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Hoefer KC, Barbe AG, Adams A, Schoppmeier C, Wicht MJ, Weber LT, Noack MJ, Graf I. Halitosis in young patients with chronic kidney disease: findings from a randomized controlled trial. Head Face Med 2024; 20:32. [PMID: 38750491 PMCID: PMC11094915 DOI: 10.1186/s13005-024-00428-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic kidney disease (CKD) directly affects oral health. Yet data about halitosis in young CKD patients and the impact of dental prophylaxis is limited. Therefore, as part of this randomized clinical trial, halitosis in young CKD patients undergoing intensive or standard oral preventive procedures was to be explored. METHODS Three volatile sulfur compounds (hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan and dimethyl sulfide) were measured in 30 young patients with CKD (mean age 14.2 years; 16 males, 14 females). Breath samples were taken after 3 and 6 months and analyzed with selective gas chromatography (OralChroma). Tongue coating (Winkel Index) and clinical indices to determine local inflammation or oral hygiene (Papillary Bleeding Index and Quigley-Hein Index) were assessed. Within an extended anamnesis, patients and their mothers and nurses were questioned about the perceived halitosis. Corresponding quotes were noted verbatim. Patients were randomized to either intensive need-related oral health care measures (oral preventative program, OPP) or a one-stage standard prevention (treatment as usual, TAU). RESULTS While there were no differences in volatile sulfur compound levels between TAU and OPP at the three time points of measurements (p > 0.05), there was a tendency towards a reduction in dimethyl sulfide and hydrogen sulfide of affected patients within the OPP group over time. Looking at potential differences between both groups with regard to tongue coating, significant differences were observed between baseline and 3 months after study start in the OPP group, and between baseline and 6 months after study start in the TAU group (p < 0.05). The burden of halitosis was frequently reported by patients' mothers and nurses. CONCLUSIONS Young CKD patients regularly suffered from halitosis and dimethyl sulfide was its main source. Preventive measures mainly resulted in a reduction of tongue coating. TRIAL REGISTRATION The German Clinical Trial Register (# DRKS00010580).
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolin Charlotte Hoefer
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anna Greta Barbe
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anne Adams
- Institute of Medical Statistics and Computational Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christoph Schoppmeier
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Jochen Wicht
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lutz T Weber
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Children's and Adolescents' Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael J Noack
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Isabelle Graf
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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Schittek G, Blot S. Chlorhexidine mouthwash reduces halitosis in surgical patients, but is it worth the risk? Intensive Crit Care Nurs 2024; 80:103563. [PMID: 37875047 DOI: 10.1016/j.iccn.2023.103563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Schittek
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - Stijn Blot
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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Qian XX. Enterogenous extra-oral halitosis has a more severe impact on quality of life in females compared to males. J Breath Res 2024; 18:026005. [PMID: 38237169 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ad2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Some studies have examined the impact of intra-oral halitosis on quality of life (QOL), but the impact of enterogenous extra-oral halitosis (EOH) on QOL has not been previously studied. We conducted a retrospective analysis of data from 88 patients with enterogenous EOH who visited our online halitosis clinic. A specialized halitosis associated life-quality test (HALT) questionnaire was used to assess QOL of these patients. Spearman correlation analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between HALT score and age. We found that 21 (23.86%) patients were male and 67 (76.14%) patients were female. HALT scores in females were significantly higher than in males (57.6 ± 13.6vs.45.5 ± 11.9,P< 0.001). Additionally, 13 of the 20 items of the HALT questionnaire showed significant differences between the sexes. No correlation was identified between HALT score and age. Therefore, we conclude that: (1) enterogenous EOH has a more severe impact on QOL in females compared to males. (2) More females with EOH visit the offline halitosis clinic compared to males. (3) The QOL of patients with enterogenous EOH does not decline with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xian Qian
- Department of gastroenterology, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201199, People's Republic of China
- Key laboratory of whole-period monitoring and precise intervention of digestive cancer, Shanghai Municipal Health Commission (SMHC), Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201199, People's Republic of China
- People's Hospital of Daguan County, No.3 Internal Medicine Department, Daguan County, Yunnan Province 657400, People's Republic of China
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Szalai E, Tajti P, Szabó B, Kói T, Hegyi P, Czumbel LM, Varga G, Kerémi B. ORGANOLEPTIC AND HALITOMETRIC ASSESSMENTS DO NOT CORRELATE WELL IN INTRA-ORAL HALITOSIS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS. J Evid Based Dent Pract 2023; 23:101862. [PMID: 37689445 DOI: 10.1016/j.jebdp.2023.101862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gold standard method for diagnosing oral halitosis is the subjective organoleptic measurement. Device-supported methods are also widespread worldwide. The challenges and safety concerns around performing organoleptic measurements during pandemics and the diversity of measuring device alternatives raised our clinical question: which halitometer is the most suitable for diagnosing halitosis? METHODS This systematic review was registered in PROSPERO (ID CRD42022320024). The search was performed on March 23, 2022 in the following electronic databases: MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and CENTRAL. Adult populations with or without halitosis were included, and patients with systemic diseases were excluded. Organoleptic (subjective) measurement and the device-supported (objective) methods were compared; the primary outcome was the correlation coefficient, and the secondary was the specificity and sensitivity of the devices. QUADAS-2 and QUADAS-C were used to evaluate the risk of bias in the studies. Random-effects meta analyses were performed on the outcomes, and the secondary outcomes were plotted on a common ROC plot. RESULTS A total of 1231 records were found in the 5 databases. After the selection process, 76 articles were eligible for the systematic review, and 14,635 patients were involved in the qualitative analysis. The pooled Spearman's correlation coefficient (c.c.) for sulfide monitors was 0.65; 95% CIs: [0.53-0.74]; I2 = 95%, P < .01. The pooled Spearman's c.c. for portable gas chromatographs was 0.69; 95% CIs: [0.63-0.74]; I2 = 12%, P < .01. The pooled Spearman's c.c. for gas chromatographs was 0.76; 95% CIs: [0.67-0.83]; I2 = 0%, P < .01. DISCUSSION None of the most commonly used halitometers proved to be significantly superior to the others. Halimeter and OralChroma measurements did not correlate well with the organoleptic level of oral halitosis in adults. Therefore, better halitometers need to be developed as an alternative to organoleptic measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Szalai
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Tajti
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Prosthodontics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bence Szabó
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Kói
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Stochastics, Institute of Mathematics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Hegyi
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Márk Czumbel
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Periodontology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Varga
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Oral Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beáta Kerémi
