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Pol M, Gao H, Zhang H, George OJ, Fox JM, Jia X. Dynamic modulation of matrix adhesiveness induces epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in prostate cancer cells in 3D. Biomaterials 2023; 299:122180. [PMID: 37267701 PMCID: PMC10330660 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic matrices with dynamic presentation of cell guidance cues are needed for the development of physiologically relevant in vitro tumor models. Towards the goal of mimicking prostate cancer progression and metastasis, we engineered a tunable hyaluronic acid-based hydrogel platform with protease degradable and cell adhesive properties employing bioorthogonal tetrazine ligation with strained alkenes. The synthetic matrix was first fabricated via a slow tetrazine-norbornene reaction, then temporally modified via a diffusion-controlled method using trans-cyclooctene, a fierce dienophile that reacts with tetrazine with an unusually fast rate. The encapsulated DU145 prostate cancer single cells spontaneously formed multicellular tumoroids after 7 days of culture. In situ modification of the synthetic matrix via covalent tagging of cell adhesive RGD peptide induced tumoroid decompaction and the development of cellular protrusions. RGD tagging did not compromise the overall cell viability, nor did it induce cell apoptosis. In response to increased matrix adhesiveness, DU145 cells dynamically loosen cell-cell adhesion and strengthen cell-matrix interactions to promote an invasive phenotype. Characterization of the 3D cultures by immunocytochemistry and gene expression analyses demonstrated that cells invaded into the matrix via a mesenchymal like migration, with upregulation of major mesenchymal markers, and down regulation of epithelial markers. The tumoroids formed cortactin positive invadopodia like structures, indicating active matrix remodeling. Overall, the engineered tumor model can be utilized to identify potential molecular targets and test pharmacological inhibitors, thereby accelerating the design of innovative strategies for cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mugdha Pol
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Hanyuan Gao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - He Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Olivia J George
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Joseph M Fox
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Xinqiao Jia
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA; Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.
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2
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Sharafutdinov I, Knorr J, Rottner K, Backert S, Tegtmeyer N. Cortactin: A universal host cytoskeletal target of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial pathogens. Mol Microbiol 2022; 118:623-636. [PMID: 36396951 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria possess a great potential of causing infectious diseases and represent a serious threat to human and animal health. Understanding the molecular basis of infection development can provide new valuable strategies for disease prevention and better control. In host-pathogen interactions, actin-cytoskeletal dynamics play a crucial role in the successful adherence, invasion, and intracellular motility of many intruding microbial pathogens. Cortactin, a major cellular factor that promotes actin polymerization and other functions, appears as a central regulator of host-pathogen interactions and different human diseases including cancer development. Various important microbes have been reported to hijack cortactin signaling during infection. The primary regulation of cortactin appears to proceed via serine and/or tyrosine phosphorylation events by upstream kinases, acetylation, and interaction with various other host proteins, including the Arp2/3 complex, filamentous actin, the actin nucleation promoting factor N-WASP, focal adhesion kinase FAK, the large GTPase dynamin-2, the guanine nucleotide exchange factor Vav2, and the actin-stabilizing protein CD2AP. Given that many signaling factors can affect cortactin activities, several microbes target certain unique pathways, while also sharing some common features. Here we review our current knowledge of the hallmarks of cortactin as a major target for eminent Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial pathogens in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irshad Sharafutdinov
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jakob Knorr
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Steffen Backert
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicole Tegtmeyer
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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3
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Helicobacter pylori CagA Induces Cortactin Y-470 Phosphorylation-Dependent Gastric Epithelial Cell Scattering via Abl, Vav2 and Rac1 Activation. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13164241. [PMID: 34439396 PMCID: PMC8391897 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Various microbial pathogens target the actin-binding protein cortactin to promote their own uptake, proliferation and spread, and exhibit proposed roles in human cancerogenesis. We aimed to study the molecular mechanisms of how the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori hijacks cortactin phosphorylation via tyrosine kinase Abl to trigger cancer-related signal transduction events. We discovered that cortactin phosphorylated at Y-470 recruits the signaling factor Vav2 to activate the small Rho GTPase Rac1, and finally, a cancer cell motility phenotype. We also demonstrate that phosphorylation of cortactin at Y-470 can be completely inhibited by the well-known Abl inhibitor imatinib. Imatinib is an established oral chemotherapy medication, employed for efficient systemic treatment of various cancers. These results reveal a comprehensive novel pathway for how precisely H. pylori manipulates host signaling in gastric disease development, and may pave the way for new opportunities of treatment