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Herron ICT, Laws TR, Nelson M. Marmosets as models of infectious diseases. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1340017. [PMID: 38465237 PMCID: PMC10921895 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1340017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Animal models of infectious disease often serve a crucial purpose in obtaining licensure of therapeutics and medical countermeasures, particularly in situations where human trials are not feasible, i.e., for those diseases that occur infrequently in the human population. The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), a Neotropical new-world (platyrrhines) non-human primate, has gained increasing attention as an animal model for a number of diseases given its small size, availability and evolutionary proximity to humans. This review aims to (i) discuss the pros and cons of the common marmoset as an animal model by providing a brief snapshot of how marmosets are currently utilized in biomedical research, (ii) summarize and evaluate relevant aspects of the marmoset immune system to the study of infectious diseases, (iii) provide a historical backdrop, outlining the significance of infectious diseases and the importance of developing reliable animal models to test novel therapeutics, and (iv) provide a summary of infectious diseases for which a marmoset model exists, followed by an in-depth discussion of the marmoset models of two studied bacterial infectious diseases (tularemia and melioidosis) and one viral infectious disease (viral hepatitis C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian C. T. Herron
- CBR Division, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Salisbury, United Kingdom
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2
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Schuit M, Gardner S, Taylor J, Dabisch P. Evaluation of four sampling devices for Burkholderia pseudomallei laboratory aerosol studies. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009001. [PMID: 33524051 PMCID: PMC7850477 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous field and laboratory studies investigating airborne Burkholderia pseudomallei have used a variety of different aerosol samplers to detect and quantify concentrations of the bacteria in aerosols. However, the performance of aerosol samplers can vary in their ability to preserve the viability of collected microorganisms, depending on the resistance of the organisms to impaction, desiccation, or other stresses associated with the sampling process. Consequently, sampler selection is critical to maximizing the probability of detecting viable microorganisms in collected air samples in field studies and for accurate determination of aerosol concentrations in laboratory studies. To inform such decisions, the present study assessed the performance of four laboratory aerosol samplers, specifically the all-glass impinger (AGI), gelatin filter, midget impinger, and Mercer cascade impactor, for collecting aerosols containing B. pseudomallei generated from suspensions in two types of culture media. The results suggest that the relative performance of the sampling devices is dependent on the suspension medium utilized for aerosolization. Performance across the four samplers was similar for aerosols generated from suspensions supplemented with 4% glycerol. However, for aerosols generated from suspensions without glycerol, use of the filter sampler or an impactor resulted in significantly lower estimates of the viable aerosol concentration than those obtained with either the AGI or midget impinger. These results demonstrate that sampler selection has the potential to affect estimation of doses in inhalational animal models of melioidosis, as well as the likelihood of detection of viable B. pseudomallei in the environment, and will be useful to inform design of future laboratory and field studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schuit
- National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, Operated by BNBI for the U.S. Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Sierra Gardner
- National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, Operated by BNBI for the U.S. Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jill Taylor
- National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, Operated by BNBI for the U.S. Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Paul Dabisch
- National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, Operated by BNBI for the U.S. Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
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McBride MA, Owen AM, Stothers CL, Hernandez A, Luan L, Burelbach KR, Patil TK, Bohannon JK, Sherwood ER, Patil NK. The Metabolic Basis of Immune Dysfunction Following Sepsis and Trauma. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1043. [PMID: 32547553 PMCID: PMC7273750 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Critically ill, severely injured and high-risk surgical patients are vulnerable to secondary infections during hospitalization and after hospital discharge. Studies show that the mitochondrial function and oxidative metabolism of monocytes and macrophages are impaired during sepsis. Alternatively, treatment with microbe-derived ligands, such as monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA), peptidoglycan, or β-glucan, that interact with toll-like receptors and other pattern recognition receptors on leukocytes induces a state of innate immune memory that confers broad-spectrum resistance to infection with common hospital-acquired pathogens. Priming of macrophages with MPLA, CPG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODN), or β-glucan induces a macrophage metabolic phenotype characterized by mitochondrial biogenesis and increased oxidative metabolism in parallel with increased glycolysis, cell size and granularity, augmented phagocytosis, heightened respiratory burst functions, and more effective killing of microbes. The mitochondrion is a bioenergetic organelle that not only contributes to energy supply, biosynthesis, and cellular redox functions but serves as a platform for regulating innate immunological functions such as production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and regulatory intermediates. This review will define current knowledge of leukocyte metabolic dysfunction during and after sepsis and trauma. We will further discuss therapeutic strategies that target leukocyte mitochondrial function and might have value in preventing or reversing sepsis- and trauma-induced immune dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A. McBride
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Allison M. Owen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Cody L. Stothers
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Antonio Hernandez
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Liming Luan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Katherine R. Burelbach
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Tazeen K. Patil
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Julia K. Bohannon
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Edward R. Sherwood
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Naeem K. Patil
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
