1
|
Jeon D, Hill E, McNeel DG. Toll-like receptor agonists as cancer vaccine adjuvants. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2297453. [PMID: 38155525 PMCID: PMC10760790 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2297453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has emerged as a promising strategy to treat cancer patients. Among the wide range of immunological approaches, cancer vaccines have been investigated to activate and expand tumor-reactive T cells. However, most cancer vaccines have not shown significant clinical benefit as monotherapies. This is likely due to the antigen targets of vaccines, "self" proteins to which there is tolerance, as well as to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. To help circumvent immune tolerance and generate effective immune responses, adjuvants for cancer vaccines are necessary. One representative adjuvant family is Toll-Like receptor (TLR) agonists, synthetic molecules that stimulate TLRs. TLRs are the largest family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that serve as the sensors of pathogens or cellular damage. They recognize conserved foreign molecules from pathogens or internal molecules from cellular damage and propel innate immune responses. When used with vaccines, activation of TLRs signals an innate damage response that can facilitate the development of a strong adaptive immune response against the target antigen. The ability of TLR agonists to modulate innate immune responses has positioned them to serve as adjuvants for vaccines targeting infectious diseases and cancers. This review provides a summary of various TLRs, including their expression patterns, their functions in the immune system, as well as their ligands and synthetic molecules developed as TLR agonists. In addition, it presents a comprehensive overview of recent strategies employing different TLR agonists as adjuvants in cancer vaccine development, both in pre-clinical models and ongoing clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donghwan Jeon
- Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ethan Hill
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Douglas G. McNeel
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pollack IF, Felker J, Frederico SC, Raphael I, Kohanbash G. Immunotherapy for pediatric low-grade gliomas. Childs Nerv Syst 2024:10.1007/s00381-024-06491-9. [PMID: 38884777 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-024-06491-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Pediatric low-grade gliomas (pLGGs) are the most common brain tumor types affecting children. Although gross-total resection remains the treatment of choice, many tumors are not amenable to complete removal, because they either involve midline structures, such as the optic chiasm or hypothalamus, and are not conducive to aggressive resection, or have diffuse biological features and blend with the surrounding brain. Historically, radiation therapy was used as the second-line option for disease control, but with the recognition that this often led to adverse long-term sequelae, particularly in young children, conventional chemotherapy assumed a greater role in initial therapy for unresectable tumors. A variety of agents demonstrated activity, but long-term disease control was suboptimal, with more than 50% of tumors exhibiting disease progression within 5 years. More recently, it has been recognized that a high percentage of these tumors in children exhibit constitutive activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway because of BRAF translocations or mutations, NFI mutations, or a host of other anomalies that converged on MAPK. This led to phase 1, 2, and 3 trials that explored the activity of blocking this signaling pathway, and the efficacy of this approach compared to conventional chemotherapy. Despite initial promise of these strategies, not all children tolerate this therapy, and many tumors resume growth once MAPK inhibition is stopped, raising concern that long-term and potentially life-long treatment will be required to maintain tumor control, even among responders. This observation has led to interest in other treatments, such as immunotherapy, that may delay or avoid the need for additional treatments. This chapter will summarize the place of immunotherapy in the current armamentarium for these tumors and discuss prior results and future options to improve disease control, with a focus on our prior efforts and experience in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian F Pollack
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA.
| | - James Felker
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Stephen C Frederico
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Itay Raphael
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Gary Kohanbash
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Everson RG, Hugo W, Sun L, Antonios J, Lee A, Ding L, Bu M, Khattab S, Chavez C, Billingslea-Yoon E, Salazar A, Ellingson BM, Cloughesy TF, Liau LM, Prins RM. TLR agonists polarize interferon responses in conjunction with dendritic cell vaccination in malignant glioma: a randomized phase II Trial. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3882. [PMID: 38719809 PMCID: PMC11078958 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48073-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In this randomized phase II clinical trial, we evaluated the effectiveness of adding the TLR agonists, poly-ICLC or resiquimod, to autologous tumor lysate-pulsed dendritic cell (ATL-DC) vaccination in patients with newly-diagnosed or recurrent WHO Grade III-IV malignant gliomas. The primary endpoints were to assess the most effective combination of vaccine and adjuvant in order to enhance the immune potency, along with safety. The combination of ATL-DC vaccination and TLR agonist was safe and found to enhance systemic immune responses, as indicated by increased interferon gene expression and changes in immune cell activation. Specifically, PD-1 expression increases on CD4+ T-cells, while CD38 and CD39 expression are reduced on CD8+ T cells, alongside an increase in monocytes. Poly-ICLC treatment amplifies the induction of interferon-induced genes in monocytes and T lymphocytes. Patients that exhibit higher interferon response gene expression demonstrate prolonged survival and delayed disease progression. These findings suggest that combining ATL-DC with poly-ICLC can induce a polarized interferon response in circulating monocytes and CD8+ T cells, which may represent an important blood biomarker for immunotherapy in this patient population.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01204684.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard G Everson
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Willy Hugo
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Lu Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Joseph Antonios
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Alexander Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Lizhong Ding
- Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Melissa Bu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Sara Khattab
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Carolina Chavez
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Emma Billingslea-Yoon
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | | | - Benjamin M Ellingson
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Timothy F Cloughesy
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Neurology/Neuro-Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Linda M Liau
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Robert M Prins
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gomar C, Di Trani CA, Bella A, Arrizabalaga L, Gonzalez-Gomariz J, Fernandez-Sendin M, Alvarez M, Russo-Cabrera JS, Ardaiz N, Aranda F, Schippers T, Quintero M, Melero I, Orlinger KK, Lauterbach H, Berraondo P. Efficacy of LCMV-based cancer immunotherapies is unleashed by intratumoral injections of polyI:C. J Immunother Cancer 2024; 12:e008287. [PMID: 38631714 PMCID: PMC11029445 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2023-008287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) belongs to the Arenavirus family known for inducing strong cytotoxic T-cell responses in both mice and humans. LCMV has been engineered for the development of cancer immunotherapies, currently undergoing evaluation in phase I/II clinical trials. Initial findings have demonstrated safety and an exceptional ability to activate and expand tumor-specific T lymphocytes. Combination strategies to maximize the antitumor effectiveness of LCMV-based immunotherapies are being explored. METHODS We assessed the antitumor therapeutic effects of intratumoral administration of polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) and systemic vaccination using an LCMV-vector expressing non-oncogenic versions of the E6 and E7 antigens of human papillomavirus 16 (artLCMV-E7E6) in a bilateral model engrafting TC-1/A9 cells. This cell line, derived from the parental TC-1, exhibits low MHC class I expression and is highly immune-resistant. The mechanisms underlying the combination's efficacy were investigated through bulk RNA-seq, flow cytometry analyses of the tumor microenvironment, selective depletions using antibodies and clodronate liposomes, Batf3 deficient mice, and in vivo bioluminescence experiments. Finally, we assessed the antitumor effectiveness of the combination of artLCMV-E7E6 with BO-112, a GMP-grade poly(I:C) formulated in polyethyleneimine, currently under evaluation in clinical trials. RESULTS Intratumoral injection of poly(I:C) enhanced the antitumor efficacy of artLCMV-E7E6 in both injected and non-injected tumor lesions. The combined treatment resulted in a significant delay in tumor growth and often complete eradication of several tumor lesions, leading to significantly improved survival compared with monotherapies. While intratumoral administration of poly(I:C) did not impact LCMV vector biodistribution or transgene expression, it significantly modified leucocyte infiltrates within the tumor microenvironment and amplified systemic efficacy through proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines such as CCL3, CCL5, CXCL10, TNF, IFNα, and IL12p70. Upregulation of MHC on tumor cells and a reconfiguration of the gene expression programs related to tumor vasculature, leucocyte migration, and the activation profile of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T lymphocytes were observed. Indeed, the antitumor effect relied on the functions of CD8+ T lymphocytes and macrophages. The synergistic efficacy of the combination was further confirmed when BO-112 was included. CONCLUSION Intratumoral injection of poly(I:C) sensitizes MHClow tumors to the antitumor effects of artLCMV-E7E6, resulting in a potent therapeutic synergy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Celia Gomar
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Angela Bella
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Leire Arrizabalaga
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jose Gonzalez-Gomariz
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Maite Alvarez
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Nuria Ardaiz
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Fernando Aranda
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | | | - Ignacio Melero
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Departments of Immunology and Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | | | - Pedro Berraondo
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Saijo A, Ogino H, Butowski NA, Tedesco MR, Gibson D, Watchmaker PB, Okada K, Wang AS, Shai A, Salazar AM, Molinaro AM, Rabbitt JE, Shahin M, Perry A, Clarke JL, Taylor JW, Daras M, Oberheim Bush NA, Hervey-Jumper SL, Phillips JJ, Chang SM, Hilf N, Mayer-Mokler A, Keler T, Berger MS, Okada H. A combinatory vaccine with IMA950 plus varlilumab promotes effector memory T-cell differentiation in the peripheral blood of patients with low-grade gliomas. Neuro Oncol 2024; 26:335-347. [PMID: 37758193 PMCID: PMC10836773 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noad185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Central nervous system (CNS) WHO grade 2 low-grade glioma (LGG) patients are at high risk for recurrence and with unfavorable long-term prognosis due to the treatment resistance and malignant transformation to high-grade glioma. Considering the relatively intact systemic immunity and slow-growing nature, immunotherapy may offer an effective treatment option for LGG patients. METHODS We conducted a prospective, randomized pilot study to evaluate the safety and immunological response of the multipeptide IMA950 vaccine with agonistic anti-CD27 antibody, varlilumab, in CNS WHO grade 2 LGG patients. Patients were randomized to receive combination therapy with IMA950 + poly-ICLC and varlilumab (Arm 1) or IMA950 + poly-ICLC (Arm 2) before surgery, followed by adjuvant vaccines. RESULTS A total of 14 eligible patients were enrolled in the study. Four patients received pre-surgery vaccines but were excluded from postsurgery vaccines due to the high-grade diagnosis of the resected tumor. No regimen-limiting toxicity was observed. All patients demonstrated a significant increase of anti-IMA950 CD8+ T-cell response postvaccine in the peripheral blood, but no IMA950-reactive CD8+ T cells were detected in the resected tumor. Mass cytometry analyses revealed that adding varlilumab promoted T helper type 1 effector memory CD4+ and effector memory CD8+ T-cell differentiation in the PBMC but not in the tumor microenvironment. CONCLUSION The combinational immunotherapy, including varlilumab, was well-tolerated and induced vaccine-reactive T-cell expansion in the peripheral blood but without a detectable response in the tumor. Further developments of strategies to overcome the blood-tumor barrier are warranted to improve the efficacy of immunotherapy for LGG patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsuro Saijo
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tokushima Prefecture Naruto Hospital, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Ogino
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Respiratory Medicine & Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Nicholas A Butowski
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Meghan R Tedesco
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David Gibson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Payal B Watchmaker
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kaori Okada
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Albert S Wang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anny Shai
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Annette M Molinaro
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Immatics Biotechnologies GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Jane E Rabbitt
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Maryam Shahin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Arie Perry
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer L Clarke
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jennie W Taylor
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mariza Daras
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nancy Ann Oberheim Bush
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shawn L Hervey-Jumper
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joanna J Phillips
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Susan M Chang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Norbert Hilf
- Immatics Biotechnologies GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Mayer-Mokler
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tibor Keler
- Celldex Theraepeutics, Inc., Hampton, NJ, USA
| | - Mitchel S Berger
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hideho Okada
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Xiong Z, Raphael I, Olin M, Okada H, Li X, Kohanbash G. Glioblastoma vaccines: past, present, and opportunities. EBioMedicine 2024; 100:104963. [PMID: 38183840 PMCID: PMC10808938 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most lethal central nervous systems (CNS) tumours in adults. As supplements to standard of care (SOC), various immunotherapies improve the therapeutic effect in other cancers. Among them, tumour vaccines can serve as complementary monotherapy or boost the clinical efficacy with other immunotherapies, such as immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) and chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T) therapy. Previous studies in GBM therapeutic vaccines have suggested that few neoantigens could be targeted in GBM due to low mutation burden, and single-peptide therapeutic vaccination had limited efficacy in tumour control as monotherapy. Combining diverse antigens, including neoantigens, tumour-associated antigens (TAAs), and pathogen-derived antigens, and optimizing vaccine design or vaccination strategy may help with clinical efficacy improvement. In this review, we discussed current GBM therapeutic vaccine platforms, evaluated and potential antigenic targets, current challenges, and perspective opportunities for efficacy improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zujian Xiong
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15201, USA; Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, PR China
| | - Itay Raphael
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15201, USA
| | - Michael Olin
- Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Hideho Okada
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Xuejun Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, PR China; Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Brain Tumor Research, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008 PR China.
