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Cockerell A, Wright L, Dattani A, Guo G, Smith A, Tsaneva-Atanasova K, Richards DM. Biophysical models of early mammalian embryogenesis. Stem Cell Reports 2023; 18:26-46. [PMID: 36630902 PMCID: PMC9860129 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2022.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryo development is a critical and fascinating stage in the life cycle of many organisms. Despite decades of research, the earliest stages of mammalian embryogenesis are still poorly understood, caused by a scarcity of high-resolution spatial and temporal data, the use of only a few model organisms, and a paucity of truly multidisciplinary approaches that combine biological research with biophysical modeling and computational simulation. Here, we explain the theoretical frameworks and biophysical processes that are best suited to modeling the early mammalian embryo, review a comprehensive list of previous models, and discuss the most promising avenues for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaina Cockerell
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Liam Wright
- Department of Mathematics, University of Exeter, North Park Road, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK
| | - Anish Dattani
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Ge Guo
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Austin Smith
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Krasimira Tsaneva-Atanasova
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK; Department of Mathematics, University of Exeter, North Park Road, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK; EPSRC Hub for Quantitative Modelling in Healthcare, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QJ, UK; Department of Bioinformatics and Mathematical Modelling, Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 105 Acad. G. Bonchev Street, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - David M Richards
- Living Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Exeter, North Park Road, Exeter EX4 4QL, UK.
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Martínez N, Damiano AE. Aquaporins in Fetal Development. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1398:251-266. [PMID: 36717499 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-7415-1_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Water homeostasis is essential for fetal growth, and it depends on the successful development of the placenta. Many aquaporins (AQPs) were identified from blastocyst stages to term placenta. In the last years, cytokines, hormones, second messengers, intracellular pH, and membrane proteins were found to regulate their expression and function in the human placenta and fetal membranes. Accumulated data suggest that these proteins may be involved not only in the maintenance of the amniotic fluid volume homeostasis but also in the development of the placenta and fetal organs. In this sense, dysregulation of placental AQPs is associated with gestational disorders. Thus, current evidence shows that AQPs may collaborate in cellular events including trophoblast migration and apoptosis. In addition, aquaglyceroporins are involved in energy metabolism as well as urea elimination across the placenta. In the last year, the presence of AQP9 in trophoblast mitochondria opened new hypotheses about its role in pregnancy. However, much further work is needed to understand the importance of these proteins in human pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Martínez
- Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO)-CONICET-Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia E Damiano
- Laboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO)-CONICET-Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Cátedra de Biología Celulary Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Gene Expression of Aquaporins (AQPs) in Cumulus Oocytes Complex and Embryo of Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2022; 13:ani13010098. [PMID: 36611707 PMCID: PMC9817902 DOI: 10.3390/ani13010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) are proteins with various functions related to proper cell function and early development in mammals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of AQPs and determine their mRNA levels in the cumulus oocyte complex (COC) of four bovine breeds and in blastocysts of five bovine crosses. Grade I, II and III COCs were collected by ovum pick up from non-lactating heifers of the Brahaman, Holstein, Gir and Romosinuano breeds. Embryos were produced in vitro up to the blastocyst stage of the bovine ♀Gir × ♂Holstein, ♀Holstein × ♂Gir, ♀Brahman × ♂Holstein, ♀Holstein × ♂Brahman, and ♀Romosinuano × ♂Holstein crosses. mRNA expression of AQP1-AQP12b was estimated in COC and embryos by real-time-PCR. The presence of the twelve AQPs in the COCs and bovine embryos was established. Additionally, significant differences were determined in the expression of AQP6 and AQP12b in COCs, as well as in transcripts levels of AQP4, AQP8 and AQP9 from bovine embryos. Gene expression of AQPs in COCs and bovine embryos is consistent with the previously described biological functions. This is the first report of AQPs in COC of Gir, Brahman, Holstein and Romosinuano and embryos of five crossbreeds between Bos indicus and B. taurus.
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van Groen BD, Allegaert K, Tibboel D, de Wildt SN. Innovative approaches and recent advances in the study of ontogeny of drug metabolism and transport. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2022; 88:4285-4296. [PMID: 32851677 PMCID: PMC9545189 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The disposition of a drug is driven by various processes, such as drug metabolism, drug transport, glomerular filtration and body composition. These processes are subject to developmental changes reflecting growth and maturation along the paediatric continuum. However, knowledge gaps exist on these changes and their clinical impact. Filling these gaps may aid better prediction of drug disposition and creation of age-appropriate dosing guidelines. We present innovative approaches to study these developmental changes in relation to drug metabolism and transport. First, analytical methods such as including liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for proteomic analyses allow quantitation of the expressions of a wide variety of proteins, e.g. membrane transporters, in a small piece of organ tissue. The latter is specifically important for paediatric research, where tissues are scarcely available. Second, innovative study designs using radioactive labelled microtracers allowed study-without risk for the child-of the oral bioavailability of compounds used as markers for certain drug metabolism pathways. Third, the use of modelling and simulation to support dosing recommendations for children is supported by both the European Medicines Agency and the US Food and Drug Administration. This may even do away with the need for a paediatric trial. Physiologically based pharmacokinetics models, which include age-specific physiological information are, therefore, increasingly being used, not only to aid paediatric drug development but also to improve existing drug therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca D. van Groen
- Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC‐Sophia Children's HospitalRotterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Karel Allegaert
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Erasmus MCRotterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Dick Tibboel
- Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC‐Sophia Children's HospitalRotterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Saskia N. de Wildt
- Intensive Care and Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC‐Sophia Children's HospitalRotterdamthe Netherlands
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyRadboud Institute of Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegenthe Netherlands
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Zieger E, Schwaha T, Burger K, Bergheim I, Wanninger A, Calcino AD. Midbody-Localized Aquaporin Mediates Intercellular Lumen Expansion During Early Cleavage of an Invasive Freshwater Bivalve. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:894434. [PMID: 35774230 PMCID: PMC9237387 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.894434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular lumen formation is a crucial aspect of animal development and physiology that involves a complex interplay between the molecular and physical properties of the constituent cells. Embryos of the invasive freshwater mussel Dreissena rostriformis are ideal models for studying this process due to the large intercellular cavities that readily form during blastomere cleavage. Using this system, we show that recruitment of the transmembrane water channel protein aquaporin exclusively to the midbody of intercellular cytokinetic bridges is critical for lumenogenesis. The positioning of aquaporin-positive midbodies thereby influences the direction of cleavage cavity expansion. Notably, disrupting cytokinetic bridge microtubules impairs not only lumenogenesis but also cellular osmoregulation. Our findings reveal a simple mechanism that provides tight spatial and temporal control over the formation of luminal structures and likely plays an important role in water homeostasis during early cleavage stages of a freshwater invertebrate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Zieger
- Integrative Zoology, Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Andreas Wanninger, ; Andrew D. Calcino, ; Elisabeth Zieger,
| | - Thomas Schwaha
- Integrative Zoology, Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Burger
- Molecular Nutritional Science, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ina Bergheim
