1
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Tavoian D, Mazzone JL, Craighead DH, Bailey EF. Acute inspiratory resistance training enhances endothelium-dependent dilation and retrograde shear rate in healthy young adults. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e15943. [PMID: 38311364 PMCID: PMC10838658 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Inspiratory resistance training (IRT) yields significant reductions in resting blood pressure and improves vascular endothelial function. Our objective was to quantify the acute effects of IRT on brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and shear rates (SRs) in healthy men and women. Twenty young adults (22.9 ± 3.4 years; 10 male, 10 female) completed a single bout of IRT or Rest condition in a randomized crossover design. Brachial artery FMD was performed before, 10 min after, and 40 min after the assigned condition. Brachial artery blood flow velocities were collected during IRT, separated by breathing cycle phase, and converted into SRs. FMD improved 10 min post-IRT (+1.86 ± 0.61%; p = 0.025) but returned to baseline by 40 min post-IRT (p = 0.002). Anterograde SR decreased by 10% and retrograde SR increased 102% during resisted inspiration, relative to baseline SR (p < 0.001). Anterograde SR increased by 7% in men and women (p < 0.001) and retrograde SR decreased by 12% in women but not men (p = 0.022) during unresisted expiration, relative to baseline SR. A single bout of IRT elicits a transient enhancement in FMD in both men and women. Acute IRT-related enhancements in SRs may contribute to sustained improvements in FMD that have been reported previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dallin Tavoian
- Arizona Respiratory Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of PhysiologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
| | - Josie L. Mazzone
- Arizona Respiratory Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of PhysiologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
| | - Daniel H. Craighead
- Department of Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderColoradoUSA
| | - E. Fiona Bailey
- Arizona Respiratory Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of PhysiologyUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
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2
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Caldwell JT, Fenn SA, Bekkedal LM, Dodge C, Muller-Delp J. Preexercise intermittent passive stretching and vascular function after treadmill exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 135:786-794. [PMID: 37589056 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00427.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute aerobic exercise stress is associated with decreased endothelial function that may increase the likelihood of an acute cardiovascular event. Passive stretch (PS) elicits improvements in vascular function, but whether PS can be performed before exercise to prevent declines in vascular function remains unknown. This strategy could be directly applicable in populations that may not be able to perform dynamic exercise. We hypothesized that preexercise PS would provide better vascular resilience after treadmill exercise. Sixteen healthy college-aged males and females participated in a single laboratory visit and underwent testing to assess micro- and macrovascular function. Participants were randomized into either PS group or sham control group. Intermittent calf PS was performed by having the foot in a splinting device for a 5-min stretch and 5-min relaxation, repeated four times. Then, a staged V̇o2 peak test was performed and 65% V̇o2 peak calculated for subjects to run at for 30 min. Near-infrared spectroscopy-derived microvascular responsiveness was preserved with the PS group [(pre: 0.53 ± 0.009%/s) (post: 0.56 ± 0.012%/s; P = 0.55)]. However, there was a significant reduction in the sham control group [(pre: 0.67 ± 0.010%/s) (post: 0.51 ± 0.007%/s; P = 0.05)] after treadmill exercise. Flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) of the popliteal artery showed similar responses. In the PS group, FMD [(pre: 7.23 ± 0.74%) (post: 5.86 ± 1.01%; P = 0.27)] did not significantly decline after exercise. In the sham control group, FMD [(pre: 8.69 ± 0.72%) (post: 5.24 ± 1.24%; P < 0.001)] was significantly reduced after treadmill exercise. Vascular function may be more resilient if intermittent PS is performed before moderate-intensity exercise and, importantly, can be performed by most individuals.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We demonstrate for the first time that popliteal artery and gastrocnemius microvascular responsiveness after acute aerobic exercise are reduced. The decline in vascular function was mitigated in those who performed intermittent passive stretching before the exercise bouts. Collectively, these findings suggest that intermittent passive stretching is a novel method to increase vascular resiliency before aerobic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T Caldwell
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Sarah A Fenn
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Lukas M Bekkedal
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Christopher Dodge
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Judy Muller-Delp
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida, United States
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3
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Hanson BE, Casey DP. Intermittent versus continuous handgrip exercise and peripheral endothelial function: impact of shear rate fluctuations. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 135:892-901. [PMID: 37650140 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00362.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustained exercise-induced elevations in shear rate (SR) have been well established as beneficial for improving endothelial function. However, the impact of intermittent fluctuations in SR is not understood. We investigated the effect of intermittent SR elevations compared with sustained elevations on peripheral endothelial function. Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) was assessed in 13 adults (9 M/4 F; 22 ± 4 yr) before and after 30 min of handgrip exercise. Three different rhythmic forearm exercise interventions were performed at a rate of 20 contractions/min. Intermittent exercises (6 × 3 min exercise interspersed by 2 min of rest) were performed at 25% (INT-25%) and 15% (INT-15%) maximum voluntary contraction (MVC), and continuous exercise was completed at 15% MVC. Brachial artery diameter and velocity were measured using Doppler ultrasound. The total increase in SR above baseline throughout exercise was greater during INT-25% (4,441 ± 516 s-1) and continuous (4,070 ± 407 s-1) compared with INT-15% (2,811 ± 342 s-1, P < 0.05). The %FMD increased following all exercises (INT-25%: 5.7 ± 1.2% to 8.1 ± 1.2%; INT-15%: 5.2 ± 1.2% to 7.0 ± 1.1%; continuous: 5.5 ± 1.3% to 6.8 ± 1.3%, P < 0.05 for all). The increase following INT-25% was significantly greater than INT-15% and continuous (P < 0.05 for both). Normalized FMD to shear rate area under the curve increased with intermittent exercise (INT-25%: 2.2 ± 0.2% to 3.4 ± 0.3%; INT-15%: 2.1 ± 0.2% to 3.2 ± 0.2%, P < 0.05 for both) but did not following continuous (2.1 ± 0.2% to 2.5 ± 0.1%, P = 0.06). The increase in normalized FMD with intermittent exercises were greater than continuous (P < 0.05 for both). These findings suggest intermittent fluctuations in SR during handgrip exercise may be more beneficial than sustained elevations on improving peripheral endothelial function.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Exercise-induced increases in shear rate is a well-established stimulus for improving peripheral endothelial function. This study presents novel findings that intermittent elevations in shear rate may be more effective at acutely improving endothelial function compared with continuous elevations. Despite similar increases in total shear rate during handgrip exercise intermittent elevations produced a significantly greater increase in endothelial function when compared with continuous elevations potentially indicating intermittent elevations as a more effective stimulus for acute improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brady E Hanson
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Darren P Casey
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
- Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
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4
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Kröpfl JM, Beltrami FG, Gruber H, Schmidt‐Trucksäss A, Dieterle T, Spengler CM. Circulating Gal-3 and sST2 are associated with acute exercise-induced sustained endothelial activation: Possible relevance for fibrosis development? Exp Physiol 2023; 108:1259-1267. [PMID: 37572028 PMCID: PMC10988490 DOI: 10.1113/ep091277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Long-term, intense endurance exercise training can occasionally induce endothelial micro-damage and cardiac fibrosis. The underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. Twenty healthy, well-trained male participants (10 runners and 10 cyclists) performed a strenuous high-intensity interval training (HIIT) session matched by age, height, weight and maximal oxygen consumption. We assessed the acute exercise response of novel cardiac biomarkers of fibrosis [e.g., galectin-3 (Gal-3) and soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (sST2)] per exercise modality and their relationship with haemodynamic contributors, such as preload, afterload and cardiac contractility index (CTi), in addition to endothelial damage by sustained activation and shedding of endothelial cells (ECs). Serum Gal-3 and sST2 concentrations were investigated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays; haemodynamics were analysed via impedance plethysmography and circulating ECs by flow cytometry. The Gal-3 and sST2 concentrations and ECs were elevated after exercise (P < 0.001), without interaction between exercise modalities. Circulating Gal-3 and sST2 concentrations both showed a positive