| | - Gary Kohanbash
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15201, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ni J, Xie Z, Quan Z, Meng J, Qing H. How brain 'cleaners' fail: Mechanisms and therapeutic value of microglial phagocytosis in Alzheimer's disease. Glia 2024; 72:227-244. [PMID: 37650384 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are the resident phagocytes of the brain, where they primarily function in the clearance of dead cells and the removal of un- or misfolded proteins. The impaired activity of receptors or proteins involved in phagocytosis can result in enhanced inflammation and neurodegeneration. RNA-seq and genome-wide association studies have linked multiple phagocytosis-related genes to neurodegenerative diseases, while the knockout of such genes has been demonstrated to exert protective effects against neurodegeneration in animal models. The failure of microglial phagocytosis influences AD-linked pathologies, including amyloid β accumulation, tau propagation, neuroinflammation, and infection. However, a precise understanding of microglia-mediated phagocytosis in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is still lacking. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms involved in microglial phagocytosis in AD across a wide range of pre-clinical, post-mortem, ex vivo, and clinical studies and review the current limitations regarding the detection of microglia phagocytosis in AD. Finally, we discuss the rationale of targeting microglial phagocytosis as a therapeutic strategy for preventing AD or slowing its progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Ni
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Xie
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenzhen Quan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Meng
- Department of Geriatrics, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Qing
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Stickdorn J, Czysch C, Medina-Montano C, Stein L, Xu L, Scherger M, Schild H, Grabbe S, Nuhn L. Peptide-Decorated Degradable Polycarbonate Nanogels for Eliciting Antigen-Specific Immune Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15417. [PMID: 37895096 PMCID: PMC10607756 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
For successful therapeutic interventions in cancer immunotherapy, strong antigen-specific immune responses are required. To this end, immunostimulating cues must be combined with antigens to simultaneously arrive at antigen-presenting cells and initiate cellular immune responses. Recently, imidazoquinolines have shown their vast potential as small molecular Toll-like receptor 7/8 (TLR7/8) agonists for immunostimulation when delivered by nanocarriers. At the same time, peptide antigens are promising antigen candidates but require combination with immune-stimulating adjuvants to boost their immunogenicity and exploit their full potential. Consequently, we herein present biodegradable polycarbonate nanogels as versatile delivery system for adjuvants within the particles' core as well as for peptide antigens by surface decoration. For that purpose, orthogonally addressable multifunctional polycarbonate block copolymers were synthesized, enabling adjuvant conjugation through reactive ester chemistry and peptide decoration by strain-promoted alkyne-azide cycloaddition (SPAAC). In preparation for SPAAC, CD4+-specific peptide sequences of the model protein antigen ovalbumin were equipped with DBCO-moieties by site-selective modification at their N-terminal cysteine. With their azide groups exposed on their surface, the adjuvant-loaded nanogels were then efficiently decorated with DBCO-functional CD4+-peptides by SPAAC. In vitro evaluation of the adjuvant-loaded peptide-decorated gels then confirmed their strong immunostimulating properties as well as their high biocompatibility. Despite their covalent conjugation, the CD4+-peptide-decorated nanogels led to maturation of primary antigen-presenting cells and the downstream priming of CD4+-T cells. Subsequently, the peptide-decorated nanogels loaded with TLR7/8 agonist were successfully processed by antigen-presenting cells, enabling potent immune responses for future application in antigen-specific cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carolina Medina-Montano
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Lara Stein
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Lujuan Xu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, The Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Aptamers and Theranostics, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | | | - Hansjörg Schild
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Stephan Grabbe
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Lutz Nuhn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Institute of Functional Materials and Biofabrication, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Everson RG, Hugo W, Sun L, Antonios J, Lee A, Ding L, Bu M, Khattab S, Chavez C, Billingslea-Yoon E, Salazar A, Ellingson BM, Cloughesy TF, Liau LM, Prins RM. Dendritic Cell Vaccination in Conjunction with a TLR Agonist Polarizes Interferon Immune Responses in Malignant Glioma Patients. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3287211. [PMID: 37790490 PMCID: PMC10543402 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3287211/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Autologous tumor lysate-pulsed dendritic cell (ATL-DC) vaccination is a promising immunotherapy for patients with high grade gliomas, but responses have not been demonstrated in all patients. To determine the most effective combination of autologous tumor lysate-pulsed DC vaccination, with or without the adjuvant toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists poly-ICLC or resiquimod, we conducted a Phase 2 clinical trial in 23 patients with newly diagnosed or recurrent WHO Grade III-IV malignant gliomas. We then performed deep, high-dimensional immune profiling of these patients to better understand how TLR agonists may influence the systemic immune responses induced by ATL-DC vaccination. Bulk RNAseq data demonstrated highly significant upregulation of type 1 and type 2 interferon gene expression selectively in patients who received adjuvant a TLR agonist together with ATL-DC. CyTOF analysis of patient peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) showed increased expression of PD-1 on CD4+ T-cells, decreases in CD38 and CD39 on CD8+ T cells and elevated proportion of monocytes after ATL-DC + TLR agonist administration. In addition, scRNA-seq demonstrated a higher expression fold change of IFN-induced genes with poly-ICLC treatment in both peripheral blood monocytes and T lymphocytes. Patients who had higher expression of interferon response genes lived significantly longer and had longer time to progression compared to those with lower expression. The results suggest that ATL-DC in conjunction with adjuvant poly-ICLC induces a polarized interferon response in circulating monocytes and specific activation of a CD8+ T cell population, which may represent an important blood biomarker for immunotherapy in this patient population. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01204684.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard G. Everson
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, U.S.A
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, U.S.A
- Richard Everson and Willy Hugo contributed equally to this work as first authors
| | - Willy Hugo
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, U.S.A
- Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, U.S.A
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, U.S.A
- Richard Everson and Willy Hugo contributed equally to this work as first authors
| | - Lu Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, U.S.A
| | - Joseph Antonios
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, U.S.A
| | - Alexander Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, U.S.A
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology , David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, U.S.A
| | - Lizhong Ding
- Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, U.S.A
| | - Melissa Bu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, U.S.A
| | - Sarah Khattab
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, U.S.A
| | - Carolina Chavez
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology , David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, U.S.A
| | - Emma Billingslea-Yoon
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, U.S.A
| | | | - Benjamin M. Ellingson
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, U.S.A
- Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, U.S.A
| | - Timothy F. Cloughesy
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology , David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, U.S.A
- Department of Neurology/Neuro-Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, U.S.A
| | - Linda M. Liau
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, U.S.A
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, U.S.A
| | - Robert M. Prins
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, U.S.A
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, U.S.A
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, U.S.A
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology , David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Castro JT, Brito R, Hojo-Souza NS, Azevedo B, Salazar N, Ferreira CP, Junqueira C, Fernandes AP, Vasconcellos R, Cardoso JM, Aguiar-Soares RDO, Vieira PMA, Carneiro CM, Valiate B, Toledo C, Salazar AM, Caballero O, Lannes-Vieira J, Teixeira SR, Reis AB, Gazzinelli RT. ASP-2/Trans-sialidase chimeric protein induces robust protective immunity in experimental models of Chagas' disease. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:81. [PMID: 37258518 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00676-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunization with the Amastigote Surface Protein-2 (ASP-2) and Trans-sialidase (TS) antigens either in the form of recombinant protein, encoded in plasmids or human adenovirus 5 (hAd5) confers robust protection against various lineages of Trypanosoma cruzi. Herein we generated a chimeric protein containing the most immunogenic regions for T and B cells from TS and ASP-2 (TRASP) and evaluated its immunogenicity in comparison with our standard protocol of heterologous prime-boost using plasmids and hAd5. Mice immunized with TRASP protein associated to Poly-ICLC (Hiltonol) were highly resistant to challenge with T. cruzi, showing a large decrease in tissue parasitism, parasitemia and no lethality. This protection lasted for at least 3 months after the last boost of immunization, being equivalent to the protection induced by DNA/hAd5 protocol. TRASP induced high levels of T. cruzi-specific antibodies and IFNγ-producing T cells and protection was primarily mediated by CD8+ T cells and IFN-γ. We also evaluated the toxicity, immunogenicity, and efficacy of TRASP and DNA/hAd5 formulations in dogs. Mild collateral effects were detected at the site of vaccine inoculation. While the chimeric protein associated with Poly-ICLC induced high levels of antibodies and CD4+ T cell responses, the DNA/hAd5 induced no antibodies, but a strong CD8+ T cell response. Immunization with either vaccine protected dogs against challenge with T. cruzi. Despite the similar efficacy, we conclude that moving ahead with TRASP together with Hiltonol is advantageous over the DNA/hAd5 vaccine due to pre-existing immunity to the adenovirus vector, as well as the cost-benefit for development and large-scale production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia T Castro
- Centro de Tecnologia em Vacinas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Parque Tecnológico de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisas Rene Rachou, Fundação Osvaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Plataforma de Medicina Translacional, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rory Brito
- Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
| | - Natalia S Hojo-Souza
- Centro de Tecnologia em Vacinas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Parque Tecnológico de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisas Rene Rachou, Fundação Osvaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Azevedo
- Centro de Pesquisas Rene Rachou, Fundação Osvaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Natalia Salazar
- Centro de Tecnologia em Vacinas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Parque Tecnológico de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Caroline Junqueira
- Centro de Tecnologia em Vacinas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Parque Tecnológico de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisas Rene Rachou, Fundação Osvaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Fernandes
- Centro de Tecnologia em Vacinas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Parque Tecnológico de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Bruno Valiate