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Skyberg JA, Lacey CA. Hematopoietic MyD88 and IL-18 are essential for IFN-γ-dependent restriction of type A Francisella tularensis infection. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 102:1441-1450. [PMID: 28951422 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4a0517-179r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Francisella tularensis is a highly infectious intracellular bacterium that causes the potentially fatal disease tularemia. We used mice with conditional MyD88 deficiencies to investigate cellular and molecular mechanisms by which MyD88 restricts type A F. tularensis infection. F. tularensis-induced weight loss was predominately dependent on MyD88 signaling in nonhematopoietic cells. In contrast, MyD88 signaling in hematopoietic cells, but not in myeloid and dendritic cells, was essential for control of F. tularensis infection in tissue. Myeloid and dendritic cell MyD88 deficiency also did not markedly impair cytokine production during infection. Although the production of IL-12 or -18 was not significantly reduced in hematopoietic MyD88-deficient mice, IFN-γ production was abolished in these animals. In addition, neutralization studies revealed that control of F. tularensis infection mediated by hematopoietic MyD88 was entirely dependent on IFN-γ. Although IL-18 production was not significantly affected by MyD88 deficiency, IL-18 was essential for IFN-γ production and restricted bacterial replication in an IFN-γ-dependent manner. Caspase-1 was also found to be partially necessary for the production of IL-18 and IFN-γ and for control of F. tularensis replication. Our collective data show that the response of leukocytes to caspase-1-dependent IL-18 via MyD88 is critical, whereas MyD88 signaling in myeloid and dendritic cells is dispensable for IFN-γ-dependent control of type A F. tularensis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerod A Skyberg
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA; and .,Laboratory for Infectious Disease Research, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Carolyn A Lacey
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA; and.,Laboratory for Infectious Disease Research, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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Immune profiling of the progression of a BALB/c mouse aerosol infection by Burkholderia pseudomallei and the therapeutic implications of targeting HMGB1. Int J Infect Dis 2015; 40:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Schully KL, Bell MG, Prouty AM, Gallovic MD, Gautam S, Peine KJ, Sharma S, Bachelder EM, Pesce JT, Elberson MA, Ainslie KM, Keane-Myers A. Evaluation of a biodegradable microparticulate polymer as a carrier for Burkholderia pseudomallei subunit vaccines in a mouse model of melioidosis. Int J Pharm 2015; 495:849-61. [PMID: 26428631 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Melioidosis, a potentially lethal disease of humans and animals, is caused by the soil-dwelling bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei. Due to B. pseudomallei's classification as a Tier 1 Select Agent, there is substantial interest in the development of an effective vaccine. Yet, despite decades of research, no effective target, adjuvant or delivery vehicle capable of inducing protective immunity against B. pseudomallei infection has been identified. We propose a microparticulate delivery vehicle comprised of the novel polymer acetalated dextran (Ac-DEX). Ac-DEX is an acid-sensitive biodegradable carrier that can be fabricated into microparticles (MPs) that are relatively stable at pH 7.4, but rapidly degrade after phagocytosis by antigen presenting cells where the pH can drop to 5.0. As compared to other biomaterials, this acid sensitivity has been shown to enhance cross presentation of subunit antigens. To evaluate this platform as a delivery system for a melioidosis vaccine, BALB/c mice were vaccinated with Ac-DEX MPs separately encapsulating B. pseudomallei whole cell lysate and the toll-like receptor (TLR) 7/8 agonist resiquimod. This vaccine elicited a robust antibody response that included both Th1 and Th2 immunity. Following lethal intraperitoneal challenge with B. pseudomallei 1026b, vaccinated mice demonstrated a significant delay to time of death compared to untreated mice. The formulation, however, demonstrated incomplete protection indicating that lysate protein offers limited value as an antigen. Nevertheless, our Ac-DEX MPs may offer an effective delivery vehicle for a subunit B. psuedomallei vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Schully
- Vaccines and Medical Countermeasures, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center-Frederick, Ft Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - M G Bell
- Vaccines and Medical Countermeasures, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center-Frederick, Ft Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - A M Prouty
- Vaccines and Medical Countermeasures, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center-Frederick, Ft Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - M D Gallovic
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - S Gautam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - K J Peine
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - S Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - E M Bachelder
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - J T Pesce
- Vaccines and Medical Countermeasures, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center-Frederick, Ft Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - M A Elberson
- Vaccines and Medical Countermeasures, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center-Frederick, Ft Detrick, MD 21702, USA
| | - K M Ainslie
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - A Keane-Myers
- Vaccines and Medical Countermeasures, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center-Frederick, Ft Detrick, MD 21702, USA
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Control of intracellular Francisella tularensis by different cell types and the role of nitric oxide. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:694717. [PMID: 25170518 PMCID: PMC4129157 DOI: 10.1155/2014/694717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive nitrogen is critical for the clearance of Francisella tularensis infections. Here we assess the role of nitric oxide in control of intracellular infections in two murine macrophage cell lines of different provenance: the alveolar macrophage cell line, MH-S, and the widely used peritoneal macrophage cell line, J774A.1. Cells were infected with the highly virulent Schu S4 strain or with the avirulent live vaccine strain (LVS) with and without stimuli. Compared to MH-S cells, J774A.1 cells were unresponsive to stimulation and were able to control the intracellular replication of LVS bacteria, but not of Schu S4. In MH-S cells, Schu S4 demonstrated control over cellular NO production. Despite this, MH-S cells stimulated with LPS or LPS and IFN-γ were able to control intracellular Schu S4 numbers. However, only stimulation with LPS induced significant cellular NO production. Combined stimulation with LPS and IFN-γ produced a significant reduction in intracellular bacteria that occurred whether high levels of NO were produced or not, indicating that NO secretion is not the only defensive cellular mechanism operating in virulent Francisella infections. Understanding how F. tularensis interacts with host macrophages will help in the rational design of new and effective therapies.
