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Han F, Chen G, Tao G, Xu J, Zhang H, Zhang L, Li H, Zhao Y, Tian D, Kimura SY, Wei X, Ruan Y, Wu C, Xiao S, Zhan M, Zheng W. Thyroid-disrupting effects caused by exposure to alternative flame retardants from groundwater contamination in rural central China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 839:156300. [PMID: 35636535 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence reveals that exposure to alternative flame retardants (AFRs) results in defective thyroid functions. AFRs are detectable in various environmental media in developed cities in China. However, few studies have reported the contamination levels of AFR in groundwater in rural areas, indicating an urgent need to investigate exposure of AFRs and perform health risk assessment for populations that use groundwater as the main source of drinking water. This study investigated the concentrations of AFRs in groundwater in rural areas of central China. Moreover, Nthy-ori-3-1 cells were used to determine the thyroid cytotoxicities and thyroid-interfering effects of a single AFR as well as the mixtures of AFRs based on the AFR contamination levels in real-world. The results revealed that all classes of AFRs were detectable in rural areas in central China. Dechlorane plus, hexabromocyclododecane, bromophenols (BPs), novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) and organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) exhibited spatial contamination patterns, with an average concentrations (median) of 157.89 ± 88.61 (185.47) pg/L, 0.09 ± 0.29 (not detectable) ng/L, 5.20 ± 5.92 (3.43) ng/L, 3338.11 ± 3758.78 (2836.72) pg/L, and 79.35 ± 97.19 (53.62) ng/L, respectively. The half maximal effective concentrations (EC50) of BPs, OPFRs, and NBFRs ranged 98.4-4012 μM, 42.0-2506 μM, and 10.1-203.7 μM, respectively. Several AFRs exhibited more cytotoxic effects than did traditional brominated flame retardants. It is intriguing that several single AFRs and mixtures at environmentally-relevant exposure levels promoted the viability of Nthy-ori-3-1 cells. Taken together, our study demonstrates that AFRs are present in the groundwater in rural areas in central China and AFRs exhibit thyroid disrupting effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengchan Han
- Key Laboratory of the Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, PR China
| | - Guanghua Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Gonghua Tao
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, PR China
| | - Jingshan Xu
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Huijun Zhang
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, PR China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Huangpu Branch, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Hongliang Li
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fudan University Pudong Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shanghai 200136, PR China
| | - Yijing Zhao
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fudan University Pudong Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shanghai 200136, PR China
| | - Dajun Tian
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College for Public Health and Social Justice, 3545 Lafayette Ave., St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Susana Y Kimura
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Xiao Wei
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Ruan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Chunfeng Wu
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, PR China
| | - Shuo Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Ming Zhan
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fudan University Pudong Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shanghai 200136, PR China.
| | - Weiwei Zheng
- Key Laboratory of the Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China; Center for Water and Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China.
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Yin J, Wu X, Li S, Li C, Guo Z. Impact of environmental factors on gastric cancer: A review of the scientific evidence, human prevention and adaptation. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 89:65-79. [PMID: 31892402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2019.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Globally, gastric cancer (GC) ranks fifth in prevalence and third in fatalities, and shows a distinct geographical distribution in morbidity and mortality. Such a spatial pattern indicates that environmental factors could be an important contributor to GC. We reviewed a total of 135 relevant peer-reviewed articles and other literature published 1936-2019 to investigate the scientific evidence concerning the effects of environmental factors on GC worldwide. Environmental factors affect GC from the aspects of water, soil, air, radiation, and geology. Risk factors identified include water type, water pollution, water hardness, soil type, soil pollution, soil element content, climate change, air pollution, radiation, altitude, latitude, topography, and lithology; and most of them have an adverse impact on GC. Furthermore, we found that their effects followed five common rules: (1) the leading environmental factors that affect GC incidence and mortality vary by region, (2) the same environmental factors may have different effects on GC in different regions, (3) some different environmental factors have similar effects on GC in essence, (4) different environmental factors often interact to have combined or synergistic effects on GC, and (5) environmental factors can affect human factors to have an impact on GC. Environmental factors have a great impact on GC. Human beings may prevent GC by controlling carcinogenic factors, screening high-risk populations and providing symptomatic and rehabilitative treatments. Furthermore, adaptation measures are recommended to reduce GC risk on private and public levels. Future studies should transcend existing empirical studies to develop causal relationship models and focus on vulnerable population analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xiaoxu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Suping Li
