exhibits considerable oncolytic activity against mammalian cancers. A better understanding of the pathogenesis of NDV will help us design efficient vaccines and novel anticancer strategies. GW3965, a widely used synthetic ligand of liver X receptor (LXR), induces the expression of LXRs and its downstream genes, including ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1). ABCA1 regulates cellular cholesterol homeostasis. Here, we found that GW3965 inhibited NDV infection in DF-1 cells. It also inhibited NF-κB activation and reduced the upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines induced by the infection. Further studies showed that GW3965 exerted its inhibitory effects on virus entry and replication. NDV infection increased the mRNA levels of several lipogenic genes but decreased the ABCA1 mRNA level. Overexpression of ABCA1 inhibited NDV infection and reduced the cholesterol content in DF-1 cells, but when the cholesterol was replenished, NDV infection was restored. GW3965 treatment prevented cholesterol accumulation in the perinuclear area of the infected cells. In summary, our studies suggest that GW3965 inhibits NDV infection, probably by affecting cholesterol homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Xiang Sheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying-Jie Sun
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Zhan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Rong Qu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua-Xia Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Miao Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Liao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu-Sheng Qiu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chan Ding
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hong-Jie Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiang Mao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China. .,Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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19
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Jiang H, Promchan K, Lin BR, Lockett S, Chen D, Marshall H, Badralmaa Y, Natarajan V. LZTFL1 Upregulated by All-Trans Retinoic Acid during CD4+ T Cell Activation Enhances IL-5 Production. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2016; 196:1081-90. [PMID: 26700766 PMCID: PMC4724573 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acids, which are metabolites of vitamin A, have been shown to be involved in multiple T cell effector responses through their binding to the retinoic acid receptor, a ligand-activated transcription factor. Because the molecular mechanism of regulation by retinoic acid is still not fully uncovered, we investigated the gene expression profile of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-treated human CD4(+) T cells. Leucine zipper transcription factor-like 1 (LZTFL1) was upregulated by ATRA in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The expression of LZTFL1 depended on both ATRA and TCR signaling. LZTFL1 accumulated in the plasma membrane compartment of human CD4(+) T cells, and, during immunological synapse formation, it transiently redistributed to the T cell and APC contact zone, indicating its role in T cell activation. Live-cell imaging demonstrates that at the initial stage of immunological synapse formation, LZTFL1 is concentrated at the APC contact site, and, during later stages, it relocates to the distal pole. Knockdown of LZTFL1 reduced the basal- and ATRA-induced levels of IL-5 in CD4(+) T cells, and overexpression of LZTFL1 enhanced the TCR-mediated NFAT signaling, suggesting that LZTFL1 is an important regulator of ATRA-induced T cell response. Together, these data indicate that LZTFL1 modulates T cell activation and IL-5 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jiang
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702; and
| | - Kanyarat Promchan
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702; and
| | - Bor-Ruei Lin
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702; and
| | - Stephen Lockett
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - De Chen
- Optical Microscopy and Analysis Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Heather Marshall
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702; and
| | - Yunden Badralmaa
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702; and
| | - Ven Natarajan
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702; and
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Perez J, Dansou B, Hervé R, Levi C, Tamouza H, Vandermeersch S, Demey-Thomas E, Haymann JP, Zafrani L, Klatzmann D, Boissier MC, Letavernier E, Baud L. Calpains Released by T Lymphocytes Cleave TLR2 To Control IL-17 Expression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 196:168-81. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Vilette D, Laulagnier K, Huor A, Alais S, Simoes S, Maryse R, Provansal M, Lehmann S, Andreoletti O, Schaeffer L, Raposo G, Leblanc P. Efficient inhibition of infectious prions multiplication and release by targeting the exosomal pathway. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:4409-27. [PMID: 26047659 PMCID: PMC11113226 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1945-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are secreted membrane vesicles of endosomal origin present in biological fluids. Exosomes may serve as shuttles for amyloidogenic proteins, notably infectious prions, and may participate in their spreading in vivo. To explore the significance of the exosome pathway on prion infectivity and release, we investigated the role of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) machinery and the need for ceramide, both involved in exosome biogenesis. Silencing of HRS-ESCRT-0 subunit drastically impairs the formation of cellular infectious prion due to an altered trafficking of cholesterol. Depletion of Tsg101-ESCRT-I subunit or impairment of the production of ceramide significantly strongly decreases infectious prion release. Together, our data reveal that ESCRT-dependent and -independent pathways can concomitantly regulate the exosomal secretion of infectious prion, showing that both pathways operate for the exosomal trafficking of a particular cargo. These data open up a new avenue to regulate prion release and propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Vilette
- UMR INRA/ENVT 1225, Interactions Hôte Agent Pathogène, Toulouse, France.