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FTT0831c/FTL_0325 contributes to Francisella tularensis cell division, maintenance of cell shape, and structural integrity. Infect Immun 2014; 82:2935-48. [PMID: 24778115 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00102-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Francisella FTT0831c/FTL_0325 gene encodes amino acid motifs to suggest it is a lipoprotein and that it may interact with the bacterial cell wall as a member of the OmpA-like protein family. Previous studies have suggested that FTT0831c is surface exposed and required for virulence of Francisella tularensis by subverting the host innate immune response (M. Mahawar et al., J. Biol. Chem. 287:25216-25229, 2012). We also found that FTT0831c is required for murine pathogenesis and intramacrophage growth of Schu S4, but we propose a different model to account for the proinflammatory nature of the resultant mutants. First, inactivation of FTL_0325 from live vaccine strain (LVS) or FTT0831c from Schu S4 resulted in temperature-dependent defects in cell viability and morphology. Loss of FTT0831c was also associated with an unusual defect in lipopolysaccharide O-antigen synthesis, but loss of FTL_0325 was not. Full restoration of these properties was observed in complemented strains expressing FTT0831c in trans, but not in strains lacking the OmpA motif, suggesting that cell wall contact is required. Finally, growth of the LVS FTL_0325 mutant in Mueller-Hinton broth at 37°C resulted in the appearance of membrane blebs at the poles and midpoint, prior to the formation of enlarged round cells that showed evidence of compromised cellular membranes. Taken together, these data are more consistent with the known structural role of OmpA-like proteins in linking the OM to the cell wall and, as such, maintenance of structural integrity preventing altered surface exposure or release of Toll-like receptor 2 agonists during rapid growth of Francisella in vitro and in vivo.
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Boisset S, Caspar Y, Sutera V, Maurin M. New therapeutic approaches for treatment of tularaemia: a review. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4:40. [PMID: 24734221 PMCID: PMC3975101 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic treatment of tularaemia is based on a few drugs, including the fluoroquinolones (e.g., ciprofloxacin), the tetracyclines (e.g., doxycycline), and the aminoglycosides (streptomycin and gentamicin). Because no effective and safe vaccine is currently available, tularaemia prophylaxis following proven exposure to F. tularensis also relies on administration of antibiotics. A number of reasons make it necessary to search for new therapeutic alternatives: the potential toxicity of first-line drugs, especially in children and pregnant women; a high rate of treatment relapses and failures, especially for severe and/or suppurated forms of the disease; and the possible use of antibiotic-resistant strains in the context of a biological threat. This review presents novel therapeutic approaches that have been explored in recent years to improve tularaemia patients' management and prognosis. These new strategies have been evaluated in vitro, in axenic media and cell culture systems and/or in animal models. First, the activities of newly available antibiotic compounds were evaluated against F. tularensis, including tigecycline (a glycylcycline), ketolides (telithromycin and cethromycin), and fluoroquinolones (moxifloxacin, gatifloxacin, trovafloxacin and grepafloxacin). The liposome delivery of some antibiotics was evaluated. The effect of antimicrobial peptides against F. tularensis was also considered. Other drugs were evaluated for their ability to suppress the intracellular multiplication of F. tularensis. The effects of the modulation of the innate immune response (especially via TLR receptors) on the course of F. tularensis infection was characterized. Another approach was the administration of specific antibodies to induce passive resistance to F. tularensis infection. All of these studies highlight the need to develop new therapeutic strategies to improve the management of patients with tularaemia. Many possibilities exist, some unexplored. Moreover, it is likely that new therapeutic alternatives that are effective against this intracellular pathogen could be, at least partially, extrapolated to other human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Boisset
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Institut de Biologie et de Pathologie, CHU de Grenoble Grenoble, France ; Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble 1 Grenoble, France ; Laboratoire Adaptation et Pathogénie des Micro-Organismes, CNRS/UJF, UMR 5163 Grenoble, France
| | - Yvan Caspar
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Institut de Biologie et de Pathologie, CHU de Grenoble Grenoble, France ; Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble 1 Grenoble, France ; Laboratoire Adaptation et Pathogénie des Micro-Organismes, CNRS/UJF, UMR 5163 Grenoble, France
| | - Vivien Sutera
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Institut de Biologie et de Pathologie, CHU de Grenoble Grenoble, France ; Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble 1 Grenoble, France ; Laboratoire Adaptation et Pathogénie des Micro-Organismes, CNRS/UJF, UMR 5163 Grenoble, France
| | - Max Maurin
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Institut de Biologie et de Pathologie, CHU de Grenoble Grenoble, France ; Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble 1 Grenoble, France ; Laboratoire Adaptation et Pathogénie des Micro-Organismes, CNRS/UJF, UMR 5163 Grenoble, France
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Abstract
Francisella tularensis is a gram-negative bacterium that causes the zoonotic disease tularemia. Francisella is highly infectious via the respiratory route (~10 CFUs) and pulmonary infections due to type A strains of F. tularensis are highly lethal in untreated patients (>30%). In addition, no vaccines are licensed to prevent tularemia in humans. Due to the high infectivity and mortality of pulmonary tularemia, F. tularensis has been weaponized, including via the introduction of antibiotic resistance, by several countries. Because of the lack of efficacious vaccines, and concerns about F. tularensis acquiring resistance to antibiotics via natural or illicit means, augmentation of host immunity, and humoral immunotherapy have been investigated as countermeasures against tularemia. This manuscript will review advances made and challenges in the field of immunotherapy against tularemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerod A Skyberg
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology and Laboratory for Infectious Disease Research; University of Missouri; Columbia, MO USA
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Interleukin-17 protects against the Francisella tularensis live vaccine strain but not against a virulent F. tularensis type A strain. Infect Immun 2013; 81:3099-105. [PMID: 23774604 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00203-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Francisella tularensis is a highly infectious intracellular bacterium that causes the zoonotic infection tularemia. While much literature exists on the host response to F. tularensis infection, the vast majority of work has been conducted using attenuated strains of Francisella that do not cause disease in humans. However, emerging data indicate that the protective immune response against attenuated F. tularensis versus F. tularensis type A differs. Several groups have recently reported that interleukin-17 (IL-17) confers protection against the live vaccine strain (LVS) of Francisella. While we too have found that IL-17Rα(-/-) mice are more susceptible to F. tularensis LVS infection, our studies, using a virulent type A strain of F. tularensis (SchuS4), indicate that IL-17Rα(-/-) mice display organ burdens and pulmonary gamma interferon (IFN-γ) responses similar to those of wild-type mice following infection. In addition, oral LVS vaccination conferred equivalent protection against pulmonary challenge with SchuS4 in both IL-17Rα(-/-) and wild-type mice. While IFN-γ was found to be critically important for survival in a convalescent model of SchuS4 infection, IL-17 neutralization from either wild-type or IFN-γ(-/-) mice had no effect on morbidity or mortality in this model. IL-17 protein levels were also higher in the lungs of mice infected with the LVS rather than F. tularensis type A, while IL-23p19 mRNA expression was found to be caspase-1 dependent in macrophages infected with LVS but not SchuS4. Collectively, these results demonstrate that IL-17 is dispensable for host immunity to type A F. tularensis infection, and that induced and protective immunity differs between attenuated and virulent strains of F. tularensis.
