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Karuppannan M, Ming LC, Abdul Wahab MS, Mohd Noordin Z, Yee S, Hermansyah A. Self-reported side effects of COVID-19 vaccines among the public. J Pharm Policy Pract 2024; 17:2308617. [PMID: 38420042 PMCID: PMC10901186 DOI: 10.1080/20523211.2024.2308617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The safety, side effects and efficacy profile of COVID-19 vaccines remain subjects of ongoing concern among the public in Malaysia. The aim of this study was to determine the types of adverse effects following immunisation with COVID-19 vaccines and the differences based on various types of COVID-19 vaccines to raise public awareness and reduce vaccine hesitancy among the public. Methods A total of 901 Malaysian adults (≥18 years) who received various COVID-19 vaccines were selected to participate in our cross-sectional study through an online survey between December 2021 and January 2022. Results A total of 814 (90.3%) of the participants reported ≥1 side effect following COVID-19 immunisation. Of these, the predominant symptoms were swelling at the injection site (n = 752, 83.5%), headache (n = 638, 70.8%), pain or soreness at the injection site (n = 628, 69.7%), fatigue or tiredness (n = 544, 60.4%), muscle weakness (n = 529, 58.7%) and diarrhea (n = 451, 50.1%). Recipients of the Pfizer-BioNTech (Comirnaty ®) vaccine reported the highest number of adverse effects (n = 355, 43.6%), followed by mixed COVID-19 vaccines (n = 254, 31.2%), the Oxford-AstraZeneca (ChAdOx1-®[recombinant]) vaccine (n = 113, 13.9%) and the Sinovac (CoronaVac®) vaccine (n = 90, 11.1%). The study showed that individuals who reported significantly more side effects were of elderly age, female gender and high educational level [P value < 0.05]. Mixed COVID-19 vaccine recipients also reported significantly more local and systemic symptoms after the first dose and third dose when compared with other single vaccine recipients. Conclusion This study demonstrated the types of self-reported adverse effects following immunisation with single and mixed COVID-19 vaccines. These findings may provide the side effects of different COVID-19 vaccines with the hope of educating the public on the safety profiles of these vaccines and reducing vaccine hesitancy among the public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmathi Karuppannan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Selangor, Bandar Puncak Alam, Malaysia
- Cardiology Therapeutics Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Selangor, Puncak Alam Campus, Bandar Puncak Alam, Malaysia
| | - Long Chiau Ming
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Sunway City, Malaysia
- PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei
| | - Mohd Shahezwan Abdul Wahab
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Selangor, Bandar Puncak Alam, Malaysia
- Cardiology Therapeutics Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Selangor, Puncak Alam Campus, Bandar Puncak Alam, Malaysia
| | - Zakiah Mohd Noordin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Selangor, Bandar Puncak Alam, Malaysia
- Cardiology Therapeutics Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Selangor, Puncak Alam Campus, Bandar Puncak Alam, Malaysia
| | - Shermaine Yee
- Faculty of Medicine, Quest International University, Ipoh, Malaysia
| | - Andi Hermansyah
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
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Rashedi R, Samieefar N, Masoumi N, Mohseni S, Rezaei N. COVID-19 vaccines mix-and-match: The concept, the efficacy and the doubts. J Med Virol 2022; 94:1294-1299. [PMID: 34796525 PMCID: PMC8661746 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The search for developing effective vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 began with the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, and the first vaccine dose was administered in December 2020. Today, full vaccination of most of the world's population is considered the most important means to overcome the COVID-19 pandemic. Vaccination has been associated with various struggles. Some adverse reactions have resulted in the discontinuation of the specific vaccines use in some countries. Countries in poor regions have faced difficulties supplying enough vaccine doses, and the emergence of new variants of concern has resulted in reduced effectiveness of available vaccines against COVID-19. The mix-and-match strategy, using heterologous vaccines in the first and second doses, might successfully solve the mentioned struggles. Moreover, this strategy has been associated with higher cellular and humoral immune responses without significantly increasing the adverse reactions. Hence, this strategy can help improve the vaccines' effectiveness, and act as a solution for vaccine shortage in poor regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronak Rashedi
- Student Research Committee, School of MedicineShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- USERN Office, School of Advanced Technologies in MedicineShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- Network of Interdisciplinarity in Neonates and Infants (NINI)Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN)TehranIran
| | - Noosha Samieefar
- Student Research Committee, School of MedicineShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- USERN Office, School of Advanced Technologies in MedicineShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- Network of Interdisciplinarity in Neonates and Infants (NINI)Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN)TehranIran
| | - Niloofar Masoumi
- USERN Office, School of Advanced Technologies in MedicineShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- Student Research Committee, School of PharmacyShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Sahar Mohseni
- USERN CARE (TUMS) Office, School of Nursing and MidwiferyTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- Students' Scientific Research CenterTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- School of Nursing and MidwiferyTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Network of Interdisciplinarity in Neonates and Infants (NINI)Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN)TehranIran
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical CenterTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- Department of Immunology, School of MedicineTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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Reciprocal Inhibition of Immunogenic Performance in Mice of Two Potent DNA Immunogens Targeting HCV-Related Liver Cancer. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9051073. [PMID: 34067686 PMCID: PMC8156932 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9051073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic HCV infection and associated liver cancer impose a heavy burden on the healthcare system. Direct acting antivirals eliminate HCV, unless it is drug resistant, and partially reverse liver disease, but they cannot cure HCV-related cancer. A possible remedy could be a multi-component immunotherapeutic vaccine targeting both HCV-infected and malignant cells, but also those not infected with HCV. To meet this need we developed a two-component DNA vaccine based on the highly conserved core protein of HCV to target HCV-infected cells, and a renowned tumor-associated antigen telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) based on the rat TERT, to target malignant cells. Their synthetic genes were expression-optimized, and HCV core was truncated after aa 152 (Core152opt) to delete the domain interfering with immunogenicity. Core152opt and TERT DNA were highly immunogenic in BALB/c mice, inducing IFN-γ/IL-2/TNF-α response of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Additionally, DNA-immunization with TERT enhanced cellular immune response against luciferase encoded by a co-delivered plasmid (Luc DNA). However, DNA-immunization with Core152opt and TERT mix resulted in abrogation of immune response against both components. A loss of bioluminescence signal after co-delivery of TERT and Luc DNA into mice indicated that TERT affects the in vivo expression of luciferase directed by the immediate early cytomegalovirus and interferon-β promoters. Panel of mutant TERT variants was created and tested for their expression effects. TERT with deleted N-terminal nucleoli localization signal and mutations abrogating telomerase activity still suppressed the IFN-β driven Luc expression, while the inactivated reverse transcriptase domain of TERT and its analogue, enzymatically active HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, exerted only weak suppressive effects, implying that suppression relied on the presence of the full-length/nearly full-length TERT, but not its enzymatic activity. The effect(s) could be due to interference of the ectopically expressed xenogeneic rat TERT with biogenesis of mRNA, ribosomes and protein translation in murine cells, affecting the expression of immunogens. HCV core can aggravate this effect, leading to early apoptosis of co-expressing cells, preventing the induction of immune response.