relationship with ECs (rrm = 0.68, P = 0.001 and rrm = 0.57, P = 0.010, respectively, both n = 18). The EC association with Gal-3 was significant only in cyclists, but equally strong for both modalities. Gal-3 was also related to exercise-induced CTi (rrm = 0.57, P = 0.011, n = 18). Cardiac wall stress is increased after an acute HIIT session but does not differ between exercise modalities. Exercise-released Gal-3 from cardiac macrophages could very probably drive systemic endothelial damage, based on an enhanced CTi. The importance of acute exercise-induced vascular resistances and cardiac contractility for the release of fibrotic biomarkers and any long-term pathological endothelial adaptation should be investigated further, also relative to the exercise modality. NEW FINDINGS: What is the central question of this study? Circulating biomarkers of cardiac wall stress and fibrosis are influenced by physical exercise. The underlying mechanisms per exercise modality are still unclear. What is the main finding and its importance? We show that galectin-3 (Gal-3) and soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (sST2) are increased after acute exercise but do not differ between running and cycling. One haemodynamic contributor to the secretion of Gal-3 is an enhanced cardiac contractility. Acute exercise-released Gal-3 and sST2 are linked to sustained endothelial activation and cell shedding. This could be relevant in the context of fibrosis development and could identify athletes at risk for pathological endothelial adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M. Kröpfl
- Division of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and HealthUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Fernando G. Beltrami
- Exercise Physiology Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and SportETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Hans‐Jürgen Gruber
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory DiagnosticsMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Arno Schmidt‐Trucksäss
- Division of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and HealthUniversity of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Thomas Dieterle
- Foeldiklinik GmbH&Co KGHinterzartenGermany
- Department of Clinical ResearchUniversity Hospital BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Christina M. Spengler
- Exercise Physiology Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and SportETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP)University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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5
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Soto-Rodríguez FJ, Cabañas EI, Pérez-Mármol JM. Impact of prolonged sitting interruption strategies on shear rate, flow-mediated dilation and blood flow in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized cross-over trials. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:1558-1567. [PMID: 35731706 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2091347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged sitting has been shown to affect endothelial function. Strategies that promote interruption of sitting have shown varying results on the shear rate (SR), flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and blood flow (BF). Thus, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to 1) increase the existing knowledge of the impact of sitting interruption in the prevention of endothelial dysfunction in adults and 2) determine the effect of the sitting interruption strategies on SR, FMD, BF. Literature search was carried out through 7 databases. A random effects model was used to provide the overall mean difference with a 95%CI, and forest plots were generated for pooled estimates of each study outcome. Assessment of biases was performed using ROB2 and considerations for crossover trials. Prolonged sitting interruption strategies showed a significant effect in increasing SR (MD: 7.58 s-1; 95% CI: 3.00 to 12.17), FMD (MD: 1.74%; 95% CI: 0.55 to 2.93) and BF (MD: 12.08 ml/min; 95% CI: 7.61 to 16.55) when compared with the uninterrupted prolonged sitting condition. Prolonged sitting interruption strategies significantly increase SR, FMD and BF, therefore, they represent a considerable effective preventive method on endothelial dysfunction caused by acute exposure to uninterrupted prolonged sitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Javier Soto-Rodríguez
- Programa de Doctorado en Medicina Clínica y Salud Pública, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.,Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.,Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Carrera de Kinesiología, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Temuco, Chile
| | - Eva Isidoro Cabañas
- Programa de Doctorado en Medicina Clínica y Salud Pública, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.,Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, España
| | - José Manuel Pérez-Mármol
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
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6
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Alali MH, Lucas RAI, Junejo RT, Fisher JP. Impact of acute dynamic exercise and arterial shear rate modification on radial artery low-flow mediated constriction in young men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:1885-1895. [PMID: 35551453 PMCID: PMC9287252 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-04963-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Leg cycling exercise acutely augments radial artery low-flow mediated constriction (L-FMC). Herein, we sought to determine whether this is associated with exercise-induced changes in arterial shear rate (SR). Methods Ten healthy and recreationally active young men (23 ± 2 years) participated in 30 min of incremental leg cycling exercise (50, 100, 150 Watts). Trials were repeated with (Exercise + WC) and without (Exercise) the use of a wrist cuff (75 mmHg) placed distal to the radial artery to increase local retrograde SR while reducing mean and anterograde SR. Radial artery characteristics were measured throughout the trial, and L-FMC and flow mediated dilatation (FMD) were assessed before and acutely (~ 10 min) after leg cycling. Results Exercise increased radial artery mean and anterograde SR, along with radial artery diameter, velocity, blood flow and conductance (P < 0.05). Exercise + WC attenuated the exercise-induced increase in mean and anterograde SR (P > 0.05) but also increased retrograde SR (P < 0.05). In addition, increases in radial artery blood flow and diameter were reduced during Exercise + WC (Exercise + WC vs. Exercise, P < 0.05). After Exercise, L-FMC was augmented (− 4.4 ± 1.4 vs. − 13.1 ± 1.6%, P < 0.05), compared to no change in L-FMC after Exercise + WC (− 5.2 ± 2.0 vs. − 3.0 ± 1.6%, P > 0.05). In contrast, no change in FMD was observed in either Exercise or Exercise + WC trials (P > 0.05). Conclusions These findings indicate that increases in L-FMC following exercise are abolished by the prevention of increases radial artery diameter, mean and anterograde SR, and by elevation of retrograde SR, during exercise in young men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad H Alali
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rebekah A I Lucas
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rehan T Junejo
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - James P Fisher
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Manaaki Manawa-The Centre for Heart Research, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
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7
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Zhang Y, Zhang YJ, Zhang HW, Ye WB, Korivi M. Low-to-Moderate-Intensity Resistance Exercise Is More Effective than High-Intensity at Improving Endothelial Function in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18136723. [PMID: 34206463 PMCID: PMC8297299 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18136723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Aerobic exercise has been confirmed to improve endothelial function (EF). However, the effect of resistance exercise (RE) on EF remains controversial. We conducted this systematic review and meta-analysis on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to determine the effect of RE and its intensities on EF. We searched Web of Science, PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Wiley Online Library, and included 15 articles (17 trials) for the synthesis. Overall, RE intervention significantly improved flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) in brachial artery (SMD = 0.76; 95% CI: 0.47, 1.05; p < 0.00001), which represents improved EF. Meta-regression showed that the RE intensity was correlated with changes in FMD (Coef. = −0.274, T = −2.18, p = 0.045). We found both intensities of RE improved FMD, but the effect size for the low- to moderate-intensity (30–70%1RM) was bigger (SMD = 1.02; 95% CI: 0.60, 1.43; p < 0.0001) than for the high-intensity (≥70%1RM; SMD = 0.48; 95% CI: 0.21, 0.74; p = 0.005). We further noticed that RE had a beneficial effect (SMD = 0.61; 95% CI: 0.13, 1.09; p = 0.01) on the brachial artery baseline diameter at rest (BADrest), and the age variable was correlated with the changes in BADrest after RE (Coef. = −0.032, T = −2.33, p = 0.038). Young individuals (<40 years) presented with a bigger effect size for BADrest (SMD = 1.23; 95% CI: 0.30, 2.15; p = 0.009), while middle-aged to elderly (≥40 years) were not responsive to RE (SMD = 0.07; 95% CI: −0.28, 0.42; p = 0.70). Based on our findings, we conclude that RE intervention can improve the EF, and low- to moderate-intensity is more effective than high-intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China;
| | - Ya-Jun Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China;
- Correspondence: (Y.-J.Z.); (H.-W.Z.)
| | - Hong-Wei Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China;
- Correspondence: (Y.-J.Z.); (H.-W.Z.)
| | - Wei-Bing Ye
- College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (W.-B.Y.); (M.K.)
| | - Mallikarjuna Korivi
- College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (W.-B.Y.); (M.K.)