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Hickey AJ, Lin JS, Kummer LW, Szaba FM, Duso DK, Tighe M, Parent MA, Smiley ST. Intranasal prophylaxis with CpG oligodeoxynucleotide can protect against Yersinia pestis infection. Infect Immun 2013; 81:2123-32. [PMID: 23545300 PMCID: PMC3676034 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00316-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunomodulatory agents potentially represent a new class of broad-spectrum antimicrobials. Here, we demonstrate that prophylaxis with immunomodulatory cytosine-phosphate-guanidine (CpG) oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN), a toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonist, confers protection against Yersinia pestis, the etiologic agent of plague. The data establish that intranasal administration of CpG ODN 1 day prior to lethal pulmonary exposure to Y. pestis strain KIM D27 significantly improves survival of C57BL/6 mice and reduces bacterial growth in hepatic tissue, despite paradoxically increasing bacterial growth in the lung. All of these CpG ODN-mediated impacts, including the increased pulmonary burden, are TLR9 dependent, as they are not observed in TLR9-deficient mice. The capacity of prophylactic intranasal CpG ODN to enhance survival does not require adaptive immunity, as it is evident in mice lacking B and/or T cells; however, the presence of T cells improves long-term survival. The prophylactic regimen also improves survival and reduces hepatic bacterial burden in mice challenged intraperitoneally with KIM D27, indicating that intranasal delivery of CpG ODN has systemic impacts. Indeed, intranasal prophylaxis with CpG ODN provides significant protection against subcutaneous challenge with Y. pestis strain CO92 even though it fails to protect mice from intranasal challenge with that fully virulent strain.
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Mott TM, Johnston RK, Vijayakumar S, Estes DM, Motamedi M, Sbrana E, Endsley JJ, Torres AG. Monitoring Therapeutic Treatments against Burkholderia Infections Using Imaging Techniques. Pathogens 2013; 2. [PMID: 24349761 PMCID: PMC3859531 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens2020383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia mallei, the etiologic agent of glanders, are Category B select agents with biothreat potential, and yet effective therapeutic treatments are lacking. In this study, we showed that CpG administration increased survival, demonstrating protection in the murine glanders model. Bacterial recovery from infected lungs, liver and spleen was significantly reduced in CpG-treated animals as compared with non-treated mice. Reciprocally, lungs of CpG-treated infected animals were infiltrated with higher levels of neutrophils and inflammatory monocytes, as compared to control animals. Employing the B. mallei bioluminescent strain CSM001 and the Neutrophil-Specific Fluorescent Imaging Agent, bacterial dissemination and neutrophil trafficking were monitored in real-time using multimodal in vivo whole body imaging techniques. CpG-treatment increased recruitment of neutrophils to the lungs and reduced bioluminescent bacteria, correlating with decreased bacterial burden and increased protection against acute murine glanders. Our results indicate that protection of CpG-treated animals was associated with recruitment of neutrophils prior to infection and demonstrated, for the first time, simultaneous real time in vivo imaging of neutrophils and bacteria. This study provides experimental evidence supporting the importance of incorporating optimized in vivo imaging methods to monitor disease progression and to evaluate the efficacy of therapeutic treatment during bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany M Mott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (T.M.M.); (R.K.J.); (S.V.); (E.S.); (J.J.E.)
| | - R Katie Johnston
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (T.M.M.); (R.K.J.); (S.V.); (E.S.); (J.J.E.)
| | - Sudhamathi Vijayakumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (T.M.M.); (R.K.J.); (S.V.); (E.S.); (J.J.E.)
| | - D Mark Estes
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
| | - Massoud Motamedi
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA;
| | - Elena Sbrana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (T.M.M.); (R.K.J.); (S.V.); (E.S.); (J.J.E.) ; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Janice J Endsley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (T.M.M.); (R.K.J.); (S.V.); (E.S.); (J.J.E.)