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Hajikhezri Z, Roohvand F, Maleki M, Shahmahmoodi S, Amirzargar AA, Keshavarz A, Seyed N, Farahmand M, Samimi-Rad K. HCV Core/NS3 Protein Immunization with "N-Terminal Heat Shock gp96 Protein (rNT (gp96))" Induced Strong and Sustained Th1-Type Cytokines in Immunized Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9030215. [PMID: 33802466 PMCID: PMC7999198 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9030215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Feeble cellular responses induced by T cell-based vaccines are a major challenge for the development of an effective vaccine against Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. To address this challenge, the potential of N-terminal fragment of gp96 heat shock protein (rNT (gp96) as an adjuvant was evaluated and compared to that of the CpG (as a recognized Th1-type adjuvant) in the formulation of HCV core/NS3 antigens in three immunization strategies of protein/protein, DNA/DNA, and DNA/protein. Immunized mice were evaluated for elicited immune responses in week 3 (W3) and 11 post-immunizations. Our results demonstrated that the protein (subunit) vaccine formulated with rNT (gp96) in protein/protein strategy (core/NS3 + gp96) was significantly more efficient than CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODN) formulation and all other immunization strategies in the induction of Th1-type cytokines. This group of mice (core/NS3 + gp96) also elicited a high level of anti-Core-NS3 total immunoglobulin G (IgG) with dominant IgG2a isotype at W3. Thus, the co-administration of recombinant NT (gp96) protein with rHCV proteins might be a promising approach in the formulation of HCV subunit vaccine candidates for induction of high levels of Th1 cytokines and humoral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zamaneh Hajikhezri
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran; (Z.H.); (S.S.); (A.K.); (M.F.)
| | - Farzin Roohvand
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran;
| | - Monireh Maleki
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University of Tehran, Tehran 1477893855, Iran;
| | - Shohreh Shahmahmoodi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran; (Z.H.); (S.S.); (A.K.); (M.F.)
- Food Microbiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Amirzargar
- Molecular Immunology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran;
- Immunogenetic Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Keshavarz
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran; (Z.H.); (S.S.); (A.K.); (M.F.)
| | - Negar Seyed
- Department of Immunotherapy and Leishmania Vaccine Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran;
| | - Mohammad Farahmand
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran; (Z.H.); (S.S.); (A.K.); (M.F.)
| | - Katayoun Samimi-Rad
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran; (Z.H.); (S.S.); (A.K.); (M.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +98-2188950595; Fax: +98-2188962343
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Valdés I, Lazo L, Hermida L, Guillén G, Gil L. Can Complementary Prime-Boost Immunization Strategies Be an Alternative and Promising Vaccine Approach Against Dengue Virus? Front Immunol 2019; 10:1956. [PMID: 31507591 PMCID: PMC6718459 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue is one of the most important diseases transmitted by mosquitoes. Dengvaxia®, a vaccine registered in several countries, cannot be administered to non-immune individuals and children younger than 9 years old, due to safety reasons. There are two vaccine candidates in phase 3 efficacy trials, but their registration date is completely unknown at this moment. So, the development of new vaccines or vaccine strategies continues to be a priority for the WHO. This work reviews some complementary prime-boost immunization studies against important human pathogens. Additionally, it reviews the results obtained using this regimen of immunization against dengue virus as a potential alternative approach for finding a safe and efficient vaccine. Finally, the main elements associated with this strategy are also discussed. The generation of new strategies of vaccination against dengue virus, must be directed to reduce the risk of increasing viral load through sub-neutralizing antibodies and it must be also directed to induce a polyfunctional T cell response. Complementary prime-boost immunization strategies could emerge as an interesting approach to induce solid immunity or at least to reduce viral load after natural infection, avoiding severe dengue. Subunit vaccine could be safe and attractive antigens for this strategy, especially proteins including B, and T-cells epitopes for inducing humoral and cellular immune responses, which can play an important role controlling the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Valdés
- Vaccine Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Laura Lazo
- Vaccine Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Lisset Hermida
- Vaccine Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Gerardo Guillén
- Vaccine Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Lázaro Gil
- Vaccine Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
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Jansons J, Sominskaya I, Petrakova N, Starodubova ES, Smirnova OA, Alekseeva E, Bruvere R, Eliseeva O, Skrastina D, Kashuba E, Mihailova M, Kochetkov SN, Ivanov AV, Isaguliants MG. The Immunogenicity in Mice of HCV Core Delivered as DNA Is Modulated by Its Capacity to Induce Oxidative Stress and Oxidative Stress Response. Cells 2019; 8:cells8030208. [PMID: 30823485 PMCID: PMC6468923 DOI: 10.3390/cells8030208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
HCV core is an attractive HCV vaccine target, however, clinical or preclinical trials of core-based vaccines showed little success. We aimed to delineate what restricts its immunogenicity and improve immunogenic performance in mice. We designed plasmids encoding full-length HCV 1b core and its variants truncated after amino acids (aa) 60, 98, 152, 173, or up to aa 36 using virus-derived or synthetic polynucleotides (core191/60/98/152/173/36_191v or core152s DNA, respectively). We assessed their level of expression, route of degradation, ability to trigger the production of reactive oxygen species/ROS, and to activate the components of the Nrf2/ARE antioxidant defense pathway heme oxygenase 1/HO-1 and NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase/Nqo-1. All core variants with the intact N-terminus induced production of ROS, and up-regulated expression of HO-1 and Nqo-1. The capacity of core variants to induce ROS and up-regulate HO-1 and Nqo-1 expression predetermined their immunogenicity in DNA-immunized BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. The most immunogenic was core 152s, expressed at a modest level and inducing moderate oxidative stress and oxidative stress response. Thus, immunogenicity of HCV core is shaped by its ability to induce ROS and oxidative stress response. These considerations are important in understanding the mechanisms of viral suppression of cellular immune response and in HCV vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juris Jansons
- Department of Pathology, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia.