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8
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Sapp RM, Chesney CA, Eagan LE, Evans WS, Zietowski EM, Prior SJ, Hagberg JM, Ranadive SM. Changes in circulating microRNA and arterial stiffness following high-intensity interval and moderate intensity continuous exercise. Physiol Rep 2021; 8:e14431. [PMID: 32358919 PMCID: PMC7195557 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
High‐intensity interval (HII) exercise elicits distinct vascular responses compared to a matched dose of moderate intensity continuous (MOD) exercise. However, the acute effects of HII compared to MOD exercise on arterial stiffness are incompletely understood. Circulating microRNAs (ci‐miRs) may contribute to the vascular effects of exercise. We sought to determine exercise intensity‐dependent changes in ci‐miR potentially underlying changes in arterial stiffness. Ten young, healthy men underwent well‐matched, 30‐min HII and MOD exercise bouts. RT‐qPCR was used to determine the levels of seven vascular‐related ci‐miRs in serum obtained immediately before and after exercise. Arterial stiffness measures including carotid to femoral pulse wave velocity (cf‐PWV), carotid arterial compliance and β‐stiffness, and augmentation index (AIx and AIx75) were taken before, 10min after and 60min after exercise. Ci‐miR‐21‐5p, 126‐3p, 126‐5p, 150‐5p, 155‐5p, and 181b‐5p increased after HII exercise (p < .05), while ci‐miR‐150‐5p and 221‐3p increased after MOD exercise (p = .03 and 0.056). One hour after HII exercise, cf‐PWV trended toward being lower compared to baseline (p = .056) and was significantly lower compared to 60min after MOD exercise (p = .04). Carotid arterial compliance was increased 60min after HII exercise (p = .049) and was greater than 60min after MOD exercise (p = .02). AIx75 increased 10 min after both HII and MOD exercise (p < .05). There were significant correlations between some of the exercise‐induced changes in individual ci‐miRs and changes in cf‐PWV and AIx/AIx75. These results support the hypotheses that arterial stiffness and ci‐miRs are altered in an exercise intensity‐dependent manner, and ci‐miRs may contribute to changes in arterial stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Sapp
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Catalina A Chesney
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Lauren E Eagan
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - William S Evans
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Evelyn M Zietowski
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Steven J Prior
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.,Baltimore Veterans Affairs Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James M Hagberg
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Sushant M Ranadive
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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9
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Blood flow restriction in the presence or absence of muscle contractions does not preserve vasculature structure and function following 14-days of limb immobilization. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:2437-2447. [PMID: 34002326 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04715-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Limb immobilization causes local vasculature to experience detrimental adaptations. Simple strategies to increase blood flow (heating, fidgeting) successfully prevent acute (≤ 1 day) impairments; however, none have leveraged the hyperemic response over prolonged periods (weeks) mirroring injury rehabilitation. Throughout a 14-day unilateral limb immobilization, we sought to preserve vascular structure and responsiveness by repeatedly activating a reactive hyperemic response via blood flow restriction (BFR) and amplifying this stimulus by combining BFR with electric muscle stimulation (EMS). METHODS Young healthy adults (M:F = 14:17, age = 22.4 ± 3.7 years) were randomly assigned to control, BFR, or BFR + EMS groups. BFR and BFR + EMS groups were treated for 30 min twice daily (3 × 10 min ischemia-reperfusion cycles; 15% maximal voluntary contraction EMS), 5 days/week (20 total sessions). Before and after immobilization, artery diameter, flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and blood flow measures were collected in the superficial femoral artery (SFA). RESULTS Following immobilization, there was less retrograde blood velocity (+ 1.8 ± 3.6 cm s-1, P = 0.01), but not retrograde shear (P = 0.097). All groups displayed reduced baseline and peak SFA diameter following immobilization (- 0.46 ± 0.41 mm and - 0.43 ± 0.39 mm, P < 0.01); however, there were no differences by group or across time for FMD (% diameter change, shear-corrected, or allometrically scaled) nor microvascular function assessed by peak flow capacity. CONCLUSION Following immobilization, our results reveal (1) neither BFR nor BFR + EMS mitigate artery structure impairments, (2) intervention-induced shear stress did not affect vascular function assessed by FMD, and (3) retrograde blood velocity is reduced at rest offering potential insight to mechanisms of flow regulation. In conclusion, BFR appears insufficient as a treatment strategy for preventing macrovascular dysfunction during limb immobilization.
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10
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Boidin M, Erskine RM, Thijssen DHJ, Dawson EA. Exercise modality, but not exercise training, alters the acute effect of exercise on endothelial function in healthy men. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 130:1716-1723. [PMID: 33955262 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00004.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We used a within-subject crossover design to examine the impact of exercise modality, i.e., resistance (RT) and endurance (END), on the acute impact of exercise on endothelial function. Then, we examined whether a 4-wk period of chronic exercise training altered the acute exercise-induced change in endothelial function in healthy individuals. Thirty-four healthy, young men (21 ± 2 yr) reported to our laboratory and completed assessment of endothelial function [using the brachial artery flow-mediated dilation test (FMD)] before and immediately after a single bout of RT (leg-extension) or END (cycling). Subsequently, participants completed a 4-wk period of training (12 sessions), followed by evaluation of the FMD before and after a single bout of exercise. Following a 3-wk washout, participants repeated these experiments with the different exercise modality (in a balanced crossover design). An exercise × modality interaction effect was found (P < 0.001). Post hoc pairwise analyses revealed a decrease in FMD after END (P < 0.001) but not after RT (P = 0.06). Four weeks of exercise training improved resting FMD after END and RT (P = 0.04) but did not alter the acute effect of exercise on FMD (exercise × modality × training effect: P = 0.63), an effect independent of the modality of exercise (exercise × training interaction: P = 0.46 and P = 0.11 in RT and END, respectively). These distinct changes in FMD following acute exercise may relate to the different prolonged physiological responses induced by endurance versus resistance exercise. Specifically, endurance exercise, but not resistance exercise, causes a decrease in brachial artery endothelial function, which was unaffected by 4 wk of chronic exercise training.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We found that resistance and endurance exercise modalities lead to different endothelial function responses after a single bout of exercise. Endothelial function increased after an acute bout of resistance exercise, whereas it decreased after an acute bout of endurance exercise. Four weeks of chronic exercise training did not affect the acute endothelial function response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Boidin
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation (EPIC) Center, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Kinesiology and Exercise Science, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Robert M Erskine
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dick H J Thijssen
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Department of Physiology, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ellen Adele Dawson
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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11
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Individuals with controlled hypertension show endothelial integrity following a bout of moderate-intensity exercise: randomized clinical trial. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8528. [PMID: 33879820 PMCID: PMC8058090 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87990-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
To examine the acute effects of aerobic exercise (AE), resistance exercise (RE) or combined exercise (CE) on flow-mediated dilation (FMD), progenitor cells (PCs), endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), oxidative stress markers and endothelial-cell derived microvesicles (EMVs) in patients with hypertension. This is a randomized, parallel-group clinical trial involving an intervention of one session of three different modalities of exercise. Thirty-three males (43 ± 2y) were randomly divided into three groups: a session of AE (n = 11, 40 min, cycle ergometer, 60% HRR); a session of RE (n = 11, 40 min, 4 × 12 lower limb repetitions, 60% 1-RM); or a session of CE (n = 11, 20-min RE + 20-min AE). FMD was assessed 10 min before and 10, 40 and 70 min post-intervention. Blood samples were collected at the same time points (except 40 min). FMD were similar in all groups and from baseline (within each group) after a single exercise bout (AE, RE or CE). At 70 min, RE group showed higher levels of PCs compared to the AE (81%) and CE group (60%). PC levels were reduced from baseline in all groups (AE: 32%, p = 0.037; RE: 15%, p = 0.003; CE: 17%, p = 0.048). The levels of EPCs, EMVs and oxidative stress were unchanged. There were no acute effects of moderate-intensity exercise on FMD, EPCs, EMVs and oxidative stress, but PCs decreased regardless of the exercise modality. Individuals with controlled hypertension do not seem to have impaired vascular function in response to a single exercise bout.
