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Vassallo N. Poration of mitochondrial membranes by amyloidogenic peptides and other biological toxins. J Neurochem 2024. [PMID: 39213385 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential organelles known to serve broad functions, including in cellular metabolism, calcium buffering, signaling pathways and the regulation of apoptotic cell death. Maintaining the integrity of the outer (OMM) and inner mitochondrial membranes (IMM) is vital for mitochondrial health. Cardiolipin (CL), a unique dimeric glycerophospholipid, is the signature lipid of energy-converting membranes. It plays a significant role in maintaining mitochondrial architecture and function, stabilizing protein complexes and facilitating efficient oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) whilst regulating cytochrome c release from mitochondria. CL is especially enriched in the IMM and at sites of contact between the OMM and IMM. Disorders of protein misfolding, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, involve amyloidogenic peptides like amyloid-β, tau and α-synuclein, which form metastable toxic oligomeric species that interact with biological membranes. Electrophysiological studies have shown that these oligomers form ion-conducting nanopores in membranes mimicking the IMM's phospholipid composition. Poration of mitochondrial membranes disrupts the ionic balance, causing osmotic swelling, loss of the voltage potential across the IMM, release of pro-apoptogenic factors, and leads to cell death. The interaction between CL and amyloid oligomers appears to favour their membrane insertion and pore formation, directly implicating CL in amyloid toxicity. Additionally, pore formation in mitochondrial membranes is not limited to amyloid proteins and peptides; other biological peptides, as diverse as the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members, gasdermin proteins, cobra venom cardiotoxins and bacterial pathogenic toxins, have all been described to punch holes in mitochondria, contributing to cell death processes. Collectively, these findings underscore the vulnerability of mitochondria and the involvement of CL in various pathogenic mechanisms, emphasizing the need for further research on targeting CL-amyloid interactions to mitigate mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neville Vassallo
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Tal-Qroqq, Malta
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Biobanking, University of Malta, Tal-Qroqq, Malta
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2
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Jarzab M, Skorko-Glonek J. There Are No Insurmountable Barriers: Passage of the Helicobacter pylori VacA Toxin from Bacterial Cytoplasm to Eukaryotic Cell Organelle. MEMBRANES 2023; 14:11. [PMID: 38248700 PMCID: PMC10821523 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The Gram-negative bacterium Helicobacter pylori is a very successful pathogen, one of the most commonly identified causes of bacterial infections in humans worldwide. H. pylori produces several virulence factors that contribute to its persistence in the hostile host habitat and to its pathogenicity. The most extensively studied are cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) and vacuolating cytotoxin A (VacA). VacA is present in almost all H. pylori strains. As a secreted multifunctional toxin, it assists bacterial colonization, survival, and proliferation during long-lasting infections. To exert its effect on gastric epithelium and other cell types, VacA undergoes several modifications and crosses multiple membrane barriers. Once inside the gastric epithelial cell, VacA disrupts many cellular-signaling pathways and processes, leading mainly to changes in the efflux of various ions, the depolarization of membrane potential, and perturbations in endocytic trafficking and mitochondrial function. The most notable effect of VacA is the formation of vacuole-like structures, which may lead to apoptosis. This review focuses on the processes involved in VacA secretion, processing, and entry into host cells, with a particular emphasis on the interaction of the mature toxin with host membranes and the formation of transmembrane pores.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanna Skorko-Glonek
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland;
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3
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Tandoro Y, Chen BK, Ali A, Wang CK. Review of Phytochemical Potency as a Natural Anti- Helicobacter pylori and Neuroprotective Agent. Molecules 2023; 28:7150. [PMID: 37894629 PMCID: PMC10609179 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytochemicals are plant secondary metabolites that show health benefits for humans due to their bioactivity. There is a huge variety of phytochemicals that have already been identified, and these compounds can act as antimicrobial and neuroprotection agents. Due to their anti-microbial activity and neuroprotection, several phytochemicals might have the potency to be used as natural therapeutic agents, especially for Helicobacter pylori infection and neurodegenerative disease, which have become a global health concern nowadays. According to previous research, there are some connections between H. pylori infection and neurodegenerative diseases, especially Alzheimer's disease. Hence, this comprehensive review examines different kinds of phytochemicals from natural sources as potential therapeutic agents to reduce H. pylori infection and improve neurodegenerative disease. An additional large-scale study is needed to establish the connection between H. pylori infection and neurodegenerative disease and how phytochemicals could improve this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohanes Tandoro
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, 110, Section 1, Jianguo North Road, Taichung 40201, Taiwan; (Y.T.); (B.-K.C.); (A.A.)
- Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Widya Mandala Catholic University Surabaya, Surabaya 60265, Indonesia
| | - Bo-Kai Chen
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, 110, Section 1, Jianguo North Road, Taichung 40201, Taiwan; (Y.T.); (B.-K.C.); (A.A.)
| | - Asif Ali
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, 110, Section 1, Jianguo North Road, Taichung 40201, Taiwan; (Y.T.); (B.-K.C.); (A.A.)
| | - Chin-Kun Wang
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, 110, Section 1, Jianguo North Road, Taichung 40201, Taiwan; (Y.T.); (B.-K.C.); (A.A.)
