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Fu M, He R, Zhang Z, Ma F, Shen L, Zhang Y, Duan M, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Zhu L, He J. Multinomial machine learning identifies independent biomarkers by integrated metabolic analysis of acute coronary syndrome. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20535. [PMID: 37996510 PMCID: PMC10667512 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47783-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A multi-class classification model for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) remains to be constructed based on multi-fluid metabolomics. Major confounders may exert spurious effects on the relationship between metabolism and ACS. The study aims to identify an independent biomarker panel for the multiclassification of HC, UA, and AMI by integrating serum and urinary metabolomics. We performed a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based metabolomics study on 300 serum and urine samples from 44 patients with unstable angina (UA), 77 with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and 29 healthy controls (HC). Multinomial machine learning approaches, including multinomial adaptive least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression and random forest (RF), and assessment of the confounders were applied to integrate a multi-class classification biomarker panel for HC, UA and AMI. Different metabolic landscapes were portrayed during the transition from HC to UA and then to AMI. Glycerophospholipid metabolism and arginine biosynthesis were predominant during the progression from HC to UA and then to AMI. The multiclass metabolic diagnostic model (MDM) dependent on ACS, including 2-ketobutyric acid, LysoPC(18:2(9Z,12Z)), argininosuccinic acid, and cyclic GMP, demarcated HC, UA, and AMI, providing a C-index of 0.84 (HC vs. UA), 0.98 (HC vs. AMI), and 0.89 (UA vs. AMI). The diagnostic value of MDM largely derives from the contribution of 2-ketobutyric acid, and LysoPC(18:2(9Z,12Z)) in serum. Higher 2-ketobutyric acid and cyclic GMP levels were positively correlated with ACS risk and atherosclerosis plaque burden, while LysoPC(18:2(9Z,12Z)) and argininosuccinic acid showed the reverse relationship. An independent multiclass biomarker panel for HC, UA, and AMI was constructed using the multinomial machine learning methods based on serum and urinary metabolite signatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijiao Fu
- Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Ruhua He
- Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Zhihan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Hanzhong Central Hospital, Hanzhong, 723200, Shanxi, China
| | - Fuqing Ma
- Department of Cardiology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Ningxia, Shizuishan, 753000, Ningxia, China
| | - Libo Shen
- Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, 750002, Ningxia, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Mingyu Duan
- Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Yameng Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, Henan, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- Department of Radiology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Department of Radiology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China.
| | - Jun He
- Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China.
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Kirkgöz K. C-Reactive Protein in Atherosclerosis-More than a Biomarker, but not Just a Culprit. Rev Cardiovasc Med 2023; 24:297. [PMID: 39077585 PMCID: PMC11262456 DOI: 10.31083/j.rcm2410297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) is a pentraxin that is mainly synthesized in the liver in response to inflammatory cytokines. It exists in two functionally and structurally distinct isoforms. The first is a highly pro-inflammatory and mostly tissue-bound monomeric isoform (mCRP). The second is circulating pentameric CRP (pCRP), which also serves as a substrate for the formation of mCRP. CRP is elevated during inflammatory conditions and is associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease. The aim of this review is to examine the current state of knowledge regarding the role of these two distinct CRP isoforms on atherogenesis. This should allow further evaluation of CRP as a potential therapeutic target for atherosclerosis. While it seems clear that CRP should be used as a therapeutic target for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, questions remain about how this can be achieved. Current data suggests that CRP is more than just a biomarker of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Indeed, recent evidence shows that mCRP in particular is strongly atherogenic, whereas pCRP may be partially protective against atherogenesis. Thus, further investigation is needed to determine how the two CRP isoforms contribute to atherogenesis and the development of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kürsat Kirkgöz
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
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3
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Kim ES, Kim SY, Moon A. C-Reactive Protein Signaling Pathways in Tumor Progression. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2023; 31:473-483. [PMID: 37562952 PMCID: PMC10468419 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2023.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Many cancers arise from sites of chronic inflammation, which creates an inflammatory microenvironment surrounding the tumor. Inflammatory substances secreted by cells in the inflammatory environment can induce the proliferation and survival of cancer cells, thereby promoting cancer metastasis and angiogenesis. Therefore, it is important to identify the role of inflammatory factors in cancer progression. This review summarizes the signaling pathways and roles of C-reactive protein (CRP) in various cancer types, including breast, liver, renal, and pancreatic cancer, and the tumor microenvironment. Mounting evidence suggests the role of CRP in breast cancer, particularly in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), which is typically associated with a worse prognosis. Increased CRP in the inflammatory environment contributes to enhanced invasiveness and tumor formation in TNBC cells. CRP promotes endothelial cell formation and angiogenesis and contributes to the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. In pancreatic and kidney cancers, CRP contributes to tumor progression. In liver cancer, CRP regulates inflammatory responses and lipid metabolism. CRP modulates the activity of various signaling molecules in macrophages and monocytes present in the tumor microenvironment, contributing to tumor development, the immune response, and inflammation. In the present review, we overviewed the role of CRP signaling pathways and the association between inflammation and cancer in various types of cancer. Identifying the interactions between CRP signaling pathways and other inflammatory mediators in cancer progression is crucial for understanding the complex relationship between inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Sook Kim