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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Shimada S, Zaitsu T, Oshiro A, Kino S, Aida J. Association of oral health with various work problems: a cross-sectional study of Japanese workers. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:488. [PMID: 37454055 PMCID: PMC10349489 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03196-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral diseases affect quality of life and known to decrease productivity. We examined the impact of oral health status on various types of work problems. METHODS This cross-sectional study used data from an internet-based self-report questionnaire survey administered to workers in Japan. Responses to the questionnaire regarding seven types of oral health-related work problems (1. Stress; 2. Lack of focus; 3. Lack of sleep; 4. Lack of energy; 5. Lack of communication due to halitosis; 6. Lack of communication due to appearance; 7. Lack of ability due to dental-related pain) were investigated and statistically analyzed. Explanatory variables were self-reported oral health status, number of teeth, and gum bleeding. To examine the association of oral health with the presence of work problems, logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Age, sex, educational attainment, income, the presence of diabetes, and industrial classifications were used as the covariates. RESULTS A total of 3,930 workers (mean age: 43.3 (SD = 11.7), 2,057 males and 1,873 females) were included. Overall, a total of 6.2% of workers reported having at least one oral health-related work problem in the past year, whereas 21.8% of those with poor self-reported oral health reported work problems. Workers with poor self-reported oral health were 3.58 (95% CI (1.70-7.56) times higher odds of reporting work problems than those with excellent self-reported oral health. CONCLUSIONS Oral health was found to be associated with various work problems. Oral health promotion policies are needed in the workplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Shimada
- Department of Oral Health Promotion, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8510 Japan
| | - Takashi Zaitsu
- Department of Oral Health Promotion, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8510 Japan
| | - Akiko Oshiro
- Department of Oral Health Promotion, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8510 Japan
| | - Shiho Kino
- Department of Oral Health Promotion, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8510 Japan
| | - Jun Aida
- Department of Oral Health Promotion, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8510 Japan
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Oshiro A, Zaitsu T, Inoue Y, Srinarupat J, Nguyen VTN, Nagai M, Aida J. Concerning perceived and clinically-measured levels of halitosis. J Breath Res 2023; 17. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ac9db3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The different types of self-reported halitosis complaints include those where one feels that one’s breath smells bad, where one feels that one has bad breath because of the attitudes of others, and where others have pointed out the presence of bad breath. The results of previous studies comparing the objective and subjectives measures of halitosis are inconsistent, and few studies have used gas chromatography (GC) to measure halitosis in a large sample. This study aimed to examine the objectively measured halitosis levels based on the reasons individuals are concerned about halitosis. We included 2063 patients who visited the halitosis clinic at a university dental hospital. Halitosis was assessed using GC, self-administered questionnaires, and oral examinations. Levels of volatile sulphur compounds (VSCs; H2S, CH3SH, and (CH3)2S) were set as objective measures of halitosis. Patients were grouped based on their answers to ‘What made you concerned about bad breath?’ into groups: ‘self-perceived,’ ‘attitudes of others,’ ‘told by others,’ and other reasons. Univariate and multivariable linear regression analyses were performed to examine factors associated with VSCs and objective halitosis levels. Age, sex, oral health status, smoking, drinking, and breakfast habits were used as confounders. Patients who answered ‘told by others’ (n = 691, 33.5%) showed the highest VSCs. Individuals whose halitosis was pointed out by others had higher objectively measured halitosis levels, while those concerned about the attitudes of others or perceived their own halitosis had lower objectively measured halitosis levels. These results suggest that the objective level of halitosis can differ on the basis of the reason underlying an individual’s concern about their bad breath. Categorizing halitosis complaints and comparing them with objective halitosis levels may help reduce the anxiety of those who are concerned about halitosis and confirm the need for intervention for those with objective halitosis.
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Memon MA, Memon HA, Faizan-E-Muhammad, Fahad S, Siddiqui A, Lee KY, Tahir MJ, Yousaf Z. The aetiology and associations of halitosis: a systematic review. Oral Dis 2022; 29:1432-1438. [PMID: 35212093 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Halitosis is a term that refers to an unpleasant or foul odour originating from the oral cavity that can be caused by either intra-oral or extra-oral factors. Despite the fact that halitosis has multifactorial aetiology, intra-oral factors play a significant role in the majority of cases. AIM This systematic review assesses halitosis's intra-oral and extra-oral associations. METHODS An electronic search through MEDLINE (PubMed), Google Scholar, and the Wiley Online Library was conducted to identify relevant manuscripts. A keywords-based search was performed, using the terms "halitosis," "bad-breath," and "oral malodour causes and aetiology." Articles published from January 2014 to December 2020 were included. We selected studies evaluating the intra-oral and extra-oral factors that induce oral malodour, as well as the factors associated with systemic diseases. RESULTS Eighty to ninety percent of halitosis is caused by intra-oral factors, with coated tongue, periodontal diseases, and poor oral hygiene practices being the principal factors. Ten to twenty percent of halitosis is induced by extra-oral factors associated with systemic diseases. CONCLUSIONS Multiple factors can cause halitosis, but most of the aetiology is intra-oral. Increased medical awareness is needed to determine the actual pathophysiological process of oral malodour in otherwise healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hifza Anwer Memon
- Dow University of Health Sciences, Ul Ebad Institute of Oral Health Sciences, Dr. Ishrat, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Amna Siddiqui
- Karachi Medical and Dental College, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Ka Yiu Lee
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Sweden
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Clinical Trial Evaluating Quality of Life in Patients with Intra-Oral Halitosis. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11020326. [PMID: 35054019 PMCID: PMC8779688 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11020326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Halitosis is considered to be extremely unattractive in the context of social interactions. The main research objective of this study was to evaluate whether intra-oral halitosis may impact patients’ quality of life (QOL). One hundred generally healthy adult participants complaining about oral malodor and diagnosed with intra-oral halitosis were enrolled in this study. For halitosis diagnosis, a gas chromatography (GC) analysis by the Oral Chroma portable device was used. QOL assessment was based on the Short Form 36-item Health Survey (SF-36). The respondents had the highest scores in the physical functioning (PF), activity limitations caused by emotional problems (RE) and activity limitations caused by physical problems (RP) domains, and the weakest in the general health perception (GH), vitality (VT) and emotional wellbeing (MH) ones. The total volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) level was negatively correlated with SF-36 domains. The SF-36 domains’ scores decreased the higher the level of VSC was. The respondents assessed their QOL to be at its best in physical functioning and activity limitations caused by emotional and physical problems and the worst in general health perception, vitality and emotional wellbeing. The strongest correlation between halitosis and decreased QOL was found in the social functioning (SF), vitality, emotional wellbeing and general health perception domains.