of the outcome of infections with this pathogen, i.e., through using imatinib. Abstract The pathogen Helicobacter pylori is the first reported bacterial type-1 carcinogen playing a role in the development of human malignancies, including gastric adenocarcinoma. Cancer cell motility is an important process in this scenario, however, the molecular mechanisms are still not fully understood. Here, we demonstrate that H. pylori subverts the actin-binding protein cortactin through its type-IV secretion system and injected oncoprotein CagA, e.g., by inducing tyrosine phosphorylation of cortactin at Y-470, which triggers gastric epithelial cell scattering and motility. During infection of AGS cells, cortactin was discovered to undergo tyrosine dephosphorylation at residues Y-421 and Y-486, which is mediated through inactivation of Src kinase. However, H. pylori also profoundly activates tyrosine kinase Abl, which simultaneously phosphorylates cortactin at Y-470. Phosphorylated cortactin interacts with the SH2-domain of Vav2, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for the Rho-family of GTPases. The cortactin/Vav2 complex then stimulates a previously unrecognized activation cascade including the small GTPase Rac1, to effect actin rearrangements and cell scattering. We hypothesize that injected CagA targets cortactin to locally open the gastric epithelium in order to get access to certain nutrients. This may disturb the cellular barrier functions, likely contributing to the induction of cell motility, which is important in gastric cancer development.
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4
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Ren Y, He Y, Brown S, Zbornik E, Mlodzianoski MJ, Ma D, Huang F, Mattoo S, Suter DM. A single tyrosine phosphorylation site in cortactin is important for filopodia formation in neuronal growth cones. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:1817-1833. [PMID: 31116646 PMCID: PMC6727743 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-04-0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortactin is a Src tyrosine phosphorylation substrate that regulates multiple actin-related cellular processes. While frequently studied in nonneuronal cells, the functions of cortactin in neuronal growth cones are not well understood. We recently reported that cortactin mediates the effects of Src tyrosine kinase in regulating actin organization and dynamics in both lamellipodia and filopodia of Aplysia growth cones. Here, we identified a single cortactin tyrosine phosphorylation site (Y499) to be important for the formation of filopodia. Overexpression of a 499F phospho-deficient cortactin mutant decreased filopodia length and density, whereas overexpression of a 499E phospho-mimetic mutant increased filopodia length. Using an antibody against cortactin pY499, we showed that tyrosine-phosphorylated cortactin is enriched along the leading edge. The leading edge localization of phosphorylated cortactin is Src2-dependent, F-actin-independent, and important for filopodia formation. In vitro kinase assays revealed that Src2 phosphorylates cortactin at Y499, although Y505 is the preferred site in vitro. Finally, we provide evidence that Arp2/3 complex acts downstream of phosphorylated cortactin to regulate density but not length of filopodia. In conclusion, we have characterized a tyrosine phosphorylation site in Aplysia cortactin that plays a major role in the Src/cortactin/Arp2/3 signaling pathway controlling filopodia formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Ren
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Yingpei He
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Sherlene Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Erica Zbornik
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Michael J Mlodzianoski
- Department of Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue Institutes of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Donghan Ma
- Department of Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue Institutes of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Fang Huang
- Department of Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue Institutes of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907.,Department of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907.,Department of Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Seema Mattoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907.,Department of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Daniel M Suter
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907.,Department of Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907.,Department of Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907.,Department of Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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5
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Mohamed-Salem R, Rodríguez Fernández C, Nieto-Pelegrín E, Conde-Valentín B, Rumbero A, Martinez-Quiles N. Aqueous extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa inhibits pedestal induction by enteropathogenic E. coli and promotes bacterial filamentation in vitro. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213580. [PMID: 30849110 PMCID: PMC6407759 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrheic diseases account for the annual death of approximately 1.9 million children under the age of 5 years, and it is a major cause of work absenteeism in developed countries. As diarrheagenic bacteria, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) attach to cells in the small intestine, causing local disappearance of microvilli and inducing the formation of actin-rich pedestals that disrupt the intestinal barrier and help EPEC adhere to and infect intestinal cells. Antibiotics and other bioactive compounds can often be found by analyzing traditional medicines. Here a crude aqueous extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa, which typically grows in subtropical and tropical areas and is a popular medicinal tisane in many countries, was analyzed for antibacterial activity against EPEC. In standard microdilution assays, the extract showed a minimum inhibitory concentration of 6.5 mg/ml against EPEC growth. Time-kill kinetics assays demonstrated significant 24 h bactericidal activity at 25 mg/ml. The extract is able to impede pedestal induction. Not only did the extract inhibit preformed pedestals but it prevented pedestal induction as well. Remarkably, it also promoted the formation of EPEC filaments, as observed with other antibiotics. Our results in vitro support the potential of Hibiscus sabdariffa as an antimicrobial agent against EPEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reda Mohamed-Salem