- Duksung Innovative Drug Center, College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women’s University, Seoul 01369, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Young Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Duksung Women’s University, Seoul 01369, Republic of Korea
| | - Aree Moon
- Duksung Innovative Drug Center, College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women’s University, Seoul 01369, Republic of Korea
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4
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Tate BN, Van Guilder GP, Aly M, Spence LA, Diaz-Rubio ME, Le HH, Johnson EL, McFadden JW, Perry CA. Changes in Choline Metabolites and Ceramides in Response to a DASH-Style Diet in Older Adults. Nutrients 2023; 15:3687. [PMID: 37686719 PMCID: PMC10489641 DOI: 10.3390/nu15173687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This feeding trial evaluated the impact of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet on changes in plasma choline, choline metabolites, and ceramides in obese older adults; 28 adults consumed 3oz (n = 15) or 6oz (n = 13) of beef within a standardized DASH diet for 12 weeks. Plasma choline, betaine, methionine, dimethylglycine (DMG), phosphatidylcholine (PC), lysophosphotidylcholine (LPC), sphingomyelin, trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), L-carnitine, ceramide, and triglycerides were measured in fasted blood samples. Plasma LPC, sphingomyelin, and ceramide species were also quantified. In response to the study diet, with beef intake groups combined, plasma choline decreased by 9.6% (p = 0.012); DMG decreased by 10% (p = 0.042); PC decreased by 51% (p < 0.001); total LPC increased by 281% (p < 0.001); TMAO increased by 26.5% (p < 0.001); total ceramide decreased by 22.1% (p < 0.001); and triglycerides decreased by 18% (p = 0.021). All 20 LPC species measured increased (p < 0.01) with LPC 16:0 having the greatest response. Sphingomyelin 16:0, 18:0, and 18:1 increased (all p < 0.001) by 10.4%, 22.5%, and 24%, respectively. In contrast, we observed that sphingomyelin 24:0 significantly decreased by 10%. Ceramide 22:0 and 24:0 decreased by 27.6% and 10.9% (p < 0.001), respectively, and ceramide 24:1 increased by 36.8% (p = 0.013). Changes in choline and choline metabolites were in association with anthropometric and cardiometabolic outcomes. These findings show the impact of the DASH diet on choline metabolism in older adults and demonstrate the influence of diet to modify circulating LPC, sphingomyelin, and ceramide species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna N. Tate
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; (B.N.T.); (J.W.M.)
| | - Gary P. Van Guilder
- High Altitude Exercise Physiology Department, Western Colorado University, Gunnison, CO 81231, USA;
| | - Marwa Aly
- Department of Applied Health Science, Indiana University School of Public Health, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (M.A.); (L.A.S.)
| | - Lisa A. Spence
- Department of Applied Health Science, Indiana University School of Public Health, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (M.A.); (L.A.S.)
| | - M. Elena Diaz-Rubio
- Proteomic and Metabolomics Facility, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;
| | - Henry H. Le
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; (H.H.L.); (E.L.J.)
| | - Elizabeth L. Johnson
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; (H.H.L.); (E.L.J.)
| | - Joseph W. McFadden
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; (B.N.T.); (J.W.M.)
| | - Cydne A. Perry
- Department of Applied Health Science, Indiana University School of Public Health, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; (M.A.); (L.A.S.)
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Niu Z, Wu Q, Luo Y, Wang D, Zheng H, Wu Y, Yang X, Zeng R, Sun L, Lin X. Plasma Lipidomic Subclasses and Risk of Hypertension in Middle-Aged and Elderly Chinese. PHENOMICS (CHAM, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 2:283-294. [PMID: 36939788 PMCID: PMC9590468 DOI: 10.1007/s43657-022-00057-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
While disrupted lipid metabolism is a well-established risk factor for hypertension in animal models, the links between various lipidomic signatures and hypertension in human studies remain unclear. We aimed to examine associations between plasma lipidomic profiles and prevalence of hypertension among 2248 community-living Chinese aged 50-70 years. Hypertension was defined according to 2020 International Society of Hypertension global hypertension practice guidelines and 2018 Chinese guidelines. In total, 728 plasma lipidomic species were profiled using high-coverage targeted lipidomics. After multivariate adjustment, including lifestyle, body mass index, blood lipids, and sodium intake, 110 metabolites from nine lipidomic subclasses showed significant associations with hypertension, among which phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs) had the strongest association. Eleven lipidomic signals for hypertension risk were further identified from the nine subclasses, including PE(18:0/18:2) (OR per SD, 1.49; 95% confidence intervals, 1.30-1.69), phosphatidylcholine (PC) (18:0/18:2) (1.27; 1.13-1.43), phosphatidylserine (18:0/18:0) (1.24; 1.09-1.41), lysophosphatidylinositol (18:1) (1.17; 1.06-1.29), triacylglycerol (52:5) (1.38; 1.18-1.61), diacylglycerol (16:0/18:2) (1.42; 1.19-1.69), dihydroceramide (24:0) (1.25; 1.09-1.43), hydroxyl-sphingomyelins (SM[2OH])C34:1 (1.19; 1.07-1.33), lysophosphatidylcholine (20:1) (0.86; 0.78-0.95), SM(OH)C38:1 (0.87; 0.79-0.96), and PC (18:2/20:1) (0.84; 0.75-0.94). Principal component analysis also showed that a factor mainly containing specific PEs was positively associated with hypertension (1.20; 1.09-1.33). Collectively, our study revealed that disturbances in multiple circulating lipidomic subclasses and signatures, especially PEs, were significantly associated with the prevalence of hypertension in middle-aged and elderly Chinese. Future studies are warranted to confirm our findings and determine the mechanisms underlying these associations. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43657-022-00057-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Niu
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-yang Rd., Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Qingqing Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Yaogan Luo
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-yang Rd., Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Di Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-yang Rd., Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - He Zheng