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Kajitani K, Tsuchimoto R, Omodaka Y, Matsushita T, Fukumori H, Sato T, Nagano J. Neurodevelopmental Disorder Traits in Taijin-Kyofu-sho and Social Anxiety Disorder: A Cross-Sectional Study among University Students. PSYCHIATRY JOURNAL 2021; 2021:1661617. [PMID: 34568483 PMCID: PMC8463244 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1661617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Taijin-Kyofu-sho is an East Asian culture-bound anxiety disorder with similarities to social anxiety disorder. However, few studies have examined these two disorders from the perspective of neurodevelopmental disorders. This study is aimed at examining the association of Taijin-Kyofu-sho and social anxiety disorder with the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) trait and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) trait. The Liebowitz Social Anxiety, Taijin-Kyofu-sho, and Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report scales and the 16-item Autism-Spectrum Quotient were administered to 818 university students. Participants were divided into four groups: control (neither Taijin-Kyofu-sho nor social anxiety disorder), pure Taijin-Kyofu-sho (Taijin-Kyofu-sho alone), pure social anxiety disorder (social anxiety disorder alone), and mixed Taijin-Kyofu-sho-social anxiety disorder (both Taijin-Kyofu-sho and social anxiety disorder). We used logistic regression analysis to examine whether the ADHD trait and ASD trait were associated with Taijin-Kyofu-sho and social anxiety disorder. ASD trait was significantly associated with pure Taijin-Kyofu-sho (p = 0.006, odds ratio: 3.99). Female sex and ADHD trait were significantly associated with pure social anxiety disorder (sex: p = 0.013, odds ratio: 2.61; ADHD trait: p = 0.012, odds ratio: 2.46). Female sex, ADHD trait, and ASD trait were significantly associated with mixed Taijin-Kyofu-sho-social anxiety disorder (sex: p = 0.043, odds ratio: 2.16; ADHD trait: p = 0.003, odds ratio: 2.75; ASD trait: p < 0.001, odds ratio: 16.93). Neurodevelopmental disorder traits differed between individuals with Taijin-Kyofu-sho and those with social anxiety disorder. Overall, our study reveals that Japanese individuals with the ADHD or ASD traits are at a heightened risk of developing Taijin-Kyofu-sho or social anxiety disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Kajitani
- Center for Health Sciences and Counseling, Kyushu University, 744, Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Rikako Tsuchimoto
- Center for Health Sciences and Counseling, Kyushu University, 744, Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yusaku Omodaka
- Center for Health Sciences and Counseling, Kyushu University, 744, Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Tomoko Matsushita
- Center for Health Sciences and Counseling, Kyushu University, 744, Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hideaki Fukumori
- Center for Health Sciences and Counseling, Kyushu University, 744, Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sato
- Center for Health Sciences and Counseling, Kyushu University, 744, Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Jun Nagano
- Center for Health Sciences and Counseling, Kyushu University, 744, Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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Faria SFS, Costa FO, Godinho Pereira A, Miranda Cota LO. Self-perceived and self-reported breath odour and the wearing of face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic. Oral Dis 2021; 28 Suppl 2:2406-2416. [PMID: 34245645 PMCID: PMC8447418 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Objectives To assess the self‐perception of breath odour (SPBO) and oral hygiene habits (OHHs) while the wearing of face masks during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Subjects and Methods This cross‐sectional study included 4647 individuals who answered a structured questionnaire containing demographic, medical and dental variables and self‐perceived breath odour. Variables associated with changes in self‐perceived breath odour, self‐perceived halitosis and changes in OHHs were assessed through multivariate logistic regression. Results Changes in self‐perceived breath odour were reported by 1572 individuals and were associated with smoking, systemic conditions, dry mouth, tongue coating, the period of face mask use and its interaction with prior thinking of having bad breath. Likewise, 645 individuals started to consider having bad breath. This was associated with the interaction between prior family/friends saying they have bad breath and period of face mask use. Changes in OHHs were strongly associated with changes in SPBO and starting to consider having bad breath. Conclusion Changes in one's SPBO was associated with the wearing of face masks and was significant for changes in OHHs. Findings may be important to guide comprehensive preventive and therapeutic strategies in relation to oral health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Felipe Santos Faria
- Department of Dental Clinics, Oral Pathology, and Oral Surgery, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernando Oliveira Costa
- Department of Dental Clinics, Oral Pathology, and Oral Surgery, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Godinho Pereira
- Department of Dental Clinics, Oral Pathology, and Oral Surgery, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luís Otávio Miranda Cota
- Department of Dental Clinics, Oral Pathology, and Oral Surgery, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Cirkel LL, Jacob L, Smith L, López-Sánchez GF, Konrad M, Kostev K. Relationship between chronic gingivitis and subsequent depression in 13,088 patients followed in general practices. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 138:103-106. [PMID: 33839578 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
GOAL The aim of this study was to analyze the association between chronic gingivitis and subsequent depression in patients aged ≥14 years who were followed up in general practices in the UK. METHODS This study included patients aged ≥14 years who had received an initial diagnosis of chronic gingivitis in one of 256 general practices in the United Kingdom between January 2000 and December 2016 (index date). Patients without chronic gingivitis were matched (1:1) to those with chronic gingivitis by sex, age, index year, treating physician, and Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI). For patients without chronic gingivitis, the index date was a randomly selected visit date between 2000 and 2016. The association between chronic gingivitis and the incidence of depression was investigated using Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression analyses. RESULTS This study included 6544 patients with chronic gingivitis and 6544 patients without chronic gingivitis [49.2% were women; mean (standard deviation) age 40.3 (19.1) years]. A total of 16.3% of individuals with chronic gingivitis and 8.8% of those without chronic gingivitis received an initial diagnosis of depression within 10 years of the index date (log-rank p-value<0.001). There was a positive and significant association between chronic gingivitis and depression in the overall sample [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.82, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.55-2.48]. These findings were corroborated in men and women and in all age groups with the exception of patients aged >65 years. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated an association between chronic gingivitis and subsequent depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Lotta Cirkel
- Center of Dental, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Clinic Jena, Germany
| | - Louis Jacob
- Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, Dr. Antoni Pujadas, 42, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona 08830, Spain; Faculty of Medicine, University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Montigny-le-Bretonneux 78180, France
| | - Lee Smith
- The Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Guillermo F López-Sánchez
- Vision and Eye Research Institute, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Education, Medicine and Social Care, Anglia Ruskin University-Cambridge Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marcel Konrad
- FOM University of Applied Sciences for Economics and Management, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Karel Kostev
- Epidemiology, IQVIA, Unterschweinstiege 2-14, 60549 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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12
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Association of periodontitis with oral malodor in Korean adults. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247947. [PMID: 33661974 PMCID: PMC7932065 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the association of periodontitis with the organoleptic score (OLS)-defined oral malodor after validating OLS with odoriferous sulfur compounds in mouth air among Korean adults. A total of 330 adults aged 47–86 years were recruited from the Yangpyeong health cohort, South Korea, in 2015. Oral malodor was assessed using a 6-point OLS by a trained dentist and validated with the concentrations of hydrogen sulfide (HS) and methyl mercaptan (MM) using a gas chromatographer. Periodontitis was measured by assessing the radiographic alveolar bone loss on digital orthopantomography. Statistical analyses including descriptive statistics, partial correlation, ANOVA, and multivariable logistic regression with putative confounders were applied. OLS was significantly correlated with the concentrations of HS and MM (partial r = 0.401 and 0.392, respectively; both p<0.001) after controlling for confounders. Individuals with periodontitis had 1.8 times the risk of OLS-defined oral malodor in multivariable models (adjusted odds ratio = 1.77 in the model with the number of teeth and 1.82 in the model with denture wearing; p = 0.047 and 0.035, respectively). Periodontitis was associated with OLS-defined oral malodor among Korean adults independent of known confounders. Periodontal conditions should be considered for clinical practice and research of oral malodor.