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4
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Li Y, Yang S, Jin X, Li D, Lu J, Wang X, Wu M. Mitochondria as novel mediators linking gut microbiota to atherosclerosis that is ameliorated by herbal medicine: A review. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1082817. [PMID: 36733506 PMCID: PMC9886688 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1082817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is the main cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and is characterized by endothelial damage, lipid deposition, and chronic inflammation. Gut microbiota plays an important role in the occurrence and development of AS by regulating host metabolism and immunity. As human mitochondria evolved from primordial bacteria have homologous characteristics, they are attacked by microbial pathogens as target organelles, thus contributing to energy metabolism disorders, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Therefore, mitochondria may be a key mediator of intestinal microbiota disorders and AS aggravation. Microbial metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids, trimethylamine, hydrogen sulfide, and bile acids, also affect mitochondrial function, including mtDNA mutation, oxidative stress, and mitophagy, promoting low-grade inflammation. This further damages cellular homeostasis and the balance of innate immunity, aggravating AS. Herbal medicines and their monomers can effectively ameliorate the intestinal flora and their metabolites, improve mitochondrial function, and inhibit atherosclerotic plaques. This review focuses on the interaction between gut microbiota and mitochondria in AS and explores a therapeutic strategy for restoring mitochondrial function and intestinal microbiota disorders using herbal medicines, aiming to provide new insights for the prevention and treatment of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Li
- Guang’an Men Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shengjie Yang
- Guang’an Men Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Jin
- Guang’an Men Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Li
- Guang’an Men Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Guang’an Men Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China,Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- Guang’an Men Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Wu
- Guang’an Men Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Min Wu,
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Humic substances from composted fennel residues control the inflammation induced by Helicobacter pylori infection in AGS cells. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281631. [PMID: 36893132 PMCID: PMC9997894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a common human pathogen causing inflammation. Recent studies have suggested a sophisticated interplay between mitochondria, innate immunity and inflammatory response, thus proposing mitochondrial disfunction as the hallmark of severe inflammatory disorders. In this study, humic substances isolated from composted fennel residues (HS-FEN) were tested as potential therapeutical strategy to restore the mitochondrial physiology and control the inflammation associated with H. pylori infection. The molecular features of HS-FEN were characterized by infrared spectrometry, thermochemolysis-GC/MS, NMR spectroscopy, and high-performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC), which revealed the presence of aromatic polyphenolic components arranged in a rather stable conformation. In vitro results showed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of HS-FEN, that was found to increase the expression level of OPA-1 and SOD-2 genes and in AGS cells stimulated with H. pylori culture filtrate (Hpcf) and concomitantly decrease the expression level of Drp-1 gene and IL-12, IL-17 and G-CSF proteins. The hydrophobic features of HS, their conformational arrangement and large content of bioactive molecules may explain the beneficial effects of HS-FEN, that may potentially become an interesting source of anti-inflammatory agents capable to counteract or prevent the H. pylori-related inflammatory disorders.
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Mahmud SA, Qureshi MA, Pellegrino MW. On the offense and defense: mitochondrial recovery programs amidst targeted pathogenic assault. FEBS J 2022; 289:7014-7037. [PMID: 34270874 PMCID: PMC9192128 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens employ a variety of tactics to persist in their host and promote infection. Pathogens often target host organelles in order to benefit their survival, either through manipulation or subversion of their function. Mitochondria are regularly targeted by bacterial pathogens owing to their diverse cellular roles, including energy production and regulation of programmed cell death. However, disruption of normal mitochondrial function during infection can be detrimental to cell viability because of their essential nature. In response, cells use multiple quality control programs to mitigate mitochondrial dysfunction and promote recovery. In this review, we will provide an overview of mitochondrial recovery programs including mitochondrial dynamics, the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt ), and mitophagy. We will then discuss the various approaches used by bacterial pathogens to target mitochondria, which result in mitochondrial dysfunction. Lastly, we will discuss how cells leverage mitochondrial recovery programs beyond their role in organelle repair, to promote host defense against pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siraje A Mahmud
- Department of Biology, University of Texas Arlington, TX, USA
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DNMT1 Gene Expression in Patients with Helicobacter pylori Infection. ScientificWorldJournal 2022; 2022:2386891. [PMID: 36147796 PMCID: PMC9489387 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2386891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
DNMT1, as a critical enzyme affecting epigenetics through methylation of DNA cytosine-rich sequences, regulates gene expression. Exterior factors including long-term infections, in this study Helicobacter pylori infection, could change host cells' epigenetics by affecting DNMT1 gene expression. This study investigated the statistical correlation between H. pylori virulence genes and DNMT1 gene expression in gastric antral epithelial cells of gastric adenocarcinoma and gastritis patients. In a case-control study, 50 and 53 gastritis and gastric adenocarcinoma antral biopsies, including 23 and 21 patients with H. pylori infection, respectively, were collected from hospitals in the west of Iran. Having extracted total RNA from gastric biopsy samples, cDNA was synthesized and virulence genes of H. pylori were detected by using the PCR method. Relative real-time RT PCR was used to detect ΔΔCt fold changes of the DNMT1 gene expression in divided groups of patients based on H. pylori infection and clinical manifestations. The results showed that along with increasing patients' age, the DNMT1 gene expression will increase in gastric antral epithelial cells of gastric cancer patients (P ≤ 0.05). On the other hand, the biopsy samples with infection of H. pylori cagA, cagY, and cagE genotypes revealed a direct correlation along with increased DNMT1 gene expression. This study revealed the correlations of H. pylori cag pathogenicity island genes with increased DNMT1 gene expression.