- Centro de Tecnologia em Vacinas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Parque Tecnológico de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisas Rene Rachou, Fundação Osvaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Toledo
- Centro de Pesquisas Rene Rachou, Fundação Osvaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Santuza R Teixeira
- Centro de Tecnologia em Vacinas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Parque Tecnológico de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo T Gazzinelli
- Centro de Tecnologia em Vacinas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Parque Tecnológico de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
- Centro de Pesquisas Rene Rachou, Fundação Osvaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Plataforma de Medicina Translacional, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Li J, Wang J, Liu D, Tao C, Zhao J, Wang W. Establishment and validation of a novel prognostic model for lower-grade glioma based on senescence-related genes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1018942. [PMID: 36341390 PMCID: PMC9633681 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1018942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Increasing studies have indicated that senescence was associated with tumorigenesis and progression. Lower-grade glioma (LGG) presented a less invasive nature, however, its treatment efficacy and prognosis prediction remained challenging due to the intrinsic heterogeneity. Therefore, we established a senescence-related signature and investigated its prognostic role in LGGs. Methods The gene expression data and clinicopathologic features were from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. The experimentally validated senescence genes (SnGs) from the CellAge database were obtained. Then LASSO regression has been performed to build a prognostic model. Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier survival curves were performed to investigate the prognostic value of the SnG-risk score. A nomogram model has been constructed for outcome prediction. Immunological analyses were further performed. Data from the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA), Repository of Molecular Brain Neoplasia Data (REMBRANDT), and GSE16011 were used for validation. Results The 6-SnG signature has been established. The results showed SnG-risk score could be considered as an independent predictor for LGG patients (HR=2.763, 95%CI=1.660-4.599, P<0.001). The high SnG-risk score indicated a worse outcome in LGG (P<0.001). Immune analysis showed a positive correlation between the SnG-risk score and immune infiltration level, and the expression of immune checkpoints. The CGGA datasets confirmed the prognostic role of the SnG-risk score. And Kaplan-Meier analyses in the additional datasets (CGGA, REMBRANDT, and GSE16011) validated the prognostic role of the SnG-signature (P<0.001 for all). Conclusion The SnG-related prognostic model could predict the survival of LGG accurately. This study proposed a novel indicator for predicting the prognosis of LGG and provided potential therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junsheng Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
- Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, China
- Beijing Translational Engineering Center for 3D Printer in Clinical Neuroscience, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
- Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, China
- Beijing Translational Engineering Center for 3D Printer in Clinical Neuroscience, Beijing, China
| | - Dongjing Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
- Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, China
- Beijing Translational Engineering Center for 3D Printer in Clinical Neuroscience, Beijing, China
| | - Chuming Tao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jizong Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
- Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, China
- Beijing Translational Engineering Center for 3D Printer in Clinical Neuroscience, Beijing, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Wen Wang, ; Jizong Zhao,
| | - Wen Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
- Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, China
- Beijing Translational Engineering Center for 3D Printer in Clinical Neuroscience, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Wen Wang, ; Jizong Zhao,
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rezaei M, Danilova ND, Soltani M, Savvateeva LV, V Tarasov V, Ganjalikhani-Hakemi M, V Bazhinf A, A Zamyatnin A. Cancer Vaccine in Cold Tumors: Clinical Landscape, Challenges, and Opportunities. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2022; 22:437-453. [PMID: 35156572 DOI: 10.2174/1568009622666220214103533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The idea of cancer immunotherapy is to stimulate the immune system to fight tumors without destroying normal cells. One of the anticancer therapy methods, among many, is based on the use of cancer vaccines that contain tumor antigens in order to induce immune responses against tumors. However, clinical trials have shown that the use of such vaccines as a monotherapy is ineffective in many cases, since they do not cause a strong immune response. Particular tumors are resistant to immunotherapy due to the absence or insufficient infiltration of tumors with CD8+ T cells, and hence, they are called cold or non-inflamed tumors. Cold tumors are characterized by a lack of CD8+ T cell infiltration, the presence of anti-inflammatory myeloid cells, tumor-associated M2 macrophages, and regulatory T cells. It is very important to understand which stage of the antitumor response does not work properly in order to use the right strategy for the treatment of patients. Applying other therapeutic methods alongside cancer vaccines can be more rational for cold tumors which do not provoke the immune system strongly. Herein, we indicate some combinational therapies that have been used or are in progress for cold tumor treatment alongside vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahnaz Rezaei
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Mozhdeh Soltani
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Lyudmila V Savvateeva
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vadim V Tarasov
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mazdak Ganjalikhani-Hakemi
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Alexandr V Bazhinf
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrey A Zamyatnin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wu L, Zhou W, Lin L, Chen A, Feng J, Qu X, Zhang H, Yue J. Delivery of therapeutic oligonucleotides in nanoscale. Bioact Mater 2022; 7:292-323. [PMID: 34466734 PMCID: PMC8379367 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic oligonucleotides (TOs) represent one of the most promising drug candidates in the targeted cancer treatment due to their high specificity and capability of modulating cellular pathways that are not readily druggable. However, efficiently delivering of TOs to cancer cellular targets is still the biggest challenge in promoting their clinical translations. Emerging as a significant drug delivery vector, nanoparticles (NPs) can not only protect TOs from nuclease degradation and enhance their tumor accumulation, but also can improve the cell uptake efficiency of TOs as well as the following endosomal escape to increase the therapeutic index. Furthermore, targeted and on-demand drug release of TOs can also be approached to minimize the risk of toxicity towards normal tissues using stimuli-responsive NPs. In the past decades, remarkable progresses have been made on the TOs delivery based on various NPs with specific purposes. In this review, we will first give a brief introduction on the basis of TOs as well as the action mechanisms of several typical TOs, and then describe the obstacles that prevent the clinical translation of TOs, followed by a comprehensive overview of the recent progresses on TOs delivery based on several various types of nanocarriers containing lipid-based nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, porous nanoparticles, DNA/RNA nanoassembly, extracellular vesicles, and imaging-guided drug delivery nanoparticles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenhui Zhou
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory and Turku Bioscience Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, 20520, Finland
- Southern Medical University Affiliated Fengxian Hospital, Shanghai, 201499, China
| | - Lihua Lin
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Anhong Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Feng
- Southern Medical University Affiliated Fengxian Hospital, Shanghai, 201499, China
| | - Xiangmeng Qu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory and Turku Bioscience Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, 20520, Finland
| | - Jun Yue
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ogino H, Taylor JW, Nejo T, Gibson D, Watchmaker PB, Okada K, Saijo A, Tedesco MR, Shai A, Wong CM, Rabbitt JE, Olin MR, Moertel CL, Nishioka Y, Salazar AM, Molinaro AM, Phillips JJ, Butowski NA, Clarke JL, Oberheim Bush NA, Hervey-Jumper SL, Theodosopoulos P, Chang SM, Berger MS, Okada H. Randomized trial of neoadjuvant vaccination with tumor-cell lysate induces T-cell response in low-grade gliomas. J Clin Invest 2021; 132:151239. [PMID: 34882581 PMCID: PMC8803342 DOI: 10.1172/jci151239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term prognosis of WHO grade II low-grade glioma (LGG) is poor secondary to risk of recurrence and malignant transformation into high-grade glioma. Given the relatively intact immune system of patients with LGG and the slow tumor growth rate, vaccines are an attractive treatment strategy. METHODS We conducted a pilot study to evaluate the safety and immunological effects of vaccination with GBM6-AD, lysate of an allogeneic glioblastoma stem cell line, with poly-ICLC in patients with LGG. Patients were randomized to receive the vaccines before surgery (Arm 1) or not (Arm 2) and all patients received adjuvant vaccine. Co-primary outcomes were to evaluate the safety and immune response in the tumor. RESULTS A total of 17 eligible patients were enrolled - nine into Arm 1 and eight into Arm 2. This regimen was well-tolerated with no regimen-limiting toxicity. Neoadjuvant vaccination induced upregulation of type-1 cytokines and chemokines, and increased activated CD8+ T-cells in peripheral blood. Single-cell RNA/TCR-sequencing detected CD8+ T-cell clones that expanded with effector phenotype and migrated into tumor microenvironment (TME) in response to neoadjuvant vaccination. Mass cytometric analyses detected increased tissue resident-like CD8+ T-cells with effector memory phenotype in TME following the neoadjuvant vaccination. CONCLUSION The current regimen induces effector CD8+ T-cell response in peripheral blood and enables vaccine-reactive CD8+ T-cells to migrate into TME. Further refinements of the regimen may have to be integrated into future strategies. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02549833. FUNDING NIH (1R35NS105068, 1R21CA233856), Dabbiere Foundation, Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, and Daiichi Sankyo Foundation of Life Science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Ogino
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
| | - Jennie W Taylor
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
| | - Takahide Nejo
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
| | - David Gibson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
| | - Payal B Watchmaker
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
| | - Kaori Okada
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
| | - Atsuro Saijo
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
| | - Meghan R Tedesco
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
| | - Anny Shai
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
| | - Cynthia M Wong
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
| | - Jane E Rabbitt
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
| | - Michael R Olin
- Division of Pediartric Hematology/Oncology, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, United States of America
| | - Christopher L Moertel
- Division of Pediartric Hematology/Oncology, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, United States of America
| | - Yasuhiko Nishioka
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Rheumatology, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Andres M Salazar
- Oncovir Inc, Oncovir Inc, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Annette M Molinaro
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
| | - Joanna J Phillips
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
| | - Nicholas A Butowski
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L Clarke
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
| | - Nancy Ann Oberheim Bush
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
| | - Shawn L Hervey-Jumper
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
| | - Philip Theodosopoulos
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
| | - Susan M Chang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