| | - Alfredo G Torres
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (T.M.M.); (R.K.J.); (S.V.); (E.S.); (J.J.E.) ; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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Rees DGC, Hartley MG, Green M, Lukaszewski RA, Griffin KF, Atkins HS, Lyons R, Krieg AM, Titball RW. The ability of CpG oligonucleotides to protect mice against Francisella tularensis live vaccine strain but not fully virulent F. tularensis subspecies holarctica is reflected in cell-based assays. Microb Pathog 2013; 63:16-8. [PMID: 23707360 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2013.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
CpG DNA is a potent activator of the innate immune system. Here the protective effects of CpG DNA are assessed against the facultative intracellular pathogen Francisella tularensis. Dosing of mice with CpG DNA provided protection against disease caused by F. tularensis subsp. holarctica live vaccine strain (LVS) but did not protect against the fully virulent F. tularensis subsp holarctica strain HN63. Similarly, in vitro studies in J774A murine macrophage-like cells demonstrated that stimulation with CpG DNA enables control of intracellular replication of LVS but not HN63. These data confirm findings that CpG DNA may have limited efficacy in providing protection against fully virulent strains of F. tularensis and also suggest that in vitro assays may be useful for the evaluation of novel treatments for virulent F. tularensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Cerys Rees
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
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15
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Asakrah S, Nieves W, Mahdi Z, Agard M, Zea AH, Roy CJ, Morici LA. Post-exposure therapeutic efficacy of COX-2 inhibition against Burkholderia pseudomallei. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2212. [PMID: 23675544 PMCID: PMC3649956 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is a Gram-negative, facultative intracellular bacillus and the etiologic agent of melioidosis, a severe disease in Southeast Asia and Northern Australia. Like other multidrug-resistant pathogens, the inherent antibiotic resistance of B. pseudomallei impedes treatment and highlights the need for alternative therapeutic strategies that can circumvent antimicrobial resistance mechanisms. In this work, we demonstrate that host prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production plays a regulatory role in the pathogenesis of B. pseudomallei. PGE2 promotes B. pseudomallei intracellular survival within macrophages and bacterial virulence in a mouse model of pneumonic melioidosis. PGE2-mediated immunosuppression of macrophage bactericidal effector functions is associated with increased arginase 2 (Arg2) expression and decreased nitric oxide (NO) production. Treatment with a commercially-available COX-2 inhibitor suppresses the growth of B. pseudomallei in macrophages and affords significant protection against rapidly lethal pneumonic melioidosis when administered post-exposure to B. pseudomallei-infected mice. COX-2 inhibition may represent a novel immunotherapeutic strategy to control infection with B. pseudomallei and other intracellular pathogens. Burkholderia pseudomallei is the etiologic agent of melioidosis, a severe disease endemic in Southeast Asia and Northern Australia. B. pseudomallei is also classified as a Tier 1 select agent due to the threat of malicious use of the organism. Treatment of melioidosis is complicated by the inherent multidrug resistance of B. pseudomallei, leading to high case fatality rates or disease relapse. New therapeutic strategies are urgently needed to improve patient survival and to protect against a deliberate release of B. pseudomallei. Immunotherapeutics that can enhance the host immune response and delay disease progression represent a significant area of research interest. A number of immunomodulatory agents delivered locally to the lung prior to B. pseudomallei infection have afforded significant protection against pulmonary disease in animal models of melioidosis; however, their protective capacity significantly wanes upon post-exposure administration. In this work, we identify the PGE2 pathway as an immunotherapeutic target in pulmonary melioidosis and show that post-exposure COX-2 inhibition provides significant protection against lethal B. pseudomallei lung infection in mice. Further research examining FDA-approved COX-2 inhibitors as post-exposure prophylaxis for B. pseudomallei is warranted, as this may represent a safe, affordable, and efficacious immunotherapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saja Asakrah
- Tulane University School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Wildaliz Nieves
- Tulane University School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Zaid Mahdi
- Tulane University School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Mallory Agard
- Tulane University School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Arnold H. Zea
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Chad J. Roy
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Division of Microbiology, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Lisa A. Morici
- Tulane University School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Stundick MV, Albrecht MT, Houchens CR, Smith AP, Dreier TM, Larsen JC. Animal models for Francisella tularensis and Burkholderia species: scientific and regulatory gaps toward approval of antibiotics under the FDA Animal Rule. Vet Pathol 2013; 50:877-92. [PMID: 23628693 DOI: 10.1177/0300985813486812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The development and regulatory approval of medical countermeasures (MCMs) for the treatment and prevention of bacterial threat agent infections will require the evaluation of products in animal models. To obtain regulatory approval, these models must accurately recapitulate aspects of human disease, including, but not necessarily limited to, route of exposure, time to disease onset, pathology, immune response, and mortality. This article focuses on the state of animal model development for 3 agents for which models are largely immature: Francisella tularensis, Burkholderia mallei, and Burkholderia pseudomallei. An overview of available models and a description of scientific and regulatory gaps are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Stundick
- US Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, 375 E. St, SW- 12th Floor, Washington, DC 20024, USA.
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17
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D'Elia RV, Harrison K, Oyston PC, Lukaszewski RA, Clark GC. Targeting the "cytokine storm" for therapeutic benefit. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2013; 20:319-27. [PMID: 23283640 PMCID: PMC3592351 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00636-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is the body's first line of defense against infection or injury, responding to challenges by activating innate and adaptive responses. Microbes have evolved a diverse range of strategies to avoid triggering inflammatory responses. However, some pathogens, such as the influenza virus and the Gram-negative bacterium Francisella tularensis, do trigger life-threatening "cytokine storms" in the host which can result in significant pathology and ultimately death. For these diseases, it has been proposed that downregulating inflammatory immune responses may improve outcome. We review some of the current candidates for treatment of cytokine storms which may prove useful in the clinic in the future and compare them to more traditional therapeutic candidates that target the pathogen rather than the host response.