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12
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King TJ, Coates AM, Tremblay JC, Slysz JT, Petrick HL, Pignanelli C, Millar PJ, Burr JF. Vascular Function Is Differentially Altered by Distance after Prolonged Running. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:597-605. [PMID: 32804900 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ultraendurance exercise is steadily growing in popularity; however, the effect of increasingly prolonged durations of exercise on the vascular endothelium is unknown. The aim of this study was to characterize the effect of various ultramarathon running distances on vascular form and function. METHODS We evaluated vascular endothelial function via flow-mediated dilation (FMD) in the superficial femoral artery, as well as microvascular function, inflammatory factors, and central artery stiffness, before and after participants completed 25-km (7M:2F), 50-km (11M:10F), 80-km (9M:4F), or 160-km (9M:2F) trail races all run on the same day and course. RESULTS Completion required 149 ± 20, 386 ± 111, 704 ± 130, and 1470 ± 235 min, with corresponding average paces of 6.0 ± 0.8, 7.7 ± 2.2, 8.6 ± 1.3, and 9.6 ± 1.3 min·km-1, respectively. At baseline, there were no differences in participant characteristics across race distance groups. Shear rate stimulus trended toward an increase after the race (P = 0.07), but resting postrace artery diameter (P < 0.001) was elevated to a similar extent in all conditions. There was a reduction in FMD after the 50-km race (Δ -1.9% ± 2.2%, P < 0.01), but not the 25-km (Δ +0.3% ± 2.9%, P = 0.8), the 80-km (Δ -1.5% ± 3.2%, P = 0.1), or the 160-km (Δ +0.5% ± 2.5%, P = 0.5) race. Inflammatory markers increased most after 160 km, but arterial stiffness and microvascular function were not differently affected by race distance. CONCLUSIONS Although the superficial femoral artery baseline diameter was larger postexercise regardless of race distance, only the 50-km race reduced FMD, whereas a short-duration higher-intensity race (25 km) and longer-duration lower-intensity races (160 km) did not. Therefore, a 50-km ultramarathon may represent the intersection between higher-intensity exercise over a prolonged duration, causing reduced endothelial function not seen in shorter or longer distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor J King
- Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, CANADA
| | - Alexandra M Coates
- Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, CANADA
| | - Joshua C Tremblay
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, CANADA
| | - Joshua T Slysz
- Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, CANADA
| | - Heather L Petrick
- Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, CANADA
| | | | - Philip J Millar
- Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, CANADA
| | - Jamie F Burr
- Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, CANADA
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13
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Francisco MA, Colbert C, Larson EA, Sieck DC, Halliwill JR, Minson CT. Hemodynamics of post-exercise vs. post hot water immersion recovery. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 130:1362-1372. [PMID: 33630675 PMCID: PMC8354820 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00260.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study sought to compare the hemodynamics of the recovery periods following exercise versus hot water immersion. Twelve subjects (6 F, 22.7 ± 0.8 y; BMI: 21.8 ± 2.1 kg·m-2) exercised for 60 minutes at 60% VO2peak or were immersed in 40.5oC water for 60 minutes on separate days, in random order. Measurements were made before, during, and for 60-minutes post-intervention (i.e., recovery) and included heart rate, arterial pressure, core temperature, and subjective measures. Brachial and superficial femoral artery blood flows were assessed using Doppler ultrasonography and cardiac output was measured using the acetylene wash-in method. Internal temperature increased to a similar extent during exercise and hot water immersion. Cardiac outputand mean arterial pressure were greater during exercise than during hot water immersion (both p<0.01). Sustained reductions in mean arterial pressure compared to baseline were observed in both conditions during recovery (p<0.001 vs before each intervention). Cardiac output was similar during recovery between the interventions. Stroke volume was reduced throughout recovery following exercise, but not following hot water immersion (p<0.01). Brachial artery retrograde shear was reduced following hot water immersion, but not following exercise (Interaction; p=0.035). Antegrade shear in the superficial femoral artery was elevated compared to baseline (p=0.027) for 60 minutes following exercise, whereas it returned near baseline values (p=0.564) by 40 minutes following hot water immersion. Many of the changes observed during the post-exercise recovery period that are thought to contribute to long-term beneficial cardiovascular adaptations were also observed during the post-hot water immersion recovery period.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cameron Colbert
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, United States
| | - Emily A Larson
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, United States
| | - Dylan C Sieck
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, United States
| | - John R Halliwill
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, United States
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14
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Kröpfl JM, Beltrami FG, Rehm M, Gruber HJ, Stelzer I, Spengler CM. Acute exercise-induced glycocalyx shedding does not differ between exercise modalities, but is associated with total antioxidative capacity. J Sci Med Sport 2021; 24:689-695. [PMID: 33632661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2021.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Regular physical exercise is known to protect endothelial integrity. It has been proposed that acute exercise-induced changes of the (anti-)oxidative system influence early (glycocalyx shedding) and sustained endothelial activation (shedding of endothelial cells, ECs) as well as endothelial-cell repair by circulating hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HPCs). However, results are not conclusive and data in trained participants performing different exercise modalities is lacking. DESIGN Eighteen healthy, well-trained participants (9 runners, 9 cyclists; age: 29.7 ± 4.2 yrs) performed a strenuous acute exercise session consisting of 4 bouts of 4-min high-intensity with decreasing power profile and 3-min low-intensity in-between. METHODS Average power/speed of intense phases was 85% of the peak achieved in a previous incremental test. Before and shortly after exercise, total oxidative and antioxidative capacities (TAC), shedding of syndecan-1, heparan sulfate, hyaluronan, ECs, and circulating HPCs were investigated. RESULTS TAC decreased from 1.81 ± 0.42 nmol/L to 1.47 ± 0.23 nmol/L post-exercise (p = 0.010) only in runners. Exercise-induced early and sustained endothelial activation were enhanced post-exercise- syndecan-1: 103.2 ± 63.3 ng/mL to 111.3 ± 71.3 ng/mL, heparan sulfate: from 2637.9 ± 800.1 ng/mL to 3197.1 ± 1416.3 ng/mL, both p < 0.05; hyaluronan: 84.3 ± 21.8 ng/mL to 121.4 ± 29.4 ng/mL, ECs: from 6.6 ± 4.5 cells/μL to 9.5 ± 6.2 cells/μL, both p < 0.01; results were not different between exercise modalities and negatively related to TAC concentrations post-exercise. HPC proportions and self-renewal ability were negatively, while EC concentrations were positively associated with circulating hyaluronan concentrations. CONCLUSIONS These results highlight the importance of the antioxidative system to prevent the endothelium from acute exercise-induced vascular injury - independent of exercise modality - in well-trained participants. Endothelial-cell repair is associated with hyluronan signaling, possibly a similar mechanism as in wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Kröpfl
- Exercise Physiology Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fernando G Beltrami
- Exercise Physiology Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Rehm
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Gruber
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Ingeborg Stelzer
- Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, LKH Hochsteiermark, Austria
| | - Christina M Spengler
- Exercise Physiology Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Switzerland; Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Switzerland.
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15
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Miura K, Kashima H, Morimoto M, Namura S, Yamaoka Endo M, Oue A, Fukuba Y. Effects of Unilateral Arm Warming or Cooling on the Modulation of Brachial Artery Shear Stress and Endothelial Function during Leg Exercise in Humans. J Atheroscler Thromb 2020; 28:271-282. [PMID: 32595193 PMCID: PMC8049146 DOI: 10.5551/jat.55731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: We examined the effect of modulating the shear stress (SS) profile using forearm warming and cooling on subsequent endothelial function in the brachial artery (BA) during exercise. Methods: Twelve healthy young subjects immersed their right forearm in water (15°C or 42°C) during a leg cycling exercise at 120–130 bpm for 60 min. The same exercise without water immersion served as a control. The BA diameter and blood velocity were simultaneously recorded using Doppler ultrasonography to evaluate the antegrade, retrograde, and mean shear rates (SRs, an estimate of SS) before, during, and after exercise. The endothelial function in the right BA was evaluated using flow-mediated dilation (FMD) (%) using two-dimensional high-resolution ultrasonography before (baseline) and 15 and 60 min after exercise. Results: During exercise, compared with the control trial, higher antegrade and mean SRs and lower retrograde SRs were observed in the warm trial; conversely, lower antegrade and mean SRs and higher retrograde SRs were observed in the cool trial. At 15 min postexercise, no significant change was observed in the FMD from baseline in the warm (Δ%FMD: +1.6%, tendency to increase; p = 0.08) and control trials (Δ %FMD: +1.1%). However, in the cool trial, the postexercise FMD at 60 min decreased from baseline (Δ%FMD: −2.7%) and was lower than that of the warm (Δ%FMD: +1.5%) and control (Δ%FMD: +1.2%) trials. Accumulated changes in each SR during and after exercise were significantly correlated with postexercise FMD changes. Conclusion: Modulation of shear profiles in the BA during exercise appears to be associated with subsequent endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Miura
- Department of Exercise Science and Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima.,Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Hiroshima Shudo
| | - Hideaki Kashima
- Department of Exercise Science and Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima
| | - Marina Morimoto
- Department of Exercise Science and Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima
| | - Saki Namura
- Department of Exercise Science and Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima
| | - Masako Yamaoka Endo
- Department of Exercise Science and Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima
| | - Anna Oue
- Faculty of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Toyo University
| | - Yoshiyuki Fukuba
- Department of Exercise Science and Physiology, School of Health Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima
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16
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Effect of external compression on femoral retrograde shear and microvascular oxygenation in exercise trained and recreationally active young men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:1809-1818. [PMID: 31190212 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04170-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Retrograde shear causes endothelial damage and is pro-atherogenic. The purpose of our study was to examine the impact of vascular remodeling from habitual exercise training on acute changes in retrograde shear and microvascular oxygenation (SMO2) induced via 30 min of external compression. METHODS Participants included 11 exercise trained (ET) men (Division I track athletes; age 20 ± 3 years) and 18 recreationally active (RA) men (age 23 ± 5 years). Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was used to measure vastus medialis SMO2. Doppler-ultrasound was used to assess SFA intima-media thickness, diameter and flow velocity to derive retrograde shear. Vascular measures were made at baseline (BASELINE), during a sham condition (calf compression to 5 mmHg, SHAM) and during the experimental condition (calf compression to 60 mmHg, EXP). RESULTS Compared to RA, ET had larger SFA diameters (0.66 ± 0.06 vs 0.58 ± 0.06 cm, p < 0.05) and lower SFA IMT (0.33 ± 0.03 vs 0.36 ± 0.07 mm, p < 0.05). Retrograde shear increased similarly in both groups during EXP (p < 0.05) but ET men had lower overall retrograde shear during the conditions (BASELINE 75.8 ± 26.8 vs EXP 88.2 ± 16.9 s-1) compared to RA men (BASELINE 84.4 ± 23.3 vs EXP 106.4 ± 19.6 s-1p < 0.05). There was a similar increase in SMO2 from BASELINE to SHAM (ET + 8.1 ± 4.8 vs RA + 6.4 ± 9.7%) and BASELINE to EXP (ET + 8.7 ± 6.4 vs RA + 7.1 ± 9.0%) in both groups. CONCLUSION Beneficial vascular remodeling in ET men is associated with lower retrograde shear during external compression. Acute increases in retrograde shear with external compression do not detrimentally impact microvascular oxygenation.