- Molecular Nutritional Science, Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Wanninger
- Integrative Zoology, Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Andreas Wanninger, ; Andrew D. Calcino, ; Elisabeth Zieger,
| | - Andrew D. Calcino
- Integrative Zoology, Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Andreas Wanninger, ; Andrew D. Calcino, ; Elisabeth Zieger,
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Yadav E, Yadav N, Hus A, Yadav JS. Aquaporins in lung health and disease: Emerging roles, regulation, and clinical implications. Respir Med 2020; 174:106193. [PMID: 33096317 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2020.106193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) aka water channels are a family of conserved transmembrane proteins (~30 kDa monomers) expressed in various organ systems. Of the 13 AQPs (AQP0 through AQP12) in the human body, four (AQPs 1, 3, 4, and 5) are expressed in the respiratory system. These channels are conventionally known for mediating transcellular fluid movements. Certain AQPs (aquaglyceroporins) have the capability to transport glycerol and potentially other solutes. There is an emerging body of literature unveiling the non-conventional roles of AQPs such as in cell proliferation and migration, gas permeation, signal potentiation, etc. Initial gene knock-out studies established a physiological role for lung AQPs, particularly AQP5, in maintaining homeostasis, by mediating fluid secretion from submucosal glands onto the airway surface liquid (ASL) lining. Subsequent studies have highlighted the functional significance of AQPs, particularly AQP1 and AQP5 in lung pathophysiology and diseases, including but not limited to chronic and acute lung injury, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), other inflammatory lung conditions, and lung cancer. AQP1 has been suggested as a potential prognostic marker for malignant mesothelioma. Recent efforts are directed toward exploiting AQPs as targets for diagnosis, prevention, intervention, and/or treatment of various lung conditions. Emerging information on regulatory pathways and directed mechanistic research are posited to unravel novel strategies for these clinical implications. Future considerations should focus on development of AQP inhibitors, blockers, and modulators for therapeutic needs, and better understanding the role of lung-specific AQPs in inter-individual susceptibility to chronic lung diseases such as COPD and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekta Yadav
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
| | - Niket Yadav
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908-0738, USA
| | - Ariel Hus
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, 33146, USA
| | - Jagjit S Yadav
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA.
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Ji MJ, Hong JH. An overview of carbonic anhydrases and membrane channels of synoviocytes in inflamed joints. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2020; 34:1615-1622. [PMID: 31480869 PMCID: PMC6735303 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2019.1659791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly aggressive fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) are inflammatory mediators involved in synovial joint destruction. Membrane channels and transporters are essential components of the cell migration apparatus and are involved in various cellular functions. Although evidence is emerging that cell migration is a physiological/pathological process, the mechanism of highly dynamic synoviocytes linked to the membrane channels and carbonic anhydrases (CAs) in inflamed joints is only partially understood. In this review, topics covered will give a brief overview of CAs and the membrane channels of synoviocytes. We have also systematically focused on the role of FLS channels and transporters under various conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), to understand the pathophysiology of the migration of synoviocytes as inflammatory mediators in joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jeong Ji
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute , Incheon , South Korea
| | - Jeong Hee Hong
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute , Incheon , South Korea
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Holme Nielsen C, Bladt Brandt A, Thymann T, Obelitz-Ryom K, Jiang P, Vanden Hole C, van Ginneken C, Pankratova S, Sangild PT. Rapid Postnatal Adaptation of Neurodevelopment in Pigs Born Late Preterm. Dev Neurosci 2019; 40:586-600. [PMID: 31141813 DOI: 10.1159/000499127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Preterm birth interrupts intrauterine brain growth and maturation and may induce a delay in postnatal neurodevelopment. Such developmental delays can result from the reduced fetal age at birth, together with the clinical compli-cations of preterm birth (e.g., hypoxia, ischemia, and inflammation). We hypothesized that late preterm birth, inducing only mild clinical complications, has minimal effects on brain-related outcomes such as motor function and behavior. Using the pig as a model for late preterm infants, piglets were cesarean delivered preterm (90%, 106 days gestation) or at full term, reared by identical procedures, and euthanized for tissue collection at birth or after 11 days (e.g., term-corrected age for preterm pigs). Clinical variables and both structural and functional brain endpoints were assessed. The preterm pigs were slow to get on their feet, gained less weight (-30%), and had a higher cerebral hydration level and blood-to-cerebrospinal fluid permeability than the term pigs. At term-corrected age (11 days), the absolute weight of the brain and the weights of its regions were similar between 11-day-old preterm and newborn term pigs, and both were lower than in 11-day-old term pigs. Postnatally, physical activity and movements in an open field were similar, except that preterm pigs showed a reduced normalized stride length and increased normalized maximum stride height. Perinatal brain growth is closely associated with advancing postconceptional age in pigs, and late preterm birth is initially associated with impaired brain growth and physical activity. Postnatally, neuromuscular functions mature rapidly and become similar to those in term pigs, even before term-corrected age. Neuromuscular functions and behavior may show rapid postnatal adaptation to late preterm birth in both pigs and infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Holme Nielsen
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Bladt Brandt
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Thymann
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karina Obelitz-Ryom
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pingping Jiang
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Chris van Ginneken
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Stanislava Pankratova
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per Torp Sangild
- Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, .,Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark,
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Del Valle Guaytima E, Brandán YR, Favale NO, Sterin-Speziale NB, Márquez MG. Novel cellular mechanism that mediates the collecting duct formation during postnatal renal development. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:13387-13402. [PMID: 30624780 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that kidney embryonic structures are present in rats, and are still developing until postnatal Day 20. Consequently, at postnatal Day 10, the rat renal papilla contains newly formed collecting duct (CD) cells and others in a more mature stage. Performing primary cultures, combined with immunocytochemical and time-lapse analysis, we investigate the cellular mechanisms that mediate the postnatal CD formation. CD cells acquired a greater degree of differentiation, as we observed that they gradually lose the ability to bind BSL-I lectin, and acquire the capacity to bind Dolichos biflorus. Because CD cells retain the same behavior in culture than in vivo, and by using DBA and BSL-I as markers of cellular lineage besides specific markers of epithelial/mesenchymal phenotype, the experimental results strongly suggest the existence of mesenchymal cell insertion into the epithelial CD sheet. We propose such a mechanism as an alternative strategy for CD growing and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Del Valle Guaytima
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud Humana (IICSHUM), Universidad Nacional de La Rioja, La Rioja, Argentina
| | - Yamila Romina Brandán
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud Humana (IICSHUM), Universidad Nacional de La Rioja, La Rioja, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Octavio Favale
- Instituto de Química y Físico-Química Biológica (IQUIFIB)-CONICET, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Norma B Sterin-Speziale
- Instituto de Química y Físico-Química Biológica (IQUIFIB)-CONICET, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Gabriela Márquez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud Humana (IICSHUM), Universidad Nacional de La Rioja, La Rioja, Argentina
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Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: The metanephrogenic zone, renal cortex and renal pyramids develop into their final form by week 13. The metanephric kidney produces large quantities of diluted urine in order to maintain volumes of amniotic fluid. Aquaporins are transmembrane protein channels that enable water transport through biological membranes. Aquaporin 2 (AQP2) is a water channel found in the supranuclear region and apical area of the cell membrane of the kidneys collecting tubule cells. Its main function is reabsorption of water through vasopressin stimulation.