| | - Karine Laulagnier
- CNRS, UMR5239, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule (LBMC), ENS Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon 7, France
- Inserm, U836, Neurodégénérescence et Plasticité, Institute of Neuroscience, Grenoble, France
| | - Alvina Huor
- UMR INRA/ENVT 1225, Interactions Hôte Agent Pathogène, Toulouse, France
| | - Sandrine Alais
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, UCBL, ENS Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Sabrina Simoes
- Institut Curie, CNRS-UMR144-Structure and Membrane Compartments, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Romao Maryse
- Institut Curie, CNRS-UMR144-Structure and Membrane Compartments, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Monique Provansal
- Institut de Médecine Régénératrice et de Biothérapie (I.M.R.B.), Physiopathologie, diagnostic et thérapie cellulaire des affections neurodégénératives, INSERM Université Montpellier 1 U1040 CHU de Montpellier, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvain Lehmann
- Institut de Médecine Régénératrice et de Biothérapie (I.M.R.B.), Physiopathologie, diagnostic et thérapie cellulaire des affections neurodégénératives, INSERM Université Montpellier 1 U1040 CHU de Montpellier, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Laurent Schaeffer
- CNRS, UMR5239, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule (LBMC), ENS Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon 7, France
| | - Graça Raposo
- Institut Curie, CNRS-UMR144-Structure and Membrane Compartments, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248, Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Pascal Leblanc
- CNRS, UMR5239, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule (LBMC), ENS Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon 7, France.
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Yang H, Gu J, Zhu Q, Lu H, Wang K, Ni X, Lu Y, Lu L. Protection of acute GVHD by all-trans retinoic acid through suppression of T cell expansion and induction of regulatory T cells through IL-2 signaling. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 28:911-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Ramezani A, Dubrovsky L, Pushkarsky T, Sviridov D, Karandish S, Raj DS, Fitzgerald ML, Bukrinsky M. Stimulation of Liver X Receptor Has Potent Anti-HIV Effects in a Humanized Mouse Model of HIV Infection. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 354:376-83. [PMID: 26126533 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.224485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated that liver X receptor (LXR) agonists inhibit human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication by upregulating cholesterol transporter ATP-binding cassette A1 (ABCA1), suppressing HIV production, and reducing infectivity of produced virions. In this study, we extended these observations by analyzing the effect of the LXR agonist T0901317 [N-[4-(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)phenyl]-N-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)benzenesulfonamide] on the ongoing HIV infection and investigating the possibility of using LXR agonist for pre-exposure prophylaxis of HIV infection in a humanized mouse model. Pre-exposure of monocyte-derived macrophages to T0901317 reduced susceptibility of these cells to HIV infection in vitro. This protective effect lasted for up to 4 days after treatment termination and correlated with upregulated expression of ABCA1, reduced abundance of lipid rafts, and reduced fusion of the cells with HIV. Pre-exposure of peripheral blood leukocytes to T0901317 provided only a short-term protection against HIV infection. Treatment of HIV-exposed humanized mice with LXR agonist starting 2 weeks postinfection substantially reduced viral load. When eight humanized mice were pretreated with LXR agonist prior to HIV infection, five animals were protected from infection, two had viral load at the limit of detection, and one had viral load significantly reduced relative to mock-treated controls. T0901317 pretreatment also reduced HIV-induced dyslipidemia in infected mice. In conclusion, these results reveal a novel link between LXR stimulation and cell resistance to HIV infection and suggest that LXR agonists may be good candidates for development as anti-HIV agents, in particular for pre-exposure prophylaxis of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ramezani
- George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (A.R., L.D., T.P., S.K., D.S.R., M.B.); Baker International Diabetes Institute, Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (D.S.); and Harvard Medical School, Lipid Metabolism Unit, Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.L.F.)