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia.
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Irina Sominskaya
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia.
| | - Natalia Petrakova
- N.F. Gamaleya Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Elizaveta S Starodubova
- N.F. Gamaleya Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia.
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Olga A Smirnova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Ekaterina Alekseeva
- Department of Pathology, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia.
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia.
| | - Ruta Bruvere
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia.
| | - Olesja Eliseeva
- N.F. Gamaleya Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Dace Skrastina
- Department of Pathology, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia.
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia.
| | - Elena Kashuba
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
- RE Kavetsky Institite of Experimental Pathology, Oncology and Radiobiology, The National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 03022 Kyiv, Ukraine.
| | - Marija Mihailova
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia.
| | - Sergey N Kochetkov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Alexander V Ivanov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Maria G Isaguliants
- Department of Pathology, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia.
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
- N.F. Gamaleya Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 123098 Moscow, Russia.
- MP Chumakov Center for Research and Development of Immune and Biological Preparations of RAS, 108819 Moscow, Russia.
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Wang L, Sun X, Huang J, Zhan B, Zhu X. Heterologous Prime-Boost Vaccination Enhances TsPmy's Protective Immunity against Trichinella spiralis Infection in a Murine Model. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1394. [PMID: 28785255 PMCID: PMC5519575 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
TsPmy is a paramyosin expressed by parasitic Trichinella spiralis and confers a protective immunity when its recombinant protein or DNA was used as an immunogen. To improve its immunogenicity and vaccine efficacy, we conducted a heterologous prime-boost strategy by orally delivering one dose of TsPmy DNA carried by attenuated Salmonella typhimurium (SL7207), followed by two doses of recombinant TsPmy intramuscularly. This strategy effectively induced intestinal mucosal sIgA response and an enhanced and balanced Th1/Th2 immune responses that improve protection against T. spiralis larval challenge, with 55.4% muscle larvae reduction and 41.8% adult worm reduction compared to PBS control. The muscle larvae reduction induced by heterologous prime-boost regimen was significant higher than that induced by the homologous DNA or protein prime-boost regimens, which could act as a practical prophylactic approach to prevent T. spiralis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Beijing Tropical Medicine Research Institute, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Ximeng Sun
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Jingjing Huang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Bin Zhan
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, HoustonTX, United States
| | - Xinping Zhu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China.,Research Centre of Microbiome, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
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Han Y, Zhou A, Lu G, Zhao G, Wang L, Guo J, Song P, Zhou J, Zhou H, Cong H, He S. Protection via a ROM4 DNA vaccine and peptide against Toxoplasma gondii in BALB/c mice. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:59. [PMID: 28077075 PMCID: PMC5225637 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-2104-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite with a broad host range including most warm-blooded animals, including humans. T. gondii surface antigen 1 (SAG1) is a well-characterized T. gondii antigen. T. gondii expresses five nonmitochondrial rhomboid intramembrane proteases, TgROM1-5. TgROM4 is uniformly distributed on the surface of T. gondii and involved in regulating MIC2, MIC3, MIC6, and AMA1 during T. gondii invasion of host cells. Bioinformatics have predicted ROM4 B-cell and T-cell epitopes. Immunization strategy is also a key factor in determining the effectiveness of the immune response and has gained increasing attention in T. gondii vaccine research. In this study, we used a DNA prime-peptide boost vaccination regimen to assess the protective efficacy of various vaccination strategies using TgROM4. Methods We identified a polypeptide (YALLGALIPYCVEYWKSIPR) using a bioinformatics approach, and immunized mice using a DNA-prime and polypeptide-boost regimen. BALB/c mice were randomly divided into six groups, including three experimental groups (peptide, pROM4 and pROM4/peptide) and three control groups (PBS, pEGFP-C1 and pSAG1). Mice were then immunized intramuscularly four times. After immunization, IgG and cytokine productions were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The survival time of mice was evaluated after challenge with tachyzoites of T. gondii RH strain. Additionally, the number of cysts in the brain was determined after intragastric challenge with cysts of T. gondii PRU strain. Results Mice vaccinated with different immunization regimens (peptide, pROM4 and pROM4/peptide) elicited specific humoral and cellular responses, with high levels of IgG, IgG2a, and interferon (IFN)-γ. Moreover, IgG, IgG2a and IFN-γ levels were highest in the pROM4/peptide group. Immunized mice, especially those in the pROM4/peptide group, had prolonged survival times after challenge with tachyzoites and reduced numbers of brain cysts after infection compared with negative controls. Conclusion A DNA prime-peptide boost regimen based on ROM4 elicited the highest level of humoral and cellular immune responses among immunization regimens, and may be a promising approach to increase the efficacy of DNA immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Han
- Department of Parasitology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Aihua Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong University School of Medicine, 250021, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Lu
- Department of Parasitology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanghui Zhao
- Qilu Hospital of shandong University, Qingdao, 266035, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Ji Nan Children's Hospital, 250022, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Guo
- Department of Parasitology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengxia Song
- Department of Parasitology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Parasitology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaiyu Zhou
- Department of Parasitology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Cong
- Department of Parasitology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenyi He
- Department of Parasitology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, People's Republic of China.