Materials and methods: Immunohistochemistry was used to study fetal renal tissue of 34 post-mortem fetuses of 9 weeks to 24 weeks gestational age.
Results: AQP2 expression is present in connecting tubules and collecting tubules during the targeted time period. From week 9 to 12, the expression is cytoplasmic. From week 13 to 20 the enhancement of expression in the apical cell membrane occurs with the advancement of fetal age. At the end of the studied period, from week 21 to 24, both cytoplasmic and apical expression were observed. In animal studies AQP2 expression has an increasing trend during development. In contradiction with these results, other authors described low AQP2 levels in the human fetal kidney.
Conclusions: This study helps to understand the amniotic fluid’s homeostasis during pregnancy. In the beginning of the fetal period AQP2 protein is present in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells of the collecting duct and distal connecting duct. During the fetal period, AQP2 expression in collecting ducts becomes more enhanced in the apical membrane of the cells.
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Cheung CY, Roberts VHJ, Frias AE, Brace RA. High-fat diet effects on amniotic fluid volume and amnion aquaporin expression in non-human primates. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13792. [PMID: 30033659 PMCID: PMC6055028 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Western style, high-fat diet (HFD) and associated high lipid levels have deleterious effects on fetal and placental development independent of maternal obesity and/or diabetes. Our objectives were to determine whether HFD without development of obesity would alter amniotic fluid volume (AFV) and amnion aquaporin (AQP) expression in a non-human primate model. Japanese macaques were fed either a control diet or HFD before and during pregnancy. The four quadrant amniotic fluid index (AFI) was used as an ultrasonic estimate of AFV at 120 days gestation. Amnion samples were collected at 130 days gestation by cesarean section and AQP mRNA levels were determined by quantitative RT-PCR. Similar to that in human, AQP1, AQP3, AQP8, AQP9, and AQP11 were expressed in the macaque amnion with significant differences in levels among AQPs. In macaque, neither individual AQPs nor expression profiles of the five AQPs differed between control and non-obese HFD animals. There were regional differences in AQP expression in that, AQP1 mRNA levels were highest and AQP8 lowest in reflected amnion while AQP3, AQP9, and AQP11 were not different among amnion regions. When subdivided into control and HFD groups, AQP1 mRNA levels remain highest in the reflected amnion of both groups. The HFD did not significantly affect the AFI, but AFI was positively correlated with AQP11 mRNA levels independent of diet. Collectively, these data suggest that HFD in pregnant non-obese individuals may have at most modest effects on AFV as the AFI and amnion AQP expression are not substantially altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Y. Cheung
- Division of Maternal‐Fetal MedicineDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyOregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandOregon
| | - Victoria H. J. Roberts
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental SciencesOregon National Primate Research CenterPortlandOregon
| | - Antonio E. Frias
- Division of Maternal‐Fetal MedicineDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyOregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandOregon
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental SciencesOregon National Primate Research CenterPortlandOregon
| | - Robert A. Brace
- Division of Maternal‐Fetal MedicineDepartment of Obstetrics and GynecologyOregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandOregon
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13
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Cheung CY, Anderson DF, Brace RA. Aquaporins in ovine amnion: responses to altered amniotic fluid volumes and intramembranous absorption rates. Physiol Rep 2016; 4:4/14/e12868. [PMID: 27440743 PMCID: PMC4962073 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) are transmembrane channel proteins that facilitate rapid water movement across cell membranes. In amniotic membrane, the AQP‐facilitated transfer of water across amnion cells has been proposed as a mechanism for amniotic fluid volume (AFV) regulation. To investigate whether AQPs modulate AFV by altering intramembranous absorption (IMA) rate, we tested the hypothesis that AQP gene expression in the amnion is positively correlated with IMA rate during experimental conditions when IMA rate and AFV are modified over a wide range. The relative abundances of AQP1, AQP3, AQP8, AQP9, and AQP11 mRNA and protein were determined in the amnion of 16 late‐gestation ovine fetuses subjected to 2 days of control conditions, urine drainage, urine replacement, or intraamniotic fluid infusion. AQP mRNA levels were determined by RT‐qPCR and proteins by western immunoblot. Under control conditions, mRNA levels among the five AQPs differed more than 20‐fold. During experimental treatments, mean IMA rate in the experimental groups ranged from 100 ± 120 mL/day to 1370 ± 270 mL/day. The mRNA levels of the five AQPs did not change from control and were not correlated with IMA rates. The protein levels of AQP1 were positively correlated with IMA rates (r2 = 38%, P = 0.01) while the remaining four AQPs were not. These findings demonstrate that five AQPs are differentially expressed in ovine amnion. Our study supports the hypothesis that AQP1 may play a positive role in regulating the rate of fluid transfer across the amnion, thereby participating in the dynamic regulation of AFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Y Cheung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon Center for Developmental Health, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Debra F Anderson
- Center for Developmental Health, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Robert A Brace
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon Center for Developmental Health, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
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Huang CH, Li HJ, Wu NL, Hsiao CY, Lin CN, Chang HH, Hung CF. Photoprotective Effects of Cycloheterophyllin against UVA-Induced Damage and Oxidative Stress in Human Dermal Fibroblasts. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161767. [PMID: 27583973 PMCID: PMC5008741 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation, particularly ultraviolet A (UVA), is known to play a major role in photoaging of the human skin. Many studies have demonstrated that UV exposure causes the skin cells to generate reactive oxygen species and activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Previous studies have also demonstrated that cycloheterophyllin has an antioxidant effect and can effectively scavenge free radicals. Extending the aforementioned investigations, in this study, human dermal fibroblasts were used to investigate the protective effect of cycloheterophyllin against UV-induced damage. We found that cycloheterophyllin not only significantly increased cell viability, but also attenuated the phosphorylation of MAPK after UVA exposure. Furthermore, cycloheterophyllin could reduce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generation and down-regulate H2O2-induced MAPK phosphorylation. In the in vivo studies, the topical application of cycloheterophyllin before UVA irradiation significantly decreased trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL), erythema, and blood flow rate. These results indicate that cycloheterophyllin is a photoprotective agent that inhibits UVA-induced oxidative stress and damage, and could be used in the research on and prevention of skin photoaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hua Huang
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ju Li
- Department of Chemistry, Fu Jen University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Nan-Lin Wu
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing, and Management, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yu Hsiao
- Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Chang Guang University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Nan Lin