| | - Mitchel S Berger
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
| | - Hideho Okada
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Xun Y, Yang H, Kaminska B, You H. Toll-like receptors and toll-like receptor-targeted immunotherapy against glioma. J Hematol Oncol 2021; 14:176. [PMID: 34715891 PMCID: PMC8555307 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-021-01191-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioma represents a fast proliferating and highly invasive brain tumor which is resistant to current therapies and invariably recurs. Despite some advancements in anti-glioma therapies, patients’ prognosis remains poor. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) act as the first line of defense in the immune system being the detectors of those associated with bacteria, viruses, and danger signals. In the glioma microenvironment, TLRs are expressed on both immune and tumor cells, playing dual roles eliciting antitumoral (innate and adaptive immunity) and protumoral (cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and glioma stem cell maintenance) responses. Up to date, several TLR-targeting therapies have been developed aiming at glioma bulk and stem cells, infiltrating immune cells, the immune checkpoint axis, among others. While some TLR agonists exhibited survival benefit in clinical trials, it attracts more attention when they are involved in combinatorial treatment with radiation, chemotherapy, immune vaccination, and immune checkpoint inhibition in glioma treatment. TLR agonists can be used as immune modulators to enhance the efficacy of other treatment, to avoid dose accumulation, and what brings more interests is that they can potentiate immune checkpoint delayed resistance to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade by upregulating PD-1/PD-L1 overexpression, thus unleash powerful antitumor responses when combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Herein, we focus on recent developments and clinical trials exploring TLR-based treatment to provide a picture of the relationship between TLR and glioma and their implications for immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xun
- Department of Basic Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of Basic Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Bozena Kaminska
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, No.78 Heng-Zhi-Gang Road, Yue Xiu District, Guangzhou, 510095, China.,Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hua You
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, No.78 Heng-Zhi-Gang Road, Yue Xiu District, Guangzhou, 510095, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ohkuri T, Kosaka A, Ikeura M, Salazar AM, Okada H. IFN-γ- and IL-17-producing CD8 + T (Tc17-1) cells in combination with poly-ICLC and peptide vaccine exhibit antiglioma activity. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-002426. [PMID: 34193567 PMCID: PMC8246372 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-002426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background While adoptive transfer of T-cells has been a major medical breakthrough for patients with B cell malignancies, the development of safe and effective T-cell-based immunotherapy for central nervous system (CNS) tumors, such as glioblastoma (GBM), still needs to overcome multiple challenges, including effective homing and persistence of T-cells. Based on previous observations that interleukin (IL)-17-producing T-cells can traffic to the CNS in autoimmune conditions, we evaluated CD8+ T-cells that produce IL-17 and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) (Tc17-1) cells in a preclinical GBM model. Methods We differentiated Pmel-1 CD8+ T-cells into Tc17-1 cells and compared their phenotypic and functional characteristics with those of IFN-γ-producing CD8+ T (Tc1) and IL-17-producing CD8+ T (Tc17) cells. We also evaluated the therapeutic efficacy, persistence, and tumor-homing of Tc17-1 cells in comparison to Tc1 cells using a mouse GL261 glioma model. Results In vitro, Tc17-1 cells demonstrated profiles of both Tc1 and Tc17 cells, including production of both IFN-γ and IL-17, although Tc17-1 cells demonstrated lesser degrees of antigen-specific cytotoxic activity compared with Tc1 cells. In mice-bearing intracranial GL261-Quad tumor and treated with temozolomide, Tc1 cells, but not Tc17-1, showed a significant prolongation of survival. However, when the T-cell transfer was combined with poly-ICLC and Pmel-1 peptide vaccine, both Tc1 and Tc17-1 cells exhibited significantly prolonged survival associated with upregulation of very late activation antigen−4 on Tc17-1 cells in vivo. Glioma cells that recurred following the therapy lost the susceptibility to Pmel-1-derived cytotoxic T-cells, indicating that immuno-editing was a mechanism of the acquired resistance. Conclusions Tc17-1 cells were equally effective as Tc1 cells when combined with poly-ICLC and peptide vaccine treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Ohkuri
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Brain Tumor Program, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Akemi Kosaka
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Brain Tumor Program, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Maki Ikeura
- Brain Tumor Program, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Hideho Okada
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA .,Brain Tumor Program, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
De Waele J, Verhezen T, van der Heijden S, Berneman ZN, Peeters M, Lardon F, Wouters A, Smits ELJM. A systematic review on poly(I:C) and poly-ICLC in glioblastoma: adjuvants coordinating the unlocking of immunotherapy. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2021; 40:213. [PMID: 34172082 PMCID: PMC8229304 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02017-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy is currently under intensive investigation as a potential breakthrough treatment option for glioblastoma. Given the anatomical and immunological complexities surrounding glioblastoma, lymphocytes that infiltrate the brain to develop durable immunity with memory will be key. Polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid, or poly(I:C), and its derivative poly-ICLC could serve as a priming or boosting therapy to unleash lymphocytes and other factors in the (immuno)therapeutic armory against glioblastoma. Here, we present a systematic review on the effects and efficacy of poly(I:C)/poly-ICLC for glioblastoma treatment, ranging from preclinical work on cellular and murine glioblastoma models to reported and ongoing clinical studies. MEDLINE was searched until 15 May 2021 to identify preclinical (glioblastoma cells, murine models) and clinical studies that investigated poly(I:C) or poly-ICLC in glioblastoma. A systematic review approach was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. ClinicalTrials.gov was queried for ongoing clinical studies. Direct pro-tumorigenic effects of poly(I:C) on glioblastoma cells have not been described. On the contrary, poly(I:C) changes the immunological profile of glioblastoma cells and can also kill them directly. In murine glioblastoma models, poly(I:C) has shown therapeutic relevance as an adjuvant therapy to several treatment modalities, including vaccination and immune checkpoint blockade. Clinically, mostly as an adjuvant to dendritic cell or peptide vaccines, poly-ICLC has been demonstrated to be safe and capable of eliciting immunological activity to boost therapeutic responses. Poly-ICLC could be a valuable tool to enhance immunotherapeutic approaches for glioblastoma. We conclude by proposing several promising combination strategies that might advance glioblastoma immunotherapy and discuss key pre-clinical aspects to improve clinical translation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorrit De Waele
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Tias Verhezen
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sanne van der Heijden
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Zwi N Berneman
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Hematology, Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijkstraat 10, B-2650, Edegem, Belgium.,Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijkstraat 10, B-2650, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Marc Peeters
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Antwerp, Belgium.,Multidisciplinary Oncological Center Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijkstraat 10, B-2650, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Filip Lardon
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - An Wouters
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Evelien L J M Smits
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Antwerp, Belgium.,Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijkstraat 10, B-2650, Edegem, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Fakhoury KR, Ney DE, Ormond DR, Rusthoven CG. Immunotherapy and radiation for high-grade glioma: a narrative review. Transl Cancer Res 2021; 10:2537-2570. [PMID: 35116570 PMCID: PMC8797698 DOI: 10.21037/tcr-20-1933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma and other high-grade gliomas (HGGs) are the most common and deadly primary brain tumors. Due to recent advances in immunotherapy and improved clinical outcomes in other disease sites, the study of immunotherapy in HGG has increased significantly. Herein, we summarize and evaluate existing evidence and ongoing clinical trials investigating the use of immunotherapy in the treatment of HGG, including therapeutic vaccination, immune checkpoint inhibition, adoptive lymphocyte transfer, and combinatorial approaches utilizing radiation and multiple modalities of immunotherapy. Special attention is given to the mechanisms by which radiation may improve immunogenicity in HGG, why this motivates the study of radiation in combination with immunotherapy, and how to determine optimal dosing and scheduling of radiation. Though larger randomized controlled trials have not consistently shown improvements in clinical outcomes, this area of research is still in its early stages and a number of important lessons can be taken away from the studies that have been completed to date. Many studies found a subset of patients who experienced durable responses, and analysis of their immune cells and tumor cells can be used to identify biomarkers that predict therapeutic response, as well as additional glioma-specific targets that can enhance therapeutic efficacy in a challenging tumor type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kareem R. Fakhoury
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Anschutz Medical Center, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Douglas E. Ney
- Department of Neurology, Anschutz Medical Center, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Anschutz Medical Center, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - D. Ryan Ormond
- Department of Neurosurgery, Anschutz Medical Center, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Chad G. Rusthoven
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Anschutz Medical Center, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chuntova P, Chow F, Watchmaker PB, Galvez M, Heimberger AB, Newell EW, Diaz A, DePinho RA, Li MO, Wherry EJ, Mitchell D, Terabe M, Wainwright DA, Berzofsky JA, Herold-Mende C, Heath JR, Lim M, Margolin KA, Chiocca EA, Kasahara N, Ellingson BM, Brown CE, Chen Y, Fecci PE, Reardon DA, Dunn GP, Liau LM, Costello JF, Wick W, Cloughesy T, Timmer WC, Wen PY, Prins RM, Platten M, Okada H. Unique challenges for glioblastoma immunotherapy-discussions across neuro-oncology and non-neuro-oncology experts in cancer immunology. Meeting Report from the 2019 SNO Immuno-Oncology Think Tank. Neuro Oncol 2021; 23:356-375. [PMID: 33367885 PMCID: PMC7992879 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noaa277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has made remarkable advances with over 50 separate Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approvals as first- or second-line indications since 2015. These include immune checkpoint blocking antibodies, chimeric antigen receptor-transduced T cells, and bispecific T-cell-engaging antibodies. While multiple cancer types now benefit from these immunotherapies, notable exceptions thus far include brain tumors, such as glioblastoma. As such, it seems critical to gain a better understanding of unique mechanistic challenges underlying the resistance of malignant gliomas to immunotherapy, as well as to acquire insights into the development of future strategies. An Immuno-Oncology Think Tank Meeting was held during the 2019 Annual Society for Neuro-Oncology Scientific Conference. Discussants in the fields of neuro-oncology, neurosurgery, neuro-imaging, medical oncology, and cancer immunology participated in the meeting. Sessions focused on topics such as the tumor microenvironment, myeloid cells, T-cell dysfunction, cellular engineering, and translational aspects that are critical and unique challenges inherent with primary brain tumors. In this review, we summarize the discussions and the key messages from the meeting, which may potentially serve as a basis for advancing the field of immune neuro-oncology in a collaborative manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavlina Chuntova