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Lau P, Ibrahim S, Hussain A, Hu S, Jin S, Huang M, Khng M, Darby I. "Say Ahhh": Experience and Views on Halitosis Management in the General Public in Victoria, Australia. Int Dent J 2021; 71:316-320. [PMID: 33612263 PMCID: PMC9275185 DOI: 10.1016/j.identj.2020.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Halitosis is common and can have a significant impact on quality of life. It is attributed to both intraoral and extraoral causes. Although halitosis treatment depends on the aetiology, little is known about consumers’ perception of halitosis causes and the types of assistance sought. The Say Ahhh Study aimed to explore the interprofessional care for halitosis and improve understanding by the general public. Phase 1 explored the perceptions of health care providers. This article reports the findings of Phase 2, which explored the general public's knowledge of halitosis, its management, and help-seeking behaviour. Methods Patients and clients at 2 medical clinics, 3 dental clinics, and 2 pharmacies in Melbourne and rural Victoria were approached and invited to participate in a short semistructured interview. Qualitative data was thematically analysed. Results A total of 122 participants (54 males, 66 females, 2 missing) were interviewed. Participants’ past experience with halitosis influences their understanding of the cause. Halitosis was attributed mostly to poor oral hygiene and diet and less commonly to systemic disease. Their perception of the condition's severity influenced whether they seek professional help. Their perceived roles of health professionals and ease of access influenced their choice of health professionals to seek help from. Conclusion The Victorian general public is aware of the causes of halitosis and the available treatment options. Choice of treatment and help-seeking behaviour are influenced by experience, perceived severity of the condition, and perceived role of health professionals and their accessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phyllis Lau
- Department of General Practice, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; VicREN Victorian Primary Care Research and Education Network, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Stephanie Ibrahim
- Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amreen Hussain
- Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah Hu
- Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sung Jin
- Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Huang
- Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Khng
- Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ivan Darby
- Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; eviDent Foundation, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Renvert S, Noack MJ, Lequart C, Roldán S, Laine ML. The Underestimated Problem of Intra-Oral Halitosis in Dental Practice: An Expert Consensus Review. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent 2020; 12:251-262. [PMID: 32753975 PMCID: PMC7342603 DOI: 10.2147/ccide.s253765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 90% of halitosis cases originate within the oral cavity (intra-oral halitosis). With a focus on intra-oral halitosis, this narrative review article provides a current summary of the epidemiology, diagnosis and management of halitosis and discusses practical considerations for healthcare professionals (HCPs), including dentists, dental hygienists, general practitioners, community pharmacists, nurses and medical specialists. MEDLINE and PubMed were searched up to 31 December 2019. Additional information was sourced from reference lists of relevant published literature. Full-text articles which reported on the epidemiology, diagnosis and management of halitosis were considered for inclusion. Halitosis affects substantial numbers of individuals globally and is an underestimated problem in dental practice. Current estimates of the prevalence of halitosis, in addition to diagnostic methods and management considerations for halitosis, are discussed. Although not a life-threatening condition, halitosis has a significant impact on patients’ quality of life and can result in psychological consequences including social, professional and affective limitations. Using a simple step-wise approach for diagnosis and treatment, dentists and dental hygienists are ideally placed to respond to an initial consultation for halitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Renvert
- Department of Oral Health, Kristianstad University, Kristianstad, Sweden.,School of Dental Science, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.,Blekinge Institute of Technology, Karlskrona, Sweden
| | - Michael J Noack
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christophe Lequart
- Private practice, Sorigny, Union Française pour la Santé Bucco-Dentaire (UFSBD), Paris, France
| | - Silvia Roldán
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal Diseases) Research Group, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marja L Laine
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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He M, Lu H, Cao J, Zhang Y, Wong MCM, Fan J, Ye W. Psychological characteristics of Chinese patients with genuine halitosis. Oral Dis 2020; 26:1576-1585. [PMID: 32352617 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present case-control study aimed to compare the psychological status of patients with and without halitosis, and investigate the association between psychological disorders and halitosis. METHODS Patients who complained about bad breath and diagnosed with genuine halitosis were assigned to the halitosis group, while patients without genuine halitosis were assigned to the control group (n = 106, each group). Information on the demographics and Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90) of participants was collected. The organoleptic score and Halimeter measurement were used to measure halitosis. RESULTS The mean SCL-90 score of participants in the halitosis group (0.63) was significantly greater than that in the control group (0.48) (p = .002). The scores of the domains of interpersonal sensitivity, anxiety, depression, and paranoid ideation were found to be significantly different between the two groups (p < .05). However, there were no significant differences in SCL-90 scores between the mild and moderate-severe halitosis groups (p = .479). CONCLUSION The psychological status of genuine halitosis patients was significantly worse than normal patients without halitosis complaint and also without halitosis. The main problems were in the aspects of interpersonal sensitivity, anxiety, depression, and paranoia. However, the negative impact was not related to the severity of halitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei He
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology&Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Haixia Lu
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology&Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Junyao Cao
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology&Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology&Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - May Chun Mei Wong
- Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Juan Fan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Ye
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology&Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