- College of Pharmacy, Kaoshiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsun-Hsien Chang
- Biomedical Cybernetics Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Chi-Feng Hung
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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15
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Influence of sex on aquaporin1-4 and vasopressin V2 receptor expression in the pig kidney during development. Pediatr Res 2016; 80:452-9. [PMID: 27089501 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2016.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability of the immature kidney to concentrate urine is lower than in adults. The aquaporin (AQP) family and the vasopressin V2 receptor (V2R) play a critical role in the urinary concentrating capacity. Here we investigated a possible sex difference in AQP1, AQP2, AQP3, and AQP4 as well as V2R expression in the fetal pig kidney at different gestation stages. METHODS Pig fetuses were divided into three groups according to gestation age of 60, 80, and 100 d. Quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry were used to determine the regulation of AQP1, AQP2, AQP3, and AQP4 as well as V2R in the fetal pig kidneys. RESULTS Renal AQP1, AQP2 and AQP3, and V2R expression was increased with gestation age in both sexes, whereas AQP4 expression was unchanged over time. We observed neither sex differences in the AQPs nor V2R expression in the fetal pig kidneys. CONCLUSION AQP1, AQP2, and AQP3, and V2R expression increased with gestation age in the fetal kidney, suggesting that this induction might contribute to the maturation of urinary concentrating capacity. However, no sex differences were observed indicating that sex might not play a role for the maturation of the urinary concentrating activity during kidney development in fetal pig.
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16
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Galán-Cobo A, Ramírez-Lorca R, Echevarría M. Role of aquaporins in cell proliferation: What else beyond water permeability? Channels (Austin) 2016; 10:185-201. [PMID: 26752515 PMCID: PMC4954585 DOI: 10.1080/19336950.2016.1139250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to the extensive data demonstrating the importance of mammalian AQPs for the movement of water and some small solutes across the cell membrane, there is now a growing body of evidence indicating the involvement of these proteins in numerous cellular processes seemingly unrelated, at least some of them in a direct way, to their canonical function of water permeation. Here, we have presented a broad range of evidence demonstrating that these proteins have a role in cell proliferation by various different mechanisms, namely, by allowing fast cell volume regulation during cell division; by affecting progression of cell cycle and helping maintain the balance between proliferation and apoptosis, and by crosstalk with other cell membrane proteins or transcription factors that, in turn, modulate progression of the cell cycle or regulate biosynthesis pathways of cell structural components. In the end, however, after discussing all these data that strongly support a role for AQPs in the cell proliferation process, it remains impossible to conclude that all these other functions attributed to AQPs occur completely independently of their water permeability, and there is a need for new experiments designed specifically to address this interesting issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Galán-Cobo
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla (Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica), Seville, Spain
| | - Reposo Ramírez-Lorca
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla (Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica), Seville, Spain
| | - Miriam Echevarría
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla (Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica), Seville, Spain
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17
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Skowronska A, Mlotkowska P, Nielsen S, Skowronski MT. Difference in expression between AQP1 and AQP5 in porcine endometrium and myometrium in response to steroid hormones, oxytocin, arachidonic acid, forskolin and cAMP during the mid-luteal phase of the estrous cycle and luteolysis. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2015; 13:131. [PMID: 26625724 PMCID: PMC4665864 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-015-0128-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, we demonstrated in vitro that AQP1 and AQP5 in the porcine uterus are regulated by steroid hormones (P4, E2), arachidonic acid (AA), forskolin (FSK) and cAMP during the estrous cycle. However, the potential of the porcine separated uterine tissues, the endometrium and myometrium, to express these AQPs remains unknown. Thus, in this study, the responses of AQP1 and AQP5 to P4, E2 oxytocin (OT), AA, FSK and cAMP in the porcine endometrium and myometrium were examined during the mid-luteal phase of the estrous cycle and luteolysis. METHODS Real-time PCR and western blot analysis. RESULTS Progesterone up-regulated the expression of AQP1/AQP5 mRNAs and proteins in the endometrium and myometrium, especially during luteolysis. Similarly, E2 also stimulated the expression of both AQPs, but only in the endometrium. AA led to the upregulation of AQP1/AQP5 in the endometrium during luteolysis. In turn, OT increased the expression of AQP1/AQP5 mRNAs and proteins in the myometrium during mid-luteal phase. Moreover, a stimulatory effect of forskolin and cAMP on the expression of AQP1/AQP5 mRNAs and proteins in the endometrium and myometrium dominated during luteolysis, but during the mid-luteal phase their influence on the expression of these AQPs was differentiated depending on the type of tissue and the incubation duration. CONCLUSIONS These results seem to indicate that uterine tissues; endometrium and myometrium, exhibit their own AQP expression profiles in response to examined factors. Moreover, the responses of AQP1/AQP5 at mRNA and protein levels to the studied factors in the endometrium and myometrium are more pronounced during luteolysis. This suggests that the above effects of the studied factors are connected with morphological and physiological changes taking place in the pig uterus during the estrous cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Skowronska
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Warszawska 30, 10-082, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Patrycja Mlotkowska
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Soren Nielsen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Mariusz T Skowronski
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
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18
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Prat C, Bouvier D, Comptour A, Marceau G, Belville C, Clairefond G, Blanc P, Gallot D, Blanchon L, Sapin V. All-trans-retinoic acid regulates aquaporin-3 expression and related cellular membrane permeability in the human amniotic environment. Placenta 2015; 36:881-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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19
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Bednar AD, Beardall MK, Brace RA, Cheung CY. Differential expression and regional distribution of aquaporins in amnion of normal and gestational diabetic pregnancies. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:e12320. [PMID: 25742957 PMCID: PMC4393155 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The region of the amnion overlying the placenta plays an active role in fluid exchange between amniotic fluid and fetal blood perfusing the surface of the placenta, whereas little transfer occurs across the reflected amnion that contacts the membranous chorion. Because aquaporins (AQPs) facilitate rapid movement of water across cells, we hypothesized that AQP gene expression in placental amnion is higher than in reflected amnion. Furthermore, because gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is often associated with polyhydramnios, we hypothesized that amnion AQP gene expression is reduced when amniotic fluid volume is elevated. Human placental and reflected amnion were obtained at cesarean delivery and subjected to relative quantitation of AQP mRNA by real-time RT-qPCR and proteins by western immunoblot. Amnion mRNA levels of five AQPs differed by up to 400-fold (P < 0.001), with AQP1 and AQP3 most abundant, AQP8 least and AQP9 and AQP11 intermediately expressed. Aquaporin proteins showed a similar profile. Aquaporin mRNA abundance was higher (P < 0.001) in placental than reflected amnion, whereas protein levels were lower (P < 0.01). In GDM pregnancies, neither AQP mRNA nor protein levels were different from normal. There was no correlation between AQP mRNA or protein levels with the amniotic fluid index in normal or GDM subjects. We conclude that there is a strong differential expression profile among individual AQPs and between regions of the amnion. These findings suggest differences in contribution of individual AQPs to water transport in the two regions of the amnion. Furthermore, AQP expression in the amnion is not altered in patients with GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy D Bednar