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Prashar A, Capurro MI, Jones NL. Under the Radar: Strategies Used by Helicobacter pylori to Evade Host Responses. Annu Rev Physiol 2021; 84:485-506. [PMID: 34672717 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-061121-035930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The body depends on its physical barriers and innate and adaptive immune responses to defend against the constant assault of potentially harmful microbes. In turn, successful pathogens have evolved unique mechanisms to adapt to the host environment and manipulate host defenses. Helicobacter pylori (Hp), a human gastric pathogen that is acquired in childhood and persists throughout life, is an example of a bacterium that is very successful at remodeling the host-pathogen interface to promote a long-term persistent infection. Using a combination of secreted virulence factors, immune subversion, and manipulation of cellular mechanisms, Hp can colonize and persist in the hostile environment of the human stomach. Here, we review the most recent and relevant information regarding how this successful pathogen overcomes gastric epithelial host defense responses to facilitate its own survival and establish a chronic infection. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Physiology, Volume 84 is February 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akriti Prashar
- Program in Cell Biology, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;
| | - Mariana I Capurro
- Program in Cell Biology, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;
| | - Nicola L Jones
- Program in Cell Biology, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; .,Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Departments of Paediatrics and Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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9
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Kim HW, Woo HJ, Yang JY, Kim JB, Kim SH. Hesperetin Inhibits Expression of Virulence Factors and Growth of Helicobacter pylori. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221810035. [PMID: 34576198 PMCID: PMC8472136 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a bacterium known to infect the human stomach. It can cause various gastrointestinal diseases including gastritis and gastric cancer. Hesperetin is a major flavanone component contained in citrus fruits. It has been reported to possess antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer effects. However, the antibacterial mechanism of hesperetin against H. pylori has not been reported yet. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the inhibitory effects of hesperetin on H. pylori growth and its inhibitory mechanisms. The results of this study showed that hesperetin inhibits the growth of H. pylori reference strains and clinical isolates. Hesperetin inhibits the expression of genes in replication (dnaE, dnaN, dnaQ, and holB) and transcription (rpoA, rpoB, rpoD, and rpoN) machineries of H. pylori. Hesperetin also inhibits the expression of genes related to H. pylori motility (flhA, flaA, and flgE) and adhesion (sabA, alpA, alpB, hpaA, and hopZ). It also inhibits the expression of urease. Hespereti n downregulates major virulence factors such as cytotoxin-associated antigen A (CagA) and vacuolating cytotoxin A (VacA) and decreases the translocation of CagA and VacA proteins into gastric adenocarcinoma (AGS) cells. These results might be due to decreased expression of the type IV secretion system (T4SS) and type V secretion system (T5SS) involved in translocation of CagA and VacA, respectively. The results of this study indicate that hesperetin has antibacterial effects against H. pylori. Thus, hesperetin might be an effective natural product for the eradication of H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Woo Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Korea; (H.W.K.); (J.-B.K.)
| | - Hyun Jun Woo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Semyung University, Jecheon 27136, Korea;
| | - Ji Yeong Yang
- Division of Crop Foundation, National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), Wanju 55365, Korea;
| | - Jong-Bae Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Korea; (H.W.K.); (J.-B.K.)
| | - Sa-Hyun Kim
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Semyung University, Jecheon 27136, Korea;
- Correspondence:
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TAT-Conjugated NDUFS8 Can Be Transduced into Mitochondria in a Membrane-Potential-Independent Manner and Rescue Complex I Deficiency. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126524. [PMID: 34204592 PMCID: PMC8234171 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) Fe-S protein 8 (NDUFS8) is a nuclear-encoded core subunit of human mitochondrial complex I. Defects in NDUFS8 are associated with Leigh syndrome and encephalomyopathy. Cell-penetrating peptide derived from the HIV-1 transactivator of transcription protein (TAT) has been successfully applied as a carrier to bring fusion proteins into cells without compromising the biological function of the cargoes. In this study, we developed a TAT-mediated protein transduction system to rescue complex I deficiency caused by NDUFS8 defects. Two fusion proteins (TAT-NDUFS8 and NDUFS8-TAT) were exogenously expressed and purified from Escherichia coli for transduction of human cells. In addition, similar constructs were generated and used in transfection studies for comparison. The results showed that both exogenous TAT-NDUFS8 and NDUFS8-TAT were delivered into mitochondria and correctly processed. Interestingly, the mitochondrial import of TAT-containing NDUFS8 was independent of mitochondrial membrane potential. Treatment with TAT-NDUFS8 not only significantly improved the assembly of complex I in an NDUFS8-deficient cell line, but also partially rescued complex I functions both in the in-gel activity assay and the oxygen consumption assay. Our current findings suggest the considerable potential of applying the TAT-mediated protein transduction system for treatment of complex I deficiency.
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González MF, Díaz P, Sandoval-Bórquez A, Herrera D, Quest AFG. Helicobacter pylori Outer Membrane Vesicles and Extracellular Vesicles from Helicobacter pylori-Infected Cells in Gastric Disease Development. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094823. [PMID: 34062919 PMCID: PMC8124820 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived vesicles important in intercellular communication that play an essential role in host-pathogen interactions, spreading pathogen-derived as well as host-derived molecules during infection. Pathogens can induce changes in the composition of EVs derived from the infected cells and use them to manipulate their microenvironment and, for instance, modulate innate and adaptive inflammatory immune responses, both in a stimulatory or suppressive manner. Gastric cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide and infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is considered the main risk factor for developing this disease, which is characterized by a strong inflammatory component. EVs released by host cells infected with H. pylori contribute significantly to inflammation, and in doing so promote the development of disease. Additionally, H. pylori liberates vesicles, called outer membrane vesicles (H. pylori-OMVs), which contribute to atrophia and cell transformation in the gastric epithelium. In this review, the participation of both EVs from cells infected with H. pylori and H. pylori-OMVs associated with the development of gastric cancer will be discussed. By deciphering which functions of these external vesicles during H. pylori infection benefit the host or the pathogen, novel treatment strategies may become available to prevent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Fernanda González
- Center for studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Program of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (M.F.G.); (P.D.); (A.S.-B.); (D.H.)
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Paula Díaz
- Center for studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Program of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (M.F.G.); (P.D.); (A.S.-B.); (D.H.)
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Alejandra Sandoval-Bórquez
- Center for studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Program of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (M.F.G.); (P.D.); (A.S.-B.); (D.H.)
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Daniela Herrera
- Center for studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Program of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (M.F.G.); (P.D.); (A.S.-B.); (D.H.)
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Andrew F. G. Quest
- Center for studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Program of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (M.F.G.); (P.D.); (A.S.-B.); (D.H.)