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17
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Garten RS, Darling A, Weggen J, Decker K, Hogwood AC, Michael A, Imthurn B, Mcintyre A. Aerobic training and vascular protection: Insight from altered blood flow patterns. Exp Physiol 2019; 104:1420-1431. [PMID: 31127657 DOI: 10.1113/ep087576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDING What is the central question of this study? This study sought to determine whether prior upper limb aerobic training can attenuate the vascular dysfunction resulting from negative alteration of blood flow patterns. What is the main finding and its importance? We demonstrated that the microvasculature of young men with prior upper limb aerobic training (rowing) was equally susceptible to negatively altered blood flow patterns when compared with untrained control subjects. This finding reveals that aerobic training does not provide adequate protection against this type of vascular insult, highlighting the importance of reducing known vascular insults regardless of training status. ABSTRACT Acute alteration of blood flow patterns can substantially reduce blood vessel function and, if consistently repeated, may chronically reduce vascular health. Aerobic exercise training is associated with improved vascular health, but it is not well understood whether aerobic training-induced vascular adaptations provide protection against acute vascular insults. This study sought to determine whether prior upper limb aerobic training can attenuate the vascular dysfunction resulting from an acute vascular insult (increased retrograde/oscillatory shear). Ten young arm-trained (AT) men (rowers; 22 ± 1 years of age) and 10 untrained (UT) male control subjects (21 ± 3 years of age) were recruited for this study. Subjects completed two brachial artery (BA) flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) tests separated by an acute bout of subdiastolic cuff inflation (SDCI) of the distal forearm. Brachial artery dilatation (normalized for the shear stimulus) and reactive hyperaemia evaluated during the BA FMD test were used to determine conduit artery and microvascular function, respectively. Data were presented as mean values ± SD. The AT group reported significantly greater whole body (peak oxygen uptake; P = 0.01) and forearm aerobic capacity (P < 0.001). The SDCI intervention significantly increased retrograde (P < 0.001) and oscillatory shear (P < 0.001) in both groups. After the SDCI, microvascular function (post-cuff release hyperaemia), but not conduit artery function (shear-induced BA dilatation), was significantly reduced from pre-SDCI values (P = 0.001) independent of group. This study revealed that young men with prior upper limb aerobic training, when compared with untrained control subjects, were equally susceptible to the microvascular dysfunction associated with an acute increase in retrograde/oscillatory shear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S Garten
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Ashley Darling
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Jennifer Weggen
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Kevin Decker
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Austin C Hogwood
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Austin Michael
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Brandon Imthurn
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Andrew Mcintyre
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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18
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Morishima T, Iemitsu M, Ochi E. Short-term cycling restores endothelial dysfunction after resistance exercise. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2019; 29:1115-1120. [PMID: 30968965 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Resistance exercise impairs endothelial function. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to devise an effective strategy for restoring endothelial function after resistance exercise. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that resistance exercise-induced endothelial dysfunction would be restored by low-to-moderate intensity cycling. Seventeen young healthy subjects completed two randomized experimental trials: (a) resistance exercise only trial; and (b) cycling after the resistance exercise trial. Following baseline brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD), subjects performed the resistance exercise. Following the resistance exercise, they were asked to rest in the supine position for the assessments of FMD. Subjects in the resistance exercise only trial maintained this supine position for 60 minutes, whereas those in the other trial cycled for 10 minutes after the resistance exercise trial. Subjects were again asked to rest in the supine position after cycling. Then FMD were repeated at 30 and 60 minutes after the resistance exercise in both trials. In the resistance exercise only trial, the increased blood flow and shear rate were disappeared after 1 hour of resting in the supine position, but were maintained in those in the cycling after the resistance trial due to subsequent cycling. Both trials caused a significant impairment in FMD at 10 minutes after the resistance exercise (P < 0.05). This decline was sustained for 60 minutes in the resistance exercise only trial. However, the impaired FMD was restored in the cycling after the resistance exercise trial. In conclusion, impaired endothelial function after the resistance exercise can be restored with 10 minutes of low-to-moderate intensity cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Motoyuki Iemitsu
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Eisuke Ochi
- Sports Research Center, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan.,Faculty of Bioscience and Applied Chemistry, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan
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19
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Tryfonos A, Green DJ, Dawson EA. Effects of Catheterization on Artery Function and Health: When Should Patients Start Exercising Following Their Coronary Intervention? Sports Med 2019; 49:397-416. [PMID: 30719682 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01055-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a leading cause of death worldwide, and percutaneous transluminal coronary angiography (PTCA) and/or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI; angioplasty) are commonly used to diagnose and/or treat the obstructed coronaries. Exercise-based rehabilitation is recommended for all CAD patients; however, most guidelines do not specify when exercise training should commence following PTCA and/or PCI. Catheterization can result in arterial dysfunction and acute injury, and given the fact that exercise, particularly at higher intensities, is associated with elevated inflammatory and oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction and a pro-thrombotic milieu, performing exercise post-PTCA/PCI may transiently elevate the risk of cardiac events. This review aims to summarize extant literature relating to the impacts of coronary interventions on arterial function, including the time-course of recovery and the potential deleterious and/or beneficial impacts of acute versus long-term exercise. The current literature suggests that arterial dysfunction induced by catheterization recovers 4-12 weeks following catheterization. This review proposes that a period of relative arterial vulnerability may exist and exercise during this period may contribute to elevated event susceptibility. We therefore suggest that CAD patients start an exercise training programme between 2 and 4 weeks post-PCI, recognizing that the literature suggest there is a 'grey area' for functional recovery between 2 and 12 weeks post-catheterization. The timing of exercise onset should take into consideration the individual characteristics of patients (age, severity of disease, comorbidities) and the intensity, frequency and duration of the exercise prescription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Tryfonos
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Daniel J Green
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Ellen A Dawson
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK.