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Kdo hydrolase is required for Francisella tularensis virulence and evasion of TLR2-mediated innate immunity. mBio 2013; 4:e00638-12. [PMID: 23404403 PMCID: PMC3573668 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00638-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The highly virulent Francisella tularensis subsp. tularensis has been classified as a category A bioterrorism agent. A live vaccine strain (LVS) has been developed but remains unlicensed in the United States because of an incomplete understanding of its attenuation. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) modification is a common strategy employed by bacterial pathogens to avoid innate immunity. A novel modification enzyme has recently been identified in F. tularensis and Helicobacter pylori. This enzyme, a two-component Kdo (3-deoxy-d-manno-octulosonic acid) hydrolase, catalyzes the removal of a side chain Kdo sugar from LPS precursors. The biological significance of this modification has not yet been studied. To address the role of the two-component Kdo hydrolase KdhAB in F. tularensis pathogenesis, a ΔkdhAB deletion mutant was constructed from the LVS strain. In intranasal infection of mice, the ΔkdhAB mutant strain had a 50% lethal dose (LD(50)) 2 log(10) units higher than that of the parental LVS strain. The levels of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were significantly higher (2-fold) in mice infected with the ΔkdhAB mutant than in mice infected with LVS. In vitro stimulation of bone marrow-derived macrophages with the ΔkdhAB mutant induced higher levels of TNF-α and IL-1β in a TLR2-dependent manner. In addition, TLR2(-/-) mice were more susceptible than wild-type mice to ΔkdhAB bacterial infection. Finally, immunization of mice with ΔkdhAB bacteria elicited a high level of protection against the highly virulent F. tularensis subsp. tularensis strain Schu S4. These findings suggest an important role for the Francisella Kdo hydrolase system in virulence and offer a novel mutant as a candidate vaccine. IMPORTANCE The first line of defense against a bacterial pathogen is innate immunity, which slows the progress of infection and allows time for adaptive immunity to develop. Some bacterial pathogens, such as Francisella tularensis, suppress the early innate immune response, killing the host before adaptive immunity can mature. To avoid an innate immune response, F. tularensis enzymatically modifies its lipopolysaccharide (LPS). A novel LPS modification-Kdo (3-deoxy-d-manno-octulosonic acid) saccharide removal--has recently been reported in F. tularensis. We found that the kdhAB mutant was significantly attenuated in mice. Additionally, the mutant strain induced an early innate immune response in mice both in vitro and in vivo. Immunization of mice with this mutant provided protection against the highly virulent F. tularensis strain Schu S4. Thus, our study has identified a novel LPS modification important for microbial virulence. A mutant lacking this modification may be used as a live attenuated vaccine against tularemia.
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Dabisch P, Yeager J, Kline J, Klinedinst K, Welsch A, Pitt ML. Comparison of the efficiency of sampling devices for aerosolizedBurkholderia pseudomallei. Inhal Toxicol 2012; 24:247-54. [DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2012.666682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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20
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Cationic liposomes extend the immunostimulatory effect of CpG oligodeoxynucleotide against Burkholderia pseudomallei infection in BALB/c mice. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2012; 19:675-83. [PMID: 22441390 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.05545-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Melioidosis is a severe disease caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei. Previously we showed that pretreatment of mice with CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG ODN) 2 to 10 days prior to B. pseudomallei challenge conferred as high as 90% protection, but this window of protection was rather short. In the present study, we therefore aimed to prolong this protective window and to gain further insight into the mechanisms underlying the protection induced by CpG ODN against B. pseudomallei infection. It was found that the CpG ODN incorporated with cationic liposomes (DOTAP) but not zwitterionic liposomes (DOPC) provided complete protection against bacterial challenge. Although marked elevation of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) was found in the infected animals 2 days postinfection, it was significantly lowered by the DOTAP-plus-CpG ODN pretreatment. When appropriately activated, the phagocytic index and oxidative burst responses of neutrophils appeared not to be elevated. However, macrophages from stimulated mice showed higher levels of nitric oxide production and exhibited higher levels of antimicrobial activities, judging from lower numbers of viable intracellular bacteria. Taken together, our results demonstrate that DOTAP can enhance the protective window period of CpG ODN to at least 30 days and provide 100% protection against B. pseudomallei infection. The protective effect of DOTAP plus CpG ODN could provide an alternative approach to preventing this lethal infection, for which no vaccine is yet available.