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
- Corporación Centro de Estudios Científicos de las Enfermedades Crónicas (CECEC), Santiago 7680201, Chile
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-2-29786832
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Holmes L, Rios J, Berice B, Benson J, Bafford N, Parson K, Halloran D. Predictive Effect of Helicobacter pylori in Gastric Carcinoma Development: Systematic Review and Quantitative Evidence Synthesis. MEDICINES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 8:medicines8010001. [PMID: 33466356 PMCID: PMC7824775 DOI: 10.3390/medicines8010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a bacterial pathogen implicated in gastritis, gastric ulceration, and gastric carcinoma. This study aimed to synthesize literature in providing evidence on the causative role of H. pylori in gastric carcinoma development. This study is based on assessing public literature using an applied meta-analysis, namely, quantitative evidence synthesis (QES). The analytic procedure uses DerSimonian-Laird, including assessing heterogeneity. The QES also utilizes meta-regression and the environmental effect associated with H. pylori in gastric cancer development. Eighteen studies are included in the QES. There is increased prevalence of H. pylori exposure among the cases. The heterogeneity between the CES and individual effect sizes is also significant. Despite controlling for the confoundings, there is increased exposure to H. pylori among the gastric cancer cases, regardless of the differences in the geographic location. H. pylori in this synthesized literature illustrates the contributory role of this microbe in gastric carcinoma. Additionally, regardless of geographic locale, namely, South Korea or Spain, H. pylori is implicated in gastric cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurens Holmes
- Nemours Healthcare System for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA; (J.R.); (B.B.); (J.B.); (N.B.); (K.P.); (D.H.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(302)-298-7741
| | - Jasmine Rios
- Nemours Healthcare System for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA; (J.R.); (B.B.); (J.B.); (N.B.); (K.P.); (D.H.)
- History of Science and Medicine Department, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Betyna Berice
- Nemours Healthcare System for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA; (J.R.); (B.B.); (J.B.); (N.B.); (K.P.); (D.H.)
- Master of Public Health, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL 33328, USA
| | - Jacqueline Benson
- Nemours Healthcare System for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA; (J.R.); (B.B.); (J.B.); (N.B.); (K.P.); (D.H.)
- Master of Public Health Program, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nastocia Bafford
- Nemours Healthcare System for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA; (J.R.); (B.B.); (J.B.); (N.B.); (K.P.); (D.H.)
| | - Kadedrah Parson
- Nemours Healthcare System for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA; (J.R.); (B.B.); (J.B.); (N.B.); (K.P.); (D.H.)
| | - Daniel Halloran
- Nemours Healthcare System for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA; (J.R.); (B.B.); (J.B.); (N.B.); (K.P.); (D.H.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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Liu W, Li J, Zhang D, Chen B, Wang X, Zhang X, Xue L. Trefoil factor 1 and gastrokine 2 inhibit Helicobacter pylori-induced proliferation and inflammation in gastric cardia and distal carcinogenesis. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:318. [PMID: 33133254 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.12181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection has been associated with non-cardia adenocarcinoma in the stomach, while its role in gastric cardia adenocarcinoma (GCA) remains controversial. In addition, the association between H. pylori and the protective factors trefoil factor 1 (TFF1) and gastrokine 2 (GKN2) in gastroesophageal adenocarcinomas has not been fully investigated. Therefore, the mRNA and protein expression levels of TFF1 and GKN2 in GCA and distal gastric adenocarcinoma (DGA) were analyzed using quantitative PCR (qPCR) and immunohistochemistry, and the association with H. pylori infection was investigated. In addition, the effects of TFF1 and GKN2 overexpression on H. pylori-induced cells were investigated using western blot and reverse transcription-qPCR analysis. The comparative analysis of 16S rRNA-positive mRNA expression between GCA and DGA showed no statistically significant difference. However, the rate of the H. pylori vacuolating toxin A (VacA) genotype was significantly higher in GCA (49.2%) compared with that in DGA (26.9%; P<0.05). H. pylori infection downregulated the mRNA and protein expression levels of TFF1 and GKN2 in gastric tumor tissues, and the mRNA expression level of TFF1 and GKN2 was also markedly decreased in vitro. Furthermore, the cell proliferation varied in H. pylori total protein treatment group with the different doses. Notably, treatment with 20 µg/ml H. pylori total protein for 24 h resulted in the highest cellular proliferation rate. In addition, TFF1 and GKN2 overexpression inversely inhibited H. pylori-induced cell proliferation and upregulated NF-κB, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4 and IL-6. The results of the present study indicate that H. pylori, particularly the VacA+ strain, plays an important role in GCA pathogenesis in high-risk areas of China, while TFF1/GKN2 inhibits H. pylori-induced cell proliferation and inflammation in GCA and DGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Liu
- Laboratory of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Hematology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Di Zhang
- Laboratory of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Bao Chen
- Laboratory of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaozi Wang
- Laboratory of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Xianghong Zhang
- Laboratory of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Liying Xue
- Laboratory of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
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Kim SH. Comparative Proteome Analysis of Zerumbone-treated Helicobacter pylori. KOREAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.15324/kjcls.2018.50.3.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sa-Hyun Kim
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Semyung University, Jecheon, Korea
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Bacterial Pore-Forming Toxins Promote the Activation of Caspases in Parallel to Necroptosis to Enhance Alarmin Release and Inflammation During Pneumonia. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5846. [PMID: 29643440 PMCID: PMC5895757 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24210-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pore-forming toxins are the most common virulence factor in pathogenic bacteria. They lead to membrane permeabilization and cell death. Herein, we show that respiratory epithelial cells (REC) undergoing bacterial pore-forming toxin (PFT)-induced necroptosis simultaneously experienced caspase activation independently of RIPK3. MLKL deficient REC treated with a pan-caspase inhibitor were protected in an additive manner against PFT-induced death. Subsequently, cleaved versions of caspases-2, -4 and -10 were detected within REC undergoing necroptosis by immunoblots and monoclonal antibody staining. Caspase activation was observed in lung samples from mice and non-human primates experiencing Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial pneumonia, respectively. During apoptosis, caspase activation normally leads to cell shrinkage, nuclear condensation, and immunoquiescent death. In contrast, caspase activity during PFT-induced necroptosis increased the release of alarmins to the extracellular milieu. Caspase-mediated alarmin release was found sufficient to activate resting macrophages, leading to Interleukin-6 production. In a mouse model of Gram-negative pneumonia, deletion of caspases -2 and -11, the mouse orthologue of caspase-4, reduced pulmonary inflammation, immune cell infiltration and lung damage. Thus, our study describes a previously unrecognized role for caspase activation in parallel to necroptosis, and indicates that their activity plays a critical pro-inflammatory role during bacterial pneumonia.