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20
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Iwamoto E, Bock JM, Casey DP. High-Intensity Exercise Enhances Conduit Artery Vascular Function in Older Adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018; 50:124-130. [PMID: 28817509 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Modulation of vascular function follows an exercise intensity-dependent pattern in young adults. This study aimed to investigate the potential intensity-dependent effects of an acute bout of exercise on conduit and resistance artery function in healthy older adults. METHODS Eleven healthy older adults (five males/six females, 66 ± 1 yr) completed 30 min of recumbent cycling at 50%-55% (low intensity) and 75%-80% (high intensity) of their age-predicted HRmax on two separate study visits. Doppler ultrasound measures of brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and reactive hyperemia were taken at baseline, 10 min postexercise, and 1 h postexercise. In addition, cardiovascular hemodynamics and brachial shear rate were measured every 5 min during exercise. RESULTS Brachial artery FMD was enhanced 10 min after high-intensity exercise (4.8% ± 0.2% to 9.1% ± 0.3%, P < 0.01), but not low-intensity (4.7% ± 0.2% to 6.2% ± 0.3%, P = 0.54) exercise. Peak and total (area under the curve) blood flow during reactive hyperemia (measures of resistance artery function) were enhanced 10 min postexercise for both intensities (peak low intensity, 372 ± 31 to 444 ± 37 mL·min; peak high intensity, 391 ± 30 to 455 ± 28 mL·min; total low intensity, 142 ± 16 to 205 ± 20 mL; total high intensity, 158 ± 14 to 240 ± 25 mL; main effect of time for both, P < 0.05). However, the magnitude of change in peak and the total blood flow were not different between exercise intensities (interaction effect; P = 0.56 and P = 0.97, respectively). Independent of exercise intensity, FMD returned to baseline 1 h after exercise (high, 5.9% ± 0.3%; low, 5.1% ± 0.1%; both P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Our data indicate that high-intensity exercise acutely enhances conduit artery function in healthy older adults. In addition, an acute bout of exercise enhances resistance artery function independent of intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Iwamoto
- 1Human Integrative and Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; 2School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, JAPAN; 3Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 4Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
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21
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Stupin M, Stupin A, Rasic L, Cosic A, Kolar L, Seric V, Lenasi H, Izakovic K, Drenjancevic I. Acute exhaustive rowing exercise reduces skin microvascular dilator function in young adult rowing athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 118:461-474. [PMID: 29270903 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3790-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The effect of acute exhaustive exercise session on skin microvascular reactivity was assessed in professional rowers and sedentary subjects. A potential involvement of altered hemodynamic parameters and/or oxidative stress level in the regulation of skin microvascular blood flow by acute exercise were determined. METHODS Anthropometric, biochemical, and hemodynamic parameters were measured in 18 young healthy sedentary men and 20 professional rowers who underwent a single acute exercise session. Post-occlusive reactive hyperemia (PORH), endothelium-dependent acetylcholine (ACh), and endothelium-independent sodium nitroprusside (SNP) microvascular responses were assessed by laser Doppler flowmetry in skin microcirculation before and after acute exercise. Serum lipid peroxidation products and plasma antioxidant capacity were measured using spectrophotometry. RESULTS At baseline, rowers had significantly lower diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and heart rate (HR), and higher stroke volume (SV), PORH, and endothelium-dependent vasodilation than sedentary. Acute exercise caused a significant increase in systolic blood pressure, DBP, HR, and SV and a decrease in total peripheral resistance in both groups. Acute exercise induced a significant impairment in PORH and ACh-induced response in rowers, but not in sedentary, whereas the SNP-induced vasodilation was not affected by acute exercise in any group. Antioxidant capacity significantly increased only in sedentary after acute exercise. CONCLUSION Single acute exercise session impaired microvascular reactivity and endothelial function in rowers but not in sedentary, possibly due to (1) more rowing grades and higher exercise intensity achieved by rowers; (2) a higher increase in arterial pressure in rowers than in sedentary men; and (3) a lower antioxidant capacity in rowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Stupin
- Department for Cardiovascular Disease, Osijek University Hospital, Osijek, Croatia.,Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 10E, 31 000, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ana Stupin
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 10E, 31 000, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Lidija Rasic
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 10E, 31 000, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Anita Cosic
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 10E, 31 000, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Luka Kolar
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 10E, 31 000, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Vatroslav Seric
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Osijek University Hospital, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Helena Lenasi
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kresimir Izakovic
- Module of Physical Education, Faculty of Agriculture, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ines Drenjancevic
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 10E, 31 000, Osijek, Croatia.
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Tymko MM, Tremblay JC, Steinback CD, Moore JP, Hansen AB, Patrician A, Howe CA, Hoiland RL, Green DJ, Ainslie PN. UBC-Nepal Expedition: acute alterations in sympathetic nervous activity do not influence brachial artery endothelial function at sea level and high altitude. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 123:1386-1396. [PMID: 28860174 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00583.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence indicates that increases in sympathetic nervous activity (SNA), and acclimatization to high altitude (HA), may reduce endothelial function as assessed by brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation (FMD); however, it is unclear whether such changes in FMD are due to direct vascular constraint, or consequential altered hemodynamics (e.g., shear stress) associated with increased SNA as a consequence of exposure to HA. We hypothesized that 1) at rest, SNA would be elevated and FMD would be reduced at HA compared with sea-level (SL); and 2) at SL and HA, FMD would be reduced when SNA was acutely increased, and elevated when SNA was acutely decreased. Using a novel, randomized experimental design, brachial artery FMD was assessed at SL (344 m) and HA (5,050 m) in 14 participants during mild lower-body negative pressure (LBNP; -10 mmHg) and lower-body positive pressure (LBPP; +10 mmHg). Blood pressure (finger photoplethysmography), heart rate (electrocardiogram), oxygen saturation (pulse oximetry), and brachial artery blood flow and shear rate (Duplex ultrasound) were recorded during LBNP, control, and LBPP trials. Muscle SNA was recorded (via microneurography) in a subset of participants (n = 5). Our findings were 1) at rest, SNA was elevated (P < 0.01), and absolute FMD was reduced (P = 0.024), but relative FMD remained unaltered (P = 0.061), at HA compared with SL; and 2) despite significantly altering SNA with LBNP (+60.3 ± 25.5%) and LBPP (-37.2 ± 12.7%) (P < 0.01), FMD was unaltered at SL (P = 0.448) and HA (P = 0.537). These data indicate that acute and mild changes in SNA do not directly influence brachial artery FMD at SL or HA.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The role of the sympathetic nervous system on endothelial function remains unclear. We used lower-body negative and positive pressure to manipulate sympathetic nervous activity at sea level and high altitude and measured brachial endothelial function via flow-mediated dilation. We found that acutely altering sympathetic nervous activity had no effect on endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Tymko
- Centre for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada;
| | - Joshua C Tremblay
- Cardiovascular Stress Response Laboratory, School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Craig D Steinback
- Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jonathan P Moore
- Extremes Research Group, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Bangor University, Gwynedd, United Kingdom
| | - Alex B Hansen
- Centre for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada
| | | | - Connor A Howe
- Centre for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Ryan L Hoiland
- Centre for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Daniel J Green
- School of Sports Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia; and.,Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Philip N Ainslie
- Centre for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada
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23
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Plotnick MD, D'Urzo KA, Gurd BJ, Pyke KE. The influence of vitamin C on the interaction between acute mental stress and endothelial function. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:1657-1668. [PMID: 28612123 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3655-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether orally administered vitamin C attenuates expected mental stress-induced reductions in brachial artery endothelial function as measured by flow-mediated dilation (FMD). METHODS Fifteen men (21 ± 2 years) were given 1000 mg of vitamin C or placebo over two visits in a randomized, double-blinded, within-subject design. Acute mental stress was induced using the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST). Saliva samples for cortisol determination and FMD measures were obtained at baseline, pre-TSST, and 30 and 90-min post-TSST. An additional saliva sample was obtained immediately post-TSST. Cardiovascular stress reactivity was characterized by changes in heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP). RESULTS A significant stress response was elicited by the TSST in both conditions [MAP, HR, and salivary cortisol increased (p < 0.001)]. Overall FMD did not differ pre- vs. post-stress (time: p = 0.631) and there was no effect of vitamin C (condition: p = 0.792) (interaction between time and condition, p = 0.573). However, there was a correlation between cortisol reactivity and changes in FMD from pre- to post-stress in the placebo condition (r 2 = 0.66, p < 0.001) that was abolished in the vitamin C condition (r 2 = 0.02, p = 0.612). CONCLUSION Acute mental stress did not impair endothelial function, and vitamin C disrupted the relationship between cortisol reactivity and changes in FMD post-stress. This suggests that acute mental stress does not universally impair endothelial function and that reactive oxygen species signaling may influence the interaction between FMD and stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan D Plotnick
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, 28 Division St., Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Katrina A D'Urzo
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, 28 Division St., Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, 28 Division St., Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Kyra E Pyke
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, 28 Division St., Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada.