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Kuzmenko YV, Smirnova OA, Ivanov AV, Starodubova ES, Karpov VL. Nonstructural Protein 1 of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Induces Oxidative Stress and Activates Antioxidant Defense by the Nrf2/ARE Pathway. Intervirology 2016; 59:111-117. [DOI: 10.1159/000452160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Gupta J, Misra S, Misra-Bhattacharya S. Immunization with Brugia malayi Myosin as Heterologous DNA Prime Protein Boost Induces Protective Immunity against B. malayi Infection in Mastomys coucha. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164991. [PMID: 27828973 PMCID: PMC5102438 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The current control strategies employing chemotherapy with diethylcarbamazine, ivermectin and albendazole have reduced transmission in some filaria-endemic areas, there is growing interest for complementary approaches, such as vaccines especially in light of threat of parasite developing resistance to mainstay drugs. We earlier demonstrated recombinant heavy chain myosin of B. malayi (Bm-Myo) as a potent vaccine candidate whose efficacy was enhanced by heterologous DNA prime/protein boost (Myo-pcD+Bm-Myo) vaccination in BALB/c mice. BALB/c mouse though does not support the full developmental cycle of B. malayi, however, the degree of protection may be studied in terms of transformation of challenged infective larvae (L3) to next stage (L4) with an ease of delineating the generated immunological response of host. In the current investigation, DNA vaccination with Bm-Myo was therefore undertaken in susceptible rodent host, Mastomys coucha (M. coucha) which sustains the challenged L3 and facilitates their further development to sexually mature adult parasites with patent microfilaraemia. Immunization schedule consisted of Myo-pcD and Myo-pcD+Bm-Myo followed by B. malayi L3 challenge and the degree of protection was evaluated by observing microfilaraemia as well as adult worm establishment. Myo-pcD+Bm-Myo immunized animals not only developed 78.5% reduced blood microfilarial density but also decreased adult worm establishment by 75.3%. In addition, 75.4% of the recovered live females revealed sterilization over those of respective control animals. Myo-pcD+Bm-Myo triggered higher production of specific IgG and its isotypes which induced marked cellular adhesion and cytotoxicity (ADCC) to microfilariae (mf) and L3 in vitro. Both Th1 and Th2 cytokines were significantly up-regulated displaying a mixed immune response conferring considerable protection against B. malayi establishment by engendering a long-lasting effective immune response and therefore emerges as a potential vaccination method against LF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Gupta
- Division of Parasitology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow-226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Sweta Misra
- Division of Parasitology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow-226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Shailja Misra-Bhattacharya
- Division of Parasitology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, BS 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow-226031, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail: ;
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11
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Mehrlatifan S, Mirnurollahi SM, Motevalli F, Rahimi P, Soleymani S, Bolhassani A. The structural HCV genes delivered by MPG cell penetrating peptide are directed to enhance immune responses in mice model. Drug Deliv 2015; 23:2852-2859. [PMID: 26559939 DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2015.1108375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the significant problems in vaccination projects is the lack of an effective vaccine against hepatitis C virus (HCV). The goal of the current study is to evaluate and compare two DNA constructs encoding HCV core and coreE1E2 genes alone or complexed with MPG peptide as a delivery system for stimulation of antibody responses and IFN-γ secretion in Balb/c mice model. Indeed, MPG cell penetrating peptide was used to improve DNA immunization in mice. Our results demonstrated that MPG forms stable non-covalent nanoparticles with pcDNA-core and pcDNA-coreE1E2 at an N/P ratio of 10:1. The in vitro transfection efficiency of core or coreE1E2 DNA using MPG and TurboFect delivery systems was confirmed by western blot analysis. The results indicated the expression of the full-length core (∼21 kDa), and coreE1E2 (∼83 kDa) proteins using an anti-His monoclonal antibody. In addition, the expression of HCV core and coreE1E2 proteins was performed in bacteria and the purified recombinant proteins were injected to mice with Montanide 720 adjuvant. Our data showed that the immunized mice with HCV core and coreE1E2 proteins generated the mixture of sera IgG1 and IgG2a isotypes considerably higher than other groups. Furthermore, DNA constructs encoding core and coreE1E2 complexed with MPG could significantly induce IFN-γ secretion in lower concentrations than the naked core and coreE1E2 DNAs. Taken together, the DNA formulations as well as protein regimens used in this study triggered high-level IFN-γ production in mice, an important feature for the development of Th1 immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saloume Mehrlatifan
- a Department of Hepatitis and AIDS , Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran , Iran.,b Department of Biotechnology , Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University , Tehran , Iran , and
| | | | - Fatemeh Motevalli
- a Department of Hepatitis and AIDS , Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran , Iran
| | - Pooneh Rahimi
- a Department of Hepatitis and AIDS , Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran , Iran
| | - Sepehr Soleymani
- a Department of Hepatitis and AIDS , Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran , Iran
| | - Azam Bolhassani
- a Department of Hepatitis and AIDS , Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran , Iran
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12
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Comparative Immunogenicity in Rabbits of the Polypeptides Encoded by the 5' Terminus of Hepatitis C Virus RNA. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:762426. [PMID: 26609538 PMCID: PMC4644844 DOI: 10.1155/2015/762426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies on the primate protection from HCV infection stressed the importance of immune response against structural viral proteins. Strong immune response against nucleocapsid (core) protein was difficult to achieve, requesting further experimentation in large animals. Here, we analyzed the immunogenicity of core aa 1–173, 1–152, and 147–191 and of its main alternative reading frame product F-protein in rabbits. Core aa 147–191 was synthesized; other polypeptides were obtained by expression in E. coli. Rabbits were immunized by polypeptide primes followed by multiple boosts and screened for specific anti-protein and anti-peptide antibodies. Antibody titers to core aa 147–191 reached 105; core aa 1–152, 5 × 105; core aa 1–173 and F-protein, 106. Strong immunogenicity of the last two proteins indicated that they may compete for the induction of immune response. The C-terminally truncated core was also weakly immunogenic on the T-cell level. To enhance core-specific cellular response, we immunized rabbits with the core aa 1–152 gene forbidding F-protein formation. Repeated DNA immunization induced a weak antibody and sustained proliferative response of broad specificity confirming a gain of cellular immunogenicity. Epitopes recognized in rabbits overlapped those in HCV infection. Our data promotes the use of rabbits for the immunogenicity tests of prototype HCV vaccines.