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Pharmacy School, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Elvira Nieto-Pelegrín
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Pharmacy School, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Conde-Valentín
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Pharmacy School, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
- Pharmaceutics and Food Technology Department, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Rumbero
- Organic Chemistry Department, Autonóma University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Narcisa Martinez-Quiles
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Pharmacy School, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University and Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
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6
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Cortactin: Cell Functions of A Multifaceted Actin-Binding Protein. Trends Cell Biol 2018; 28:79-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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7
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González-Jamett AM, Guerra MJ, Olivares MJ, Haro-Acuña V, Baéz-Matus X, Vásquez-Navarrete J, Momboisse F, Martinez-Quiles N, Cárdenas AM. The F-Actin Binding Protein Cortactin Regulates the Dynamics of the Exocytotic Fusion Pore through its SH3 Domain. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:130. [PMID: 28522963 PMCID: PMC5415606 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon cell stimulation, the network of cortical actin filaments is rearranged to facilitate the neurosecretory process. This actin rearrangement includes both disruption of the preexisting actin network and de novo actin polymerization. However, the mechanism by which a Ca2+ signal elicits the formation of new actin filaments remains uncertain. Cortactin, an actin-binding protein that promotes actin polymerization in synergy with the nucleation promoting factor N-WASP, could play a key role in this mechanism. We addressed this hypothesis by analyzing de novo actin polymerization and exocytosis in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells expressing different cortactin or N-WASP domains, or cortactin mutants that fail to interact with proline-rich domain (PRD)-containing proteins, including N-WASP, or to be phosphorylated by Ca2+-dependent kinases, such as ERK1/2 and Src. Our results show that the activation of nicotinic receptors in chromaffin cells promotes cortactin translocation to the cell cortex, where it colocalizes with actin filaments. We further found that, in association with PRD-containing proteins, cortactin contributes to the Ca2+-dependent formation of F-actin, and regulates fusion pore dynamics and the number of exocytotic events induced by activation of nicotinic receptors. However, whereas the actions of cortactin on the fusion pore dynamics seems to depend on the availability of monomeric actin and its phosphorylation by ERK1/2 and Src kinases, cortactin regulates the extent of exocytosis by a mechanism independent of actin polymerization. Together our findings point out a role for cortactin as a critical modulator of actin filament formation and exocytosis in neuroendocrine cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlek M González-Jamett
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de ValparaísoValparaíso, Chile
| | - María J Guerra
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de ValparaísoValparaíso, Chile
| | - María J Olivares
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de ValparaísoValparaíso, Chile
| | - Valentina Haro-Acuña
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de ValparaísoValparaíso, Chile
| | - Ximena Baéz-Matus
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de ValparaísoValparaíso, Chile
| | - Jacqueline Vásquez-Navarrete
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de ValparaísoValparaíso, Chile
| | - Fanny Momboisse
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de ValparaísoValparaíso, Chile
| | - Narcisa Martinez-Quiles
- Departamento de Microbiología (Inmunología), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Ana M Cárdenas
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de ValparaísoValparaíso, Chile
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8
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Stradal TEB, Costa SCP. Type III Secreted Virulence Factors Manipulating Signaling to Actin Dynamics. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2016; 399:175-199. [PMID: 27744505 DOI: 10.1007/82_2016_35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A key aspect of bacterial pathogenesis is the colonization and persistence within the host and, later on, its dissemination to new niches. During evolution, bacteria developed a myriad of virulence mechanisms to usurp the host's sophisticated defense mechanisms in order to establish their colonization niche. Elucidation of the highly dynamic and complex interactions between host and pathogens remains an important field of study. Here, we highlight the conserved manipulation of the actin cytoskeleton by some Gram-negative gastrointestinal pathogens, addressing the role of type III secreted bacterial GEFs at the different steps of pathogenesis. As a final topic, we review cytoskeleton dynamics induced by EPEC/EHEC strains for pedestal formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresia E B Stradal
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124, Baunschweig, Germany.