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-yang Rd., Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Yanpu Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-yang Rd., Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Xiaowei Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-yang Rd., Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Rong Zeng
- Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031 China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024 China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024 China
| | - Liang Sun
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-yang Rd., Shanghai, 200031 China
| | - Xu Lin
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-yang Rd., Shanghai, 200031 China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024 China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024 China
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6
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Knuplez E, Marsche G. An Updated Review of Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Plasma Lysophosphatidylcholines in the Vascular System. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4501. [PMID: 32599910 PMCID: PMC7350010 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidylcholines are a group of bioactive lipids heavily investigated in the context of inflammation and atherosclerosis development. While present in plasma during physiological conditions, their concentration can drastically increase in certain inflammatory states. Lysophosphatidylcholines are widely regarded as potent pro-inflammatory and deleterious mediators, but an increasing number of more recent studies show multiple beneficial properties under various pathological conditions. Many of the discrepancies in the published studies are due to the investigation of different species or mixtures of lysophatidylcholines and the use of supra-physiological concentrations in the absence of serum or other carrier proteins. Furthermore, interpretation of the results is complicated by the rapid metabolism of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) in cells and tissues to pro-inflammatory lysophosphatidic acid. Interestingly, most of the recent studies, in contrast to older studies, found lower LPC plasma levels associated with unfavorable disease outcomes. Being the most abundant lysophospholipid in plasma, it is of utmost importance to understand its physiological functions and shed light on the discordant literature connected to its research. LPCs should be recognized as important homeostatic mediators involved in all stages of vascular inflammation. In this review, we want to point out potential pro- and anti-inflammatory activities of lysophospholipids in the vascular system and highlight recent discoveries about the effect of lysophosphatidylcholines on immune cells at the endothelial vascular interface. We will also look at their potential clinical application as biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Knuplez
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gunther Marsche
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Singh SK, Agrawal A. Functionality of C-Reactive Protein for Atheroprotection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1655. [PMID: 31379851 PMCID: PMC6646712 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) is a pentameric molecule made up of identical monomers. CRP can be seen in three different forms: native pentameric CRP (native CRP), non-native pentameric CRP (non-native CRP), and monomeric CRP (mCRP). Both native and non-native CRP execute ligand-recognition functions for host defense. The fate of any pentameric CRP after binding to a ligand is dissociation into ligand-bound mCRP. If ligand-bound mCRP is proinflammatory, like free mCRP has been shown to be in vitro, then mCRP along with the bound ligand must be cleared from the site of inflammation. Once pentameric CRP is bound to atherogenic low-density lipoprotein (LDL), it reduces both formation of foam cells and proinflammatory effects of atherogenic LDL. A CRP mutant, that is non-native CRP, which readily binds to atherogenic LDL, has been found to be atheroprotective in a murine model of atherosclerosis. Thus, unlike statins, a drug that can lower only cholesterol levels but not CRP levels should be developed. Since non-native CRP has been shown to bind to all kinds of malformed proteins in general, it is possible that non-native CRP would be protective against all inflammatory states in which host proteins become pathogenic. If it is proven through experimentation employing transgenic mice that non-native CRP is beneficial for the host, then using a small-molecule compound to target CRP with the goal of changing the conformation of endogenous native CRP would be preferred over using recombinant non-native CRP as a biologic to treat diseases caused by pathogenic proteins such as oxidized LDL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alok Agrawal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
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Srivastava RAK, Cornicelli JA, Markham B, Bisgaier CL. Gemcabene, a first-in-class lipid-lowering agent in late-stage development, down-regulates acute-phase C-reactive protein via C/EBP-δ-mediated transcriptional mechanism. Mol Cell Biochem 2018; 449:167-183. [PMID: 29644527 PMCID: PMC6223808 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-018-3353-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation plays a key role in setting the stage leading to atherosclerosis progression, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) has been recognized as a predictor of cardiovascular risk. As a monotherapy and in combination with statins, gemcabene markedly reduced CRP in humans. Present investigation was undertaken to understand the mechanism of CRP reduction. In human hepatoma cells, gemcabene inhibited IL-6 plus IL-1β-induced CRP production in a concentration-dependent manner, reaching 70% inhibition at 2 mM. In TNF-α-stimulated primary human coronary artery endothelial cells, both CRP and IL-6 productions were reduced by 70% at 2 mM gemcabene concentration. To investigate the mechanism of gemcabene-mediated reduction of CRP, transfection studies were performed with human CRP regulatory sequences in luciferase/β-gal system that showed 25-fold increase in IL-6- and IL-6 plus IL-1β-stimulated CRP transcription. Luciferase activity was reduced by 50% by gemcabene, suggesting transcriptional down-regulation of CRP. Site-directed mutagenesis of human CRP promoter revealed that the overlapping downstream C/EBP and NF-κB binding sites are important for gemcabene-mediated CRP transcription. Gel shift assays identified the transcription factor that binds to the downstream CRP promoter as C/EBP-δ. In conclusion, gemcabene decreases CRP by C/EBP-δ and NF-κB-mediated transcriptional mechanism and suppresses IL-6 and IL-1β-induced CRP production.