- The Second People's Hospital of Lanzhou City, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Chenlu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Zhiyi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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Cui C, Wang B, Ren H, Wang Z. Spatiotemporal Variations in Gastric Cancer Mortality and Their Relations to Influencing Factors in S County, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E784. [PMID: 30836673 PMCID: PMC6427783 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16050784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Increasingly stricter and wider official efforts have been made by multilevel Chinese governments for seeking the improvements of the environment and public health status. However, the contributions of these efforts to environmental changes and spatiotemporal variations in some environmental diseases have been seldom explored and evaluated. Gastric cancer mortality (GCM) data in two periods (I: 2004⁻2006 and II: 2012⁻2015) was collected for the analysis of its spatiotemporal variations on the grid scale across S County in Central China. Some environmental and socioeconomic factors, including river, farmlands, topographic condition, population density, and gross domestic products (GDP) were obtained for the exploration of their changes and their relationships with GCM's spatiotemporal variations through a powerful tool (GeoDetector, GD). During 2004⁻2015, S County achieved environmental improvement and socioeconomic development, as well as a clear decline of the age-standardized mortality rate of gastric cancer from 35.66/10⁵ to 23.44/10⁵. Moreover, the GCM spatial patterns changed on the grid scale, which was spatially associated with the selected influencing factors. Due to the improvement of rivers' water quality, the distance from rivers posed relatively larger but reversed impacts on the gridded GCM. In addition, higher population density and higher economic level (GDP) acted as important protective factors, whereas the percentage of farmlands tended to have adverse effects on the gridded GCM in period II. It can be concluded that the decline of GCM in S County was spatiotemporally associated with increasingly strengthened environmental managements and socioeconomic developments over the past decade. Additionally, we suggest that more attentions should be paid to the potential pollution caused by excessive pesticides and fertilizers on the farmlands in S County. This study provided a useful clue for local authorities adopting more targeted measures to improve environment and public health in the regions similar to S County.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Baohua Wang
- National Center for Chronic and Non-communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Hongyan Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Omar A, Ganapathy SS, Anuar MFM, Khoo YY, Jeevananthan C, Maria Awaluddin S, Yn JLM, Rao C. Cause-specific mortality estimates for Malaysia in 2013: results from a national sample verification study using medical record review and verbal autopsy. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:110. [PMID: 30678685 PMCID: PMC6345029 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-6384-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mortality indicators are essential for monitoring population health. Although Malaysia has a functional death registration system, the quality of information on causes of death still needs improvement, since approximately 30% of deaths are classified to poorly defined causes. This study was conducted to verify registered causes in a sample of deaths in 2013 and utilise the findings to estimate cause-specific mortality indicators for Malaysia in 2013. Methods This is a cross-sectional study involving a nationally representative sample of 14,497 deaths distributed across 19 districts. Registered causes of deaths were verified using standard medical record review protocols for hospital deaths, and locally adapted international standard verbal autopsy procedures for deaths outside hospitals. The findings were used to measure the validity and reliability of the registration data, as well as to establish plausible cause-specific mortality fractions for hospital and non-hospital deaths, which were subsequently used as the basis for estimating national cause-specific mortality indicators. Results The overall response rate for the study was 67%. Verified causes of 5041 hospital deaths and 3724 deaths outside hospitals were used to derive national mortality estimates for 2013 by age, sex and cause. The study was able to reclassify most of the ill-defined deaths to a specific cause. The leading causes of deaths for males were Ischaemic Heart Disease (15.4%), Cerebrovascular diseases (13.7%), Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (8.5%) and Road Traffic Accident (8.0%). Among females, the leading causes were Cerebrovascular diseases (18.3%), Ischaemic Heart Disease (12.7%), Lower Respiratory Infections (11.5%) and Diabetes Mellitus (7.2%). Conclusions Investigation of registered causes of death using verbal autopsy and medical record review yielded adequate information to enable estimation of cause-specific mortality indicators in Malaysia. Strengthening the national mortality statistics system must be made a priority as it is a core data source for policy and evaluation of the public health and healthcare sectors in Malaysia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azahadi Omar