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Helicobacter pylori VacA induces autophagic cell death in gastric epithelial cells via the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:3207. [PMID: 29238039 PMCID: PMC5870595 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0011-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin (VacA) can promote progressive vacuolation and gastric injury and may be associated with human gastric cancer. Increasing evidence indicates that autophagy is involved in the cell death induced by VacA, but the specific mechanisms need to be further elucidated. We show here that VacA could induce autophagy and increase cell death in human gastric cancer cell lines. Further investigations revealed that inhibition of autophagy could decrease the VacA-induced cell death in AGS cells. Furthermore, numerous dilated endoplasmic reticula (ER) were observed, and the phosphorylation of a subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 1 also increased in the VacA-treated AGS cells, while repression of ER stress could reduce autophagy and cell death through knockdown of activating transcription factor 4 and DNA-damage-inducible transcript 3. In addition, the expression of pseudokinase tribbles homolog 3 (TRIB3) upon ER stress was triggered by VacA, and knockdown of TRIB3 could also decrease VacA-induced cell death. Finally, inhibition of autophagy could decrease VacAs1m1-induced cell death and apoptosis, and apoptosis inhibitor Z-VAD had no significant effect on autophagy induced by VacAs1m1. Thus, these results suggested that VacA causes autophagic cell death via ER stress in gastric epithelial cells.
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Basso P, Wallet P, Elsen S, Soleilhac E, Henry T, Faudry E, Attrée I. Multiple Pseudomonas species secrete exolysin-like toxins and provoke Caspase-1-dependent macrophage death. Environ Microbiol 2017; 19:4045-4064. [PMID: 28654176 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria secrete protein toxins that provoke apoptosis or necrosis of eukaryotic cells. Here, we developed a live-imaging method, based on incorporation of a DNA-intercalating dye into membrane-damaged host cells, to study the kinetics of primary bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) mortality induced by opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa expressing either Type III Secretion System (T3SS) toxins or the pore-forming toxin, Exolysin (ExlA). We found that ExlA promotes the activation of Caspase-1 and maturation of interleukin-1β. BMDMs deficient for Caspase-1 and Caspase-11 were resistant to ExlA-induced death. Furthermore, by using KO BMDMs, we determined that the upstream NLRP3/ASC complex leads to the Caspase-1 activation. We also demonstrated that Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas protegens and the Drosophila pathogen Pseudomonas entomophila, which naturally express ExlA-like toxins, are cytotoxic toward macrophages and provoke the same type of pro-inflammatory death as does ExlA+ P. aeruginosa. These results demonstrate that ExlA-like toxins of two-partner secretion systems from diverse Pseudomonas species activate the NLRP3 inflammasome and provoke inflammatory pyroptotic death of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Basso
- CNRS-ERL5261, INSERM, U1036, CEA, Bacterial Pathogenesis and Cellular Responses, Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, University Grenoble Alpes, France
| | - Pierre Wallet
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon, F-69007, France
| | - Sylvie Elsen
- CNRS-ERL5261, INSERM, U1036, CEA, Bacterial Pathogenesis and Cellular Responses, Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, University Grenoble Alpes, France
| | - Emmanuelle Soleilhac
- CMBA Platform, Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INSERM; Genetics & Chemogenomics, France
| | - Thomas Henry
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon, F-69007, France
| | - Eric Faudry
- CNRS-ERL5261, INSERM, U1036, CEA, Bacterial Pathogenesis and Cellular Responses, Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, University Grenoble Alpes, France
| | - Ina Attrée
- CNRS-ERL5261, INSERM, U1036, CEA, Bacterial Pathogenesis and Cellular Responses, Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, University Grenoble Alpes, France
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Goleij Z, Mahmoodzadeh Hosseini H, Amin M, Halabian R, Imani Fooladi AA. Prokaryotic toxins provoke different types of cell deaths in the eukaryotic cells. TOXIN REV 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2017.1294180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zoleikha Goleij
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran and
| | | | - Mohsen Amin
- Department of Drug and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Raheleh Halabian
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran and
| | - Abbas Ali Imani Fooladi
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran and
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Abstract
Mitochondria are the "power house" of a cell continuously generating ATP to ensure its proper functioning. The constant production of ATP via oxidative phosphorylation demands a large electrochemical force that drives protons across the highly selective and low-permeable mitochondrial inner membrane. Besides the conventional role of generating ATP, mitochondria also play an active role in calcium signaling, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), stress responses, and regulation of cell-death pathways. Deficiencies in these functions result in several pathological disorders like aging, cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases. A plethora of ion channels and transporters are present in the mitochondrial inner and outer membranes which work in concert to preserve the ionic equilibrium of a cell for the maintenance of cell integrity, in physiological as well as pathophysiological conditions. For, e.g., mitochondrial cation channels KATP and BKCa play a significant role in cardioprotection from ischemia-reperfusion injury. In addition to the cation channels, mitochondrial anion channels are equally essential, as they aid in maintaining electro-neutrality by regulating the cell volume and pH. This chapter focusses on the information on molecular identity, structure, function, and physiological relevance of mitochondrial chloride channels such as voltage dependent anion channels (VDACs), uncharacterized mitochondrial inner membrane anion channels (IMACs), chloride intracellular channels (CLIC) and the aspects of forthcoming chloride channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devasena Ponnalagu
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, Room 8154, Mail Stop 488, Philadelphia, PA, 19102-1192, USA
| | - Harpreet Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, Room 8154, Mail Stop 488, Philadelphia, PA, 19102-1192, USA.
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Mnich E, Kowalewicz-Kulbat M, Sicińska P, Hinc K, Obuchowski M, Gajewski A, Moran AP, Chmiela M. Impact of Helicobacter pylori on the healing process of the gastric barrier. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:7536-7558. [PMID: 27672275 PMCID: PMC5011668 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i33.7536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine the impact of selected well defined Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) antigens on gastric barrier cell turnover.
METHODS In this study, using two cellular models of gastric epithelial cells and fibroblasts, we have focused on exploring the effects of well defined H. pylori soluble components such as glycine acid extract antigenic complex (GE), subunit A of urease (UreA), cytotoxin associated gene A protein (CagA) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on cell turnover by comparing the wound healing capacity of the cells in terms of their proliferative and metabolic activity as well as cell cycle distribution. Toxic effects of H. pylori components have been assessed in an association with damage to cell nuclei and inhibition of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) phosphorylation.