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21
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Judy BM, Taylor K, Deeraksa A, Johnston RK, Endsley JJ, Vijayakumar S, Aronson JF, Estes DM, Torres AG. Prophylactic application of CpG oligonucleotides augments the early host response and confers protection in acute melioidosis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34176. [PMID: 22448290 PMCID: PMC3309019 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prophylactic administration of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODNs) is known to confer protection against lethal sepsis caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei in the mouse model. The mechanisms whereby CpG regulates the innate immune response to provide protection against B. pseudomallei, however, are poorly characterized. In the present study, we demonstrate that intranasal treatment of mice with Class C CpG, results in recruitment of inflammatory monocytes and neutrophils to the lung at 48 h post-treatment. Mice infected with B. pseudomallei 48 h post-CpG treatment had reduced organ bacterial load and significantly altered cytokine and chemokine profiles concomitant with protection as compared to control animals. CpG administration reduced the robust production of chemokines and pro-inflammatory cytokines in blood, lung and spleen, observed following infection of non-treated animals. Death of control animals coincided with the time of peak cytokine production (day 1–3), while a moderate; sustained cytokine production in CpG-treated animals was associated with survival. In general, CpG treatment resulted in diminished expression of cytokines and chemokines post-infection, though IL-12p40 was released in larger quantities in CpG treated animals. In contrast to CpG-treated animals, the lungs of infected control animals were infiltrated with leukocytes, especially neutrophils, and large numbers of necrotic lesions were observed in lung sections. Therapeutic treatment of B. pseudomallei-infected animals with CpG at 24 h post-infection did not impact survival compared to control animals. In summary, protection of CpG-treated animals was associated with recruitment of inflammatory monocytes and neutrophils into the lungs prior to infection. These responses correspond with early control of bacterial growth, a dampened inflammatory cytokine/chemokine response, reduced lung pathology, and greatly increased survival. In contrast, a delay in recruitment of inflammatory cell populations, despite a robust production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, was associated with poorly controlled bacterial growth, severe lung pathology, and death of control animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara M. Judy
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Katherine Taylor
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Arpaporn Deeraksa
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - R. Katie Johnston
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Janice J. Endsley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sudhamathi Vijayakumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Judith F. Aronson
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - D. Mark Estes
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Alfredo G. Torres
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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Skyberg JA, Rollins MF, Holderness JS, Marlenee NL, Schepetkin IA, Goodyear A, Dow SW, Jutila MA, Pascual DW. Nasal Acai polysaccharides potentiate innate immunity to protect against pulmonary Francisella tularensis and Burkholderia pseudomallei Infections. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002587. [PMID: 22438809 PMCID: PMC3305411 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary Francisella tularensis and Burkholderia pseudomallei infections are highly lethal in untreated patients, and current antibiotic regimens are not always effective. Activating the innate immune system provides an alternative means of treating infection and can also complement antibiotic therapies. Several natural agonists were screened for their ability to enhance host resistance to infection, and polysaccharides derived from the Acai berry (Acai PS) were found to have potent abilities as an immunotherapeutic to treat F. tularensis and B. pseudomallei infections. In vitro, Acai PS impaired replication of Francisella in primary human macrophages co-cultured with autologous NK cells via augmentation of NK cell IFN-γ. Furthermore, Acai PS administered nasally before or after infection protected mice against type A F. tularensis aerosol challenge with survival rates up to 80%, and protection was still observed, albeit reduced, when mice were treated two days post-infection. Nasal Acai PS administration augmented intracellular expression of IFN-γ by NK cells in the lungs of F. tularensis-infected mice, and neutralization of IFN-γ ablated the protective effect of Acai PS. Likewise, nasal Acai PS treatment conferred protection against pulmonary infection with B. pseudomallei strain 1026b. Acai PS dramatically reduced the replication of B. pseudomallei in the lung and blocked bacterial dissemination to the spleen and liver. Nasal administration of Acai PS enhanced IFN-γ responses by NK and γδ T cells in the lungs, while neutralization of IFN-γ totally abrogated the protective effect of Acai PS against pulmonary B. pseudomallei infection. Collectively, these results demonstrate Acai PS is a potent innate immune agonist that can resolve F. tularensis and B. pseudomallei infections, suggesting this innate immune agonist has broad-spectrum activity against virulent intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerod A Skyberg
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA.
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23
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The TLR7/8 ligand resiquimod targets monocyte-derived dendritic cell differentiation via TLR8 and augments functional dendritic cell generation. Cell Immunol 2011; 271:401-12. [PMID: 21889130 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2011.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Imidazoquinolone compounds, such as resiquimod are Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7/8 ligands representing novel immune response modifiers undergoing clinical testing. Resiquimod has been reported to modulate conventional human monocyte-derived DC (moDC) differentiation, but the role of TLR7 and TLR8 is unclear. We directly dissected the TLR7- and TLR8-dependency by employing selective TLR7 ligands and resiquimod-coculture experiments with inhibitory oligonucleotides (iODN) suppressing TLR7, TLR7+8 or TLR7+8+9. Selective TLR7 ligands did not affect conventional moDC differentiation as analyzed by CD14/CD1a expression. iODN experiments confirmed that resiquimod's effects during DC differentiation were antagonized only with TLR8 iODNs. Direct comparison of resiquimod DC with TLR7- and control-DC revealed significantly higher T-cell costimulatory molecule and MHC class II expression. Resiquimod DC promoted significantly stronger allogeneic T-cell proliferation and stronger naïve CD4(+) T-cell proliferation. These results indicate the relevance of TLR8 for human monocyte-derived DC differentiation and maturation and may be relevant for clinical trials employing resiquimod.