| | - Sonia C P Costa
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124, Baunschweig, Germany
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9
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KISS1R signaling promotes invadopodia formation in human breast cancer cell via β-arrestin2/ERK. Cell Signal 2015; 28:165-176. [PMID: 26721186 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Kisspeptins (KPs), peptide products of the KISS1 gene are endogenous ligands for the kisspeptin receptor (KISS1R), a G protein-coupled receptor. In numerous cancers, KISS1R signaling plays anti-metastatic roles. However, we have previously shown that in breast cancer cells lacking the estrogen receptor (ERα), kisspeptin-10 stimulates cell migration and invasion by cross-talking with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), via a β-arrestin-2-dependent mechanism. To further define the mechanisms by which KISS1R stimulates invasion, we determined the effect of down-regulating KISS1R expression in triple negative breast cancer cells. We found that depletion of KISS1R reduced their mesenchymal phenotype and invasiveness. We show for the first time that KISS1R signaling induces invadopodia formation and activation of key invadopodia proteins, cortactin, cofilin and membrane type I matrix metalloproteases (MT1-MMP). Moreover, KISS1R stimulated invadopodia formation occurs via a new pathway involving a β-arrestin2 and ERK1/2-dependent mechanism, independent of Src. Taken together, our findings suggest that targeting the KISS1R signaling axis might be a promising strategy to inhibit invasiveness and metastasis.
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10
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Deligianni DD. MWCNTs enhance hBMSCs spreading but delay their proliferation in the direction of differentiation acceleration. Cell Adh Migr 2015; 8:404-17. [PMID: 25482637 DOI: 10.4161/19336918.2014.969993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigating the ability of films of pristine multiwalled nanotubes (MWCNTs) to influence human mesenchymal stem cells' proliferation, morphology, and differentiation into osteoblasts, we concluded to the following: A. MWCNTs delay the proliferation of hBMS cells but increase their differentiation. The enhancement of the differentiation markers could be a result of decreased proliferation and maturation of the extracellular matrix B. Cell spread on MWCNTs toward a polygonal shape with many thin filopodia to attach to the surfaces. Spreading may be critical in supporting osteogenic differentiation in pre-osteoblastic progenitors, being related with cytoskeletal tension. C. hBMS cells prefer MWCNTs than tissue plastic to attach and grow, being non-toxic to these cells. MWCNTs can be regarded as osteoinductive biomaterial topographies for bone regenerative engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despina D Deligianni
- a Department of Mechanical Engineering & Aeronautics ; University of Patras ; Rion , Greece
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11
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Scholz R, Imami K, Scott NE, Trimble WS, Foster LJ, Finlay BB. Novel Host Proteins and Signaling Pathways in Enteropathogenic E. coli Pathogenesis Identified by Global Phosphoproteome Analysis. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 14:1927-45. [PMID: 25944883 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.046847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) uses a type III secretion system (T3SS) to directly translocate effector proteins into host cells where they play a pivotal role in subverting host cell signaling needed for disease. However, our knowledge of how EPEC affects host protein phosphorylation is limited to a few individual protein studies. We employed a quantitative proteomics approach to globally map alterations in the host phosphoproteome during EPEC infection. By characterizing host phosphorylation events at various time points throughout infection, we examined how EPEC dynamically impacts the host phosphoproteome over time. This experimental setup also enabled identification of T3SS-dependent and -independent changes in host phosphorylation. Specifically, T3SS-regulated events affected various cellular processes that are known EPEC targets, including cytoskeletal organization, immune signaling, and intracellular trafficking. However, the involvement of phosphorylation in these events has thus far been poorly studied. We confirmed the MAPK family as an established key host player, showed its central role in signal transduction during EPEC infection, and extended the repertoire of known signaling hubs with