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Badimon L, Peña E, Arderiu G, Padró T, Slevin M, Vilahur G, Chiva-Blanch G. C-Reactive Protein in Atherothrombosis and Angiogenesis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:430. [PMID: 29552019 PMCID: PMC5840191 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) is a short pentraxin mainly found as a pentamer in the circulation, or as non-soluble monomers CRP (mCRP) in tissues, exerting different functions. This review is focused on discussing the role of CRP in cardiovascular disease, including recent advances on the implication of CRP and its forms specifically on the pathogenesis of atherothrombosis and angiogenesis. Besides its role in the humoral innate immune response, CRP contributes to cardiovascular disease progression by recognizing and binding multiple intrinsic ligands. mCRP is not present in the healthy vessel wall but it becomes detectable in the early stages of atherogenesis and accumulates during the progression of atherosclerosis. CRP inhibits endothelial nitric oxide production and contributes to plaque instability by increasing endothelial cell adhesion molecules expression, by promoting monocyte recruitment into the atheromatous plaque and by enzymatically binding to modified low-density lipoprotein. CRP also contributes to thrombosis, but depending on its form it elicits different actions. Pentameric CRP has no involvement in thrombogenesis, whereas mCRP induces platelet activation and thrombus growth. In addition, mCRP has apparently contradictory pro-angiogenic and anti-angiogenic effects determining tissue remodeling in the atherosclerotic plaque and in infarcted tissues. Overall, CRP contributes to cardiovascular disease by several mechanisms that deserve an in-depth analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Badimon
- Cardiovascular Science Institute - ICCC, IIB-Sant Pau, Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,CiberCV, Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Peña
- Cardiovascular Science Institute - ICCC, IIB-Sant Pau, Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,CiberCV, Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gemma Arderiu
- Cardiovascular Science Institute - ICCC, IIB-Sant Pau, Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Padró
- Cardiovascular Science Institute - ICCC, IIB-Sant Pau, Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,CiberCV, Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mark Slevin
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma Vilahur
- Cardiovascular Science Institute - ICCC, IIB-Sant Pau, Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,CiberCV, Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gemma Chiva-Blanch
- Cardiovascular Science Institute - ICCC, IIB-Sant Pau, Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
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Goda T, Miyahara Y. Specific binding of human C-reactive protein towards supported monolayers of binary and engineered phospholipids. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 161:662-669. [PMID: 29172154 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Circulating C-reactive protein (CRP) recognizes altered plasma membranes and activates complements systems in the acute phase of inflammation and infection in human. We have shown previously the calcium-independent adsorption of CRP toward 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) on supported phospholipid monolayers. Here, we extended our study to other phospholipids and additives to elucidate the pattern recognition of CRP using a surface plasmon resonance biosensor. Surface density and lateral fluidity depended on the type of phospholipids in the monolayers as characterized by SPR and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching measurements. CRP recognized 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-l-serine (POPS) and 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-rac-glycerol) (POPG) in the supported POPC monolayers without calcium at pH 7.4 and 5.5. As opposed to LPC, CRP did not recognize 3-sn-lysophosphatidylethanolamine in the POPC monolayers in calcium-free conditions. While, the addition of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (POPE) or sphingomyelin to supported POPC monolayers blocked CRP adsorption. Calcium-dependent CRP binding was observed only at pH 5.5 on supported monolayers of engineered phospholipids with inverted headgroups relative to POPC. The complement 1q (C1q) protein recognized the active form of CRP on the supported phospholipid monolayers. The discovery of CRP recognition with these phospholipids aids our understanding of the activation dynamics of CRP with phospholipid-based biomaterials when used during the acute phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuro Goda
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan.