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24
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Tymko MM, Tremblay JC, Hansen AB, Howe CA, Willie CK, Stembridge M, Green DJ, Hoiland RL, Subedi P, Anholm JD, Ainslie PN. The effect of α 1 -adrenergic blockade on post-exercise brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation at sea level and high altitude. J Physiol 2016; 595:1671-1686. [PMID: 28032333 DOI: 10.1113/jp273183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Our objective was to quantify endothelial function (via brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation) at sea level (344 m) and high altitude (3800 m) at rest and following both maximal exercise and 30 min of moderate-intensity cycling exercise with and without administration of an α1 -adrenergic blockade. Brachial endothelial function did not differ between sea level and high altitude at rest, nor following maximal exercise. At sea level, endothelial function decreased following 30 min of moderate-intensity exercise, and this decrease was abolished with α1 -adrenergic blockade. At high altitude, endothelial function did not decrease immediately after 30 min of moderate-intensity exercise, and administration of α1 -adrenergic blockade resulted in an increase in flow-mediated dilatation. Our data indicate that post-exercise endothelial function is modified at high altitude (i.e. prolonged hypoxaemia). The current study helps to elucidate the physiological mechanisms associated with high-altitude acclimatization, and provides insight into the relationship between sympathetic nervous activity and vascular endothelial function. ABSTRACT We examined the hypotheses that (1) at rest, endothelial function would be impaired at high altitude compared to sea level, (2) endothelial function would be reduced to a greater extent at sea level compared to high altitude after maximal exercise, and (3) reductions in endothelial function following moderate-intensity exercise at both sea level and high altitude are mediated via an α1 -adrenergic pathway. In a double-blinded, counterbalanced, randomized and placebo-controlled design, nine healthy participants performed a maximal-exercise test, and two 30 min sessions of semi-recumbent cycling exercise at 50% peak output following either placebo or α1 -adrenergic blockade (prazosin; 0.05 mg kg -1 ). These experiments were completed at both sea-level (344 m) and high altitude (3800 m). Blood pressure (finger photoplethysmography), heart rate (electrocardiogram), oxygen saturation (pulse oximetry), and brachial artery blood flow and shear rate (ultrasound) were recorded before, during and following exercise. Endothelial function assessed by brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) was measured before, immediately following and 60 min after exercise. Our findings were: (1) at rest, FMD remained unchanged between sea level and high altitude (placebo P = 0.287; prazosin: P = 0.110); (2) FMD remained unchanged after maximal exercise at sea level and high altitude (P = 0.244); and (3) the 2.9 ± 0.8% (P = 0.043) reduction in FMD immediately after moderate-intensity exercise at sea level was abolished via α1 -adrenergic blockade. Conversely, at high altitude, FMD was unaltered following moderate-intensity exercise, and administration of α1 -adrenergic blockade elevated FMD (P = 0.032). Our results suggest endothelial function is differentially affected by exercise when exposed to hypobaric hypoxia. These findings have implications for understanding the chronic impacts of hypoxaemia on exercise, and the interactions between the α1 -adrenergic pathway and endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Tymko
- Centre for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Joshua C Tremblay
- Centre for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Alex B Hansen
- Centre for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Connor A Howe
- Centre for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Chris K Willie
- Centre for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Mike Stembridge
- Cardiff School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Daniel J Green
- School of Sports Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ryan L Hoiland
- Centre for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada
| | - Prajan Subedi
- Pulmonary/Critical Care Section, Medical Service, VA Loma Linda Healthcare System, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - James D Anholm
- Pulmonary/Critical Care Section, Medical Service, VA Loma Linda Healthcare System, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Philip N Ainslie
- Centre for Heart, Lung, and Vascular Health, School of Health and Exercise Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada
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25
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Atkinson CL, Lewis NCS, Carter HH, Thijssen DHJ, Ainslie PN, Green DJ. Impact of sympathetic nervous system activity on post-exercise flow-mediated dilatation in humans. J Physiol 2015; 593:5145-56. [PMID: 26437709 PMCID: PMC4666994 DOI: 10.1113/jp270946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transient reduction in vascular function following systemic large muscle group exercise has previously been reported in humans. The mechanisms responsible are currently unknown. We hypothesised that sympathetic nervous system activation, induced by cycle ergometer exercise, would contribute to post-exercise reductions in flow-mediated dilatation (FMD). Ten healthy male subjects (28 ± 5 years) undertook two 30 min sessions of cycle exercise at 75% HR(max). Prior to exercise, individuals ingested either a placebo or an α1-adrenoreceptor blocker (prazosin; 0.05 mg kg(-1)). Central haemodynamics, brachial artery shear rate (SR) and blood flow profiles were assessed throughout each exercise bout and in response to brachial artery FMD, measured prior to, immediately after and 60 min after exercise. Cycle exercise increased both mean and antegrade SR (P < 0.001) with retrograde SR also elevated under both conditions (P < 0.001). Pre-exercise FMD was similar on both occasions, and was significantly reduced (27%) immediately following exercise in the placebo condition (t-test, P = 0.03). In contrast, FMD increased (37%) immediately following exercise in the prazosin condition (t-test, P = 0.004, interaction effect P = 0.01). Post-exercise FMD remained different between conditions after correction for baseline diameters preceding cuff deflation and also post-deflation SR. No differences in FMD or other variables were evident 60 min following recovery. Our results indicate that sympathetic vasoconstriction competes with endothelium-dependent dilator activity to determine post-exercise arterial function. These findings have implications for understanding the chronic impacts of interventions, such as exercise training, which affect both sympathetic activity and arterial shear stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceri L Atkinson
- School of Sports Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia
| | - Nia C S Lewis
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Howard H Carter
- School of Sports Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia
| | - Dick H J Thijssen
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Philip N Ainslie
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Daniel J Green
- School of Sports Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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Totosy de Zepetnek JO, Au JS, Ditor DS, MacDonald MJ. Lower limb conduit artery endothelial responses to acute upper limb exercise in spinal cord injured and able-bodied men. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/4/e12367. [PMID: 25847920 PMCID: PMC4425972 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular improvements in the nonactive regions during exercise are likely primarily mediated by increased shear rate (SR). Individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) experience sublesional vascular deconditioning and could potentially benefit from upper body exercise-induced increases in lower body SR. The present study utilized a single bout of incremental arm-crank exercise to generate exercise-induced SR changes in the superficial femoral artery in an effort to evaluate the acute postexercise impact on superficial femoral artery endothelial function via flow-mediated dilation (FMD), and determine regulatory factors in the nonactive legs of individuals with and without SCI. Eight individuals with SCI and eight age, sex, and waist-circumference-matched able-bodied (AB) controls participated. Nine minutes of incremental arm-crank exercise increased superficial femoral artery anterograde SR (P = 0.02 and P < 0.01), retrograde SR (P < 0.01 and P < 0.01), and oscillatory shear index (OSI) (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001) in both SCI and AB, respectively. However, these SR alterations resulted in acute postexercise increases in FMD in the AB group only (SCI 6.0 ± 1.2% to 6.3 ± 2.7%, P = 0.74; AB 7.5 ± 1.4% to 11.2 ± 1.4%, P = 0.03). While arm exercise has many cardiovascular benefits and results in changes in SR patterns in the nonactive legs, these changes are not sufficient to induce acute changes in FMD among individuals with SCI, and therefore are less likely to stimulate exercise training-associated improvements in nonactive limb endothelial function. Understanding the role of SR patterns on FMD brings us closer to designing effective strategies to combat impaired vascular function in both healthy and clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason S Au
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - David S Ditor
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
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27
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Thosar SS, Bielko SL, Wiggins CC, Wallace JP. Differences in brachial and femoral artery responses to prolonged sitting. Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2014; 12:50. [PMID: 25512175 PMCID: PMC4290438 DOI: 10.1186/1476-7120-12-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction It is unknown if there are limb differences in vascular function during prolonged sitting. Purpose This study was designed to test whether the effects of prolonged sitting on brachial artery (BA) and the superficial femoral artery (SFA) are similar. Methods Twelve men (24.2 ± 4 yrs.) participated in a 3 hr prolonged sitting trial (SIT). SFA and BA flow mediated dilation (FMD) and respective flow patterns were measured at baseline, 1 hr, 2 hr and 3 hr. Results By a one-way ANOVA there was a significant decline in SFA FMD during 3 hrs of SIT (p < 0.001). Simultaneously, there was a significant decline in antegrade (p = 0.04) and mean (0.037) shear rates. By a one way ANOVA there were no significant differences in BA FMD during 3 hrs of sitting. There were no changes in the shear rates in the BA except for a significant decrease in antegrade shear rate (p = 0.029) and a significant increase in oscillatory shear index (p = 0.034) during 3 hrs of sitting. Furthermore, there was no correlation between BA and SFA FMD measurements. Conclusion Three hours of sitting resulted in impaired SFA FMD but not BA FMD. Although 3 hours of sitting did not impair BA FMD, it impaired shear patterns in the BA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh S Thosar
- Department of Kinesiology, Indiana University School of Public Health, Indiana University- Bloomington, Indiana, USA.