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11th International Congress on Psychopharmacology & 7th International Symposium on Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. PSYCHIAT CLIN PSYCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/24750573.2019.1606883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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17
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Ahmed HO, Zmnako SSF, Amin ZM, Ezzat RF, Kakarash A, Omer SH, Othman H, Sherif B. Impact of the halitosis on QoL in overweight and obese patients: Based on six years of experience in two centers in sulaimani governorate, Kurdistan Region/Iraq, and case series study. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2019; 43:33-37. [PMID: 31194065 PMCID: PMC6551466 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The patients who are overweight and obese, are under stress of excess body weight, embarrassed, one may imagine the impact of halitosis on this group of patients, this is an attempt to evaluate this extra impact, and which aspect of quality of life will be affect in the overweight and obese. SUBJECTS/METHODS A prospective case series study including 885 overweight or obese patients, they were consulting for advice, diet and or drugs and various bariatric operations. A group of normal weight patients with halitosis, matched in age group and gender were enrolled as a control group for comparison. Patients who have either oral causes of the condition or pseudo halitosis or halite-phobia or were using drugs like phenytoin, cyclosporine or calcium channel blockers, isosorbide di-nitrate, Chloral hydrate, Nitrites and Nitrates, Dimethyl sulphoxide, Disulphiram, cytotoxic agents, Phenothiazine were excluded. INTERVENTIONS/METHODS The work conducted over a period of 6 years from February 1st, 2012 to March 1st, 2018. Prospective evaluation of the type and etiology of halitosis was done by using organoleptic measurement, which is not a slandered but evaluated by a group of academic colleagues. The patients were advised to avoid eating odiferous foods for 48 hours before the assessment and both the patient and the examiner should refrain from drinking coffee, tea or juice, smoking and using scented cosmetics before the assessment. RESULTS Halitosis in the overweight and obese patients magnifies the negative aspects of quality of life: avoidance, narrow social circle (P Value = 0.3415, 95% confidence interval = 11.43924-29.67085), avoidance of sex by partner (P Value = 0.0143, 95% confidence interval = 04.11537-17.08480), low self-esteem (P Value = 0.0100, 95% confidence interval = 10.66794-28.44776), teasing by others and negative thoughts (P Value = 0.4013, 95% confidence interval = 11.43924-29.67085). While obesity was not a cause of avoidance of to be kissed by partner in obese patients, but was a direct cause for this avoidance in obese patients with halitosis (P Value = 0.0143, 95% confidence interval = 04.11537-17.08480). Halitosis in normal weight patients affects the quality of life remarkably but not to the extent of halitosis in overweight and obese patients, especially social life and self-esteem which will suffer most. CONCLUSIONS The quality of life of overweight and obese, especially emotional and social aspects was significantly disturbed by halitosis more than normal weight subjects with halitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiwa Omer Ahmed
- Professor & Senior Lecturer in College of Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Iraq
| | | | - Zanyar Mustafa Amin
- Maxillofacial Surgeon, Senior Lecturer in College of Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Iraq
| | | | | | | | | | - Bawan Sherif
- Kurdistan Board Trainee in general surgery, Iraq
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Carvalho BFC, Alves MGO, Dutra MTS, Balducci I, Nicodemo D, Almeida JD. Persistent dysgeusia post-halitosis treatment: How does it impact the patients' quality of life? Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2019; 24:e319-e325. [PMID: 31041914 PMCID: PMC6530953 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.22370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of life and the presence of anxiety and depression in patients with dysgeusia post halitosis treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS Sixty patients were divided into three groups: Dysgeusia group (DG); Halitosis group (HG) and Control group (CG). The following instruments were used: Medical results study Short form health research of 36 items (SF-36), State-state anxiety inventory (STAI) and Self-report questionnaire-20 (SRQ-20). RESULTS Of the 60 subjects studied, 85% were female and 15% were male. The evaluation of SF-36 indicated a statistically significant correlation between some domains for DG and showed low scores for Mental Health. In relation to HG, low scores were obtained for Bodily Pain, Vitality and Emotional Role. The CG showed low scores for Bodily Pain, General Health and Vitality. STAI was significant when DG was compared to HG and CG. The mean SRQ-20 score was higher in DG compared with the other groups. CONCLUSIONS Persistent dysgeusia post-halitosis treatment impacts on QoL generically in the Mental health domain, and specifically in trait and state anxiety. Symptoms of depression were also seen in this group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- B-F-C Carvalho
- Department of Bioscience and Oral Diagnosis, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Science and Technology São José dos Campos, 777 Engenheiro Francisco José Longo Avenue, São Dimas, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil. Zip code: 12245-000,
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Correlation between Taijin-Kyofu-sho and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder among University Students: A Self-Reported Assessment Study. PSYCHIATRY JOURNAL 2019; 2019:7953123. [PMID: 30949492 PMCID: PMC6425389 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7953123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Taijin-Kyofu-sho (TK) is regarded as a culture-bound anxiety disorder in East Asian counties. Despite its earlier discovery in Japan, fewer studies have focused on TK than on social anxiety disorder (SAD) and even fewer on TK comorbidity with developmental disorders. Thus, we examined the association between TK and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) among Japanese university students. A total of 673 students (500 male, 173 female) were assessed on the Japanese version of Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS-J), TK scale, and adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS; version 1.1). On the TK scale and LSAS-J, 17.4 and 10.3 percent of students, respectively, exceeded the cut-off value. Furthermore, ASRS scores more strongly correlated with TK scale than LSAS-J scores (TK scale: r = 0.427; LSAS-J: r = 0.330). To evaluate how TK or SAD with ADHD affects those scores, we divided subjects into four groups: healthy subjects, subjects with TK, those with SAD, and those with both disorders. The total ASRS score was significantly higher in TK-only subjects than in healthy subjects (p < 0.0001). However, there was no significant difference between scores of healthy and SAD-only subjects (p = 0.281). Our results indicate a possible link between ADHD and later development of TK in Japan.