previously unrecognized proteins, including TPD52, CIN85, EPHA2, and HSP27. We identified altered phosphorylation of known EPEC targets, such as cofilin, where the involvement of phosphorylation has so far been undefined, thus providing novel mechanistic insights into the roles of these proteins in EPEC infection. An overlap of regulated proteins, especially those that are cytoskeleton-associated, was observed when compared with the phosphoproteome of Shigella-infected cells. We determined the biological relevance of the phosphorylation of a novel protein in EPEC pathogenesis, septin-9 (SEPT9). Both siRNA knockdown and a phosphorylation-impaired SEPT9 mutant decreased bacterial adherence and EPEC-mediated cell death. In contrast, a phosphorylation-mimicking SEPT9 mutant rescued these effects. Collectively, this study provides the first global analysis of phosphorylation-mediated processes during infection with an extracellular, diarrheagenic bacterial pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Koshi Imami
- §Centre for High-Throughput Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Nichollas E Scott
- §Centre for High-Throughput Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - William S Trimble
- ¶Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children and ‖Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Leonard J Foster
- §Centre for High-Throughput Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada, **Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada, and
| | - B Brett Finlay
- From the ‡Michael Smith Laboratories and **Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada, and ¶¶Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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12
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Rötzer V, Breit A, Waschke J, Spindler V. Adducin is required for desmosomal cohesion in keratinocytes. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:14925-40. [PMID: 24711455 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.527127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Adducin is a protein organizing the cortical actin cytoskeleton and a target of RhoA and PKC signaling. However, the role for intercellular cohesion is unknown. We found that adducin silencing induced disruption of the actin cytoskeleton, reduced intercellular adhesion of human keratinocytes, and decreased the levels of the desmosomal adhesion molecule desmoglein (Dsg)3 by reducing its membrane incorporation. Because loss of cell cohesion and Dsg3 depletion is observed in the autoantibody-mediated blistering skin disease pemphigus vulgaris (PV), we applied antibody fractions of PV patients. A rapid phosphorylation of adducin at serine 726 was detected in response to these autoantibodies. To mechanistically link autoantibody binding and adducin phosphorylation, we evaluated the role of several disease-relevant signaling molecules. Adducin phosphorylation at serine 726 was dependent on Ca(2+) influx and PKC but occurred independent of p38 MAPK and PKA. Adducin phosphorylation is protective, because phosphorylation-deficient mutants resulted in loss of cell cohesion and Dsg3 fragmentation. Thus, PKC elicits both positive and negative effects on cell adhesion, since its contribution to cell dissociation in pemphigus is well established. We additionally evaluated the effect of RhoA on adducin phosphorylation because RhoA activation was shown to block pemphigus autoantibody-induced cell dissociation. Our data demonstrate that the protective effect of RhoA activation was dependent on the presence of adducin and its phosphorylation at serine 726. These experiments provide novel mechanisms for regulation of desmosomal adhesion by RhoA- and PKC-mediated adducin phosphorylation in keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Rötzer
- From the Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich D-80336 and
| | - Andreas Breit
- the Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich D-80336, Germany
| | - Jens Waschke
- From the Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich D-80336 and
| | - Volker Spindler
- From the Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich D-80336 and
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13