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California
| | - Frances Chow
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Mildred Galvez
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Amy B Heimberger
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Evan W Newell
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Aaron Diaz
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California
| | - Ronald A DePinho
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ming O Li
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - E John Wherry
- Department of Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Duane Mitchell
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Masaki Terabe
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Derek A Wainwright
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jay A Berzofsky
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | - Michael Lim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kim A Margolin
- Department of Medical Oncology & Therapeutics Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California
| | - E Antonio Chiocca
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Benjamin M Ellingson
- Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Christine E Brown
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Yvonne Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Peter E Fecci
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - David A Reardon
- Department of Medicine/Medical Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gavin P Dunn
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Linda M Liau
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Wolfgang Wick
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Timothy Cloughesy
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - William C Timmer
- Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Patrick Y Wen
- Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Robert M Prins
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, California
| | - Michael Platten
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, MCTN, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,DKTK CCU Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hideho Okada
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, California
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Mueller S, Taitt JM, Villanueva-Meyer JE, Bonner ER, Nejo T, Lulla RR, Goldman S, Banerjee A, Chi SN, Whipple NS, Crawford JR, Gauvain K, Nazemi KJ, Watchmaker PB, Almeida ND, Okada K, Salazar AM, Gilbert RD, Nazarian J, Molinaro AM, Butterfield LH, Prados MD, Okada H. Mass cytometry detects H3.3K27M-specific vaccine responses in diffuse midline glioma. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:6325-6337. [PMID: 32817593 DOI: 10.1172/jci140378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDPatients with diffuse midline gliomas (DMGs), including diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG), have dismal outcomes. We previously described the H3.3K27M mutation as a shared neoantigen in HLA-A*02.01+, H3.3K27M+ DMGs. Within the Pacific Pediatric Neuro-Oncology Consortium, we assessed the safety and efficacy of an H3.3K27M-targeted peptide vaccine.METHODSNewly diagnosed patients, aged 3-21 years, with HLA-A*02.01+ and H3.3K27M+ status were enrolled in stratum A (DIPG) or stratum B (nonpontine DMG). Vaccine was administered in combination with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid-poly-I-lysine carboxymethylcellulose (poly-ICLC) every 3 weeks for 8 cycles, followed by once every 6 weeks. Immunomonitoring and imaging were performed every 3 months. Imaging was centrally reviewed. Immunological responses were assessed in PBMCs using mass cytometry.RESULTSA total of 19 patients were enrolled in stratum A (median age,11 years) and 10 in stratum B (median age, 13 years). There were no grade-4 treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs). Injection site reaction was the most commonly reported TRAE. Overall survival (OS) at 12 months was 40% (95% CI, 22%-73%) for patients in stratum A and 39% (95% CI, 16%-93%) for patients in stratum B. The median OS was 16.1 months for patients who had an expansion of H3.3K27M-reactive CD8+ T cells compared with 9.8 months for their counterparts (P = 0.05). Patients with DIPG with below-median baseline levels of myeloid-derived suppressor cells had prolonged OS compared with their counterparts (P < 0.01). Immediate pretreatment dexamethasone administration was inversely associated with H3.3K27M-reactive CD8+ T cell responses.CONCLUSIONAdministration of the H3.3K27M-specific vaccine was well tolerated. Patients with H3.3K27M-specific CD8+ immunological responses demonstrated prolonged OS compared with nonresponders.TRIAL REGISTRATIONClinicalTrials.gov NCT02960230.FUNDINGThe V Foundation, the Pacific Pediatric Neuro-Oncology Consortium Foundation, the Pediatric Brain Tumor Foundation, the Mithil Prasad Foundation, the MCJ Amelior Foundation, the Anne and Jason Farber Foundation, Will Power Research Fund Inc., the Isabella Kerr Molina Foundation, the Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), NIH (R35NS105068).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Mueller
- Department of Neurology.,Department of Neurosurgery and.,Department of Pediatrics, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.,Children's University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Erin R Bonner
- Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Rishi R Lulla
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Hasbro Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Stewart Goldman
- Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Anu Banerjee
- Department of Neurosurgery and.,Department of Pediatrics, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Susan N Chi
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nicholas S Whipple
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - John R Crawford
- Department of Neurosciences and Pediatrics, UCSD and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Karen Gauvain
- St. Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Kellie J Nazemi
- Doernbecher Children's Hospital, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | | | - Neil D Almeida
- The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | | | | | | | - Javad Nazarian
- Children's University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland.,Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Lisa H Butterfield
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michael D Prados
- Department of Neurosurgery and.,Department of Pediatrics, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Hideho Okada
- Department of Neurosurgery and.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, California, USA.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Cantini G, Pisati F, Pessina S, Finocchiaro G, Pellegatta S. Immunotherapy against the radial glia marker GLAST effectively triggers specific antitumor effectors without autoimmunity. Oncoimmunology 2021; 1:884-893. [PMID: 23162756 PMCID: PMC3489744 DOI: 10.4161/onci.20637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The glutamate-aspartate transporter GLAST is a radial glia marker that is highly expressed in GL261 stem-like cells (GSCs). To target GLAST, we treated glioma-bearing mice with three subcutaneous injections of four GLAST peptides emulsified with Montanide ISA-51 in association with granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) injections. Vaccination with GLAST peptides significantly prolonged survival, effectively enhanced systemic T-cell and NK-cell responses and promoted robust antitumor cytotoxicity. GLAST expression significantly decreased in gliomas from immunized mice, as evaluated by histological analysis and real-time PCR (RT-PCR). Moreover, the immunization protocol led to the upregulation of interferonγ (IFNγ) and tumor necrosis factorα (TNFα) as well as to the downregulation of transforming growth factor (TGF) β1 and β2 in the tumor. Beyond these changes, gliomas from immunized mice exhibited an increased recruitment of NK cells and antigen-specific CD8+ T cells expressing the tumor homing molecule VLA-4, as well as a local chemotactic gradient featuring expression of CXCL10 (which may be responsible for the recruitment of CTLs), CCL3, CCL4 and CCL5 (which are involved in NK-cell migration), and NKG2D ligand on glioma cells. Importantly, although GLAST is expressed in the central nervous system, autoimmune reactions were not observed in immunized mice. Altogether, these results support the contention that GLAST may constitute a glioma antigen against which immune responses can be efficiently induced without major safety concerns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Cantini
- Unit of Molecular Neuro-Oncology; Neurological Institute C. Besta; Milan, Italy ; Department of Experimental Oncology; European Institute of Oncology; Campus IFOM-IEO; Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Crotty EE, Downey KM, Ferrerosa LM, Flores CT, Hegde B, Raskin S, Hwang EI, Vitanza NA, Okada H. Considerations when treating high-grade pediatric glioma patients with immunotherapy. Expert Rev Neurother 2021; 21:205-219. [PMID: 33225764 PMCID: PMC7880880 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2020.1855144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Children with high-grade gliomas (pHGGs) represent a clinical population in substantial need of new therapeutic options given the inefficacy and toxicity of current standard-of-care modalities. Although immunotherapy has emerged as a promising modality, it has yet to elicit a significant survival benefit for pHGG patients. While preclinical studies address a variety of underlying challenges, translational clinical trial design and management also need to reflect the most updated progress and lessons from the field. AREAS COVERED The authors will focus our discussion on the design of clinical trials, the management of potential toxicities, immune monitoring, and novel biomarkers. Clinical trial design should integrate appropriate patient populations, novel, and preclinically optimized trial design, and logical treatment combinations, particularly those which synergize with standard of care modalities. However, there are caveats due to the nature of immunotherapy trials, such as patient selection bias, evidenced by the frequent exclusion of patients on high-dose corticosteroids. Robust immune-modulating effects of modern immunotherapy can have toxicities. As such, it is important to understand and manage these, especially in pHGG patients. EXPERT OPINION Adequate integration of these considerations should allow us to effectively gain insights on biological activity, safety, and biomarkers associated with benefits for patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin E. Crotty
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children’s Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kira M. Downey
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lauren M. Ferrerosa
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital, Oakland, 747 52nd Street, Oakland, CA, USA
| | | | - Bindu Hegde
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Scott Raskin
- Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Nicholas A. Vitanza
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children’s Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hideho Okada
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Cancer Immunotherapy Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
There are strong biologic and preclinical rationales for the development of therapeutic cancer vaccines; however, the clinical translation of this treatment strategy has been challenging. It is now understood that many previous clinical trials of cancer vaccines used target antigens or vaccine designs that inherently lacked sufficient immunogenicity to induce clinical responses. Despite the historical track record, breakthrough advances in cancer immunobiology and vaccine technologies have supported continued interest in therapeutic cancer vaccinations, with the hope that next-generation vaccine strategies will enable patients with cancer to develop long-lasting anti-tumor immunity. There has been substantial progress identifying antigens and vaccine vectors that lead to strong and broad T cell responses, tailoring vaccine designs to achieve optimal antigen presentation, and finding combination partners employing complementary mechanisms of action (e.g., checkpoint inhibitors) to overcome the diverse methods cancer cells use to evade and suppress the immune system. Results from randomized, phase 3 studies testing therapeutic cancer vaccines based on these advances are eagerly awaited. Here, we summarize the successes and failures in the clinical development of cancer vaccines, address how this historical experience and advances in science and technology have shaped efforts to improve vaccines, and offer a clinical perspective on the future role of vaccine therapies for cancer.