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SARI A, Şenyurt SZ, Üstün K, Kul S, Erciyas K. Evaluation of the Effects of Periodontal Disease Severity on Social Anxiety Level. CUMHURIYET DENTAL JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.7126/cumudj.452805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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21
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Du M, Li L, Jiang H, Zheng Y, Zhang J. Prevalence and relevant factors of halitosis in Chinese subjects: a clinical research. BMC Oral Health 2019; 19:45. [PMID: 30866896 PMCID: PMC6417129 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-019-0734-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of halitosis among Chinese subjects and to analyze the associated factors that influence halitosis. METHODS This study included subjects complaining of halitosis who came to the clinic between 2014 and 2016. Questionnaires were used to obtain general information from patients. An organoleptic test was conducted, and volatile sulfur compounds measurement was obtained to assess halitosis. In conjunction with these tests, the oral health status of each patient was recorded. RESULTS In total, there were 205 samples entered into data analysis, and the patients' age ranged from 18 to 71 years (mean ± SD: 32.44 ± 10.31). Of these patients, 65.9% had an organoleptic score ≥ 2, and 41% of patients had a volatile sulfur compound level ≥ 110 ppb. The findings indicated that the prevalence of halitosis was higher in males than in females (55.6% vs. 44.4%, respectively, P = 0.018). Several factors including the duration of bad breath, rhinitis, tongue coating and periodontal conditions were found to be associated with the organoleptic score. Tongue coating was also associated with the volatile sulfur compound level. CONCLUSIONS Among these subjects, 65.9% had halitosis. Oral health status was strongly associated with halitosis, and tongue coating was the most important factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minquan Du
- MOST KLOS & KLOBM, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Luoyu Road 237, Wuhan City, Hubei, China
| | - Leitao Li
- Xiangya Stomatology Hospital, Central South University, No. 72, Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Han Jiang
- MOST KLOS & KLOBM, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Luoyu Road 237, Wuhan City, Hubei, China
| | - Yuqiao Zheng
- MOST KLOS & KLOBM, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Luoyu Road 237, Wuhan City, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Oral Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 88, Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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Conceicao MDD, Giudice FS, Carvalho LDF. The Halitosis Consequences Inventory: psychometric properties and relationship with social anxiety disorder. BDJ Open 2018; 4:18002. [PMID: 30345075 PMCID: PMC6191820 DOI: 10.1038/bdjopen.2018.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Individuals who complain of halitosis experience psychological consequences that can lead to social, professional, and affective limitations. Research has identified social anxiety disorder (SAD) as the most common psychopathology associated to halitosis complaints. Combining these two lines of research, we sought to determine the validity of the Halitosis Consequences Inventory (ICH), a scale designed to assess the psychological consequences of halitosis complaints. We also investigated the relationship between these consequences and SAD. Materials and methods Participants were 436 individuals, including those with and without halitosis complaints (n=411 and n=25, respectively). Measures administered were the ICH, Social Phobia Inventory and its shortened version, the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale, Social Avoidance and Distress Scale, and Fear of Negative Evaluation scale. Results The ICH had adequate internal consistency (α=0.93) and could accurately discriminate between participants with and without halitosis complaints. Furthermore, individuals with high scores on the ICH were more likely to have SAD. Conclusions The ICH is an important tool for determining the aversive halitosis consequences, allowing to identify, with some degree of accuracy, individuals who might require screening for SAD. Besides, there´s a linear relationship between the presence of halitosis consequences and SAD.
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Tsuruta M, Takahashi T, Tokunaga M, Iwasaki M, Kataoka S, Kakuta S, Soh I, Awano S, Hirata H, Kagawa M, Ansai T. Relationships between pathologic subjective halitosis, olfactory reference syndrome, and social anxiety in young Japanese women. BMC Psychol 2017; 5:7. [PMID: 28292323 PMCID: PMC5351248 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-017-0176-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathologic subjective halitosis is known as a halitosis complaint without objective confirmation of halitosis by others or by halitometer measurements; it has been reported to be associated with social anxiety disorder. Olfactory reference syndrome is a preoccupation with the false belief that one emits a foul and offensive body odor. Generally, patients with olfactory reference syndrome are concerned with multiple body parts. However, the mouth is known to be the most common source of body odor for those with olfactory reference syndrome, which could imply that the two conditions share similar features. Therefore, we investigated potential causal relationships among pathologic subjective halitosis, olfactory reference syndrome, social anxiety, and preoccupations with body part odors. METHODS A total of 1360 female students (mean age 19.6 ± 1.1 years) answered a self-administered questionnaire regarding pathologic subjective halitosis, olfactory reference syndrome, social anxiety, and preoccupation with odors of body parts such as mouth, body, armpits, and feet. The scale for pathologic subjective halitosis followed that developed by Tsunoda et al.; participants were divided into three groups based on their scores (i.e., levels of pathologic subjective halitosis). A Bayesian network was used to analyze causal relationships between pathologic subjective halitosis, olfactory reference syndrome, social anxiety, and preoccupations with body part odors. RESULTS We found statistically significant differences in the results for olfactory reference syndrome and social anxiety among the various levels of pathologic subjective halitosis (P < 0.001). Residual analyses indicated that students with severe levels of pathologic subjective halitosis showed greater preoccupations with mouth and body odors (P < 0.05). Bayesian network analysis showed that social anxiety directly influenced pathologic subjective halitosis and olfactory reference syndrome. Preoccupations with mouth and body odors also influenced pathologic subjective halitosis. CONCLUSIONS Social anxiety may be a causal factor of pathologic subjective halitosis and olfactory reference syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Tsuruta
- Division of Community Oral Health Development, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, 803-8580, Japan
| | - Toru Takahashi
- Graduate School of Human Environment Science, Fukuoka Women's University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Miki Tokunaga
- School of Nutrition & Dietetics, Kanagawa University of Human Services, Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Masanori Iwasaki
- Division of Community Oral Health Development, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, 803-8580, Japan
| | - Shota Kataoka
- Division of Community Oral Health Development, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, 803-8580, Japan
| | - Satoko Kakuta
- Division of Community Oral Health Development, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, 803-8580, Japan
| | - Inho Soh
- Division of Community Oral Health Development, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, 803-8580, Japan
| | - Shuji Awano
- Division of Clinical Education Development and Research, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Hiromi Hirata
- Developmental Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Nutrition, Kagawa Nutrition University, Sakado, Japan
| | - Masaharu Kagawa
- Institution of Nutrition Sciences, Kagawa Nutrition University, Sakado, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Ansai
- Division of Community Oral Health Development, Kyushu Dental University, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, 803-8580, Japan.