| | - Larisa Dubrovsky
- George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (A.R., L.D., T.P., S.K., D.S.R., M.B.); Baker International Diabetes Institute, Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (D.S.); and Harvard Medical School, Lipid Metabolism Unit, Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.L.F.)
| | - Tatiana Pushkarsky
- George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (A.R., L.D., T.P., S.K., D.S.R., M.B.); Baker International Diabetes Institute, Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (D.S.); and Harvard Medical School, Lipid Metabolism Unit, Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.L.F.)
| | - Dmitri Sviridov
- George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (A.R., L.D., T.P., S.K., D.S.R., M.B.); Baker International Diabetes Institute, Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (D.S.); and Harvard Medical School, Lipid Metabolism Unit, Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.L.F.)
| | - Sara Karandish
- George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (A.R., L.D., T.P., S.K., D.S.R., M.B.); Baker International Diabetes Institute, Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (D.S.); and Harvard Medical School, Lipid Metabolism Unit, Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.L.F.)
| | - Dominic S Raj
- George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (A.R., L.D., T.P., S.K., D.S.R., M.B.); Baker International Diabetes Institute, Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (D.S.); and Harvard Medical School, Lipid Metabolism Unit, Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.L.F.)
| | - Michael L Fitzgerald
- George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (A.R., L.D., T.P., S.K., D.S.R., M.B.); Baker International Diabetes Institute, Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (D.S.); and Harvard Medical School, Lipid Metabolism Unit, Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.L.F.)
| | - Michael Bukrinsky
- George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (A.R., L.D., T.P., S.K., D.S.R., M.B.); Baker International Diabetes Institute, Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (D.S.); and Harvard Medical School, Lipid Metabolism Unit, Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.L.F.)
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Lin CJ, Lai CK, Kao MC, Wu LT, Lo UG, Lin LC, Chen YA, Lin H, Hsieh JT, Lai CH, Lin CD. Impact of cholesterol on disease progression. Biomedicine (Taipei) 2015; 5:7. [PMID: 26048694 PMCID: PMC4502043 DOI: 10.7603/s40681-015-0007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol-rich microdomains (also called lipid rafts), where platforms for signaling are provided and thought to be associated with microbe-induced pathogenesis and lead to cancer progression. After treatment of cells with cholesterol disrupting or usurping agents, raft-associated proteins and lipids can be dissociated, and this renders the cell structure nonfunctional and therefore mitigates disease severity. This review focuses on the role of cholesterol in disease progression including cancer development and infectious diseases. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of cholesterol in these diseases may provide insight into the development of novel strategies for controlling these diseases in clinical scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Jung Lin
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Texas, Dallas, 75235, USA
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Jennelle L, Hunegnaw R, Dubrovsky L, Pushkarsky T, Fitzgerald ML, Sviridov D, Popratiloff A, Brichacek B, Bukrinsky M. HIV-1 protein Nef inhibits activity of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 by targeting endoplasmic reticulum chaperone calnexin. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:28870-84. [PMID: 25170080 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.583591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-infected patients are at increased risk of developing atherosclerosis, in part due to an altered high density lipoprotein profile exacerbated by down-modulation and impairment of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) activity by the HIV-1 protein Nef. However, the mechanisms of this Nef effect remain unknown. Here, we show that Nef interacts with an endoplasmic reticulum chaperone calnexin, which regulates folding and maturation of glycosylated proteins. Nef disrupted interaction between calnexin and ABCA1 but increased affinity and enhanced interaction of calnexin with HIV-1 gp160. The Nef mutant that did not bind to calnexin did not affect the calnexin-ABCA1 interaction. Interaction with calnexin was essential for functionality of ABCA1, as knockdown of calnexin blocked the ABCA1 exit from the endoplasmic reticulum, reduced ABCA1 abundance, and inhibited cholesterol efflux; the same effects were observed after Nef overexpression. However, the effects of calnexin knockdown and Nef on cholesterol efflux were not additive; in fact, the combined effect of these two factors together did not differ significantly from the effect of calnexin knockdown alone. Interestingly, gp160 and ABCA1 interacted with calnexin differently; although gp160 binding to calnexin was dependent on glycosylation, glycosylation was of little importance for the interaction between ABCA1 and calnexin. Thus, Nef regulates the activity of calnexin to stimulate its interaction with gp160 at the expense of ABCA1. This study identifies a mechanism for Nef-dependent inactivation of ABCA1 and dysregulation of cholesterol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Jennelle