- Institute for Public Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Jalan Bangsar, 50590, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Shubash Shander Ganapathy
- Institute for Public Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Jalan Bangsar, 50590, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Yi Yi Khoo
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chandrika Jeevananthan
- Institute for Public Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Jalan Bangsar, 50590, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - S Maria Awaluddin
- Institute for Public Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Jalan Bangsar, 50590, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jane Ling Miaw Yn
- Institute for Public Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Jalan Bangsar, 50590, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chalapati Rao
- Department of Global Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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Wang X, Zhao G, Wang H, Liang J, Xu S, Chen S, Xu A, Wu L. Assessment of the cytotoxic and mutagenic potential of the Jialu River and adjacent groundwater using human-hamster hybrid cells. J Environ Sci (China) 2018; 70:133-143. [PMID: 30037400 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2017.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The Jialu River in China has been seriously polluted by the direct discharge of industrial and domestic wastewater. The predominant contaminants of the Jialu River and its adjacent groundwater were recently investigated. However, the potential genotoxic impact of polluted water on human health remains to be clarified. Here, we used human-hamster hybrid (AL) cells, which are sensitive for detecting environmental mutagens. We found that the cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of the groundwater in the Jialu River basin were influenced by the infiltration of the Jialu River. Hydrological periods significantly affected the cytotoxicity, but not the mutagenic potential, of surface and groundwater. Further, the mutagenic potential of groundwater samples located <1km from the Jialu River (SM-2 water samples) was detected earlier than that of groundwater samples located approximately 20km from the Jialu River (SN water samples). Because of high cytotoxicity, the mutagenic potential of water samples from the Jialu River (SM-1 water samples) was not significantly enhanced compared with that of untreated controls. To further assess the mutagenic dispersion potential, an artificial neural network model was adopted. The results showed that the highest mutagenic potential of groundwater was observed approximately 10km from the Jialu River. Although further investigation of mutagenic spatial dispersion is required, our data are significant for advancing our understanding of the origin, dispersion, and biological effects of water samples from polluted areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Wang
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China.
| | - Guoping Zhao
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology of Anhui Province, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Hongqiang Wang
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Junting Liang
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology of Anhui Province, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Shengmin Xu
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology of Anhui Province, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Shaopeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology of Anhui Province, Hefei 230031, China
| | - An Xu
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology of Anhui Province, Hefei 230031, China.
| | - Lijun Wu
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Pollution Control Technology of Anhui Province, Hefei 230031, China; School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
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Huang W, Long H, Li J, Tao S, Zheng P, Tang S, Abdullah AS. Delivery of public health services by community health workers (CHWs) in primary health care settings in China: a systematic review (1996-2016). Glob Health Res Policy 2018; 3:18. [PMID: 29992191 PMCID: PMC5989355 DOI: 10.1186/s41256-018-0072-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Community Health Workers (CHWs) have been widely used in response to the shortage of skilled health workers especially in resource limited areas. China has a long history of involving CHWs in public health intervention project. CHWs in China called village doctors who have both treatment and public health responsibilities. This systematic review aimed to identify the types of public health services provided by CHWs and summarized potential barriers and facilitating factors in the delivery of these services. METHODS We searched studies published in Chinese or English, on Medline, PubMed, Cochrane, Google Scholar, and CNKI for public health services delivered by CHWs in China, during 1996-2016. The role of CHWs, training for CHWs, challenges, and facilitating factors were extracted from reviewed studies. RESULTS Guided by National Basic Public Health Service Standards, services provided by CHW covered five major areas of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) including diabetes and/or hypertension, cancer, mental health, cardiovascular diseases, and common NCD risk factors, as well as general services including reproductive health, tuberculosis, child health, vaccination, and other services. Not many studies investigated the barriers