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Michael K Beardall
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Robert A Brace
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon Center for Developmental Health, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Cecilia Y Cheung
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon Center for Developmental Health, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
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20
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Ontogeny of the mammalian kidney: expression of aquaporins 1, 2, 3, and 4. World J Pediatr 2014; 10:306-12. [PMID: 25515803 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-014-0508-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Determining the expression and functions of aquaporins (AQPs) in the adult kidney has generated important information about the roles of this protein family in the renal regulation of water homeostasis. However, limited information describes the expression of AQPs in fetal kidneys, and most reports on fetal renal AQPs originate from animal studies. Although there are the maturation and regulation of the renal-concentrating mechanism, the ways in which changes in the expression of AQPs contribute to the formation of urine during the perinatal period remain unclear. DATA SOURCES This review summarizes current knowledge about the spatial and temporal expression patterns of AQP1, AQP2, AQP3, and AQP4 in the fetal and postnatal kidneys in different animal species and in human beings. RESULTS AQP1 and AQP2 expression can be detected earlier in gestation in human beings and sheep compared with mice and rats. AQP1 expression is detected earlier in the proximal tubules than the expression of AQP2, AQP3, and AQP4 in the collecting ducts. CONCLUSION Further studies investigating the regulation of AQPs during kidney development may provide insights into normal water-handling mechanisms and the pathophysiology of fetal kidneys, which may determine new directions for the clinical treatment of kidney diseases.
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21
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AQP1 expression in human gingiva and its correlation with periodontal and peri-implant tissue alterations. Acta Histochem 2014; 116:898-904. [PMID: 24698289 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) are a family of hydrophobic integral membrane proteins that function as transmembrane channels and play an important role in tissue homeostasis. Aquaporin-1 (AQP1), in particular, has been reported to be involved in several biological processes including inflammation, angiogenesis, wound healing and others. Periodontitis and peri-implantitis can be defined as inflammatory processes that affect the tissues surrounding a tooth or an osseointegrated implant, respectively. To date, there are limited data about the involvement of AQPs in these diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible link between the histomorphological alterations and the expression of AQP1 in healthy, pathological and healed periodontal and peri-implant gingival tissues. The results obtained showed that changes in organization of collagen fibers were observed in periodontitis and peri-implantitis, together with an increase in the percentage of area occupied by inflammatory cell infiltration and an increase of AQP1 immunostaining, which was located in the endothelial cells of the vessels within the lamina propria. Moreover, in healed periodontal and peri-implant mucosa a restoration of histomorphological alterations was observed together with a concomitant decrease of AQP1 immunostaining. These data suggested a possible link between the degree of inflammatory state and the presence of AQP1, where the latter could be involved in the chain of inflammatory reactions triggered at periodontal and peri-implant levels.
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22
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Rozycki HJ. Potential contribution of type I alveolar epithelial cells to chronic neonatal lung disease. Front Pediatr 2014; 2:45. [PMID: 24904906 PMCID: PMC4032902 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2014.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The alveolar surface is covered by large flat Type I cells (alveolar epithelial cells 1, AEC1). The normal physiological function of AEC1s involves gas exchange, based on their location in approximation to the capillary endothelium and their thinness, and in ion and water flux, as shown by the presence of solute active transport proteins, water channels, and impermeable tight junctions between cells. With the recent ability to produce relatively pure cultures of AEC1 cells, new functions have been described. These may be relevant to lung injury, repair, and the abnormal development that characterizes bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). To hypothesize a potential role for AEC1 in the development of lung injury and abnormal repair/development in premature lungs, evidence is presented for their presence in the developing lung, how their source may not be the Type II cell (AEC2) as has been assumed for 40 years, and how the cell can be damaged by same type of stressors as those which lead to BPD. Recent work shows that the cells are part of the innate immune response, capable of producing pro-inflammatory mediators, which could contribute to the increase in inflammation seen in early BPD. One of the receptors found exclusively on AEC1 cells in the lung, called RAGE, may also have a role in increased inflammation and alveolar simplification. While the current evidence for AEC1 involvement in BPD is circumstantial and limited at present, the accumulating data supports several hypotheses and questions regarding potential differences in the behavior of AEC1 cells from newborn and premature lung compared with the adult lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry J Rozycki
- Division of Neonatal Medicine, Children's Hospital of Richmond at Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, VA , USA
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23
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McGillick EV, Orgeig S, McMillen IC, Morrison JL. The fetal sheep lung does not respond to cortisol infusion during the late canalicular phase of development. Physiol Rep 2013; 1:e00130. [PMID: 24400136 PMCID: PMC3871449 DOI: 10.1002/phy2.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The prepartum surge in plasma cortisol concentrations in humans and sheep promotes fetal lung and surfactant system maturation in the support of air breathing after birth. This physiological process has been used to enhance lung maturation in the preterm fetus using maternal administration of betamethasone in the clinical setting in fetuses as young as 24 weeks gestation (term = 40 weeks). Here, we have investigated the impact of fetal intravenous cortisol infusion during the canalicular phase of lung development (from 109- to 116-days gestation, term = 150 ± 3 days) on the expression of genes regulating glucocorticoid (GC) activity, lung liquid reabsorption, and surfactant maturation in the very preterm sheep fetus and compared this to their expression near term. Cortisol infusion had no impact on mRNA expression of the corticosteroid receptors (GC receptor and mineralocorticoid receptor) or HSD11B-2, however, there was increased expression of HSD11B-1 in the fetal lung. Despite this, cortisol infusion had no effect on the expression of genes involved in lung sodium (epithelial sodium channel -α, -β, or -γ subunits and sodium–potassium ATPase-β1 subunit) or water (aquaporin 1, 3, and 5) reabsorption when compared to the level of expression during exposure to the normal prepartum cortisol surge. Furthermore, in comparison to late gestation, cortisol infusion does not increase mRNA expression of surfactant proteins (SFTP-A, -B, and -C) or the number of SFTP-B-positive cells present in the alveolar epithelium, the cells that produce pulmonary surfactant. These data suggest that there may be an age before which the lung is unable to respond biochemically to an increase in fetal plasma cortisol concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin V McGillick