- From the George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D. C. 20037
| | - Ruth Hunegnaw
- From the George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D. C. 20037
| | - Larisa Dubrovsky
- From the George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D. C. 20037
| | - Tatiana Pushkarsky
- From the George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D. C. 20037
| | - Michael L Fitzgerald
- the Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Dmitri Sviridov
- the Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia, and
| | - Anastas Popratiloff
- the George Washington Center for Microscopy and Image Analysis, Office of VP for Research, Washington, D. C. 20037
| | - Beda Brichacek
- From the George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D. C. 20037
| | - Michael Bukrinsky
- From the George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D. C. 20037,
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Abstract
A small percentage of HIV-infected subjects (2 to 15%) are able to control disease progression for many years without antiretroviral therapy. Years of intense studies of virologic and immunologic mechanisms of disease control in such individuals yielded a number of possible host genes that could be responsible for the preservation of immune functions, from immune surveillance genes, chemokines, or their receptors to anti-HIV restriction factors. A recent mBio paper by Rappocciolo et al. (G. Rappocciolo, M. Jais, P. Piazza, T. A. Reinhart, S. J. Berendam, L. Garcia-Exposito, P. Gupta, and C. R. Rinaldo, mBio 5:e01031-13, 2014) describes another potential factor controlling disease progression: cholesterol levels in antigen-presenting cells. In this commentary, we provide a brief background of the role of cholesterol in HIV infection, discuss the results of the study by Rappocciolo et al., and present the implications of their findings.
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Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are deadly weapons used by phagocytes and other cell types, such as lung epithelial cells, against pathogens. ROS can kill pathogens directly by causing oxidative damage to biocompounds or indirectly by stimulating pathogen elimination by various nonoxidative mechanisms, including pattern recognition receptors signaling, autophagy, neutrophil extracellular trap formation, and T-lymphocyte responses. Thus, one should expect that the inhibition of ROS production promote infection. Increasing evidences support that in certain particular infections, antioxidants decrease and prooxidants increase pathogen burden. In this study, we review the classic infections that are controlled by ROS and the cases in which ROS appear as promoters of infection, challenging the paradigm. We discuss the possible mechanisms by which ROS could promote particular infections. These mechanisms are still not completely clear but include the metabolic effects of ROS on pathogen physiology, ROS-induced damage to the immune system, and ROS-induced activation of immune defense mechanisms that are subsequently hijacked by particular pathogens to act against more effective microbicidal mechanisms of the immune system. The effective use of antioxidants as therapeutic agents against certain infections is a realistic possibility that is beginning to be applied against viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia N Paiva
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia , CCS Bloco D, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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28