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13
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Lu G, Wang L, Zhou A, Han Y, Guo J, Song P, Zhou H, Cong H, Zhao Q, He S. Epitope analysis, expression and protection of SAG5A vaccine against Toxoplasma gondii. Acta Trop 2015; 146:66-72. [PMID: 25792417 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Bioinformatics approaches were used to identify B-cell epitopes and T-cell epitopes on SAG5A protein. Compared to SAG1, SAG5A with good B-cell epitopes and T-cell epitopes had a potentiality to become a more successful vaccine against Toxoplasma gondii. Thereafter, SAG5A DNA vaccine was constructed successfully and was injected into mice with peptide to evaluate the immunoprotection. Compared to the control groups, the vaccine (DNA/peptide) could induce more effective cellular and humoral immune responses in immunized mice. Furthermore, a significant reduction of brain cyst was detected in the mice vaccinated with peptide (732±160), pSAG5A (815±197), or pSAG5A/peptide (436±174) compared by the mice injected by PBS (1260±241) or pEGFP-C1 (1350±268). The number of cysts in brains was 35% reduced in the mice immunized with DNA/peptide than in the control mice treated by PBS. The results indicated that the DNA vaccine encoding SAG5A significantly induced immune responses and enhanced protection against cysts of PRU strain, especially with the help of peptide.
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Ivanov AV, Smirnova OA, Petrushanko IY, Ivanova ON, Karpenko IL, Alekseeva E, Sominskaya I, Makarov AA, Bartosch B, Kochetkov SN, Isaguliants MG. HCV core protein uses multiple mechanisms to induce oxidative stress in human hepatoma Huh7 cells. Viruses 2015; 7:2745-70. [PMID: 26035647 PMCID: PMC4488712 DOI: 10.3390/v7062745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is accompanied by the induction of oxidative stress, mediated by several virus proteins, the most prominent being the nucleocapsid protein (HCV core). Here, using the truncated forms of HCV core, we have delineated several mechanisms by which it induces the oxidative stress. The N-terminal 36 amino acids of HCV core induced TGF\(\upbeta\)1-dependent expression of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases 1 and 4, both of which independently contributed to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The same fragment also induced the expression of cyclo-oxygenase 2, which, however, made no input into ROS production. Amino acids 37-191 of HCV core up-regulated the transcription of a ROS generating enzyme cytochrome P450 2E1. Furthermore, the same fragment induced the expression of endoplasmic reticulum oxidoreductin 1\(\upalpha\). The latter triggered efflux of Ca2+ from ER to mitochondria via mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter, leading to generation of superoxide anions, and possibly also H2O2. Suppression of any of these pathways in cells expressing the full-length core protein led to a partial inhibition of ROS production. Thus, HCV core causes oxidative stress via several independent pathways, each mediated by a distinct region of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Ivanov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Olga A Smirnova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Irina Y Petrushanko
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Olga N Ivanova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Inna L Karpenko
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Ekaterina Alekseeva
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Center, Ratsupites 1, Riga LV1067, Latvia.
| | - Irina Sominskaya
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Center, Ratsupites 1, Riga LV1067, Latvia.
| | - Alexander A Makarov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Birke Bartosch
- Inserm U1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, University of Lyon, 151, Cours A Thomas, 69424 Lyon Cedex, Lyon, France.
- DevWeCan Laboratories of Excellence Network (Labex), Lyon F-69000, France.
| | - Sergey N Kochetkov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 32, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Maria G Isaguliants
- Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, Gamaleya str. 16, Moscow 123098, Russia.
- Kirchenstein Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Riga Stradins University, Ratsupites 5, Riga LV-1069, Latvia.
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Nobelsvägen 16, Stockholm 17177, Sweden.