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Lu HX, Chen XL, Wong M, Zhu C, Ye W. Oral health impact of halitosis in Chinese adults. Int J Dent Hyg 2016; 15:e85-e92. [PMID: 27516401 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare differences in oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) between halitosis and non-halitosis patients and to explore relationships between halitosis and OHRQoL. METHODS Patients who visited the halitosis clinic at the Ninth People's Hospital and were diagnosed with halitosis were included in the halitosis group. The control group consisted of patients without halitosis. All participants were assessed for halitosis (volatile sulphur compound measurements with a portable sulphide monitor, Oral Chroma and organoleptic tests), underwent a clinical oral examination (dental caries status and periodontal condition) and completed a questionnaire. Oral health-related quality of life was measured using the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14, Chinese version). RESULTS A total of 204 patients (102 halitosis and 102 controls) were included. The halitosis group had significantly higher OHIP-14 scores (severity) than the control group (15.7 versus 7.9, P < 0.001). The mean number of items with negative impact (extent) was significantly different between the halitosis and control groups (1.8 versus 0.3, P < 0.001). Around 56% of participants in the halitosis group reported at least one item with 'fairly often' or 'very often' (prevalence), while 21% did so in the control group (P < 0.001). In halitosis patients, the most commonly reported negative impacts were within the domains of 'psychological discomfort' and 'psychological disability'. CONCLUSIONS Oral health-related quality of life status was significantly poorer in halitosis patients than in non-halitosis patients. Halitosis patients may experience some degree of psychological discomfort and disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-X Lu
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, China
| | - X-L Chen
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, China
| | - McM Wong
- Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, 34 Hospital Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - C Zhu
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, China
| | - W Ye
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, China
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de Jongh A, van Wijk AJ, Horstman M, de Baat C. Self-perceived halitosis influences social interactions. BMC Oral Health 2016; 16:31. [PMID: 26960590 PMCID: PMC4784290 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-016-0189-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To determine the impact of self-perceived halitosis on social interactions, and the effect of using an oral rinse for management of halitosis. Methods A survey among a representative sample of the Dutch population (n = 1082), and a pre-post study among a sample of consecutive coming-by volunteers (n = 292). Results Participants of the representative sample rated their oral odor as 66.8 ± 17.2 and the consecutive volunteers as 70.9 ± 16.7 (range: 0–100). Sizable proportions (15.3 % and 38.1 %, respectively) indicated to always take into account their (bad) oral odor when meeting a person for the first time. The worse people perceived their oral odor, the more likely they were to take into account to keep a certain distance. Following the use of the oral rinse, a significant decline was found of the extent to which the participants reported to take into account their oral odor when meeting a person for the first time. Both studies identified a subgroup of individuals (9.1 % and 28.1 % respectively) who reported to keep a certain distance when meeting other people, despite a “fresh” self-perceived oral odor. Conclusion The results suggest that self-perceived oral odor negatively affects social interactions, and that adequate management of halitosis has the potential to improve such interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ad de Jongh
- Section Social Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Arjen J van Wijk
- Section Social Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Miranda Horstman
- Marketing Research Office Kien, Westerkade 15-5, 9718, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Cees de Baat
- Department of Oral Function and Prosthetic Dentistry, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands.
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MILANESI FC, KAUER B, WAGNER TP, DAUDT LD, HAAS AN. Self-reported halitosis and associated demographic and behavioral factors. Braz Oral Res 2016; 30:e71. [DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2016.vol30.0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruno KAUER
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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de Jongh A, van Wijk AJ, Horstman M, de Baat C. Attitudes towards individuals with halitosis: an online cross sectional survey of the Dutch general population. Br Dent J 2015; 216:E8. [PMID: 24557410 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2014.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To derive an estimate of encounters with halitosis and to assess the impact of halitosis on their psychosocial interactions with halitosis patients. METHODS Participants were 1,006 members of an online panel, being representative of the population of the Netherlands with regard to gender, age, family situation, education level and labour participation. They were invited to participate in a survey using an online questionnaire with four questions on becoming faced with people having halitosis. RESULTS Almost 90% of the participants indicated being faced with a person having halitosis regularly, 40% at least once a week, and men significantly more frequently than women. Halitosis was reported to be a strong 'downer' when meeting a person for the first time. Whether one would draw a person's attention to his breath malodour proved to be related to the kind of person involved and appeared to decrease with the increase of the social distance to the person. Drawing a person's attention to his breath malodour would virtually always be performed personally. CONCLUSION Halitosis is considered to be one of the most unattractive aspects of social interactions and has potentially damaging effects on psychosocial interactions and relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- A de Jongh
- 1] Section Behavioural Sciences, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam, the Netherlands [2] School of Health Sciences, Salford University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - A J van Wijk
- Section Behavioural Sciences, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M Horstman
- Marketing Research Office Kien, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - C de Baat
- Department of Oral Function and Prosthetic Dentistry, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Correlations between Perceived Oral Malodor Levels and Self-Reported Oral Complaints. Int J Dent 2015; 2015:343527. [PMID: 26273303 PMCID: PMC4530242 DOI: 10.1155/2015/343527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives. Even though objective data indicating the absence of oral malodor are presented to patients, they may be skeptical about the results, possibly due to the presence of some discomfort in the oral cavity. The objective of this study was to investigate whether there is an association among self-perceptions of oral malodor, oral complaints, and the actual oral malodor test result. Materials and Methods. Questions concerning self-perceptions of oral malodor and subjective intraoral symptoms were extracted from a questionnaire on oral malodor completed by 363 subjects who visited the clinic for oral malodor of Tokyo Dental College Chiba Hospital and gave consent to this study. In addition, the association of self-perception of oral malodor with values obtained after organoleptic and OralChroma measurement was analyzed. Results. No correlation between 195 subjects (54%) who were judged "with oral malodor" (organoleptic score of ≥1) and 294 subjects (81.6%) who had a self-perceptions of oral malodor was observed. Self-perception of oral malodor was significantly correlated with tongue coating (p = 0.002) and a strange intraoral taste (p = 0.016). Conclusions. Subjects with a self-perception of oral malodor were not necessarily consistent with those actually having an oral malodor. In addition, it was suggested that patients became aware of oral malodor when they felt oral complaints.
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Sialometry: aspects of clinical interest. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE REUMATOLOGIA 2015; 53:525-31. [PMID: 24477731 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbr.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole saliva is a multiglandular secretion complex consisting of gingival fluid, desquamated epithelial cells, microorganisms, products of bacterial metabolism, food debris, leukocytes mucus from the nasal cavity and the pharynx. Saliva has many functions, including tissue repair, tamponage, protection, digestion, taste, antimicrobial action, maintaining tooth integrity and antioxidant defense system. A decrease in salivary flow (hyposalivation) is a common disorder and it is estimated that approximately 20% of the general population have this alteration. Hyposalivation may be due to diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, dehydration, impaired glandular parenchyma by infectious processes, granulomatous diseases or autoimmune and inflammatory conditions (such as Sjogren's syndrome and rheumatoid arthritis), radiotherapy of head and/or neck region, or it may be associated with mood disorders, adverse effects caused by the use of some medications or even be idiopathic. Conventional therapies for the treatment of reduced saliva flow with the use of chemical and gustatory secretagogues are still limited. However, new alternatives have shown great perspective in the treatment of this disorder. To diagnose a patient as having chronic hyposalivation is a challenge in clinical practice and methods of salivary flow assessment are little known by rheumatologists. The serial evaluation of salivary flow is important for the diagnosis and prognosis of certain oral and systemic conditions. This review addresses some aspects related to the role of saliva, the consequences of hyposalivation and methods of salivary flow rate measurement, useful concepts in the daily practice of rheumatology.