and facilitating factors of their programs, and none reported cost-effectiveness of the intervention. Barriers challenging the sustainability of the CHWs led projects were transportation, nature of official support, quantity and quality of CHWs, training of CHWs, incentives for CHWs, and maintaining a good rapport between CHWs and target population. Facilitating factors included positive official support, integration with the existing health system, financial support, considering CHW's perspectives, and technology support. CONCLUSION CHWs appear to frequently engage in implementing diverse public health intervention programs in China. Facilitators and barriers identified are comparable to those identified in high income countries. Future CHWs-led programs should consider incorporating the common barriers and facilitators identified in the current study to maximize the benefits of these programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Huang
- Global Health Program, Duke Kunshan University, Jiangsu, 215347 China
| | - Hongfei Long
- Global Health Program, Duke Kunshan University, Jiangsu, 215347 China
| | - Jiang Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Sha Tao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Pinpin Zheng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Shenglan Tang
- Global Health Program, Duke Kunshan University, Jiangsu, 215347 China
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Abu S. Abdullah
- Global Health Program, Duke Kunshan University, Jiangsu, 215347 China
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710 USA
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118 USA
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Joshi R, Faruqui N, Nagarajan SR, Rampatige R, Martiniuk A, Gouda H. Reporting of ethics in peer-reviewed verbal autopsy studies: a systematic review. Int J Epidemiol 2018; 47:255-279. [PMID: 29092034 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyx216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Verbal autopsy (VA) is a method that determines the cause of death by interviewing a relative of the deceased about the events occurring before the death, in regions where medical certification of cause of death is incomplete. This paper aims to review the ethical standards reported in peer-reviewed VA studies. Methods A systematic review of Medline and Ovid was conducted by two independent researchers. Data were extracted and analysed for articles based on three key areas: Institutional Review Board (IRB) clearance and consenting process; data collection and management procedures, including: time between death and interview; training and education of interviewer, confidentiality of data and data security; and declarations of funding and conflict of interest. Results The review identified 802 articles, of which 288 were included. The review found that 48% all the studies reported having IRB clearance or obtaining consent of participants. The interviewer training and education levels were reported in 62% and 21% of the articles, respectively. Confidentiality of data was reported for 14% of all studies, 18% did not report the type of respondent interviewed and 51% reported time between death and the interview for the VA. Data security was reported in 8% of all studies. Funding was declared in 63% of all studies and conflict of interest in 42%. Reporting of all these variables increased over time. Conclusions The results of this systematic review show that although there has been an increase in ethical reporting for VA studies, there still remains a large gap in reporting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohina Joshi
- George Institute for Global Health
- University of New South Wales
- University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Neha Faruqui
- George Institute for Global Health
- University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | - Alex Martiniuk
- George Institute for Global Health
- University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hebe Gouda
- School of Public Health
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Zhang P, Lee J, Kang G, Li Y, Yang D, Pang B, Zhang Y. Disparity of nitrate and nitrite in vivo in cancer villages as compared to other areas in Huai River Basin, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 612:966-974. [PMID: 28886549 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Saliva and Urine samples were collected for the study on how nitrate and nitrite concentration in human body may be related to the corresponding health risk in a high cancer incidence area. The study area includes three known cancer villages in Huai River basin, China. The results of analyzing collected sample show that there are higher levels of nitrate and nitrite concentration in human saliva and urine sample collected in the study area as compared to those collected in other areas. In addition, levels of nitrate and nitrite concentration in saliva and urine sample change significantly with the ages of sampled population. NO3-concentrations in saliva and urine sample are the most outstanding among the middle-aged and elderly populations. It means that the middle-aged and elderly populations have relatively high vivo nitrate reductive transformation rates and they also have higher N-nitroso compounds synthesis risks in the studied cancer villages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyan Zhang
- College of Environment and Planning, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China; Department of Geography, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242-0001, USA
| | - Jay Lee
- College of Environment and Planning, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China; Department of Geography, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242-0001, USA.