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15
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Modulation of hepatitis C virus core DNA vaccine immune responses by co-immunization with CC-chemokine ligand 20 (CCL20) gene as immunoadjuvant. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:5943-52. [PMID: 24972567 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3470-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Plasmid DNA vaccination is a promising vaccine platform for prevention and treatment of infectious disease. Enhancement of the DNA vaccine potency by co-inoculation of immunoadjuvant has been shown to be an effective strategy. Modulation of dendritic cells and T-cells locomotion and trafficking to prime an immune response is mediated by distinct chemokines. The recent study was designed to elucidate the adjuvant activity of plasmid expressing CC-chemokine ligand 20 (pCCL20) in co-inoculation with hepatitis C virus (HCV) core DNA vaccine immunization. pCCL20 was constructed and evaluated for its functional expression. Sub-cutaneous inoculation of pCCL20 with HCV core DNA vaccine was performed via electroporation in BALB/c mice on day 0 and 14 and a HCV core protein booster was applied on day 28. On week after final immunization, both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses were assessed by indirect ELISA for core specific antibodies, lymphocyte proliferation, cytokine ELISA/ELISpot and cytotoxic Grenzyme B (GrzB) release assays. Mice were co-immunized with pCCL20 developed higher levels of core specific IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio and IL-2 release, IFN-γ producing cells, lymphocyte proliferation and cytotoxic Grenzyme B release in both draining lymph nodes and spleen cells of immunized mice. The core-specific serum total IgG and IgG2a/IgG1 ratio were significantly higher when the pCCL20 was co-inoculated. These results suggest the potential of CCL20 chemokine as vaccine adjuvant to enhance Th1 mediated cellular and humoral immune responses in HCV core DNA immunization.
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Hepatitis C virus and vaccine development. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MEDICINE 2014; 3:207-15. [PMID: 25635247 PMCID: PMC4293608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is approximately 3% around the world. This virus causes chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The effectiveness of interferon-α and ribavirin therapy is about 50% and is associated with significant toxicity and cost. Hence, generating new vaccines or drugs is an obligation. However, there is no vaccine available for clinical use. DNA vaccines have some advantages such as producing feasibility and generating intensive cellular and humoral immune responses. Activation and improvement of natural immune defense mechanisms is a necessity for the development of an effective HCV vaccine. This article discusses the current status of therapies for hepatitis C, the promising new therapies and the experimental strategies to develop an HCV vaccine.
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Meng M, Zhou A, Lu G, Wang L, Zhao G, Han Y, Zhou H, Cong H, Zhao Q, Zhu XQ, He S. DNA prime and peptide boost immunization protocol encoding the Toxoplasma gondii GRA4 induces strong protective immunity in BALB/c mice. BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13:494. [PMID: 24148219 PMCID: PMC3871000 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Toxoplasma gondii is a widespread intracellular parasite, which infects most vertebrate animal hosts and causes zoonotic infection in humans. Vaccine strategy remains a promising method for the prevention and control of toxoplasmosis. T. gondii GRA4 protein has been identified as a potential candidate for vaccine development. In our study, we evaluated the immune response induced by four different immunization vaccination strategies encoding TgGRA4. Methods BALB/c mice were intramuscularly (i.m.) immunized four times according to specific immunization schedules. Generally, mice in experimental groups were immunized with polypeptide, pGRA4, peptide/DNA, or DNA/peptide, and mice in the control groups were injected with PBS or pEGFP. After immunization, the levels of IgG antibodies and cytokine productions were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). The survival time of mice was also evaluated after challenge infection with the highly virulent T. gondii RH strain. Results The results showed that mice vaccinated with different immunization regimens (polypeptide, pGRA4, peptide/DNA, or DNA/peptide) elicited specific humoral and cellular responses, with high levels of total IgG, IgG2a isotype and gamma interferon (IFN-γ), which suggested a specific Th1 immunity was activated. After lethal challenge, an increased survival time was observed in immunized mice (11.8 ± 4.8 days) compared to the control groups injected with PBS or pEGFP (P < 0.05). Mice injected with PBS or pEGFP died within 8 days, and there was no significant difference in the protection level in two groups (P > 0.05). Conclusions These results demonstrated that this DNA prime and peptide boost immunization protocol encoding the TgGRA4 can elicit the highest level of humoral and cellular immune responses compared to other immunized groups, which is a promising approach to increase the efficacy of DNA immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aihua Zhou
- Department of Parasitology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250012, Peoples Republic of China.
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Isaguliants M, Smirnova O, Ivanov AV, Kilpelainen A, Kuzmenko Y, Petkov S, Latanova A, Krotova O, Engström G, Karpov V, Kochetkov S, Wahren B, Starodubova E. Oxidative stress induced by HIV-1 reverse transcriptase modulates the enzyme's performance in gene immunization. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 9:2111-9. [PMID: 23881028 DOI: 10.4161/hv.25813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED HIV-1 infection induces chronic oxidative stress. The resultant neurotoxicity has been associated with Tat protein. Here, we for the first time describe the induction of oxidative stress by another HIV-1 protein, reverse transcriptase (RT). Expression of HIV-1 RT in human embryonic kidney cells generated potent production of the reactive oxygen species (ROS), detected by the fluorescence-based probes. Quantitative RT-PCR demonstrated that expression of RT in HEK293 cells induced a 10- to 15-fold increased transcription of the phase II detoxifying enzymes human NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase (Nqo1) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), indicating the induction of oxidative stress response. The capacity to induce oxidative stress and stress response appeared to be an intrinsic property of a vast variety of RTs: enzymatically active and inactivated, bearing mutations of drug resistance, following different routes of processing and presentation, expressed from viral or synthetic expression-optimized genes. The total ROS production induced by RT genes of the viral origin was found to be lower than that induced by the synthetic/expression-optimized or chimeric RT genes. However, the viral RT genes induced higher levels of ROS production and higher levels of HO-1 mRNA than the synthetic genes per unit of protein in the expressing cell. The capacity of RT genes to induce the oxidative stress and stress response was then correlated with their immunogenic performance. For this, RT genes were administered into BALB/c mice by intradermal injections followed by electroporation. Splenocytes of immunized mice were stimulated with the RT-derived and control antigens and antigen-specific proliferation was assessed by IFN-γ/IL-2 Fluorospot. RT variants generating high total ROS levels induced significantly stronger IFN-γ responses than the variants inducing lower total ROS, while high levels of ROS normalized per unit of protein in expressing cell were associated with a weak IFN-γ response. Poor gene immunogenicity was also associated with a high (per unit of protein) transcription of antioxidant response element (ARE) dependent phase II detoxifying enzyme genes, specifically HO-1. Thus, we have revealed a direct link between the propensity of the microbial proteins to induce oxidative stress and their immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Isaguliants