RESULTS We showed that H. pylori GE, CagA and UreA promoted regeneration of epithelial cells and fibroblasts, which is necessary for effective tissue healing. However, in vivo increased proliferative activity of these cells may constitute an increased risk of gastric neoplasia. In contrast, H. pylori LPS showed a dose-dependent influence on the process of wound healing. At a low concentration (1 ng/mL) H. pylori LPS accelerated of healing epithelial cells, which was linked to significantly enhanced cell proliferation and MTT reduction as well as lack of alterations in cell cycle and downregulation of epidermal growth factor (EGF) production as well as cell nuclei destruction. By comparison, H. pylori LPS at a high concentration (25 ng/mL) inhibited the process of wound repair, which was related to diminished proliferative activity of the cells, cell cycle arrest, destruction of cell nuclei and downregulation of the EGF/STAT3 signalling pathway.
CONCLUSION In vivo H. pylori LPS driven effects might lead to the maintenance of chronic inflammatory response and pathological disorders on the level of the gastric mucosal barrier.
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Yahiro K, Hirayama T, Moss J, Noda M. New Insights into VacA Intoxication Mediated through Its Cell Surface Receptors. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8050152. [PMID: 27187473 PMCID: PMC4885067 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8050152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), a major cause of gastroduodenal diseases, produces VacA, a vacuolating cytotoxin associated with gastric inflammation and ulceration. The C-terminal domain of VacA plays a crucial role in receptor recognition on target cells. We have previously identified three proteins (i.e., RPTPα, RPTPβ, and LRP1) that serve as VacA receptors. These receptors contribute to the internalization of VacA into epithelial cells, activate signal transduction pathways, and contribute to cell death and gastric ulceration. In addition, other factors (e.g., CD18, sphingomyelin) have also been identified as cell-surface, VacA-binding proteins. Since we believe that, following interactions with its host cell receptors, VacA participates in events leading to disease, a better understanding of the cellular function of VacA receptors may provide valuable information regarding the mechanisms underlying the pleiotropic actions of VacA and the pathogenesis of H. pylori-mediated disease. In this review, we focus on VacA receptors and their role in events leading to cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinnosuke Yahiro
- Department of Molecular Infectiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
| | - Toshiya Hirayama
- Department of Bacteriology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.
| | - Joel Moss
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, NHLBI, NIH, Building 10, Room 6D03, MSC 1590, Bethesda, MD 20892-1590, USA.
| | - Masatoshi Noda
- Department of Molecular Infectiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
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22
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Noche CD, Njajou O, Etoa FX. No Association between CagA- and VacA-Positive Strains of Helicobacter pylori and Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma: A Case-Control Study. OPHTHALMOLOGY AND EYE DISEASES 2016; 8:1-4. [PMID: 26917977 PMCID: PMC4758802 DOI: 10.4137/oed.s35895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glaucoma is a public health issue worldwide, particularly in Africa. In Cameroon, the prevalence rate of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) ranges between 4.5% and 8.2%. Helicobacter pylori (HP) has been implicated in digestive and extra-digestive diseases, including glaucoma. The objective of this work was to evaluate the implication of CagA- and VacA-positive strains of HP in POAG using a case-control design. METHODS An analytical study was conducted from October 2013 to December 2013. Participants were recruited in eye care centers in Yaoundé. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were carried out in the La Grace Laboratory in Yaoundé. RESULTS The total sample consisted of 50 POAG patients and 31 controls with a mean age of 58.5 ± 12.2 years and 45.5 ± 14.6 years, respectively. The prevalence rates of HP in the POAG and control groups were 74% (37/50) and 87% (27/31), respectively (P = 0.125). The prevalence rates of CagA-positive HP seropositivity in the POAG and control groups were 26% and 22.58%, respectively (P = 0.47), and the prevalence rates of VacA-positive HP participants were 6% and 0%, respectively (P = 0.22). CONCLUSION The HP prevalence rates among POAG patients and controls were 74% and 87%, respectively. There was no significant difference between prevalence rates of HP in the POAG and control groups. There was no association between POAG and CagA- or VacA-positive HP infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Domngang Noche
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Université des Montagnes, Bangangté, Cameroon.; Faculty of Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Université de Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - O Njajou
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Université des Montagnes, Bangangté, Cameroon
| | - F X Etoa
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Université de Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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The Gastric Mucosa from Patients Infected with CagA+ or VacA+ Helicobacter pylori Has a Lower Level of Dual Oxidase-2 Expression than Uninfected or Infected with CagA-/VacA- H. pylori. Dig Dis Sci 2016; 61:2328-2337. [PMID: 27048452 PMCID: PMC4943970 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-016-4144-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a well-recognized gastroduodenal pathogen and class I carcinogen. Dual oxidase-2 (DUOX2), a member of NADPH oxidase family, has several critical physiological functions, including thyroid hormone biosynthesis and host mucosal defense. AIM To investigate the effect of H. pylori infection on DUOX2 gene expression in human stomach. MATERIALS AND METHODS The biopsies were obtained from patients who underwent endoscopic diagnosis. The patient serum was assayed for two virulence factors of H. pylori, CagA IgG and VacA. The inflammation in gastric mucosa was analyzed with histology. Real-time quantitative PCR was used to detect the expression of three members of NADPH oxidase, NOX1, NOX2, and DUOX2, as well as lactoperoxidase (LPO) in the gastric mucosa. NOX2, DUOX2, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) protein levels were quantified by Western blots or immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The H. pylori-infected gastric mucosa had more severe inflammation than uninfected samples. However, the expression of DUOX2 mRNA and protein was lower in gastric mucosa of patients with H. pylori infection compared to the uninfected. Among the H. pylori-infected patients, those having CagA IgG or VacA in the serum had lower DUOX2 expression levels than those infected with H. pylori without either virulence factor. The NOX2 and MPO levels were higher in those patients infected with H. pylori irrespective of the virulence factors than those uninfected patients. NOX1 and LPO mRNA were undetectable in the gastric mucosa. CONCLUSION CagA+ or VacA+ H. pylori in the stomach of patients may suppress DUOX2 expression to promote its own survival. Increased NOX2 could not eliminate H. pylori infection.