Collapse
|
24
|
Chen M, Hu S, Li Y, Jiang TT, Jin H, Feng L. Targeting nuclear acid-mediated immunity in cancer immune checkpoint inhibitor therapies. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:270. [PMID: 33214545 PMCID: PMC7677403 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00347-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy especially immune checkpoint inhibition has achieved unprecedented successes in cancer treatment. However, there are many patients who failed to benefit from these therapies, highlighting the need for new combinations to increase the clinical efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors. In this review, we summarized the latest discoveries on the combination of nucleic acid-sensing immunity and immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer immunotherapy. Given the critical role of nuclear acid-mediated immunity in maintaining the activation of T cell function, it seems that harnessing the nuclear acid-mediated immunity opens up new strategies to enhance the effect of immune checkpoint inhibitors for tumor control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miaoqin Chen
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Key lab of Biotherapy in Zhejiang Province, Cancer Institute of Zhejiang University, Sir Run Run Shaw hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China
| | - Shiman Hu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Key lab of Biotherapy in Zhejiang Province, Cancer Institute of Zhejiang University, Sir Run Run Shaw hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China
| | - Yiling Li
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Key lab of Biotherapy in Zhejiang Province, Cancer Institute of Zhejiang University, Sir Run Run Shaw hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China
| | - Ting Ting Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Hongchuan Jin
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Key lab of Biotherapy in Zhejiang Province, Cancer Institute of Zhejiang University, Sir Run Run Shaw hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China
| | - Lifeng Feng
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Key lab of Biotherapy in Zhejiang Province, Cancer Institute of Zhejiang University, Sir Run Run Shaw hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310016, China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Keshavarz A, Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi A, Zafari P, Bagheri N, Ghaffari SH, Bashash D. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in cancer; with an extensive focus on TLR agonists and antagonists. IUBMB Life 2020; 73:10-25. [PMID: 33217774 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
At the forefront of the battle against pathogens or any endogenously released molecules, toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role as the most noble pattern recognition receptors. The ability of these receptors in distinguishing "self" and "non-self" antigens is a cornerstone in the innate immunity system; however, misregulation links inflammatory responses to the development of human cancers. It has been known for some time that aberrant expression and regulation of TLRs not only endows cancer cells an opportunity to escape from the immune system but also supports them through enhancing proliferation and angiogenesis. Over the past decades, cancer research studies have witnessed a number of preclinical and clinical breakthroughs in the field of TLR modulators and some of the agents have exceptionally performed well in advanced clinical trials. In the present review, we have provided a comprehensive review of different TLR agonists and antagonists and discuss their limitations, toxicities, and challenges to outline their future incorporation in cancer treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Keshavarz
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atieh Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Zafari
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Nader Bagheri
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Seyed H Ghaffari
- Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Shariati Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Bashash
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Nejo T, Mende A, Okada H. The current state of immunotherapy for primary and secondary brain tumors: similarities and differences. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2020; 50:1231-1245. [PMID: 32984905 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyaa164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment and resolution of primary and metastatic brain tumors have long presented a challenge to oncologists. In response to the dismal survival outcomes associated with conventional therapies, various immunotherapy modalities, such as checkpoint inhibitors, vaccine, cellular immunotherapy and viral immunotherapy have been actively explored over the past couple of decades. Although improved patient survival has been more frequently noted in treatment of brain metastases, little progress has been made in improving patient survival in cases of primary brain tumors, specifically glioblastoma, which is the representative primary brain tumor discussed in this review. Herein, we will first overview the findings of recent clinical studies for treatment of primary and metastatic brain tumors with immunotherapeutic interventions. The clinical efficacy of these immunotherapies will be discussed in the context of their ability or inability to overcome inherent characteristics of the tumor as well as restricted antigen presentation and its immunosuppressive microenvironment. Additionally, this review aims to briefly inform clinicians in the field of neuro-oncology on the relevant aspects of the immune system as it pertains to the central nervous system, with special focus on the differing modes of antigen presentation and tumor microenvironment of primary and metastatic brain tumors and the role these differences may play in the efficacy of immunotherapy in eradicating the tumor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takahide Nejo
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Abigail Mende
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hideho Okada
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,The Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Cancer Immunotherapy Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Beeraka NM, Sadhu SP, Madhunapantula SV, Rao Pragada R, Svistunov AA, Nikolenko VN, Mikhaleva LM, Aliev G. Strategies for Targeting SARS CoV-2: Small Molecule Inhibitors-The Current Status. Front Immunol 2020; 11:552925. [PMID: 33072093 PMCID: PMC7531039 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.552925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Corona Virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) induced Coronavirus Disease - 19 (COVID-19) cases have been increasing at an alarming rate (7.4 million positive cases as on June 11 2020), causing high mortality (4,17,956 deaths as on June 11 2020) and economic loss (a 3.2% shrink in global economy in 2020) across 212 countries globally. The clinical manifestations of this disease are pneumonia, lung injury, inflammation, and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Currently, there is no vaccine or effective pharmacological agents available for the prevention/treatment of SARS-CoV2 infections. Moreover, development of a suitable vaccine is a challenging task due to antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) and Th-2 immunopathology, which aggravates infection with SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, the emerging SARS-CoV-2 strain exhibits several distinct genomic and structural patterns compared to other coronavirus strains, making the development of a suitable vaccine even more difficult. Therefore, the identification of novel small molecule inhibitors (NSMIs) that can interfere with viral entry or viral propagation is of special interest and is vital in managing already infected cases. SARS-CoV-2 infection is mediated by the binding of viral Spike proteins (S-protein) to human cells through a 2-step process, which involves Angiotensin Converting Enzyme-2 (ACE2) and Transmembrane Serine Protease (TMPRSS)-2. Therefore, the development of novel inhibitors of ACE2/TMPRSS2 is likely to be beneficial in combating SARS-CoV-2 infections. However, the usage of ACE-2 inhibitors to block the SARS-CoV-2 viral entry requires additional studies as there are conflicting findings and severe health complications reported for these inhibitors in patients. Hence, the current interest is shifted toward the development of NSMIs, which includes natural antiviral phytochemicals and Nrf-2 activators to manage a SARS-CoV-2 infection. It is imperative to investigate the efficacy of existing antiviral phytochemicals and Nrf-2 activators to mitigate the SARS-CoV-2-mediated oxidative stress. Therefore, in this review, we have reviewed structural features of SARS-CoV-2 with special emphasis on key molecular targets and their known modulators that can be considered for the development of NSMIs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Narasimha M. Beeraka
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysore, India
| | - Surya P. Sadhu
- AU College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India
| | - SubbaRao V. Madhunapantula
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysore, India
- Special Interest Group in Cancer Biology and Cancer Stem Cells (SIG-CBCSC), JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysore, India
| | | | - Andrey A. Svistunov
- I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir N. Nikolenko
- I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
- Department of Normal and Topographic Anatomy, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Gjumrakch Aliev
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russia
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- GALLY International Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Synergistic Toll-like Receptor 3/9 Signaling Affects Properties and Impairs Glioma-Promoting Activity of Microglia. J Neurosci 2020; 40:6428-6443. [PMID: 32631940 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0666-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In murine experimental glioma models, TLR3 or TLR9 activation of microglial/macrophages has been shown to impair glioma growth, which could, however, not been verified in recent clinical trials. We therefore tested whether combined TLR3 and TLR9 activation of microglia/macrophages would have a synergistic effect. Indeed, combined TLR3/TLR9 activation augmented the suppression of glioma growth in organotypic brain slices from male mice in a microglia-dependent fashion, and this synergistic suppression depended on interferon β release and phagocytic tumor clearance. Combined TLR3/TLR9 stimulation also augmented several functional features of microglia, such as the release of proinflammatory factors, motility, and phagocytosis activity. TLR3/TLR9 stimulation combined with CD47 blockade further augmented glioma clearance. Finally, we confirmed that the coactivation of TLR3/TLR9 also augments the impairment of glioma growth in vivo Our results show that combined activation of TLR3/TLR9 in microglia/macrophages results in a more efficient glioma suppression, which may provide a potential strategy for glioma treatment.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Glioma-associated microglia/macrophages (GAMs) are the predominant immune cells in glioma growth and are recently considered as antitumor targets. TLRs are involved in glioma growth, but the TLR3 or TLR9 ligands were not successful in clinical trials in treating glioma. We therefore combined TLR3 and TLR9 activation of GAMs, resulting in a strong synergistic effect of tumor clearance in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo Mechanisms of this GAM-glioma interaction involve IFNβ signaling and increased tumor clearance by GAMs. Interfering with CD47 signaling had an additional impact on tumor clearance. We propose that these signaling pathways could be exploited as anti-glioma targets.
Collapse
|
29
|
Migliorini D, Dutoit V, Allard M, Grandjean Hallez N, Marinari E, Widmer V, Philippin G, Corlazzoli F, Gustave R, Kreutzfeldt M, Blazek N, Wasem J, Hottinger A, Koka A, Momjian S, Lobrinus A, Merkler D, Vargas MI, Walker PR, Patrikidou A, Dietrich PY. Phase I/II trial testing safety and immunogenicity of the multipeptide IMA950/poly-ICLC vaccine in newly diagnosed adult malignant astrocytoma patients. Neuro Oncol 2020; 21:923-933. [PMID: 30753611 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noz040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peptide vaccines offer the opportunity to elicit glioma-specific T cells with tumor killing ability. Using antigens eluted from the surface of glioblastoma samples, we designed a phase I/II study to test safety and immunogenicity of the IMA950 multipeptide vaccine adjuvanted with poly-ICLC (polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid stabilized with polylysine and carboxymethylcellulose) in human leukocyte antigen A2+ glioma patients. METHODS Adult patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma (n = 16) and grade III astrocytoma (n = 3) were treated with radiochemotherapy followed by IMA950/poly-ICLC vaccination. The first 6 patients received IMA950 (9 major histocompatibility complex [MHC] class I and 2 MHC class II peptides) intradermally and poly-ICLC intramuscularly (i.m.). After protocol amendment, IMA950 and poly-ICLC were mixed and injected subcutaneously (n = 7) or i.m. (n = 6). Primary endpoints were safety and immunogenicity. Secondary endpoints were overall survival, progression-free survival at 6 and 9 months, and vaccine-specific peripheral cluster of differentiation (CD)4 and CD8 T-cell responses. RESULTS The IMA950/poly-ICLC vaccine was safe and well tolerated. Four patients presented cerebral edema with rapid recovery. For the first 6 patients, vaccine-induced CD8 T-cell responses were restricted to a single peptide and CD4 responses were absent. After optimization of vaccine formulation, we observed multipeptide CD8 and sustained T helper 1 CD4 T-cell responses. For the entire cohort, CD8 T-cell responses to a single or multiple peptides were observed in 63.2% and 36.8% of patients, respectively. Median overall survival was 19 months for glioblastoma patients. CONCLUSION We provide, in a clinical trial, using cell surface-presented antigens, insights into optimization of vaccines generating effector T cells for glioma patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01920191.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denis Migliorini
- Department of Oncology, Clinical Research Unit, Dr Dubois Ferrière Dinu Lipatti Research Foundation, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.,Neuropathology Division, Department of Pathology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Valérie Dutoit
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Department of Oncology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.,Translational Research Center for Oncohematology, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mathilde Allard
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Department of Oncology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.,Translational Research Center for Oncohematology, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Grandjean Hallez
- Department of Oncology, Clinical Research Unit, Dr Dubois Ferrière Dinu Lipatti Research Foundation, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eliana Marinari
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Department of Oncology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.,Translational Research Center for Oncohematology, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Valérie Widmer
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Department of Oncology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.,Translational Research Center for Oncohematology, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Géraldine Philippin
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Department of Oncology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.,Translational Research Center for Oncohematology, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Francesca Corlazzoli
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Department of Oncology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.,Translational Research Center for Oncohematology, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Robin Gustave