- Microbiology, Tumor, and Cell Biology Center; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm, Sweden; DI Ivanovsky Institute of Virology; Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Smirnova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology; Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander V Ivanov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology; Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow, Russia
| | - Athina Kilpelainen
- Microbiology, Tumor, and Cell Biology Center; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yulia Kuzmenko
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology; Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow, Russia
| | - Stefan Petkov
- Microbiology, Tumor, and Cell Biology Center; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anastasia Latanova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology; Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Krotova
- DI Ivanovsky Institute of Virology; Moscow, Russia; Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology; Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow, Russia
| | - Gunnel Engström
- Microbiology, Tumor, and Cell Biology Center; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vadim Karpov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology; Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Kochetkov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology; Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow, Russia
| | - Britta Wahren
- Microbiology, Tumor, and Cell Biology Center; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elizaveta Starodubova
- Microbiology, Tumor, and Cell Biology Center; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm, Sweden; Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology; Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow, Russia
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Zhai YZ, Wang Y, Feng GH. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor genetic adjuvant enhances the immune stimulatory effects of plasmid DNA encoding the hepatitis C virus core protein. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2012; 20:3424-3430. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v20.i35.3424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study the effect of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) genetic adjuvant on immune response induced by plasmid DNA encoding the hepatitis C virus (HCV) core (C) protein.
METHODS: The gene encoding the HCV C protein was amplified by PCR from HCV 1b genotype and inserted into the pUC119 vector. The HCV C gene was then subcloned into the pCMH6K eukaryotic vector, and the resulting plasmid was named pCMH6K/HCV-C. The recombinant vector was confirmed by restriction enzyme analysis and DNA sequencing, and transfected into China hamster ovary (CHO) cells with Lipofectamine 2000. Distribution of the HCV C protein in transfected CHO cells was detected by immunofluorescence. Balb/c mice were vaccinated with the recombinant plasmid with or without the GM-CSF gene. HCV C-specific antibody in serum was measured by ELISA. The changes in T lymphocyte subsets and levels of Th cell intracellular cytokines interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) in splenic cell suspension from immunized mice were evaluated by flow cytometric analysis. CTL activity was assessed by LDH assay.
RESULTS: Restrict enzyme digestion and DNA sequencing indicated that the recombinant pCMH6K/HCV-C was successfully constructed. The expression of plasmid-encoded protein was mainly distributed in membrane and scarcely in cytoplasm of transfected CHO cells. The percentage of CD4+ T cells in spleen cells in the pCMH6K/HCV-C+pGM-CSF co-vaccination group was significantly higher than those in other groups (all P < 0.05). The percentage of CD8+ T cells showed no significant differences among each group (P > 0.05). CTL activity induced by GM-CSF DNA co-vaccination was significantly higher than that immunized with the same amount of other naked DNA (P < 0.05). The ratio of IFN-γ to IL-4 in spleen cells from GM-CSF DNA co-vaccination group was significantly higher than those in other groups (all P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: GM-CSF DNA could enhance the immune stimulatory effects of HCV DNA vaccine and induce Th1-type immune response.
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Zhu W, Wu C, Deng W, Pei R, Wang Y, Cao L, Qin B, Lu M, Chen X. Inhibition of the HCV core protein on the immune response to HBV surface antigen and on HBV gene expression and replication in vivo. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45146. [PMID: 23024803 PMCID: PMC3443233 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) core protein is a multifunctional protein that can interfere with the induction of an immune response. It has been reported that the HCV core protein inhibits HBV replication in vitro. In this study, we test the effect of the HCV core gene on the priming of the immune response to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and on the replication of HBV in vivo. Our results showed that the full-length HCV core gene inhibits the induction of an immune response to the heterogeneous antigen, HBsAg, at the site of inoculation when HCV core (pC191) and HBsAg (pHBsAg) expression plasmids are co-administered as DNA vaccines into BALB/c mice. The observed interference effect of the HCV core occurs in the priming stage and is limited to the DNA form of the HBsAg antigen, but not to the protein form. The HCV core reduces the protective effect of the HBsAg when the HBsAg and the HCV core are co-administered as vaccines in an HBV hydrodynamic mouse model because the HCV core induces immune tolerance to the heterogeneous HBsAg DNA antigen. These results suggest that HCV core may play an important role in viral persistence by the attenuation of host immune responses to different antigens. We further tested whether the HCV core interfered with the priming of the immune response in hepatocytes via the hydrodynamic co-injection of an HBV replication-competent plasmid and an HCV core plasmid. The HCV core inhibited HBV replication and antigen expression in both BALB/c (H-2d) and C57BL/6 (H-2b) mice, the mouse models of acute and chronic hepatitis B virus infections. Thus, the HCV core inhibits the induction of a specific immune response to an HBsAg DNA vaccine. However, HCV C also interferes with HBV gene expression and replication in vivo, as observed in patients with coinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Zhu
- State Key Lab of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunchen Wu
- State Key Lab of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail: (XC)
| | - Wanyu Deng
- State Key Lab of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Rongjun Pei
- State Key Lab of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yun Wang
- State Key Lab of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang Cao
- State Key Lab of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Qin
- State Key Lab of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengji Lu