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Nieto-Pelegrin E, Meiler E, Martín-Villa JM, Benito-León M, Martinez-Quiles N. Crk adaptors negatively regulate actin polymerization in pedestals formed by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) by binding to Tir effector. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004022. [PMID: 24675776 PMCID: PMC3968158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) cause diarrhea linked to high infant mortality in developing countries. EPEC adheres to epithelial cells and induces the formation of actin pedestals. Actin polymerization is driven fundamentally through signaling mediated by Tir bacterial effector protein, which inserts in the plasma membrane of the infected cell. Tir binds Nck adaptor proteins, which in turn recruit and activate N-WASP, a ubiquitous member of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome family of proteins. N-WASP activates the Arp2/3 complex to promote actin polymerization. Other proteins aside from components of the Tir-Nck-N-WASP pathway are recruited to the pedestals but their functions are unknown. Here we investigate the function of two alternatively spliced isoforms of Crk adaptors (CrkI/II) and the paralog protein CrkL during pedestal formation by EPEC. We found that the Crk isoforms act as redundant inhibitors of pedestal formation. The SH2 domain of CrkII and CrkL binds to phosphorylated tyrosine 474 of Tir and competes with Nck to bind Tir, preventing its recruitment to pedestals and thereby inhibiting actin polymerization. EPEC infection induces phosphorylation of the major regulatory tyrosine in CrkII and CrkL, possibly preventing the SH2 domain of these proteins from interacting with Tir. Phosphorylated CrkII and CrkL proteins localize specifically to the plasma membrane in contact with EPEC. Our study uncovers a novel role for Crk adaptors at pedestals, opening a new perspective in how these oncoproteins regulate actin polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Nieto-Pelegrin
- Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eugenia Meiler
- Division of Immunology, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - María Benito-León
- Division of Immunology, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Narcisa Martinez-Quiles
- Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
- Division of Immunology, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Samuelson DR, Konkel ME. Serine phosphorylation of cortactin is required for maximal host cell invasion by Campylobacter jejuni. Cell Commun Signal 2013; 11:82. [PMID: 24188565 PMCID: PMC3832248 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-11-82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Campylobacter jejuni causes acute disease characterized by severe diarrhea containing blood and leukocytes, fever, and abdominal cramping. Disease caused by C. jejuni is dependent on numerous bacterial and host factors. C. jejuni invasion of the intestinal epithelial cells is seen in both clinical samples and animal models indicating that host cell invasion is, in part, necessary for disease. C. jejuni utilizes a flagellar Type III Secretion System (T3SS) to deliver the Campylobacter invasion antigens (Cia) to host cells. The Cia proteins modulate host cell signaling leading to actin cytoskeleton rearrangement necessary for C. jejuni host cell invasion, and are required for the development of disease. RESULTS This study was based on the hypothesis that the C. jejuni CiaD effector protein mediates Erk 1/2 dependent cytoskeleton rearrangement. We showed that CiaD was required for the maximal phosphorylation of Erk 1/2 by performing an immunoblot with a p-Erk 1/2 specific antibody and that Erk 1/2 participates in C. jejuni invasion of host cells by performing the gentamicin protection assay in the presence and absence of the PD98059 (a potent inhibitor of Erk 1/2 activation). CiaD was also found to be required for the maximal phosphorylation of cortactin S405 and S418, as judged by immunoblot analysis. The response of human INT 407 epithelial cells to infection with C. jejuni was evaluated by confocal microscopy and scanning electron microscopy to determine the extent of membrane ruffling. This analysis revealed that CiaD, Erk 1/2, and cortactin participate in C. jejuni-induced membrane ruffling. Finally, cortactin and N-WASP were found to be involved in C. jejuni invasion of host cells using siRNA to N-WASP, and siRNA to cortactin, coupled with the gentamicin protection assay. CONCLUSION We conclude that CiaD is involved in the activation of Erk 1/2 and that activated Erk 1/2 facilitates C. jejuni invasion by phosphorylation of cortactin on serine 405 and 418. This is the first time that cortactin and N-WASP have been shown to be involved in C. jejuni invasion of host cells. These data also provide a mechanistic basis for the requirement of Erk 1/2 in C. jejuni-mediated cytoskeletal rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael E Konkel
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Life Sciences Bldg, Room 302c, Pullman, Washington 99164-7520, USA.