| | - Yuji Miyahara
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
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Krayem I, Bazzi S, Karam M. The combination of CRP isoforms with oxLDL decreases TNF-α and IL-6 release by U937-derived macrophages. Biomed Rep 2017; 7:272-276. [PMID: 28808571 DOI: 10.3892/br.2017.949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) and oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL) serve major roles at both early and advanced stages of atherosclerosis. CRP exists in two isoforms, monomeric (m) and pentameric (p), that bring about pro- or anti-inflammatory effects in macrophages. In addition, CRP may form a complex with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) via phosphatidylcholine, thus decreasing its pro-inflammatory effects within macrophages. The aim of the present study was to investigate the single and the combined effects of mCRP, pCRP and oxLDL on U937-derived macrophages. In the current study, U937-derived macrophages were treated in vitro with different combinations of CRP isoforms with or without oxLDL. The levels of major inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α] along with the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were determined. TNF-α and IL-6 levels were significantly decreased (P<0.05) by the effect of mCRP and pCRP combined with oxLDL. No significant changes were observed in IL-1β, IL-8 or ROS levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imtissal Krayem
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Balamand, Deir El Balamand, El-Koura, 100-Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Samer Bazzi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Balamand, Deir El Balamand, El-Koura, 100-Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Marc Karam
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Balamand, Deir El Balamand, El-Koura, 100-Tripoli, Lebanon
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12
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Singh SK, Thirumalai A, Pathak A, Ngwa DN, Agrawal A. Functional Transformation of C-reactive Protein by Hydrogen Peroxide. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:3129-3136. [PMID: 28096464 PMCID: PMC5336149 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.773176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) is present at sites of inflammation including amyloid plaques, atherosclerotic lesions, and arthritic joints. CRP, in its native pentameric structural conformation, binds to cells and molecules that have exposed phosphocholine (PCh) groups. CRP, in its non-native pentameric structural conformation, binds to a variety of deposited, denatured, and aggregated proteins, in addition to binding to PCh-containing substances. In this study, we investigated the effects of H2O2, a prototypical reactive oxygen species that is also present at sites of inflammation, on the ligand recognition function of CRP. Controlled H2O2 treatment of native CRP did not monomerize CRP and did not affect the PCh binding activity of CRP. In solid phase ELISA-based ligand binding assays, purified pentameric H2O2-treated CRP bound to a number of immobilized proteins including oxidized LDL, IgG, amyloid β peptide 1-42, C4b-binding protein, and factor H, in a CRP concentration- and ligand concentration-dependent manner. Using oxidized LDL as a representative protein ligand for H2O2-treated CRP, we found that the binding occurred in a Ca2+-independent manner and did not involve the PCh-binding site of CRP. We conclude that H2O2 is a biological modifier of the structure and ligand recognition function of CRP. Overall, the data suggest that the ligand recognition function of CRP is dependent on the presence of an inflammatory microenvironment. We hypothesize that one of the functions of CRP at sites of inflammation is to sense the inflammatory microenvironment, change its own structure in response but remain pentameric, and then bind to pathogenic proteins deposited at those sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay K Singh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614
| | - Avinash Thirumalai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614
| | - Asmita Pathak
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614
| | - Donald N Ngwa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614
| | - Alok Agrawal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614.
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13
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Thirumalai A, Singh SK, Hammond DJ, Gang TB, Ngwa DN, Pathak A, Agrawal A. Purification of recombinant C-reactive protein mutants. J Immunol Methods 2017; 443:26-32. [PMID: 28167277 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) is an evolutionarily conserved protein, a component of the innate immune system, and an acute phase protein in humans. In addition to its raised level in blood in inflammatory states, CRP is also localized at sites of inflammation including atherosclerotic lesions, arthritic joints and amyloid plaque deposits. Results of in vivo experiments in animal models of inflammatory diseases indicate that CRP is an anti-pneumococcal, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-arthritic and an anti-amyloidogenic molecule. The mechanisms through which CRP functions in inflammatory diseases are not fully defined; however, the ligand recognition function of CRP in its native and non-native pentameric structural conformations and the complement-activating ability of ligand-complexed CRP have been suggested to play a role. One tool to understand the structure-function relationships of CRP and determine the contributions of the recognition and effector functions of CRP in host defense is to employ site-directed mutagenesis to create mutants for experimentation. For example, CRP mutants incapable of binding to phosphocholine are generated to investigate the importance of the phosphocholine-binding property of CRP in mediating host defense. Recombinant CRP mutants can be expressed in mammalian cells and, if expressed, can be purified from the cell culture media. While the methods to purify wild-type CRP are well established, different purification strategies are needed to purify various mutant forms of CRP if the mutant does not bind to either calcium or phosphocholine. In this article, we report the methods used to purify pentameric recombinant wild-type and mutant CRP expressed in and secreted by mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Thirumalai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, United States
| | - Sanjay K Singh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, United States
| | - David J Hammond
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, United States
| | - Toh B Gang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, United States
| | - Donald N Ngwa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, United States
| | - Asmita Pathak
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, United States
| | - Alok Agrawal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, United States.
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14
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Calcium-independent binding of human C-reactive protein to lysophosphatidylcholine in supported planar phospholipid monolayers. Acta Biomater 2017; 48:206-214. [PMID: 27815167 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Details describing the molecular dynamics of inflammation biomarker human C-reactive protein (CRP) on plasma membranes containing bioactive lipid lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) remain elusive. Here, we measured the binding kinetics of CRP to supported phospholipid monolayers deposited on an alkanethiol self-assembled monolayer on a planar gold substrate using surface plasmon resonance. Surprisingly, CRP binding to supported 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC)/LPC monolayers was calcium-independent although CRP binding to supported POPC monolayers was calcium-dependent. Binding inhibition assays indicate a specific interaction between CRP and the glycerophosphate group in LPC in the absence of calcium ions. Binding experiments on supported POPC/1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-rac-glycerol) monolayers further validated calcium-independent binding of CRP through the glycerophosphate moiety. Docking analysis predicted a new binding site for LPC in the absence of calcium ions, which is located on the opposite side of the known binding site for PC of cyclic pentameric CRP. These results using model plasma membranes should aid our understanding of the activation dynamics of CRP in altered local microenvironments of inflammation and infection. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE C-reactive protein (CRP), a major acute-phase pentraxin, binds to plasma membranes through the multivalent contacts with zwitterionic phosphorylcholine groups for activating classical complement systems. However, the interaction of CRP with phosphorylcholine-based biomaterials is unknown due to the lack of our understanding on the activation mechanism of CRP in altered local microenvironments. This paper reports the novel calcium-independent interaction of CRP to bioactive phospholipid lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) in supported phospholipids monolayers as determined using SPR. Binding inhibition experiments indicate exposure of glycerophosphate moiety of LPC is responsible for the calcium-free interaction. Our study may explode the established concept that CRP requires calcium for binding to LPC on damaged cell membranes or biomaterials.