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Kim SH, Kim JB. Comparative Proteome Analysis of Cyanidin 3-O-glucoside Treated Helicobacter pylori. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.15616/bsl.2015.21.4.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sa-Hyun Kim
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Semyung University, Jecheon 27136, Korea
| | - Jong-Bae Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Korea
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Morphological changes in human gastric epithelial cells induced by nuclear targeting of Helicobacter pylori urease subunit A. J Microbiol 2015; 53:406-14. [PMID: 26025173 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-015-5085-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear targeting of bacterial proteins and their pathological effects on host cells are an emerging pathogenic mechanism in bacteria. We have previously reported that urease subunit A (UreA) of Helicobacter pylori targets the nuclei of COS-7 cells through nuclear localization signals (NLSs). This study further investigated whether UreA of H. pylori targets the nuclei of gastric epithelial cells and then induces molecular and cellular changes in the host cells. H. pylori 26695 strain produced and secreted outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). UreA was translocated into gastric epithelial AGS cells through outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) and then targeted the nuclei of AGS cells. Nuclear targeting of rUreA did not induce host cell death, but resulted in morphological changes, such as cellular elongation, in AGS cells. In contrast, AGS cells treated with rUreA?NLS proteins did not show this morphological change. Next generation sequencing revealed that nuclear targeting of UreA differentially regulated 102 morphogenesis- related genes, of which 67 and 35 were up-regulated and down-regulated, respectively. Our results suggest that nuclear targeting of H. pylori UreA induces both molecular and cellular changes in gastric epithelial cells.
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Uno K, Kato K, Shimosegawa T. Novel role of toll-like receptors in Helicobacter pylori - induced gastric malignancy. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:5244-51. [PMID: 24833854 PMCID: PMC4017039 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i18.5244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infects the human stomach during infancy and develops into chronic active inflammation. The majority of H. pylori tend to colonize within the mucous gel layer of the stomach. The stomach lacks its own immune function, thus innate immunity as the first line of defense is vital for specific immunity against H. pylori. We review recent discoveries in the pathophysiologic roles of toll-like receptors (TLRs), mainly TLR2 and TLR4, in H. pylori-induced inflammation. In addition, the TLR pathways activated by H. pylori-induced inflammation have been shown to be closely associated not only with gastric carcinogenesis, but also with formation of the tumor microenvironment through the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and reactive oxygen species. Although the correlation between single nucleotide polymorphisms of TLRs and gastric cancer risk remains unclear, a recent study demonstrated that STAT3-driven up-regulation of TLR2 might promote gastric tumorigenesis independent of inflammation. Further research on the regulation of TLRs in H. pylori-associated gastric carcinogenesis will uncover diagnostic/predictive biomarkers and therapeutic targets for gastric cancer.
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Kim SH, Woo H, Park M, Rhee KJ, Moon C, Lee D, Seo WD, Kim JB. Cyanidin 3-O-glucoside reduces Helicobacter pylori VacA-induced cell death of gastric KATO III cells through inhibition of the SecA pathway. Int J Med Sci 2014; 11:742-7. [PMID: 24904230 PMCID: PMC4045794 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.7167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Two key virulence factors of Helicobacter pylori are the secreted virulent proteins of vacuolating toxin A (VacA) and cytotoxin associated protein A (CagA) which lead to damages of gastric epithelial cells. We previously identified that the cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (C3G) inhibits the secretion of both VacA and CagA. In the current report, we show that C3G inhibits VacA secretion in a dose-dependent manner by inhibiting secretion system subunit protein A (SecA) synthesis. As SecA is involved in translocation of bacterial proteins, we predicted that inhibition of the SecA pathway by C3G should decrease H. pylori-induced cell death. To test this hypothesis, the human gastric cell line KATO III cells were co-cultured with H. pylori 60190 (VacA(+)/CagA(+)) and C3G. We found that C3G treatment caused a decrease in activation of the pro-apoptotic proteins caspase-3/-8 in H. pylori-infected cells leading to a decrease in cell death. Our data suggest that consumption of foods containing anthocyanin may be beneficial in reducing cell damage due to H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sa-Hyun Kim
- 1. Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Semyung University, Jaecheon 390-711, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjun Woo
- 2. Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Yonsei University, Wonju 220-710, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Park
- 2. Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Yonsei University, Wonju 220-710, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Jong Rhee
- 2. Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Yonsei University, Wonju 220-710, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Moon
- 1. Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Semyung University, Jaecheon 390-711, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongsup Lee
- 3. Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Hyegeon College, Hongseong 350-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Duck Seo
- 4. Department of Functional Crops, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Miryang 627-803, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Bae Kim
- 2. Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Yonsei University, Wonju 220-710, Republic of Korea
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Tchikov V, Fritsch J, Schütze S. Separation of Magnetically Isolated TNF Receptosomes from Mitochondria. Methods Enzymol 2014; 535:327-49. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-397925-4.00019-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Abstract
Helicobacter pylori colonizes the human stomach and confers an increased risk for the development of peptic ulceration, noncardia gastric adenocarcinoma, and gastric lymphoma. A secreted H. pylori toxin, VacA, can cause multiple alterations in gastric epithelial cells, including cell death. In this study, we sought to identify host cell factors that are required for VacA-induced cell death. To do this, we analyzed gene trap and short hairpin RNA (shRNA) libraries in AZ-521 human gastric epithelial cells and selected for VacA-resistant clones. Among the VacA-resistant clones, we identified multiple gene trap library clones and an shRNA library clone with disrupted expression of connexin 43 (Cx43) (also known as gap junction protein alpha 1 [GJA1]). Further experiments with Cx43-specific shRNAs confirmed that a reduction in Cx43 expression results in resistance to VacA-induced cell death. Immunofluorescence microscopy experiments indicated that VacA did not colocalize with Cx43. We detected production of the Cx43 protein in AZ-521 cells but not in AGS, HeLa, or RK-13 cells, and correspondingly, AZ-521 cells were the most susceptible to VacA-induced cell death. When Cx43 was expressed in HeLa cells, the cells became more susceptible to VacA. These results indicate that Cx43 is a host cell constituent that contributes to VacA-induced cell death and that variation among cell types in susceptibility to VacA-induced cell death is attributable at least in part to cell type-specific differences in Cx43 production.