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15
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Law RJ, Gur-Arie L, Rosenshine I, Finlay BB. In vitro and in vivo model systems for studying enteropathogenic Escherichia coli infections. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2013; 3:a009977. [PMID: 23457294 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a009977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) belong to a group of bacteria known as attaching and effacing (A/E) pathogens that cause disease by adhering to the lumenal surfaces of their host's intestinal epithelium. EPEC and EHEC are major causes of infectious diarrhea that result in significant childhood morbidity and mortality worldwide. Recent advances in in vitro and in vivo modeling of these pathogens have contributed to our knowledge of how EPEC and EHEC attach to host cells and subvert host-cell signaling pathways to promote infection and cause disease. A more detailed understanding of how these pathogenic microbes infect their hosts and how the host responds to infection could ultimately lead to new therapeutic strategies to help control these significant enteric pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn J Law
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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16
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Rosales EM, Aguilera MO, Salinas RP, Carminati SA, Colombo MI, Martinez-Quiles N, Berón W. Cortactin is involved in the entry of Coxiella burnetii into non-phagocytic cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39348. [PMID: 22761768 PMCID: PMC3382237 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cortactin is a key regulator of the actin cytoskeleton and is involved in pathogen-host cell interactions. Numerous pathogens exploit the phagocytic process and actin cytoskeleton to infect host cells. Coxiella burnetii, the etiologic agent of Q fever, is internalized by host cells through a molecular mechanism that is poorly understood. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDING Here we analyzed the role of different cortactin motifs in the internalization of C. burnetii by non-phagocytic cells. C. burnetii internalization into HeLa cells was significantly reduced when the cells expressed GFP-cortactin W525K, which carries a mutation in the SH3 domain that renders the protein unable to bind targets such as N-WASP. However, internalization was unaffected when the cells expressed the W22A mutant, which has a mutation in the N-terminal acidic region that destroys the protein's ability to bind and activate Arp2/3. We also determined whether the phosphorylation status of cortactin is important for internalization. Expression of GFP-cortactin 3F, which lacks phosphorylatable tyrosines, significantly increased internalization of C. burnetii, while expression of GFP-cortactin 3D, a phosphotyrosine mimic, did not affect it. In contrast, expression of GFP-cortactin 2A, which lacks phosphorylatable serines, inhibited C. burnetii internalization, while expression of GFP-cortactin SD, a phosphoserine mimic, did not affect it. Interestingly, inhibitors of Src kinase and the MEK-ERK kinase pathway blocked internalization. In fact, both kinases reached maximal activity at 15 min of C. burnetii infection, after which activity decreased to basal levels. Despite the decrease in kinase activity, cortactin phosphorylation at Tyr421 reached a peak at 1 h of infection. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our results suggest that the SH3 domain of cortactin is implicated in C. burnetii entry into HeLa cells. Furthermore, cortactin phosphorylation at serine and dephosphorylation at tyrosine favor C. burnetii internalization. We present evidence that ERK and Src kinases play a role early in infection by this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana M. Rosales
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo - CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Milton O. Aguilera
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo - CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Romina P. Salinas
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo - CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Sergio A. Carminati
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo - CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - María I. Colombo
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo - CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
| | | | - Walter Berón
- Instituto de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo - CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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17
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Cortactin tyrosine phosphorylation promotes its deacetylation and inhibits cell spreading. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33662. [PMID: 22479425 PMCID: PMC3316595 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cortactin is a classical Src kinase substrate that participates in actin cytoskeletal dynamics by activating the Arp2/3 complex and interacting with other regulatory proteins, including FAK. Cortactin has various domains that may contribute to the assembly of different protein platforms to achieve process specificity. Though the protein is known to be regulated by post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation and acetylation, how tyrosine phosphorylation regulates cortactin activity is poorly understood. Since the basal level of tyrosine phosphorylation is low, this question must be studied using stimulated cell cultures, which are physiologically relevant but unreliable and difficult to work with. In fact, their unreliability may be the cause of some contradictory findings about the dynamics of tyrosine phosphorylation of cortactin in different processes. Methodology/Principal Findings In the present study, we try to overcome these problems by using a Functional Interaction Trap (FIT) system, which involves cotransfecting cells with a kinase (Src) and a target protein (cortactin), both of which are fused to complementary leucine-zipper domains. The FIT system allowed us to control precisely the tyrosine phosphorylation of cortactin and explore its relationship with cortactin acetylation. Conclusions/Significance Using this system, we provide definitive evidence that a competition exists between acetylation and tyrosine phosphorylation of cortactin and that phosphorylation inhibits cell spreading. We confirmed the results from the FIT system by examining endogenous cortactin in different cell types. Furthermore, we demonstrate that cell spreading promotes the association of cortactin and FAK and that tyrosine phosphorylation of cortactin disrupts this interaction, which may explain how it inhibits cell spreading.