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15
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Trial J, Cieslik KA, Entman ML. Phosphocholine-containing ligands direct CRP induction of M2 macrophage polarization independent of T cell polarization: Implication for chronic inflammatory states. Immun Inflamm Dis 2016; 4:274-88. [PMID: 27621811 PMCID: PMC5004283 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We studied monocyte transendothelial migration and subsequent polarization into M1/M2 macrophages in response to C-reactive protein (CRP) with two disease-related ligands: (1) phosphocholine (PC) and (2) multilamellar liposomes containing both unoxidized and oxidized forms of the lipid, phosphatidylcholine. These ligands differ in biological origin: PC is present on bacterial cell walls while oxidized lipids are present in atherogenic lipids. METHODS We used an in vitro model of human monocyte transendothelial migration and assessed the polarization of monocytes and T cells and signaling through Fcγ receptors in monocytes. RESULTS CRP without ligands did not promote M2 macrophage differentiation over background levels. However, when paired with either ligand, it increased M2 numbers. M2 differentiation was dependent on IL-13, and in the case of CRP with PC, was associated with a Th2 response. Paradoxically, while CRP with PC initiated a Th2 response, the combination of liposomes with CRP resulted in a Th1 response without any change in Th2 numbers despite association with M2 macrophage polarization. To resolve the conundrum of an anti-inflammatory macrophage response coexisting with a proinflammatory T cell response, we investigated signaling of CRP and its ligands through Fcγ receptors, which leads to macrophage activation independent of T cell signaling. We found that CRP plus PC acted via FcγRI, whereas CRP with liposomes bound to FcγRII. Both were activating signals as evidenced by SYK phosphorylation. CONCLUSION We conclude that CRP with ligands can promote M2 macrophage differentiation to fibroblasts through FcγR activation, and this may result in an anti-inflammatory influence despite a proinflammatory T cell environment caused by oxidized lipids. The potential relationship of this mechanism to chronic inflammatory disease is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- JoAnn Trial
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the DeBakey Heart Center, Department of MedicineBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Katarzyna A. Cieslik
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the DeBakey Heart Center, Department of MedicineBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Mark L. Entman
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the DeBakey Heart Center, Department of MedicineBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexasUSA
- Houston Methodist HospitalHoustonTexasUSA
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16
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Wang J, Feng MJ, Zhang R, Yu DM, Zhou SJ, Chen R, Yu P. C‑reactive protein/oxidized low density lipoprotein/β2‑glycoprotein i complexes induce lipid accumulation and inflammatory reaction in macrophages via p38/mitogen‑activated protein kinase and nuclear factor‑κB signaling pathways. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:3490-8. [PMID: 27512978 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) can bind to β2-glycoprotein I (β2GPI) and C-reactive protein (CRP) to form stable complexes, which exert certain effects in diabetic cardiovascular disease. A previous study by our group has confirmed that the resulting complexes promote atherosclerosis in diabetic BALB/c mice. The present study was designed to investigate the effects and potential mechanisms of oxLDL complexes on lipid accumulation and inflammatory reactions in RAW264.7 macrophages cultured in a hyperglycemic environment. Cultured cells were divided into seven groups, which were treated with phosphate‑buffered saline (control), CRP, β2GPI, oxLDL, CRP/oxLDL, oxLDL/β2GPI or CRP/oxLDL/β2GPI. The results revealed the formation of foam cells in the oxLDL, CRP/oxLDL, oxLDL/β2GPI as well as CRP/oxLDL/β2GPI groups. Compared with oxLDL, the three complexes induced less lipid accumulation (P<0.05) through inhibiting the expression of CD36 mRNA and promoting the expression of and ABCG1 mRNA (P<0.05 vs. oxLDL). Furthermore, the levels of inflammatory factors interleukin (IL)‑1β, IL‑6 and tumor necrosis factor‑α were elevated in the CRP/oxLDL and CRP/oxLDL/β2GPI groups (P>0.05 vs. oxLDL), and obvious effects on p38/mitogen‑activated protein kinase and nuclear factor (NF)‑κB phosphorylation were also observed in these groups (P<0.05 vs. oxLDL). These results suggested that CRP/oxLDL/βG2P1 complexes may induce lipid accumulation and inflammation in macrophages via the p38/MAPK and NF‑κB signaling pathways. However, some differences were observed between the complexes, which may be attributed to the property of each constituent; therefore, further studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin For Medical Epigenetics, The Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Ministry of Health, Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - Mei-Jun Feng
- 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin For Medical Epigenetics, The Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Ministry of Health, Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - Rui Zhang
- 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin For Medical Epigenetics, The Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Ministry of Health, Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - De-Min Yu
- 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin For Medical Epigenetics, The Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Ministry of Health, Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - Sai-Jun Zhou
- 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin For Medical Epigenetics, The Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Ministry of Health, Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - Rui Chen
- 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin For Medical Epigenetics, The Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Ministry of Health, Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - Pei Yu
- 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin For Medical Epigenetics, The Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Ministry of Health, Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
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17
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Kakino A, Fujita Y, Nakano A, Horiuchi S, Sawamura T. Developmental Endothelial Locus-1 (Del-1) Inhibits Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Activity by Direct Binding, and Its Overexpression Attenuates Atherogenesis in Mice. Circ J 2016; 80:2541-2549. [DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-16-0808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akemi Kakino