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Posselt G, Backert S, Wessler S. The functional interplay of Helicobacter pylori factors with gastric epithelial cells induces a multi-step process in pathogenesis. Cell Commun Signal 2013; 11:77. [PMID: 24099599 PMCID: PMC3851490 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-11-77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with the human pathogen Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) can lead to severe gastric diseases ranging from chronic gastritis and ulceration to neoplastic changes in the stomach. Development and progress of H. pylori-associated disorders are determined by multifarious bacterial factors. Many of them interact directly with host cells or require specific receptors, while others enter the host cytoplasm to derail cellular functions. Several adhesins (e.g. BabA, SabA, AlpA/B, or OipA) establish close contact with the gastric epithelium as an important first step in persistent colonization. Soluble H. pylori factors (e.g. urease, VacA, or HtrA) have been suggested to alter cell survival and intercellular adhesions. Via a type IV secretion system (T4SS), H. pylori also translocates the effector cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) and peptidoglycan directly into the host cytoplasm, where cancer- and inflammation-associated signal transduction pathways can be deregulated. Through these manifold possibilities of interaction with host cells, H. pylori interferes with the complex signal transduction networks in its host and mediates a multi-step pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gernot Posselt
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Microbiology, Paris-Lodron University, Salzburg, Austria.
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Bischofberger M, Iacovache I, van der Goot FG. Pathogenic pore-forming proteins: function and host response. Cell Host Microbe 2013; 12:266-75. [PMID: 22980324 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Organisms from all kingdoms produce pore-forming proteins, with the best-characterized being of bacterial origin. The last decade of research has revealed that the channels formed by these proteins can be very diverse, thus differentially affecting target cell-membrane permeability and consequent cellular outcome. The responses to these toxins are also extremely diverse due to multiple downstream effects of pore-induced changes in ion balance. Determining the secondary effects of pore-forming toxins is essential to understand their contribution to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Bischofberger
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Global Health Institute, Station 15, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Reduced FAF1 Expression and Helicobacter Infection: Correlations with Clinicopathological Features in Gastric Cancer. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2012; 2012:153219. [PMID: 23304123 PMCID: PMC3530185 DOI: 10.1155/2012/153219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. This study aimed to investigate possible associations between FAF1 expression and aspects of gastric cancer, in particular its clinical characteristics and Helicobacter infection. Materials and Methods. RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry were used to analyze expression of FAF1 mRNA and protein in 40 gastric cancer patients. H. pylori infection was detected by three staining protocols. Results. The expression level of FAF1 mRNA was significantly lower in gastric cancer tissue than in normal gastric mucosa from the same patient (P < 0.05). FAF1 mRNA expression was significantly lower in stage IV gastric cancer than in stage I+II or IIIA+IIIB (P = 0.004) and also significantly lower in gastric cancer with distant metastasis. FAF1 mRNA expression was higher in well-differentiated cancer than in poorly-differentiated cancer (0.39 ± 0.06 versus 0.19 ± 0.06, t = 9.966, P < 0.01). FAF1 protein was detected in 15 of 40 (37.5%) cancerous tissue samples and in 29 of 40 (72.5%) corresponding normal tissue samples (P < 0.01). FAF1 mRNA expression was lower in H. pylori-positive cancerous tissue samples than in H. pylori-negative ones (P < 0.05). Conclusions. Downregulation of FAF1 expression may be related to the carcinogenesis and progression of gastric cancer, and H. pylori infection during gastric carcinogenesis may downregulate FAF1 expression.
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Helicobacter pylori VacA: a new perspective on an invasive chloride channel. Microbes Infect 2012; 14:1026-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Kim IJ, Blanke SR. Remodeling the host environment: modulation of the gastric epithelium by the Helicobacter pylori vacuolating toxin (VacA). Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2012; 2:37. [PMID: 22919629 PMCID: PMC3417592 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2012.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Virulence mechanisms underlying Helicobacter pylori persistence and disease remain poorly understood, in part, because the factors underlying disease risk are multifactorial and complex. Among the bacterial factors that contribute to the cumulative pathophysiology associated with H. pylori infections, the vacuolating cytotoxin (VacA) is one of the most important. Analogous to a number of H. pylori genes, the vacA gene exhibits allelic mosaicism, and human epidemiological studies have revealed that several families of toxin alleles are predictive of more severe disease. Animal model studies suggest that VacA may contribute to pathogenesis in several ways. VacA functions as an intracellular-acting protein exotoxin. However, VacA does not fit the current prototype of AB intracellular-acting bacterial toxins, which elaborate modulatory effects through the action of an enzymatic domain translocated inside host cells. Rather, VacA may represent an alternative prototype for AB intracellular acting toxins that modulate cellular homeostasis by forming ion-conducting intracellular membrane channels. Although VacA seems to form channels in several different membranes, one of the most important target sites is the mitochondrial inner membrane. VacA apparently take advantage of an unusual intracellular trafficking pathway to mitochondria, where the toxin is imported and depolarizes the inner membrane to disrupt mitochondrial dynamics and cellular energy homeostasis as a mechanism for engaging the apoptotic machinery within host cells. VacA remodeling of the gastric environment appears to be fine-tuned through the action of the Type IV effector protein CagA which, in part, limits the cytotoxic effects of VacA in cells colonized by H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ik-Jung Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana IL, USA
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Wessler S. Many ways of communication: from Helicobacter pylori adherence to death, disruption, migration and escape. Cell Commun Signal 2011; 9:24. [PMID: 22044560 PMCID: PMC3228717 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-9-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Silja Wessler
- Division of Microbiology, Paris-Lodron University, Salzburg, Austria.
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