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Badralmaa Y, Natarajan V. Impact of the DNA extraction method on 2-LTR DNA circle recovery from HIV-1 infected cells. J Virol Methods 2013; 193:184-9. [PMID: 23773807 PMCID: PMC3760681 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Detection of episomal 2-LTR DNA circles is used as a marker for the ongoing virus replication in patients infected with HIV-1, and efficient extraction of episomal DNA is critical for accurate estimation of the 2-LTR circles. The impact of different methods of DNA extraction on the recovery of 2-LTR circles was compared using mitochondrial DNA extracted as an internal control. The bacterial plasmid DNA isolation method extracted less than 10% of cellular DNA, 40% of mitochondrial DNA and 12-20% of the input 2-LTR DNA. The total DNA isolation method recovered about 70% of mitochondrial DNA and 45% of the input 2-LTR DNA. The total nucleic acid isolation method recovered 90% of mitochondrial DNA and 60% of the input 2-LTR DNA. Similar results were obtained when the DNA was extracted from HIV-1 infected cells. Plasmid DNA isolation could not distinguish between 12 and 25 copies of 2-LTR DNA per million cells, whereas the total nucleic acid isolation showed a consistent and statistically significant difference between 12 and 25 copies. In conclusion, the total nucleic acid isolation method is more efficient than the plasmid DNA isolation method in recovering mitochondrial DNA and 2-LTR DNA circles from HIV-1 infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunden Badralmaa
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, SAIC-Frederick Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Ven Natarajan
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, SAIC-Frederick Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, United States
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Steffensen KR, Jakobsson T, Gustafsson JÅ. Targeting liver X receptors in inflammation. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2013; 17:977-90. [PMID: 23738533 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2013.806490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The two oxysterol receptors, 'liver X receptors (LXRs)' LXRα and LXRβ, are amongst the emerging newer drug targets within the nuclear receptor family and targeting LXRs represents novel strategies needed for prevention and treatment of diseases where current therapeutics is inadequate. AREAS COVERED This review discusses the current understanding of LXR biology with an emphasis on the molecular aspects of LXR signalling establishing their potential as drug targets. Recent advances of their transcriptional mechanisms in inflammatory pathways and their physiological roles in inflammation and immunity are described. EXPERT OPINION The new discoveries of LXR-regulated inflammatory pathways have ignited new promises for LXRs as drug targets. The broad physiological roles of LXRs involve a high risk of unwanted side effects. Recent insights into LXR biology of the brain indicate a highly important role in neuronal development and a clinical trial testing an LXR agonist reported adverse neurological side effects. This suggests that drug development must focus on limiting the range of LXR signalling - possibly achieved through subtype, tissue specific, promoter specific or pathway specific activation of LXRs where a successful candidate drug must be carefully studied for its effect in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Knut R Steffensen
- Karolinska Institutet, Center for Biosciences, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, S-14183 Stockholm, Sweden.
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30
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Ronda N, Favari E, Borghi MO, Ingegnoli F, Gerosa M, Chighizola C, Zimetti F, Adorni MP, Bernini F, Meroni PL. Impaired serum cholesterol efflux capacity in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 2013; 73:609-15. [PMID: 23562986 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-202914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The marked cardiovascular risk in autoimmune diseases is only partly explained. The capacity of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) to promote cell cholesterol efflux is a property with a well-known anti-atherogenic significance, but is also involved in functional modulation of endothelial and immune cells. The aim of this work was to evaluate HDL functionality with respect to cell cholesterol efflux in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythemathosus (SLE) patients. METHODS We evaluated serum cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC) of apoB-depleted serum, which mainly reflects HDL activity, from 30 RA and 30 SLE patients, and from 30 healthy controls by radioisotopic ex-vivo systems discriminating between the specific pathways of cholesterol efflux. RESULTS RA patients presented impairment of ATP-binding cassette G1-mediated CEC that correlated with disease activity. SLE patients showed a more complex pattern of modifications unrelated to disease activity, with marked reduction of ATP-binding cassette G1-mediated CEC and impairment of ATP-binding cassette A1-mediated CEC. The relationship between specific pathways of CEC values and serum total HDL differed between groups and there was no relationship with autoantibody profile or current therapy. CONCLUSIONS CEC is impaired in RA and SLE, with a specific mechanism pattern in each disease not depending on serum HDL levels. These findings provide a new mechanism for the increased atherosclerotic risk in RA and SLE patients.
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