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shinshu University
- Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center
| | - Yoshiko Fujita
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shinshu University
- Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center
| | - Atsushi Nakano
- Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center
| | - Sayaka Horiuchi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shinshu University
| | - Tatsuya Sawamura
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shinshu University
- Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center
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18
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Stancel N, Chen CC, Ke LY, Chu CS, Lu J, Sawamura T, Chen CH. Interplay between CRP, Atherogenic LDL, and LOX-1 and Its Potential Role in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis. Clin Chem 2015; 62:320-7. [PMID: 26607724 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2015.243923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have shown that the classic acute-phase protein C-reactive protein (CRP) has proinflammatory effects on vascular cells and may play a causal role in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease. A growing body of evidence has suggested that interplay between CRP, lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1), and atherogenic LDL may underlie the mechanism of endothelial dysfunction that leads to atherosclerosis. CONTENT We review the biochemical evidence for an association of CRP, LOX-1, and either oxidized LDL (OxLDL) or electronegative L5 LDL with the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease. Artificially oxidized OxLDL has been studied extensively for its role in atherogenesis, as has electronegative L5 LDL, which is present at increased levels in patients with increased cardiovascular risks. OxLDL and L5 have been shown to stimulate human aortic endothelial cells to produce CRP, indicating that CRP is synthesized locally in the endothelium. The ligand-binding face (B-face) of CRP has been shown to bind the LOX-1 scavenger receptor and increase LOX-1 expression in endothelial cells, thereby promoting the uptake of OxLDL or L5 by LOX-1 into endothelial cells to induce endothelial dysfunction. SUMMARY CRP and LOX-1 may form a positive feedback loop with OxLDL or L5 in atherogenesis, whereby increased levels of atherogenic LDL in patients with cardiovascular risks induce endothelial cells to express CRP, which may in turn increase the expression of LOX-1 to promote the uptake of atherogenic LDL into endothelial cells. Further research is needed to confirm a causal role for CRP in atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Stancel
- Department of Vascular and Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX
| | - Chih-Chieh Chen
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU) Hospital, KMU, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Yin Ke
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU) Hospital, KMU, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, KMU, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Health Sciences, KMU, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Sheng Chu
- Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU) Hospital, KMU, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, KMU Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, KMU, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jonathan Lu
- Department of Vascular and Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX
| | - Tatsuya Sawamura
- Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan;
| | - Chu-Huang Chen
- Department of Vascular and Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX; Center for Lipid Biosciences, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU) Hospital, KMU, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, KMU, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Cardiovascular Research Center, China Medical University (CMU) Hospital, CMU, Taichung, Taiwan; Section of Cardiovascular Research, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Current affiliation: New York Heart Research Foundation, Mineola, NY.
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19
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Recognition functions of pentameric C-reactive protein in cardiovascular disease. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:319215. [PMID: 24948846 PMCID: PMC4052174 DOI: 10.1155/2014/319215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) performs two recognition functions that are relevant to cardiovascular disease. First, in its native pentameric conformation, CRP recognizes molecules and cells with exposed phosphocholine (PCh) groups, such as microbial pathogens and damaged cells. PCh-containing ligand-bound CRP activates the complement system to destroy the ligand. Thus, the PCh-binding function of CRP is defensive if it occurs on foreign pathogens because it results in the killing of the pathogen via complement activation. On the other hand, the PCh-binding function of CRP is detrimental if it occurs on injured host cells because it causes more damage to the tissue via complement activation; this is how CRP worsens acute myocardial infarction and ischemia/reperfusion injury. Second, in its nonnative pentameric conformation, CRP also recognizes atherogenic low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Recent data suggest that the LDL-binding function of CRP is beneficial because it prevents formation of macrophage foam cells, attenuates inflammatory effects of LDL, inhibits LDL oxidation, and reduces proatherogenic effects of macrophages, raising the possibility that nonnative CRP may show atheroprotective effects in experimental animals. In conclusion, temporarily inhibiting the PCh-binding function of CRP along with facilitating localized presence of nonnative pentameric CRP could be a promising approach to treat atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction. There is no need to stop the biosynthesis of CRP.
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20
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Liu YP, Li B, Zhang GH, Mi SP, Li H, Wei M. Metabonomic analysis of plasma samples from chronic hepatitis B patients with damp-heat stasis in the middle-jiao syndrome. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2014; 22:107-113. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v22.i1.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the molecular mechanisms of damp-heat stasis in the middle-jiao syndrome in patients with chronic hepatitis B.
METHODS: Plasma samples were collected prospectively from normal controls (n = 20) and patients with chronic hepatitis B and damp-heat stasis in the middle-jiao syndrome (DHSS) (TM1 group: n = 20) and analyzed using ultraperformance liquid chromatography (LC)/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MS) coupled with orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA).