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, School of Pharmacy & Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia Adelaide, South Australia, Australia, 5001 ; Molecular & Evolutionary Physiology of the Lung Laboratory, School of Pharmacy & Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia Adelaide, South Australia, Australia, 5001
| | - Sandra Orgeig
- Molecular & Evolutionary Physiology of the Lung Laboratory, School of Pharmacy & Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia Adelaide, South Australia, Australia, 5001
| | - I Caroline McMillen
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, School of Pharmacy & Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia Adelaide, South Australia, Australia, 5001
| | - Janna L Morrison
- Early Origins of Adult Health Research Group, School of Pharmacy & Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia Adelaide, South Australia, Australia, 5001
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24
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Chai RC, Jiang JH, Wong AYK, Jiang F, Gao K, Vatcher G, Hoi Yu AC. AQP5 is differentially regulated in astrocytes during metabolic and traumatic injuries. Glia 2013; 61:1748-65. [PMID: 23922257 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Water movement plays vital roles in both physiological and pathological conditions in the brain. Astrocytes are responsible for regulating this water movement and are the major contributors to brain edema in pathological conditions. Aquaporins (AQPs) in astrocytes play critical roles in the regulation of water movement in the brain. AQP1, 3, 4, 5, 8, and 9 have been reported in the brain. Compared with AQP1, 4, and 9, AQP3, 5, and 8 are less studied. Among the lesser known AQPs, AQP5, which has multiple functions identified outside the central nervous system, is also indicated to be involved in hypoxia injury in astrocytes. In our study, AQP5 expression could be detected both in primary cultures of astrocytes and neurons, and AQP5 expression in astrocytes was confirmed in 1- to 4-week old primary cultures of astrocytes. AQP5 was localized on the cytoplasmic membrane and in the cytoplasm of astrocytes. AQP5 expression was downregulated during ischemia treatment and upregulated after scratch-wound injury, which was also confirmed in a middle cerebral artery occlusion model and a stab-wound injury model in vivo. The AQP5 increased after scratch injury was polarized to the migrating processes and cytoplasmic membrane of astrocytes in the leading edge of the scratch-wound, and AQP5 over-expression facilitated astrocyte process elongation after scratch injury. Taken together, these results indicate that AQP5 might be an important water channel in astrocytes that is differentially expressed during various brain injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Chao Chai
- Neuroscience Research Institute & Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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25
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Zhou S, Sun X, Liu L, Wang X, Liu K. Increased expression of aquaporin-1 in the anterior temporal neocortex of patients with intractable epilepsy. Neurol Res 2013; 30:400-5. [DOI: 10.1179/174313208x300431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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26
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Cellular overexpression of Aquaporins slows down the natural HIF-2α degradation during prolonged hypoxia. Gene 2013; 522:18-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.03.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Xie H, Liu F, Liu L, Dan J, Luo Y, Yi Y, Chen X, Li J. Protective role of AQP3 in UVA-induced NHSFs apoptosis via Bcl2 up-regulation. Arch Dermatol Res 2013; 305:397-406. [PMID: 23463292 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-013-1324-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Aquaporin-3 (AQP3), a water/glycerol-transporting protein that facilitates water, urea, and glycerol transport, can inhibit arsenite-induced apoptosis by up-regulating Bcl-2. However, whether it has a protective role in ultraviolet A (UVA)-induced apoptosis in normal human skin fibroblasts is not known. In this study, we demonstrate that mild UVA treatment fails to induce oxidative cell stress and apoptosis in normal human skin fibroblasts (NHSFs) overexpressing AQP3. After severe UVA irradiation, there was an increase in oxidative cell stress and apoptosis when AQP3 levels decreased. We also found that silencing AQP3 sensitized NHSFs to low-dose UVA. Overexpressing AQP3 was protective against high-dose UVA-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis. Besides, we observed that Bcl-2 may be involved in UVA-induced apoptosis. Our findings suggested that the water/glycerol-transporting protein AQP3 plays a role in resistance to UVA-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfu Xie
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
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Aquaporin Changes in Compound 48/80 Induced Inflammatory Sublaryngeal Edema in Rat. J Voice 2012; 26:815.e17-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2012.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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29
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Escobar J, Gormaz M, Arduini A, Gosens K, Martinez A, Perales A, Escrig R, Tormos E, Roselló M, Orellana C, Vento M. Expression of aquaporins early in human pregnancy. Early Hum Dev 2012; 88:589-94. [PMID: 22336497 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2012.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aquaporins (AQPs) constitute a family of channel proteins implicated in transmembrane water transport. Thirteen different AQPs (AQP0-12) have been described but their precise biologic function still remains unclear. AQPs 1, 3, 4, 8, and 9 expression has been described in human chorion, amnion and placenta; however, AQP4 is the only that has been identified in the first trimester of human pregnancy. OBJECTIVE To assess multiplicity of AQPs expression from 10th to 14th week gestation. POPULATION AND METHODS Chorionic villi samples (CVS) collected in pregnant women for prenatal diagnosis were analysed by real time-PCR to assess cDNA expression of AQPs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 11, and compared with AQPs expression in placentas from normal term pregnancies. RESULTS 26 CVS corresponding to 26 pregnant women (age: 32.7±4.5 years; gestational age: 12.4±0.9 weeks) and 10 placental samples corresponding to normal term pregnancies were analysed. In CVS karyotype was normal in 16 cases, trisomy in 6 cases, mosaicism in 1 and unknown in 1. We found high mRNA expression for AQPs 1, 3, 9 and 11, low for AQPs 4, 5, and 8, and non-detectable for AQPs 2, 6, and 7 in chorionic villi. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study systematically assessing the expression of a multiplicity of AQPs in chorionic villi samples between 10th and 14th weeks of gestation. High expression of AQP11 has been identified for the first time in early stages of human pregnancy. Chromosomal abnormalities did not alter AQPs' expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Escobar
- Neonatal Research Unit, Research Institute Hospital La Fe, Bulevar Sur s/n, Valencia, Spain
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Merigo F, Mucignat-Caretta C, Cristofoletti M, Zancanaro C. Epithelial membrane transporters expression in the developing to adult mouse vomeronasal organ and olfactory mucosa. Dev Neurobiol 2012; 71:854-69. [PMID: 21721139 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