- State Key Lab of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Xinwen Chen
- State Key Lab of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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Torbati E, Bandehpour M, Pakzad P, Mosaffa N, Koochaki A, Kazemi B. The evaluation of hepatitis C virus core antigen in immunized BALB/c mice. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2012; 12:391-7. [PMID: 22879829 PMCID: PMC3412556 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.6141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis infection represents one of the important causes of morbidity and mortality in developing countries, however there is not any effective vaccine against hepatitis C which is one of the significant problems in vaccine project. OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study is to evaluate the role of HCV core protein in inducing IFN-Gamma secretion and TCL activities as a vaccine in Balb/C mice. MATERIAL AND METHODS Our previous cloned plasmid (HCV Core gene into pETDuet-1) applied for protein expression in bacteria. The expressed and purified recombinant protein together with Freund's adjuvant was injected to 15 Balb/c mice. The total IgG and IgG2a of immunized mice sera were evaluated after a week. Two weeks after booster injection, we studied the proliferation and IFNγ secretion of spleens, inguinal and popliteal lymph nodes lymphocytes by ELISA and ELISPOT. RESULTS The FSFC (Frequency of spot forming cells) of secreting cells of immunized mice with HCV/Core protein and sera IgG2a were considerably higher than the control groups. CONCLUSIONS The core protein together with proper adjuvant can be a candidate vaccine against of HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Torbati
- Microbiology Department, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Mojgan Bandehpour
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Mojgan Bandehpour, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel.: +98-2122439957, Fax: +98-2122439956, E-mail:
| | - Parviz Pakzad
- Microbiology Department, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Nariman Mosaffa
- Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Ameneh Koochaki
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Bahram Kazemi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
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Lan J, Gao Z, Xiong H, Chuai X, Jin Y, Li J, Xian X, Liu G, Xie L, Zhang Y, Wang Y. Generation of protective immune responses against coxsackievirus B3 challenge by DNA prime–protein boost vaccination. Vaccine 2011; 29:6894-902. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Improved expression of secretory and trimeric proteins in mammalian cells via the introduction of a new trimer motif and a mutant of the tPA signal sequence. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 91:731-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3297-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2011] [Revised: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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The wild-type hepatitis C virus core inhibits initiation of antigen-specific T- and B-cell immune responses in BALB/c mice. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2010; 17:1139-47. [PMID: 20519445 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00490-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the effects of wild-type and deletion mutant hepatitis C virus (HCV) core proteins on the induction of immune responses in BALB/c mice were assessed. p2HA-C145-S23, encoding a core protein with the C-terminal 46 amino acids truncated, significantly produced stronger antibody and cellular responses than p2HA-C191-S23. The induction of immune responses by p2HA-C145-S23 was dose dependent. However, increasing the doses or repeated administration did not enhance immune responses by the wild-type core protein. In addition, p2HA-C191-S23 was apparently able to interfere with the priming of specific immune responses by p2HA-C145-S23 when the two were coadministered. These results demonstrated that the wild-type HCV core protein itself could inhibit the priming of immune responses in the course of a DNA vaccination, whereas the truncated HCV core protein could provide potential applications for the development of DNA- and peptide-based HCV vaccines.
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Hu XB, Yue QH, Ouyang HF, Chen YZ, Xu XQ, Yin W, Wei SH, Zhang XQ, Mu SJ. Immune response to fused core protein of hepatitis C virus and truncated tetanus toxin peptides in mice. Arch Virol 2010; 155:1097-105. [PMID: 20473626 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-010-0692-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Because no vaccine or effective therapy is available, thousands of people with HCV have died in recent years. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) play a critical role in the host cellular immune response against HCV. CTL epitopes in HCV core protein have been identified and used in vaccine development. T helper epitopes could promote cytokine secretion and antibody production to fight HCV. Tetanus toxin, an immunogen with many T helper epitopes, was once used in HBV therapeutic vaccine design. Here, eukaryotic and prokaryotic expression vectors were constructed to express truncated fragments of tetanus toxin and core genes of HCV. HLAA2.1 transgenic mice were inoculated with a recombinant plasmid vehicle with these two heterogenic gene fragments, and this augmented the titres of antibody against HCV. Antigen-specific lymphocyte proliferation, Th1 and Th2 cytokine levels and the number of lysed cells were markedly increased in the combined immunization group compared to controls. These findings provide new insights into a potential role for T helper epitopes from tetanus toxin combined with protein from the HCV core gene, which has numerous CTL epitopes. This design strategy may aid in the development of new vaccines against HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-bin Hu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
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Construction and immunological evaluation of multivalent hepatitis B virus (HBV) core virus-like particles carrying HBV and HCV epitopes. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2010; 17:1027-33. [PMID: 20410327 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00468-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A multivalent vaccine candidate against hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections was constructed on the basis of HBV core (HBc) virus-like particles (VLPs) as carriers. Chimeric VLPs that carried a virus-neutralizing HBV pre-S1 epitope corresponding to amino acids (aa) 20 to 47 in the major immunodominant region (MIR) and a highly conserved N-terminal HCV core epitope corresponding to aa 1 to 60 at the C terminus of the truncated HBcDelta protein (N-terminal aa 1 to 144 of full-length HBc) were produced in Escherichia coli cells and examined for their antigenicity and immunogenicity. The presence of two different foreign epitopes within the HBc molecule did not interfere with its VLP-forming ability, with the HBV pre-S1 epitope exposed on the surface and the HCV core epitope buried within the VLPs. After immunization of BALB/c mice, specific T-cell activation by both foreign epitopes and a high-titer antibody response against the pre-S1 epitope were found, whereas an antibody response against the HBc carrier was notably suppressed. Both inserted epitopes also induced a specific cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte (CTL) response, as shown by the gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) production profile.
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