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Hammad MM, Darwazeh AM, Al-Waeli H, Tarakji B, Alhadithy TT. Prevalence and awareness of halitosis in a sample of Jordanian population. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2015; 4:S178-86. [PMID: 25625076 PMCID: PMC4304056 DOI: 10.4103/2231-0762.149033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence and awareness of halitosis among the subjects of a population, and also to compare the results of Halimeter® readings to self-estimation of halitosis and to assess the relationship between halitosis and oral health. Materials and Methods: A sample of 205 employees from the Jordan University for Science and Technology (JUST) were selected as study subjects. A standardized questionnaire focusing on dental hygiene, self-reported halitosis, and smoking was filled by all participants. In the clinical examination, the objective values for assessment of oral health and the presence of halitosis were gathered through an organoleptic test (OLT) and the measurement of volatile sulfur compound (VSC) level by Halimeter for each participant. Results: The prevalence of halitosis was 78%, with low rate of awareness (20.5%). The amount of TC played the most important role in increasing the concentration of VSCs in mouth air (P < 0.001). Conclusion: A statistically significant correlation was found between OLT and Halimeter values (P < 0.001). Subjective patients’ opinion did not correlate with the objective evaluation of halitosis. TC scores and smoking were the factors significantly associated to halitosis. The Halimeter showed promising characteristics regarding diagnosis of halitosis for clinical setting and field surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad M Hammad
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Azmi Mg Darwazeh
- Department of Oral Medicine and Surgery, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Haider Al-Waeli
- Department of Restorative, School of Dentistry, International Medical University, Malaysia
| | - Bassel Tarakji
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Al-Farabi College of Dentistry and Nursing, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Teeb T Alhadithy
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Al-Farabi College of Dentistry and Nursing, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Hashiba T, Takeuchi K, Shimazaki Y, Takeshita T, Yamashita Y. Chewing Xylitol Gum Improves Self-Rated and Objective Indicators of Oral Health Status under Conditions Interrupting Regular Oral Hygiene. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2015; 235:39-46. [DOI: 10.1620/tjem.235.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Hashiba
- Section of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University
| | - Kenji Takeuchi
- Section of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University
| | - Yoshihiro Shimazaki
- Department of Hygiene and Oral Health, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University
- Section of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University
| | - Toru Takeshita
- Section of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University
| | - Yoshihisa Yamashita
- Section of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University
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Altundag A, Cayonu M, Kayabasoglu G, Salihoglu M, Tekeli H, Cayonu S, Akpinar ME, Hummel T. The Evaluation of Olfactory Function in Individuals With Chronic Halitosis. Chem Senses 2014; 40:47-51. [DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bju058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Abstract
Objective Halitosis secondary to pathology of the palatine tonsils is considered airway (type 2) halitosis in the etiologic classification. Reports differ as to the proportion of objective halitosis complaints that have tonsillar etiology, with some giving this figure as 3%. Due to their immunologic role, even healthy tonsils usually possess some subclinical inflammation. The tonsil crypt system is also the most ideal environment for anaerobic bacterial activity in the upper respiratory tract. Tonsillar halitosis is thought to occur mainly because of chronic caseous tonsillitis and tonsillolithiasis (tonsil stones). Tonsillectomy and various cryptolysis techniques are reported to improve halitosis in such cases. In this article, diagnostic methods and evidence for interventions are reviewed. Data Source Medline search. Review Methods Studies reporting the efficacy of any intervention (medical or surgical) on tonsillar halitosis were included, whether halitosis was the focus or one of several measures. Conclusions There are insufficient high-quality studies on this topic. Improved methodology, for example, use of control groups and utilization of more accurate halitosis detection/quantification techniques, are required. Implications for Practice Lack of evidence currently prevents firm conclusions, but the following is recommended: (1) Use reliable methods for halitosis diagnosis and confirmation of tonsillar etiology. Initial treatment such as tongue scraping is useful to rule out oral halitosis. (2) Tonsillar procedures are contraindicated in: subjective halitosis, non-tonsillar etiology, or if medical management resolves halitosis. (3) Where indicated and where facilities permit, less invasive techniques such as laser cryptolysis may be preferable to tonsillectomy in adults, potentially avoiding general anesthetic and the higher risk associated with tonsillectomy in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joseph Mickel
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Kursun S, Acar B, Atakan C, Oztas B, Paksoy CS. Relationship between genuine and pseudohalitosis and social anxiety disorder. J Oral Rehabil 2014; 41:822-8. [PMID: 25040179 DOI: 10.1111/joor.12206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Halitosis is described as offensive breath caused by various factors such as periodontal diseases, bacterial coating of tongue, systemic disorders and different types of foods. Pseudohalitosis is a situation that patients complain of oral malodor even though they do not have offensive odour. The purpose of this study was to compare the relationships between social anxiety estimations and both pseudohalitosis and genuine halitosis cases. Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS) and questionnaire regarding halitosis were applied to 100 participants. Halitosis was determined using organoleptic method, gas chromatography and portable sulphur monitor. anova test and 2-tailed Spearman's rank-order correlation coefficient were used to determine the differences and relations between groups. With reference to LSAS, 62% of participants had anxiety. Among these patients, 98% had genuine halitosis (P < 0·05). The mean measurements of VSC values were 248·65 ppm in halimeter, 298·02 ppm of H2 S, 95·33 ppm of CH3 SH and 47·00 ppm of (CH3 )2 S in gas chromatography. Halitosis was present in 90% of participants, and it was absent in 10% by organoleptic assessment. There was a significant correlation between organoleptic and halimeter measurements. Moreover, statistically significant relationship was detected between anxiety and halitosis. Genuine halitosis patients exhibit social anxiety, so it can be said that there is a causal relationship between halitosis and anxiety. Comparison of the results of objective measurements (sulphur monitor, gas chromatography, organoleptic method) was statistically significant; therefore, it can be said that these methods can be used in diagnosis of halitosis with high accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kursun
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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Harvey-Woodworth CN. Dimethylsulphidemia: the significance of dimethyl sulphide in extra-oral, blood borne halitosis. Br Dent J 2013; 214:E20. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2013.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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