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Totosy de Zepetnek JO, Jermey TL, MacDonald MJ. Superficial femoral artery endothelial responses to a short-term altered shear rate intervention in healthy men. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113407. [PMID: 25415320 PMCID: PMC4240593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In animal and in-vitro models, increased oscillatory shear stress characterized by increased retrograde shear-rate (SR) is associated with acutely decreased endothelial cell function. While previous research suggests a possible detrimental role of elevated retrograde SR on endothelial-function in the brachial artery in humans, little research has been conducted examining arteries in the leg. Examinations of altered shear pattern in the superficial femoral artery (SFA) are important, as this vessel is both prone to atherosclerosis and leg exercise is a common form of activity in humans. Seven healthy men participated; bilateral endothelial-function was assessed via flow-mediated-dilation (FMD) before and after 30-minute unilateral inflations of a thigh blood pressure cuff to either 75 mmHg or 100 mmHg on two separate visits. Inflation of the cuff induced increases in maximum anterograde (p<0.05), maximum retrograde (p<0.01), and oscillatory shear index (OSI) (p<0.001) in the cuffed leg at both inflation pressures. At 100 mmHg the increases in SR were larger in the retrograde than the anterograde direction evidenced by a decrease in mean SR (p<0.01). There was an acute decrease in relative FMD in the cuffed leg alone following inflation to both pressures. These results indicate that in the SFA, altered SR profiles incorporating increased retrograde and OSI influence the attenuation in FMD after a 30-minute unilateral thigh-cuff inflation intervention. Novel information highlighting the importance of OSI calculations and assessments of flow profiles add to current body of knowledge regarding the influence of changes in SR patterns on FMD. Findings from the current study may provide additional insight when designing strategies to combat impaired vascular function in the lower extremity where blood vessels are more prone to atherosclerosis in comparison to the upper extremity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tena L. Jermey
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maureen J. MacDonald
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Ashor AW, Lara J, Mathers JC, Siervo M. Effect of vitamin C on endothelial function in health and disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Atherosclerosis 2014; 235:9-20. [PMID: 24792921 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 04/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Observational studies indicate that higher vitamin C intake is associated with reduced risk for cardiovascular diseases. However, randomised controlled trials (RCT) examining the effect of vitamin C on endothelial function (EF) have reported inconsistent results. The aims of this systematic review and meta-analysis were to determine the effect of vitamin C supplementation on EF and to investigate whether the effect was influenced by health status, study duration, dose and route of vitamin C administration. METHODS We searched the Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Scopus databases from inception to May 2013 for studies that met the following criteria: 1) RCT with adult participants, 2) vitamin C administered alone, 3) studies that quantified EF using commonly applied methods including ultrasound, plethysmography and pulse wave analysis. RESULTS Pooling the data from 44 clinical trials showed a significant positive effect of vitamin C on EF (SMD: 0.50, 95% CI: 0.34, 0.66, P < 0.001). Stratification of the analysis by health outcome revealed improved EF in atherosclerotic (SMD: 0.84, 95% CI: 0.41, 1.26, P < 0.001), diabetic (SMD: 0.52, 95% CI: 0.21, 0.82, P < 0.001) and heart failure patients (SMD: 0.48, 95% CI: 0.08, 0.88, P < 0.02) after vitamin C supplementation. The effect size appeared to be unaffected by study design, duration, baseline plasma vitamin C concentration or route of administration of vitamin C. The meta-regression showed a significant positive association between vitamin C dose and improvement in EF (β: 0.00011, 95% CI: 0.00001, 0.00021, P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Vitamin C supplementation improved EF. The effect of vitamin C supplementation appeared to be dependent on health status, with stronger effects in those at higher cardiovascular disease risk. PROSPERO Database registration: CRD42013004567, http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar W Ashor
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle on Tyne NE4 5PL, UK; College of Medicine, University of Al-Mustansiriyah, Baghdad, Iraq.
| | - Jose Lara
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle on Tyne NE4 5PL, UK
| | - John C Mathers
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle on Tyne NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Mario Siervo
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle on Tyne NE4 5PL, UK
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Sales ARK, Fernandes IA, Rocha NG, Costa LS, Rocha HNM, Mattos JDM, Vianna LC, Silva BM, Nóbrega ACL. Aerobic exercise acutely prevents the endothelial dysfunction induced by mental stress among subjects with metabolic syndrome: the role of shear rate. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2014; 306:H963-71. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00811.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mental stress induces transient endothelial dysfunction, which is an important finding for subjects at cardiometabolic risk. Thus, we tested whether aerobic exercise prevents this dysfunction among subjects with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and whether an increase in shear rate during exercise plays a role in this phenomenon. Subjects with MetS participated in two protocols. In protocol 1 ( n = 16), endothelial function was assessed using brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD). Subjects then underwent a mental stress test followed by either 40 min of leg cycling or rest across two randomized sessions. FMD was assessed again at 30 and 60 min after exercise or rest, with a second mental stress test in between. Mental stress reduced FMD at 30 and 60 min after the rest session (baseline: 7.7 ± 0.4%, 30 min: 5.4 ± 0.5%, and 60 min: 3.9 ± 0.5%, P < 0.05 vs. baseline), whereas exercise prevented this reduction (baseline: 7.5 ± 0.4%, 30 min: 7.2 ± 0.7%, and 60 min: 8.7 ± 0.8%, P > 0.05 vs. baseline). Protocol 2 ( n = 5) was similar to protocol 1 except that the first period of mental stress was followed by either exercise in which the brachial artery shear rate was attenuated via forearm cuff inflation or exercise without a cuff. Noncuffed exercise prevented the reduction in FMD (baseline: 7.5 ± 0.7%, 30 min: 7.0 ± 0.7%, and 60 min: 8.7 ± 0.8%, P > 0.05 vs. baseline), whereas cuffed exercise failed to prevent this reduction (baseline: 7.5 ± 0.6%, 30 min: 5.4 ± 0.8%, and 60 min: 4.1 ± 0.9%, P < 0.05 vs. baseline). In conclusion, exercise prevented mental stress-induced endothelial dysfunction among subjects with MetS, and an increase in shear rate during exercise mediated this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan R. K. Sales
- Laboratory of Exercise Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and
| | - Igor A. Fernandes
- Laboratory of Exercise Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and
| | - Natália G. Rocha
- Laboratory of Exercise Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and
| | - Lucas S. Costa
- Laboratory of Exercise Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and
| | - Helena N. M. Rocha
- Laboratory of Exercise Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and
| | - João D. M. Mattos
- Laboratory of Exercise Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and
| | - Lauro C. Vianna
- Laboratory of Exercise Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and
| | - Bruno M. Silva
- Department of Physiology, Section of Exercise Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio C. L. Nóbrega
- Laboratory of Exercise Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and
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Dawson EA, Green DJ, Cable NT, Thijssen DHJ. Effects of acute exercise on flow-mediated dilatation in healthy humans. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 115:1589-98. [PMID: 24030665 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00450.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the effects of exercise training on vascular function have been well studied, less is known about the effects of acute exercise bouts. This synthesis summarizes and integrates knowledge derived from papers relating acute impacts of exercise on artery function, specifically endothelial function assessed by flow-mediated dilatation (FMD). We propose that an immediate decrease in FMD ("nadir") occurs soon after exercise cessation and that this is followed by a (supra)normalization response. The magnitude of the nadir and (supra)normalization and duration of this biphasic pattern of response appears to be influenced by numerous factors, including the nature of the exercise stimulus (e.g., type, duration, intensity), the subject population (e.g., trained vs. untrained), and various methodological factors. The impact of these factors on the biphasic pattern are most likely mediated through stimuli that underpin altered FMD postexercise, including shear and oxidative stress, changes in arterial diameter, and antioxidant status. We propose that a combination of these stimuli act synergistically to balance the vasomotor responses postexercise. Finally, we discuss the potential (clinical) relevance of the biphasic response after acute exercise, as the immediate nadir may represent an essential response for subsequent training-induced adaptations but may also represent a transient period of increased cardiovascular risk leading to the "exercise paradox."
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen A Dawson
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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King TJ, Slattery DJ, Pyke KE. The impact of handgrip exercise duty cycle on brachial artery flow-mediated dilation. Eur J Appl Physiol 2013; 113:1849-58. [PMID: 23435552 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-013-2612-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial function is essential for vasoprotection and regulation of vascular tone. Using handgrip exercise (HGEX) to increase blood flow-associated shear stress is an increasingly popular method for assessing brachial artery endothelial function via flow-mediated dilation (FMD). However, different exercise duty cycles [ratio of handgrip relaxation: contraction (seconds)] produce different patterns of brachial artery shear stress with distinct antegrade/retrograde magnitudes. To determine the impact of HGEX duty cycle on brachial artery %FMD, three distinct duty cycles were employed while maintaining a uniform mean shear stress. Brachial artery diameter and mean blood velocity were assessed via echo and Doppler ultrasound in 16 healthy male subjects. Shear stress was estimated as shear rate (SR = blood velocity/brachial artery diameter) and the target mean SR during HGEX was 75 s(-1). Subjects performed three 6-min HGEX trials on each of 2 days (like trials averaged). In each trial, subjects performed one of the three randomly ordered HGEX duty cycles (1:1, 3:1, 5:1). %FMD was calculated from baseline to the end of HGEX and (subset N = 10) during each minute of HGEX. Data are mean ± SD. As intended, mean SR was uniform across duty cycles (6 min HGEX average: 72.9 ± 4.9s(-1), 72.6 ± 3.6s(-1), 72.8 ± 3.5 s(-1), p = 0.835), despite differences in antegrade/retrograde SR (p < 0.001). End-exercise %FMD (4.0 ± 1.3 %, 4.1 ± 2.2 %, 4.2 ± 1.4 %, p = 0.860) and %FMD during exercise (p = 0.939) were not different between duty cycles. These data indicate that the endothelium responds to the mean shear stress and is not specifically sensitive to the contraction/relaxation or retrograde shear stress created by a range of HGEX protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor J King
- Cardiovascular Stress Response Laboratory, School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
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