To contribute clarifying mechanisms operating in nose chemosensory epithelia and their developmental patterns, we analyzed the expression of different epithelial membrane transporters as well as the Clara cell secretory protein, CC26 in the olfactory, vomeronasal organ (VNO), and respiratory epithelia of embryonic (E13-E19) and postnatal (P1-P60) mice by means of immunohistochemistry and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Results showed that CC26, cAMP-activated chloride channel (CFTR), and the water channel protein aquaporin 2, 3, 4, and 5 (AQP2, AQP3, AQP4, and AQP5) are expressed in developing to adult chemosensory epithelia with differential timing; moreover, their pattern of expression is not identical in VNO and olfactory epithelia as well as the corresponding associated glands; co-localization experiments using olfactory marker protein showed that CFTR, CC26, and AQP4 are not expressed in olfactory neurones. CFTR is expressed in sustentacular cells of the VNO and olfactory epithelium as well as blood vessels of the underlying mucosa, and VNO (but not Bowman's) glands; a similar pattern (excluding blood vessels) is present for AQP2; AQP4 is found in the two chemosensory epithelia and in Bowman's glands. AQP3 is expressed in the olfactory epithelium and the associated Bowman's glands, but not in the VNO chemosensory epithelium and glands. AQP5 is expressed in the olfactory epithelium and both Bowman's and VNO glands. These results indicate that water/ions handling as well as antioxidant mechanisms operating at the surface and/or inside the nose chemosensory epithelia start developing in utero and are maintained up to sexual maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Merigo
- Department of Neurological, Neuropsychological, Morphological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, Verona I-37134, Italy
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Sha XY, Xiong ZF, Liu HS, Zheng Z, Ma TH. Pregnant phenotype in aquaporin 8-deficient mice. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2011; 32:840-4. [PMID: 21602842 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2011.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Aquaporin 8 (AQP8) is expressed within the female reproductive system but its physiological function reminds to be elucidated. This study investigates the role of AQP8 during pregnancy using AQP8-knockout (AQP8-KO) mice. METHODS Homozygous AQP8-KO mice were mated, and the conception rate was recorded. AQP8-KO pregnant mice or their offspring were divided into 5 subgroups according to fetal gestational day (7, 13, 16, 18 GD) and newborn. Wild type C57 pregnant mice served as the control group. The number of pregnant mice, total embryos and atrophic embryos, as well as fetal weight, placental weight and placental area were recorded for each subgroup. The amount of amniotic fluid in each sac at 13, 16, and 18 GD was calculated. Statistical significance was determined by analysis of variance of factorial design and chi-square tests. RESULTS Conception rates did not differ significantly between AQP8-KO and wild type mice. AQP8-KO pregnant mice had a significantly higher number of embryos compared to wild type controls. Fetal/neonatal weight was also significantly greater in the AQP8-KO group compared to age-matched wild type controls. The amount of amniotic fluid was greater in AQP8-KO pregnant mice than wild type controls, although the FM/AFA (fetal weight/amniotic fluid amount) did not differ. While AQP8-KO placental weight was significantly larger than wild type controls, there was no evidence of placental pathology in either group. CONCLUSION The results suggest that AQP8 deficiency plays an important role in pregnancy outcome.
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A review of the evolution of viviparity in squamate reptiles: the past, present and future role of molecular biology and genomics. J Comp Physiol B 2011; 181:575-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-011-0584-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
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Machida Y, Ueda Y, Shimasaki M, Sato K, Sagawa M, Katsuda S, Sakuma T. Relationship of aquaporin 1, 3, and 5 expression in lung cancer cells to cellular differentiation, invasive growth, and metastasis potential. Hum Pathol 2011; 42:669-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2010.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Revised: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Barbara B. Aquaporin biology and nervous system. Curr Neuropharmacol 2010; 8:97-104. [PMID: 21119880 PMCID: PMC2923373 DOI: 10.2174/157015910791233204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Revised: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the movement of water through cell membranes has been greatly advanced by the discovery of a family of water-specific, membrane-channel proteins: the Aquaporins (AQPs). These proteins are present in organisms at all levels of life, and their unique permeability characteristics and distribution in numerous tissues indicate diverse roles in the regulation of water homeostasis.Phenotype analysis of AQP knock-out mice has confirmed the predicted role of AQPs in osmotically driven transepithelial fluid transport, as occurs in the urinary concentrating mechanism and glandular fluid secretion. Regarding their expression in nervous system, there are evidences suggesting that AQPs are differentially expressed in the peripheral versus central nervous system and that channel-mediated water transport mechanisms may be involved in cerebrospinal fluid formation, neuronal signal transduction and information processing.Moreover, a number of recent studies have revealed the importance of mammalian AQPs in both physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms and have suggested that pharmacological modulation of AQP expression and activity may provide new tools for the treatment of variety of human disorders in which water and small solute transport may be involved. For all the AQPs, new contributions to physiological functions are likely to be discovered with ongoing work in this rapidly expanding field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buffoli Barbara
- Division of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Brescia, V.le Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
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Cartwright JH, Piro O, Tuval I. Fluid dynamics in developmental biology: moving fluids that shape ontogeny. HFSP JOURNAL 2008; 3:77-93. [PMID: 19794816 PMCID: PMC2707792 DOI: 10.2976/1.3043738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/31/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Human conception, indeed fertilization in general, takes place in a fluid, but what role does fluid dynamics have during the subsequent development of an organism? It is becoming increasingly clear that the number of genes in the genome of a typical organism is not sufficient to specify the minutiae of all features of its ontogeny. Instead, genetics often acts as a choreographer, guiding development but leaving some aspects to be controlled by physical and chemical means. Fluids are ubiquitous in biological systems, so it is not surprising that fluid dynamics should play an important role in the physical and chemical processes shaping ontogeny. However, only in a few cases have the strands been teased apart to see exactly how fluid forces operate to guide development. Here, we review instances in which the hand of fluid dynamics in developmental biology is acknowledged, both in human development and within a wider biological context, together with some in which fluid dynamics is notable but whose workings have yet to be understood, and we provide a fluid dynamicist's perspective on possible avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julyan H.E. Cartwright
- Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra, CSIC-Universidad de Granada, Campus Fuentenueva, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Oreste Piro
- Departamento de Física e Instituto de Física Interdisciplinar y Sistemas Complejos IFISC (CSIC-UIB), Universitat de les Illes Balears, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Idan Tuval
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0WA, United Kingdom