| | - Guohua Kang
- College of Environment and Planning, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- College of Environment and Planning, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Dan Yang
- College of Environment and Planning, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Bo Pang
- College of Environment and Planning, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Environment and Planning, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
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Han D, Currell MJ, Cao G. Deep challenges for China's war on water pollution. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 218:1222-1233. [PMID: 27613318 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.08.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
China's Central government has released an ambitious plan to tackle the nation's water pollution crisis. However, this is inhibited by a lack of data, particularly for groundwater. We compiled and analyzed water quality classification data from publicly available government sources, further revealing the scale and extent of the crisis. We also compiled nitrate data in shallow and deep groundwater from a range of literature sources, covering 52 of China's groundwater systems; the most comprehensive national-scale assessment yet. Nitrate pollution at levels exceeding the US EPA's maximum contaminant level (10 mg/L NO3N) occurs at the 90th percentile in 25 of 36 shallow aquifers and 10 out of 37 deep or karst aquifers. Isotopic compositions of groundwater nitrate (δ15N and δ18ONO3 values ranging from -14.9‰ to 35.5‰ and -8.1‰ to 51.0‰, respectively) indicate many nitrate sources including soil nitrogen, agricultural fertilizers, untreated wastewater and/or manure, and locally show evidence of de-nitrification. From these data, it is clear that contaminated groundwater is ubiquitous in deep aquifers as well as shallow groundwater (and surface water). Deep aquifers contain water recharged tens of thousands of years before present, long before widespread anthropogenic nitrate contamination. This groundwater has therefore likely been contaminated due to rapid bypass flow along wells or other conduits. Addressing the issue of well condition is urgently needed to stop further pollution of China's deep aquifers, which are some of China's most important drinking water sources. China's new 10-point Water Pollution Plan addresses previous shortcomings, however, control and remediation of deep groundwater pollution will take decades of sustained effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Han
- Key Laboratory of Water Cycle & Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Matthew J Currell
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Guoliang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China
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Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Concentrations in Drinking Water in Villages along the Huai River in China and Their Association with High Cancer Incidence in Local Population. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:762832. [PMID: 26688818 PMCID: PMC4672361 DOI: 10.1155/2015/762832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the carcinogenic risk of PAHs in the drinking water of counties along the Huai River in China and study their associations with high cancer incidence in local population. We investigated 20 villages with high cancer incidence rates as the risk group and 20 villages with low rates as the control group. Water samples from each village were collected in the winter and summer seasons to analyze the concentrations of 16 PAHs. The carcinogenic risks of the PAHs were calculated for each village using a health risk assessment approach. Results showed that PAHs concentrations in 27.2% of the water samples were higher than the allowable values in China. However, no significant difference in water PAHs concentrations was observed between the risk and control groups (P > 0.05), and no correlation was found between water PAHs concentrations and cancer incidence in these villages. The average upper bound carcinogenic risks were less than 1 × 10−4 in both groups. In conclusion, PAHs were present in the drinking water of the studied villages, but their carcinogenic risks remained within acceptable limits. PAHs in local drinking water might not be the major environmental cause of the high cancer incidences.
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Tian D, Zheng W, He G, Zheng Y, Andersen ME, Tan H, Qu W. Predicting cytotoxicity of complex mixtures in high cancer incidence regions of the Huai River Basin based on GC-MS spectrum with partial least squares regression. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 137:391-397. [PMID: 25614340 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Complex mixture exposures, such as those associated with water sources, are an important issue in health risk assessment. This study assessed the cytotoxicity of chemical mixtures extracted from water sources in regions of the Huai River Basin with high cancer incidences and built statistical models of cytotoxicity based on pollution profiles that were measured with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Both surface and ground waters were collected from rural water sources of Shenqiu County, Henan Province of China from 2008 to 2011 and extracted with XAD-2 resigns. Cytotoxicity was evaluated with Chinese hamster ovary K1 (CHO-K1) cells and compared against the pollution profiles of the extracts. IC50 of water samples ranged from 0.023 to 0.338L-eq/mL. The pollutants in waters determined by GC-MS are complex and some of the compounds that contributed to cytotoxicity lack toxicity data. A partial least squares (PLS) regression model of cytotoxicity was built based on linear aggregation of predictor variables (i.e., peaks for single compounds in the gas chromatograms). The PLS model contains 2 PLS factors extracted from 141 variables. The model was validated internally with training data permutation and externally with a test sample. The model explained 92% of the cytotoxicity in the training samples and 40% in the test sample. This approach provides a general, rapid method for relating water toxicity to GC-MS chromatograms and for predicting the compounds that contribute most to toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajun Tian