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18
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Tegtmeyer N, Wittelsberger R, Hartig R, Wessler S, Martinez-Quiles N, Backert S. Serine phosphorylation of cortactin controls focal adhesion kinase activity and cell scattering induced by Helicobacter pylori. Cell Host Microbe 2011; 9:520-31. [PMID: 21669400 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2011.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Revised: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cell migration and invasion require the coordinated regulation of cytoskeletal architectural changes by signaling factors, including the actin-binding protein cortactin. Bacterial and viral pathogens subvert these signaling factors to promote their uptake, spread and dissemination. We show that the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori (Hp) targets cortactin by two independent processes leading to its tyrosine dephosphorylation and serine phosphorylation to regulate cell scattering and elongation. The phosphorylation status of cortactin dictates its subcellular localization and signaling partners. Upon infection, cortactin was found to interact with and stimulate the kinase activity of focal adhesion kinase (FAK). This interaction required the SH3 domain and phosphorylation of cortactin at serine 405 and a proline-rich sequence in FAK. Using Hp as a model, this study unravels a previously unrecognized FAK activation pathway. We propose that Hp targets cortactin to protect the gastric epithelium from excessive cell lifting and ensure sustained infection in the stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Tegtmeyer
- Department of Microbiology, Otto von Guericke University, Leipziger Strasse 44, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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Wong ARC, Pearson JS, Bright MD, Munera D, Robinson KS, Lee SF, Frankel G, Hartland EL. Enteropathogenic and enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli: even more subversive elements. Mol Microbiol 2011; 80:1420-38. [PMID: 21488979 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07661.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander R C Wong
- Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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Boersema PJ, Foong LY, Ding VMY, Lemeer S, van Breukelen B, Philp R, Boekhorst J, Snel B, den Hertog J, Choo ABH, Heck AJR. In-depth qualitative and quantitative profiling of tyrosine phosphorylation using a combination of phosphopeptide immunoaffinity purification and stable isotope dimethyl labeling. Mol Cell Proteomics 2009; 9:84-99. [PMID: 19770167 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m900291-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Several mass spectrometry-based assays have emerged for the quantitative profiling of cellular tyrosine phosphorylation. Ideally, these methods should reveal the exact sites of tyrosine phosphorylation, be quantitative, and not be cost-prohibitive. The latter is often an issue as typically several milligrams of (stable isotope-labeled) starting protein material are required to enable the detection of low abundance phosphotyrosine peptides. Here, we adopted and refined a peptidecentric immunoaffinity purification approach for the quantitative analysis of tyrosine phosphorylation by combining it with a cost-effective stable isotope dimethyl labeling method. We were able to identify by mass spectrometry, using just two LC-MS/MS runs, more than 1100 unique non-redundant phosphopeptides in HeLa cells from about 4 mg of starting material without requiring any further affinity enrichment as close to 80% of the identified peptides were tyrosine phosphorylated peptides. Stable isotope dimethyl labeling could be incorporated prior to the immunoaffinity purification, even for the large quantities (mg) of peptide material used, enabling the quantification of differences in tyrosine phosphorylation upon pervanadate treatment or epidermal growth factor stimulation. Analysis of the epidermal growth factor-stimulated HeLa cells, a frequently used model system for tyrosine phosphorylation, resulted in the quantification of 73 regulated unique phosphotyrosine peptides. The quantitative data were found to be exceptionally consistent with the literature, evidencing that such a targeted quantitative phosphoproteomics approach can provide reproducible results. In general, the combination of immunoaffinity purification of tyrosine phosphorylated peptides with large scale stable isotope dimethyl labeling provides a cost-effective approach that can alleviate variation in sample preparation and analysis as samples can be combined early on. Using this approach, a rather complete qualitative and quantitative picture of tyrosine phosphorylation signaling events can be generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Boersema
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Group, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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