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Department of Oncology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.,Translational Research Center for Oncohematology, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mario Kreutzfeldt
- Neuropathology Division, Department of Pathology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Blazek
- Department of Oncology, Clinical Research Unit, Dr Dubois Ferrière Dinu Lipatti Research Foundation, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Joëlle Wasem
- Department of Oncology, Clinical Research Unit, Dr Dubois Ferrière Dinu Lipatti Research Foundation, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Hottinger
- Department of Oncology, Clinical Research Unit, Dr Dubois Ferrière Dinu Lipatti Research Foundation, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Avinash Koka
- Neurosurgery Division, Department of Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Shahan Momjian
- Neurosurgery Division, Department of Neurosciences, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Lobrinus
- Neuropathology Division, Department of Pathology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Maria-Isabel Vargas
- Department of Imaging and Medical information Sciences, Neuroradiology Division, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Paul R Walker
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Translational Research Center for Oncohematology, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, University of Geneva, and Division of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anna Patrikidou
- Department of Oncology, Clinical Research Unit, Dr Dubois Ferrière Dinu Lipatti Research Foundation, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Yves Dietrich
- Department of Oncology, Clinical Research Unit, Dr Dubois Ferrière Dinu Lipatti Research Foundation, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Department of Oncology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.,Translational Research Center for Oncohematology, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Tran TAT, Kim YH, Duong THO, Jung S, Kim IY, Moon KS, Jang WY, Lee HJ, Lee JJ, Jung TY. Peptide Vaccine Combined Adjuvants Modulate Anti-tumor Effects of Radiation in Glioblastoma Mouse Model. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1165. [PMID: 32733437 PMCID: PMC7358653 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma, the most common aggressive cancer, has a poor prognosis. Among the current standard treatment strategies, radiation therapy is the most commonly recommended. However, it is often unsuccessful at completely eliminating the cancer from the brain. A combination of radiation with other treatment methods should therefore be considered. It has been reported that radiotherapy in combination with immunotherapy might show a synergistic effect; however, this still needs to be investigated. In the current study, a “branched multipeptide and peptide adjuvants [such as pan DR epitope (PADRE) and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid—stabilized with polylysine and carboxymethylcellulose—(poly-ICLC)],” namely vaccine and anti-PD1, were used as components of immunotherapy to assist in the anti-tumor effects of radiotherapy against glioblastomas. With regard to experimental design, immunological characterization of GL261 cells was performed and the effects of radiation on this cell line were also evaluated. An intracranial GL261 mouse glioma model was established, and therapeutic effects were observed based on tumor size and survival time. The distribution of effector immune cells in the spleen, based on cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cell function, was determined. The pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine production from re-stimulated splenocytes and single tumor cells were also evaluated. As GL261 cells demonstrated both immunological characteristics and radiation sensitivity, they were found to be promising candidates for testing this combination treatment. Combinatorial treatment with radiation, vaccine, and anti-PD1 prolonged mouse survival by delaying tumor growth. Although this combination treatment led to an increase in the functional activity of both CTLs and NK cells, as evidenced by the increased percentage of these cells in the spleen, there was a greater shift toward CTL rather than NK cell activity. Moreover, the released cytokines from re-stimulated splenocytes and single tumor cells also showed a shift toward the pro-inflammatory response. This study suggests that immunotherapy comprising a branched multipeptide plus PADRE, poly-ICLC, and anti-PD1 could potentially enhance the anti-tumor effects of radiotherapy in a glioblastoma mouse model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thi-Anh-Thuy Tran
- Brain Tumor Research Laboratory, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University, Hwasun, South Korea
| | - Young-Hee Kim
- Brain Tumor Research Laboratory, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University, Hwasun, South Korea
| | - Thi-Hoang-Oanh Duong
- Brain Tumor Research Laboratory, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University, Hwasun, South Korea
| | - Shin Jung
- Brain Tumor Research Laboratory, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University, Hwasun, South Korea.,Department of Neurosurgery, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University, Hwasun, South Korea
| | - In-Young Kim
- Brain Tumor Research Laboratory, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University, Hwasun, South Korea.,Department of Neurosurgery, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University, Hwasun, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Sub Moon
- Brain Tumor Research Laboratory, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University, Hwasun, South Korea.,Department of Neurosurgery, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University, Hwasun, South Korea
| | - Woo-Youl Jang
- Brain Tumor Research Laboratory, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University, Hwasun, South Korea.,Department of Neurosurgery, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University, Hwasun, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Ju Lee
- Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University, Hwasun, South Korea
| | - Je-Jung Lee
- Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University, Hwasun, South Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University, Hwasun, South Korea
| | - Tae-Young Jung
- Brain Tumor Research Laboratory, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University, Hwasun, South Korea.,Department of Neurosurgery, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, Chonnam National University, Hwasun, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Stolk DA, de Haas A, Vree J, Duinkerken S, Lübbers J, van de Ven R, Ambrosini M, Kalay H, Bruijns S, van der Vliet HJ, de Gruijl TD, van Kooyk Y. Lipo-Based Vaccines as an Approach to Target Dendritic Cells for Induction of T- and iNKT Cell Responses. Front Immunol 2020; 11:990. [PMID: 32536918 PMCID: PMC7267035 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we developed a liposome-based vaccine containing palmitoylated synthetic long peptides (SLP) and alpha galactosylceramide (αGC) to specifically target dendritic cells (DC) for activation of both innate (invariant natural killer T-cells [iNKT]) and adaptive (CD8+ T-cells) players of the immune system. Combination of model tumor specific antigens (gp100/MART-1) formulated as a SLP and αGC in one liposome results in strong activation of CD8+ and iNKT, as measured by IFNγ secretion. Moreover, addition of lipo-Lewis Y (LeY) to the liposomes for C-type lectin targeting increased not only uptake by monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDC), dermal dendritic cells and Langerhans cells but also enhanced gp100-specific CD8+ T- and iNKT cell activation by human skin-emigrated antigen presenting cells in an ex vivo explant model. Loading of moDC with liposomes containing LeY also showed priming of MART-126−35L specific CD8+ T-cells. In conclusion, chemically linking a lipid tail to a glycan-based targeting moiety and SLP combined with αGC in one liposome allows for easy generation of vaccine formulations that target multiple skin DC subsets and induce tumor antigen specific CD8+ T- and iNKT cells. These liposomes present a new vaccination strategy against tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorian A Stolk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Aram de Haas
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jana Vree
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sanne Duinkerken
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joyce Lübbers
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rieneke van de Ven
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Martino Ambrosini
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hakan Kalay
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sven Bruijns
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hans J van der Vliet
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,LAVA Therapeutics, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Tanja D de Gruijl
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Yvette van Kooyk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Gierlich P, Lex V, Technau A, Keupp A, Morper L, Glunz A, Sennholz H, Rachor J, Sauer S, Marcu A, Grigoleit GU, Wölfl M, Schlegel PG, Eyrich M. Prostaglandin E 2 in a TLR3- and 7/8-agonist-based DC maturation cocktail generates mature, cytokine-producing, migratory DCs but impairs antigen cross-presentation to CD8 + T cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2020; 69:1029-1042. [PMID: 32100075 PMCID: PMC7223547 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-019-02470-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mature dendritic cells (DCs) represent cellular adjuvants for optimal antigen presentation in cancer vaccines. Recently, a combination of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) with Toll-like receptor agonists (TLR-P) was proposed as a new standard to generate superior cytokine-producing DCs with high migratory capacity. Here, we compare TLR-P DCs with conventional DCs matured only with the proinflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL-1ß (CDCs), focussing on the interaction of resulting DCs with CD8+ T-cells. TLR-P matured DCs showed elevated expression of activation markers such as CD80 and CD83 compared to CDCs, together with a significantly higher migration capacity. Secretion of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and IL-12 was highest after 16 h in TLR-P DCs, and only TLR-P DCs secreted active IL-12p70. TLR-P DCs as well as CDCs successfully primed multifunctional CD8+ T-cells from naïve precursors specific for the peptide antigens Melan-A, NLGN4X, and PTP with comparable priming efficacy and T-cell receptor avidity. CD8+ T-cells primed by TLR-P DCs showed significantly elevated expression of the integrin VLA-4 and a trend for higher T-cell numbers after expansion. In contrast, TLR-P DCs displayed a substantially reduced capability to cross-present CMVpp65 protein antigen to pp65-specific T cells, an effect that was dose-dependent on PGE2 during DC maturation and reproducible with several responder T-cell lines. In conclusion, TLR-P matured DCs might be optimal presenters of antigens not requiring processing such as short peptides. However, PGE2 seems less favorable for maturation of DCs intended to process and cross-present more complex vaccine antigens such as lysates, proteins or long peptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Gierlich
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Processing and Cellular TherapyUniversity Medical Center, Children's Hospital, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Veronika Lex
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Processing and Cellular TherapyUniversity Medical Center, Children's Hospital, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Antje Technau
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Processing and Cellular TherapyUniversity Medical Center, Children's Hospital, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anne Keupp
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Processing and Cellular TherapyUniversity Medical Center, Children's Hospital, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lorenz Morper
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Processing and Cellular TherapyUniversity Medical Center, Children's Hospital, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Amelie Glunz
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Processing and Cellular TherapyUniversity Medical Center, Children's Hospital, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hanno Sennholz
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Processing and Cellular TherapyUniversity Medical Center, Children's Hospital, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Rachor
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Processing and Cellular TherapyUniversity Medical Center, Children's Hospital, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sascha Sauer
- CU Systems Medicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (BIMSB/BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Ana Marcu
- Department of Immunology, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Wölfl
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Processing and Cellular TherapyUniversity Medical Center, Children's Hospital, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Paul G Schlegel
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Processing and Cellular TherapyUniversity Medical Center, Children's Hospital, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Eyrich
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Processing and Cellular TherapyUniversity Medical Center, Children's Hospital, Würzburg, Germany. .,University Children's Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 3, Building D30, 97080, Würzburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Mauriello A, Manolio C, Cavalluzzo B, Avallone A, Borrelli M, Morabito A, Iovine E, Chambery A, Russo R, Tornesello ML, Buonaguro FM, Tagliamonte M, Buonaguro L. Immunological effects of adjuvants in subsets of antigen presenting cells of cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. J Transl Med 2020; 18:34. [PMID: 31973714 PMCID: PMC6977281 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02218-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We have previously shown that HCC patients and healthy subjects are equally responsive to a RNAdjuvant®, a novel TLR-7/8/RIG-I agonist based on noncoding RNA developed by CureVac, by an ex vivo evaluation. However, the immunological effect of adjuvants on immune cells from cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy remains to be demonstrated. Different adjuvants currently used in cancer vaccine clinical trials were evaluated in the present study on immune cells from cancer patients before and after chemotherapy in an ex vivo setting. Methods PBMCs were obtained from 4 healthy volunteers and 23 patients affected by either colon (OMA) or lung cancer (OT). The effect of CpG, Poly I:C, Imiquimod and RNA-based adjuvant (RNAdjuvant®) was assessed using a multiparametric approach to analyze network dynamics of early immune responses. Evaluation of CD80, CD86 and HLA-DR expression as well as the downstream effect on CD4+ T cell phenotyping was performed by flow cytometry; cytokine and chemokine production was evaluated by Bio-Plex ProTM. Results Treatment with RNAdjuvant® induced the strongest response in cancer patients in terms of activation of innate and adoptive immunity. Indeed, CD80, CD86 and HLA-DR expression was found upregulated in circulating dendritic cells, which promoted a CD4+ T cell differentiation towards an effector phenotype. RNAdjuvant® was the only one to induce most of the cytokines/chemokines tested with a pronounced Th1 cytokine pattern. According to the different parameters evaluated in the study, no clear cut difference in immune response to adjuvants was observed between healthy subjects and cancer patients. Moreover, in the latter group, the chemotherapy treatment did not consistently correlate to a significant altered response in the different parameters. Conclusions The present study is the first analysis of immunological effects induced by adjuvants in cancer patients who undergo chemotherapy, who are enrolled in the currently ongoing cancer vaccine clinical trials. The results show that the RNAdjuvant® is a potent and Th1 driving adjuvant, compared to those tested in the present study. Most importantly, it is demonstrated that chemotherapy does not significantly impair the immune system, implying that cancer patients are likely to respond to a cancer vaccine even after a chemotherapy treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Mauriello