- Key Laboratory of Public Health and Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Yi Xue Yuan Road 138, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Weiwei Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Public Health and Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Yi Xue Yuan Road 138, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Gengsheng He
- Key Laboratory of the Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuxin Zheng
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nan Wei Road 29, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Melvin E Andersen
- Institute for Chemical Safety Sciences, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Hui Tan
- Key Laboratory of the Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Childhood and Adolescent, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Weidong Qu
- Key Laboratory of Public Health and Safety, Ministry of Education, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Yi Xue Yuan Road 138, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Ren H, Xu D, Shi X, Xu J, Zhuang D, Yang G. Characterisation of gastric cancer and its relation to environmental factors: a case study in Shenqiu County, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2015; 26:1-10. [PMID: 25608493 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2014.1003040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This article presents the results of spatial analysis of gastric cancer and its relation to environmental conditions in Shenqiu County, China. Retrospective data on gastric cancer mortality (GCM) were analysed at various spatial scales, with its relation to environmental factors explored at an appropriate scale. The results considered 2 × 2 km(2) grid as the optimal level for characterising GCM due to the highest Moran's I (I = 0.68, p < 0.01). Then, three clustering regions were clearly identified. Meanwhile, GCM was obviously associated with topography (r = -0.11, p < 0.10), farmland (r = 0.11, p < 0.10), population density (r = 0.10, p < 0.10) and river density (r = 0.11, p < 0.10) in the buffered zones. It indicates that spatial grid technique is suitable for characterising GCM in Shenqiu County, and that GCM was geographically associated with environmental conditions. We suggest that preventive measures for controlling the environment-related malignant neoplasm should not be limited in the regions suffering from this disease but be reasonably extended to surrounding areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Ren
- a State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research , Beijing , China
| | - Duanyang Xu
- b Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China , Beijing , China
| | - Xiaoming Shi
- c Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , China
| | - Jianwei Xu
- c Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , China
| | - Dafang Zhuang
- a State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research , Beijing , China
| | - Gonghuan Yang
- d Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences , Institute of Basic Medical Sciences , Beijing , China
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Xing X, Zeng X, Li D, Chen L, Zhu X, He Z, Zhang S, Ma L, Bai Q, Zhang Z, Liu C, Gao C, Li J, Sun X, Zheng Y, Chen W, Xiao Y. Application of human cell transformation assay on assessment of carcinogenic potential of river organic pollutants. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tx00063c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A human cell transformation assay was used to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of organic extracts of water pollutants collected from the Jialu River.
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14
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Association between changing mortality of digestive tract cancers and water pollution: a case study in the Huai River Basin, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 12:214-26. [PMID: 25546281 PMCID: PMC4306858 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120100214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between the ever-increasing cancer mortality and water pollution is an important public concern in China. This study aimed to explore the association between serious water pollution and increasing digestive cancer mortality in the Huai River Basin (HRB) in China. A series of frequency of serious pollution (FSP) indices including water quality grade (FSPWQG), biochemical oxygen demand (FSPBOD), chemical oxygen demand (FSPCOD), and ammonia nitrogen (FSPAN) were used to characterize the surface water quality between 1997 and 2006. Data on the county-level changing mortality (CM) due to digestive tract cancers between 1975 and 2006 were collected for 14 counties in the study area. Most of investigated counties (eight) with high FSPWQG (>50%) distributed in the northern region of the HRB and had larger CMs of digestive tract cancers. In addition to their similar spatial distribution, significant correlations between FSP indices and CMs were observed by controlling for drinking water safety (DWS), gross domestic product (GDP), and population (POP). Furthermore, the above-mentioned partial correlations were clearly increased when only controlling for GDP and POP. Our study indicated that county-level variations of digestive cancer mortality are remarkably associated with water pollution, and suggested that continuous measures for improving surface water quality and DWS and hygienic interventions should be effectively implemented by local governments.
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