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Kopantzev EP, Monastyrskaya GS, Vinogradova TV, Zinovyeva MV, Kostina MB, Filyukova OB, Tonevitsky AG, Sukhikh GT, Sverdlov ED. Differences in gene expression levels between early and later stages of human lung development are opposite to those between normal lung tissue and non-small lung cell carcinoma. Lung Cancer 2008; 62:23-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2008.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2007] [Revised: 12/21/2007] [Accepted: 02/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Liu H, Zheng Z, Wintour E. Aquaporins and Fetal Fluid Balance. Placenta 2008; 29:840-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2008.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2008] [Revised: 07/20/2008] [Accepted: 07/24/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Lu H, Chang L, Li W, Jiang N, Peng Q, Cai C, Liu J. Effects of hyperoxia on the dynamic expression of Aquaporin5 in premature rats lung development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 27:318-20. [PMID: 17641852 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-007-0326-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
To explore the dynamic expression and role of Aquaporin5 (AQP5) in lung development and hyperoxia lung injury, gestation 21-day Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (term=22 days) were randomly assigned to air group and hyperoxia group within 12-24 h after birth. The rats in hyperoxia group were continuously exposed to about 85% oxygen and those in air group to room air. After 1 to 14 days of exposure, total lung RNA was extracted and the expression of AQP5 mRNA was detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Immunohistochemistry and western-blot were used to detect the expression of AQP5 protein. The results showed that the expression of AQP5 in premature rats lung could be detected at various time points after birth, and the positive staining was restricted to the type I alveolar epithelial cells. In air group, the AQP5 expression was detected in a very low level at day 1, but exhibited a persistent increase after birth. Compared with the air group, the expression of AQP5 in hyperoxia group was increased at day 1, and had significant difference in mRNA level (P<0.05), but decreased significantly in mRNA and protein levels after 4 to 14 days (P<0.01 or P<0.05 respectively). It was concluded that AQP5 might play a key role in the alveolar period of premature rats by regulating the lung water balance. Hyperoxia exposure leads to a down-regulation of the AQP5 expression, which may be an important factor for the development of hyperoxia lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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Comparative expression analysis of aquaporin-5 (AQP5) in keratoconic and healthy corneas. Mol Vis 2008; 14:756-61. [PMID: 18449356 PMCID: PMC2358923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Keratoconus (KC) is a common progressive corneal disease characterized by excessive stromal thinning, central or paracentral conical protrusion, and disruptions in Bowman's layer. The etiology of KC is largely unknown, and a combination of genetic and environmental factors is believed to play a role in the origin of the disease. Recently, the absence of transcripts of the water channel, aquaporin-5 (AQP5), was demonstrated by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in KC tissues and was proposed as a possible marker for KC. In this study, we sought to evaluate AQP5 mRNA and protein expression in KC and non-KC corneal tissues using a combination of techniques. METHODS A total of 69 samples of corneal tissue were analyzed including 39 corneal buttons from patients with advanced KC, 16 samples of non-KC corneal epithelium belonging to patients who underwent surface refractive surgery, 12 sclerocorneal rims obtained from healthy donor subjects, and two healthy corneal buttons. Determination of AQP5 transcript and protein expression patterns was performed by means of real time RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, immunocytochemistry, and flow cytometry methods. Cell culture was performed to identify AQP5 protein expression in KC epithelial cells. RESULTS AQP5 mRNA was expressed with no significant differences between KC and non-KC tissues. Moreover, AQP5 protein expression analysis did not reveal differences in protein levels and/or cell location among KC and non-KC tissues. Interestingly, AQP5 expression continues for up to 21 days in the isolated KC corneal epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results do not support a role for AQP5 in KC etiopathogeny or as a disease marker. Genetic background differences or a distinct pathogenetic KC cascade specific to the analyzed population could account for the dissimilarities observed in KC-related AQP5 expression.
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Nandasena BGTL, Suzuki A, Aita M, Kawano Y, Nozawa-Inoue K, Maeda T. Immunolocalization of aquaporin-1 in the mechanoreceptive Ruffini endings in the periodontal ligament. Brain Res 2007; 1157:32-40. [PMID: 17553469 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2007] [Revised: 04/11/2007] [Accepted: 04/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Previous ultrastructural studies have suggested an axon-Schwann cell interaction in the periodontal Ruffini ending, a primary mechanoreceptor. However, no information is available on the transport mechanism between them. The present study examined the immunolocalization of aquaporin-1 (AQP1) and -4 (AQP4), a member of the water-selective channel, in the periodontal Ruffini endings of the rat incisors and trigeminal ganglion. In addition, the expression of mRNA for AQP1 and 4 was detected in the trigeminal ganglion by a RT-PCR technique. A single PCR product of the sizes anticipated for AQP1 and 4 was detectable in a reverse transcripted cDNA sample from the trigeminal ganglion, whose neurons innervate the periodontal Ruffini endings. An AQP1 immunoreaction was recognizable in the axon terminals of the periodontal Ruffini endings as well as their associated terminal Schwann cells, as confirmed with a double staining with AQP1 and either PGP9.5 or S-100 protein. However, no immunoreaction for AQP4 was found in periodontal Ruffini endings. Although the AQP4 immunoreaction was localized in some satellite cells - but never in neurons - of the trigeminal ganglion, 16.1% trigeminal neurons showed the AQP1 immunoreaction. Furthermore, the AQP1 immunoreaction was found in certain satellite cells which surrounded AQP1-positive or -negative neurons. An analysis of a cross-sectional area of these positive neurons demonstrated that approximately 66.9% of the positive neurons were 400-1000 microm2 (671.4+/-172.4 microm2), indicating that they could be categorized as medium-sized neurons which mediate mechanotransduction. These findings suggest that AQP1 controls water transport in the periodontal Ruffini endings.
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Jeyaseelan K, Sepramaniam S, Armugam A, Wintour EM. Aquaporins: a promising target for drug development. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2007; 10:889-909. [PMID: 17105375 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.10.6.889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) are a family of small hydrophobic, integral membrane proteins that are expressed in all living organisms and play critical roles in controlling the water flow into and out of cells. So far, 13 different AQPs have been identified in mammals (AQP 0-12). AQPs have recently been implicated in various diseases such as cancer, cataract, brain oedema, gallstone disease and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, as well as in the development of obesity and polycystic kidney disease. Interfering with the expression of AQPs will undoubtedly have therapeutic applications. Hence, in this review, the authors look at each AQP and its association with various pathological conditions in humans and demonstrate that they form potential targets for the treatment of such diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kandiah Jeyaseelan
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Department of Biochemistry, 8 Medical Drive, 117597, Singapore.
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