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Cole LE, Mann BJ, Shirey KA, Richard K, Yang Y, Gearhart PJ, Chesko KL, Viscardi RM, Vogel SN. Role of TLR signaling in Francisella tularensis-LPS-induced, antibody-mediated protection against Francisella tularensis challenge. J Leukoc Biol 2011; 90:787-97. [PMID: 21750122 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0111014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunization with Ft-LPS provokes an antigen-specific, B-1a cell-derived antibody response that protects WT mice against an otherwise lethal challenge with Ft LVS. However, this same regimen offers limited protection to TLR2(-/-) mice, despite production of WT levels of anti-Ft-LPS antibodies. As Ft-LPS exhibits no TLR2 agonist activity, and macrophage-induced cytokine production in response to Ft LVS is overwhelmingly TLR2-dependent, we hypothesized that treatment of TLR2(-/-) mice with an alternative, MyD88-dependent TLR agonist would compensate for reduced recognition of Ft LVS in TLR2(-/-) mice and thereby, restore Ft-LPS-mediated protection. Administration of the nontoxic TLR4 agonist, synthetic Escherichia coli MPL, at the time of Ft-LPS immunization or Ft LVS challenge, fully protected TLR2(-/-) mice, whereas treatment of WT or TLR2(-/-) mice with MPL alone conferred partial protection. The TLR5 agonist, flagellin, also synergized with Ft-LPS to protect TLR2(-/-) mice from lethal Ft LVS challenge. In contrast to Ft LVS, Ft-LPS pretreatment failed to protect mice against i.n. challenge with Ft Schu S4, whereas MPL, administered in the absence or presence of Ft-LPS, conferred significant, albeit partial, protection. MPL treatment of macrophages increased the uptake of Ft LVS and decreased intracellular bacterial survival while shifting the macrophage-differentiation phenotype from "alternatively activated" to "classically activated". Collectively, our data suggest that optimal, Ft-LPS-mediated protection against Ft LVS infection requires two discrete events, i.e., production of Ft-LPS-specific antibody, as well as TLR-mediated macrophage activation, to fully control Francisella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah E Cole
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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25
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Conejero L, Patel N, de Reynal M, Oberdorf S, Prior J, Felgner PL, Titball RW, Salguero FJ, Bancroft GJ. Low-dose exposure of C57BL/6 mice to burkholderia pseudomallei mimics chronic human melioidosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 179:270-80. [PMID: 21703409 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Revised: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is the etiological agent of human melioidosis, a disease with a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from fatal septicemia to chronic localized infection or asymptomatic latent infection. Most clinical and immunological studies to date have focused on the acute disease process; however, little is known about pathology and immune response in chronic melioidosis. Here, we have developed a murine model of chronic disease by challenging C57BL/6 mice intranasally with a low dose of B. pseudomallei and monitoring them up to 100 days postinfection. Bacterial burdens were heterogeneous in different animals at all time points, consistent with the spectrum of clinical severity observed in humans. Proinflammatory cytokines such as gamma interferon (IFN-γ), interleukin-6 (IL-6), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were induced during chronic infection, and histopathological analysis showed features in common with human melioidosis. Interestingly, many of these features were similar to those induced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis in humans, such as development of a collagen cord that encapsulates the lesions, the presence of multinucleated giant cells, and granulomas with a caseous necrotic center, which may explain why chronic melioidosis is often misdiagnosed as tuberculosis. Our model now provides a relevant and practical tool to define the immunological features of chronic melioidosis and aid in the development of more effective treatment of this disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Conejero
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Stundick MV, Metz M, Sampath A, Larsen JC. State-of-the-art therapeutic medical countermeasures for bacterial threat agents. Drug Dev Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.20462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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27
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Ireland R, Olivares-Zavaleta N, Warawa JM, Gherardini FC, Jarrett C, Hinnebusch BJ, Belisle JT, Fairman J, Bosio CM. Effective, broad spectrum control of virulent bacterial infections using cationic DNA liposome complexes combined with bacterial antigens. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1000921. [PMID: 20523903 PMCID: PMC2877747 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Protection against virulent pathogens that cause acute, fatal disease is often hampered by development of microbial resistance to traditional chemotherapeutics. Further, most successful pathogens possess an array of immune evasion strategies to avoid detection and elimination by the host. Development of novel, immunomodulatory prophylaxes that target the host immune system, rather than the invading microbe, could serve as effective alternatives to traditional chemotherapies. Here we describe the development and mechanism of a novel pan-anti-bacterial prophylaxis. Using cationic liposome non-coding DNA complexes (CLDC) mixed with crude F. tularensis membrane protein fractions (MPF), we demonstrate control of virulent F. tularensis infection in vitro and in vivo. CLDC+MPF inhibited bacterial replication in primary human and murine macrophages in vitro. Control of infection in macrophages was mediated by both reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mouse cells, and ROS in human cells. Importantly, mice treated with CLDC+MPF 3 days prior to challenge survived lethal intranasal infection with virulent F. tularensis. Similarly to in vitro observations, in vivo protection was dependent on the presence of RNS and ROS. Lastly, CLDC+MPF was also effective at controlling infections with Yersinia pestis, Burkholderia pseudomallei and Brucella abortus. Thus, CLDC+MPF represents a novel prophylaxis to protect against multiple, highly virulent pathogens. Conventional treatment of bacterial infections typically includes administration of antibiotics. However, many pathogens have developed spontaneous resistance to commonly used antibiotics. Development of new compounds that stimulate the host immune system to directly kill bacteria by mechanisms different from those utilized by antibiotics may serve as effective alternatives to antibiotic therapy. In this report, we describe a novel compound capable of controlling infections mediated by different, unrelated bacteria via the induction of host derived reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species. This compound is comprised of cationic liposome DNA complexes (CLDC) and crude membrane preparations (MPF) obtained from attenuated Francisella tularensis Live Vaccine Strain (LVS). Pretreatment of primary mouse or human cells limited replication of virulent F. tularensis, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Yersinia pestis and Brucella abortus in vitro. CLDC+MPF was also effective for controlling lethal pulmonary infections with virulent F. tularensis. Thus, CLDC+MPF represents a novel antimicrobial for treatment of lethal, acute, bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Ireland
- Laboratory of Intracellular Parasites, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Norma Olivares-Zavaleta
- Laboratory of Intracellular Parasites, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Jonathan M. Warawa
- Laboratory of Zoonotic Pathogens, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Frank C. Gherardini
- Laboratory of Zoonotic Pathogens, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - Clayton Jarrett
- Laboratory of Zoonotic Pathogens, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - B. Joseph Hinnebusch
- Laboratory of Zoonotic Pathogens, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
| | - John T. Belisle
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jeffery Fairman
- Juvaris Biotherapeutics, Burlingame, California, United States of America
| | - Catharine M. Bosio
- Laboratory of Intracellular Parasites, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Hamilton, Montana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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