RESULTS: Significant metabonomic differences were observed between the two groups. Plasma levels of 14 metabolites in the TM1 group were obviously altered compared with those in the control group (P < 0.05), among which taurochenodesoxycholic acid, 7b-hydroxy-3-oxo-5b-cholanoic acid, glycochenodeoxycholic acid 3-glucuronide, glycochenodeoxycholate-3-sulfate and cholic acid glucuronide are related to the metabolism of bile acids, lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC), lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) (C22:1), 3b,16a-dihydroxyandrostenone sulfate, phosphatidylcholine (PC) (C22:6), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) (C24:1), lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC) (C18:2) and 13'-hydroxy-alpha-tocopherol are related to the metabolism of lipids.
CONCLUSION: There are significant metabonomic differences between normal controls and patients with chronic hepatitis B and DHSS, and these metabolites may be used as potential biological markers for DHSS in patients with chronic hepatitis B.
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Valente AJ, Yoshida T, Clark RA, Delafontaine P, Siebenlist U, Chandrasekar B. Advanced oxidation protein products induce cardiomyocyte death via Nox2/Rac1/superoxide-dependent TRAF3IP2/JNK signaling. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 60:125-35. [PMID: 23453926 PMCID: PMC3714806 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs) are formed during chronic oxidative stress as a result of reactions between plasma proteins and chlorinated oxidants. Their levels are elevated during various cardiovascular diseases. Because elevated AOPPs serve as independent risk factors for ischemic heart disease, and cardiomyocyte death is a hallmark of ischemic heart disease, we hypothesized that AOPPs will induce cardiomyocyte death. AOPP-modified mouse serum albumin (AOPP-MSA) induced significant death of neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes that was attenuated by knockdown of the receptor for advanced glycation end products, but not CD36. Notably, TRAF3-interacting protein 2 (TRAF3IP2; also known as CIKS or Act1) knockdown blunted AOPP-induced apoptosis. AOPP-MSA stimulated Nox2/Rac1-dependent superoxide generation, TRAF3IP2 expression, and TRAF3IP2-dependent JNK activation. The superoxide anion generating xanthine/xanthine oxidase system and hydrogen peroxide both induced TRAF3IP2 expression. Further, AOPP-MSA induced mitochondrial Bax translocation and release of cytochrome c into cytoplasm. Moreover, AOPP-MSA suppressed antiapoptotic Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL expression. These effects were reversed by TRAF3IP2 knockdown or forced expression of mutant JNK. Similar to its effects in neonatal cardiomyocytes, AOPP-MSA induced adult cardiomyocyte death in part via TRAF3IP2. These results demonstrate for the first time that AOPPs induce cardiomyocyte death via Nox2/Rac1/superoxide-dependent TRAF3IP2/JNK activation in vitro and suggest that AOPPs may contribute to myocardial injury in vivo. Thus TRAF3IP2 may represent a potential therapeutic target in ischemic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J. Valente
- Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center and South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Tadashi Yoshida
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Robert A. Clark
- Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center and South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Patrice Delafontaine
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | | | - Bysani Chandrasekar
- Heart and Vascular Institute, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112
- Research Service, Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, LA 70161
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Bysani Chandrasekar, DVM. Ph.D., Heart and Vascular Institute, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-48, New Orleans, LA 70112, Tel.: 504-988-3034,
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22
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Thirumalai A, Singh SK, Hammond DJ, Gang TB, Ngwa DN, Pathak A, Agrawal A. Probing the phosphocholine-binding site of human C-reactive protein by site-directed mutagenesis. J Biol Chem 1992; 267:25353-8. [PMID: 1460031 PMCID: PMC5317095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human C-reactive protein (CRP) can activate the classical pathway of complement and function as an opsonin only when it is complexed to an appropriate ligand. Most known CRP ligands bind to the phosphocholine (PCh)-binding site of the protein. In the present study, we used oligonucleotide-directed site-specific mutagenesis to investigate structural determinants of the PCh-binding site of CRP. Eight mutant recombinant (r) CRP, Y40F; E42Q; Y40F, E42Q; K57Q; R58G; K57Q, R58G; W67K; and K57Q, R58G, W67K were constructed and expressed in COS cells. Wild-type and all mutant rCRP except for the W67K mutants bound to solid-phase PCh-substituted bovine serum albumin (PCh-BSA) with similar apparent avidities. However, W67K rCRP had decreased avidity for PCh-BSA and the triple mutant, K57Q, R58G, W67K, failed to bind PCh-BSA. Inhibition experiments using PCh and dAMP as inhibitors indicated that both Lys-57 and Arg-58 contribute to PCh binding. They also indicated that Trp-67 provides interactions with the choline group. The Y40F and E42Q mutants were found to have increased avidity for fibronectin compared to wild-type rCRP. We conclude that the residues Lys-57, Arg-58, and Trp-67 contribute to the structure of the PCh-binding site of human CRP. Residues Tyr-40 and Glu-42 do not appear to participate in the formation of the PCh-binding site of CRP, however, they may be located in the vicinity of the fibronectin-binding site of CRP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Alok Agrawal
- Corresponding author at: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Quillen College of Medicine, P. O. Box 70577, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA, Tel.: +1 423 439 6336; fax: +1 423 439 8044,
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