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunoregulation, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, IRCCS "Fondazione Pascale", Via Mariano Semmola, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Carmen Manolio
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunoregulation, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, IRCCS "Fondazione Pascale", Via Mariano Semmola, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Beatrice Cavalluzzo
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunoregulation, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, IRCCS "Fondazione Pascale", Via Mariano Semmola, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Avallone
- GI Medical Oncology, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, IRCCS "Fondazione Pascale", Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Borrelli
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunoregulation, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, IRCCS "Fondazione Pascale", Via Mariano Semmola, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Morabito
- Thoracic Medical Oncology, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, IRCCS "Fondazione Pascale", Naples, Italy
| | - Emanuele Iovine
- Thoracic Medical Oncology, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, IRCCS "Fondazione Pascale", Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Chambery
- Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Dept, Università della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Rosita Russo
- Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Dept, Università della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Maria Lina Tornesello
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, IRCCS "Fondazione Pascale", Naples, Italy
| | - Franco M Buonaguro
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, IRCCS "Fondazione Pascale", Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Tagliamonte
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunoregulation, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, IRCCS "Fondazione Pascale", Via Mariano Semmola, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Luigi Buonaguro
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunoregulation, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, IRCCS "Fondazione Pascale", Via Mariano Semmola, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Wages NA, Slingluff CL, Bullock TN, Petroni GR. Tailoring early-phase clinical trial design to address multiple research objectives. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2020; 69:95-102. [PMID: 31807879 PMCID: PMC6952569 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-019-02442-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In contemporary oncology drug development, implementation of novel early-phase designs with the ability to address multiple research objectives is needed to better refine regimens. This paper describes an adaptive design strategy for identifying a range of optimal regimens based on two endpoints within multiple cohorts. The proposed design was developed to address objectives in an early-phase trial of cancer vaccines in combination with agonistic antibodies to CD40 and CD27. MATERIALS AND METHODS We describe a model-based design strategy that was developed for a trial evaluating the safety and immunogenicity of vaccination with (1) peptides plus CD40 antibody and TLR3 ligand, (2) systemic administration of an agonistic CD27 antibody, and (3) to assess immune response from (1) and (2) compared to optimal controls in participants with stage IIB-IV melanoma. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The proposed design is a practical adaptive method for use with combined immunotherapy regimens with multiple objectives within multiple cohorts of interest. Further advances in the effectiveness of cancer immunotherapies will require new approaches that include redefining optimal strategies to take multiple regimens forward into later phases, incorporating additional endpoints in the dose selection process and testing drug combination therapies to improve efficacy and reduce toxicity. Our goal is to facilitate the acceptance and application of more novel designs in contemporary early development trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nolan A Wages
- Division of Translational Research and Applied Statistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 800717, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| | - Craig L Slingluff
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Timothy N Bullock
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Gina R Petroni
- Division of Translational Research and Applied Statistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 800717, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Pavlick A, Blazquez AB, Meseck M, Lattanzi M, Ott PA, Marron TU, Holman RM, Mandeli J, Salazar AM, McClain CB, Gimenez G, Balan S, Gnjatic S, Sabado RL, Bhardwaj N. Combined Vaccination with NY-ESO-1 Protein, Poly-ICLC, and Montanide Improves Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses in Patients with High-Risk Melanoma. Cancer Immunol Res 2020; 8:70-80. [PMID: 31699709 PMCID: PMC6946846 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-19-0545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Given its ability to induce both humoral and cellular immune responses, NY-ESO-1 has been considered a suitable antigen for a cancer vaccine. Despite promising results from early-phase clinical studies in patients with melanoma, NY-ESO-1 vaccine immunotherapy has not been widely investigated in larger trials; consequently, many questions remain as to the optimal vaccine formulation, predictive biomarkers, and sequencing and timing of vaccines in melanoma treatment. We conducted an adjuvant phase I/II clinical trial in high-risk resected melanoma to optimize the delivery of poly-ICLC, a TLR-3/MDA-5 agonist, as a component of vaccine formulation. A phase I dose-escalation part was undertaken to identify the MTD of poly-ICLC administered in combination with NY-ESO-1 and montanide. This was followed by a randomized phase II part investigating the MTD of poly-ICLC with NY-ESO-1 with or without montanide. The vaccine regimens were generally well tolerated, with no treatment-related grade 3/4 adverse events. Both regimens induced integrated NY-ESO-1-specific CD4+ T-cell and humoral responses. CD8+ T-cell responses were mainly detected in patients receiving montanide. T-cell avidity toward NY-ESO-1 peptides was higher in patients vaccinated with montanide. In conclusion, NY-ESO-1 protein in combination with poly-ICLC is safe, well tolerated, and capable of inducing integrated antibody and CD4+ T-cell responses in most patients. Combination with montanide enhances antigen-specific T-cell avidity and CD8+ T-cell cross-priming in a fraction of patients, indicating that montanide contributes to the induction of specific CD8+ T-cell responses to NY-ESO-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pavlick
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Ana B Blazquez
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Departments of Medicine, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Marcia Meseck
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Departments of Medicine, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Michael Lattanzi
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | | | - Thomas U Marron
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Departments of Medicine, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | | | - John Mandeli
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Tisch Cancer Institute, New York, New York
| | | | - Christopher B McClain
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Departments of Medicine, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Gustavo Gimenez
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Departments of Medicine, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Sreekumar Balan
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Departments of Medicine, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Sacha Gnjatic
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Departments of Medicine, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Precision Immunology Institute at the Icahn School of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | | | - Nina Bhardwaj
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Departments of Medicine, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Tisch Cancer Institute, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Zhao HJ, Han QJ, Wang G, Lin A, Xu DQ, Wang YQ, Zhao LH, Tian ZG, Zhang J. Poly I:C-based rHBVvac therapeutic vaccine eliminates HBV via generation of HBV-specific CD8 + effector memory T cells. Gut 2019; 68:2032-2043. [PMID: 30635406 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2017-315588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) virus infection is a global health problem. Finding a cure for CHB remains a challenging task. DESIGN In this study, poly I:C was employed as an adjuvant for HBV therapeutic vaccine (referred to as pHBV-vaccine) and the feasibility and efficiency of pHBV-vaccine in CHB treatment were evaluated in HBV-carrier mice. RESULTS We found that pHBV-vaccine decreased HBsAg and HBV DNA efficiently and safely in HBV-carrier mice. Further investigation showed that pHBV-vaccine promoted maturation and antigen presentation ability of dendritic cells in vivo and in vitro. This vaccine successfully restored the exhaustion of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells and partly broke the immune tolerance established in HBV-carrier mice. pHBV-vaccine also enhanced the proliferation and polyfunctionality of HBV-specific CD11ahi CD8αlo cells. Importantly, we observed that T cell activation molecule KLRG1 was only expressed on HBV specific CD11ahi CD8αlo cells. Furthermore, pHBV-vaccine reduced the expression of Eomes and increased the serum IL-12 levels, which in turn promoted the generation of effector memory short-lived effector cells (SLECs) to exhibit a critical role in HBV clearance. SLECs induced by pHBV-vaccine might play a crucial role in protecting from HBV reinfection. CONCLUSIONS Findings from this study provide a new basis for the development of therapeutic pHBV-vaccine, which might be a potential candidate for clinical CHB therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Jun Zhao
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Qiu-Ju Han
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Guan Wang
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ang Lin
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Dong-Qing Xu
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ya-Qun Wang
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lian-Hui Zhao
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Tian
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Macedo AB, Novis CL, Bosque A. Targeting Cellular and Tissue HIV Reservoirs With Toll-Like Receptor Agonists. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2450. [PMID: 31681325 PMCID: PMC6804373 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The elimination of both cellular and tissue latent reservoirs is a challenge toward a successful HIV cure. "Shock and Kill" are among the therapeutic strategies that have been more extensively studied to target these reservoirs. These strategies are aimed toward the reactivation of the latent reservoir using a latency-reversal agent (LRA) with the subsequent killing of the reactivated cell either by the cytotoxic arm of the immune system, including NK and CD8 T cells, or by viral cytopathic mechanisms. Numerous LRAs are currently being investigated in vitro, ex vivo as well as in vivo for their ability to reactivate and reduce latent reservoirs. Among those, several toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists have been shown to reactivate latent HIV. In humans, there are 10 TLRs that recognize different pathogen-associated molecular patterns. TLRs are present in several cell types, including CD4 T cells, the cell compartment that harbors the majority of the latent reservoir. Besides their ability to reactivate latent HIV, TLR agonists also increase immune activation and promote an antiviral response. These combined properties make TLR agonists unique among the different LRAs characterized to date. Additionally, some of these agonists have shown promise toward finding an HIV cure in animal models. When in combination with broadly neutralizing antibodies, TLR-7 agonists have shown to impact the SIV latent reservoir and delay viral rebound. Moreover, there are FDA-approved TLR agonists that are currently being investigated for cancer therapy and other diseases. All these has prompted clinical trials using TLR agonists either alone or in combination toward HIV eradication approaches. In this review, we provide an extensive characterization of the state-of-the-art of the use of TLR agonists toward HIV eradication strategies and the mechanism behind how TLR agonists target both cellular and tissue HIV reservoirs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda B. Macedo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Camille L. Novis
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Alberto Bosque
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Melssen MM, Petroni GR, Chianese-Bullock KA, Wages NA, Grosh WW, Varhegyi N, Smolkin ME, Smith KT, Galeassi NV, Deacon DH, Gaughan EM, Slingluff CL. A multipeptide vaccine plus toll-like receptor agonists LPS or polyICLC in combination with incomplete Freund's adjuvant in melanoma patients. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:163. [PMID: 31248461 PMCID: PMC6598303 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0625-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer vaccines require adjuvants to induce effective immune responses; however, there is no consensus on optimal adjuvants. We hypothesized that toll-like receptor (TLR)3 agonist polyICLC or TLR4 agonist lipopolysaccharide (LPS), combined with CD4 T cell activation, would support strong and durable CD8+ T cell responses, whereas addition of an incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) would reduce magnitude and persistence of immune responses. PATIENTS AND METHODS Participants with resected stage IIB-IV melanoma received a vaccine comprised of 12 melanoma peptides restricted by Class I MHC (12MP), plus a tetanus helper peptide (Tet). Participants were randomly assigned 2:1 to cohort 1 (LPS dose-escalation) or cohort 2 (polyICLC). Each cohort included 3 subgroups (a-c), receiving 12MP + Tet + TLR agonist without IFA (0), or with IFA in vaccine one (V1), or all six vaccines (V6). Toxicities were recorded (CTCAE v4). T cell responses were measured with IFNγ ELIspot assay ex vivo or after one in vitro stimulation (IVS). RESULTS Fifty-three eligible patients were enrolled, of which fifty-one were treated. Treatment-related dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) were observed in 0/33 patients in cohort 1 and in 2/18 patients in cohort 2 (11%). CD8 T cell responses to 12MP were detected ex vivo in cohort 1 (42%) and in cohort 2 (56%) and in 18, 50, and 72% for subgroups V0, V1, and V6, respectively. T cell responses to melanoma peptides were more durable and of highest magnitude for IFA V6. CONCLUSIONS LPS and polyICLC are safe and effective vaccine adjuvants when combined with IFA. Contrary to the central hypothesis, IFA enhanced T cell responses to peptide vaccines when added to TLR agonists. Future studies will aim to understand mechanisms underlying the favorable effects with IFA. TRIAL REGISTRATION The clinical trial Mel58 was performed with IRB (#15781) and FDA approval and is registered with Clinicaltrials.gov on April 25, 2012 (NCT01585350). Patients provided written informed consent to participate. Enrollment started on June 24, 2012.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marit M Melssen
- Department of Surgery/Division of Surgical Oncology and the Human Immune Therapy Center, Cancer Center, University of Virginia, 1352 Pinn Hall, P.O. Box 801457, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Gina R Petroni
- Department of Public Health Sciences/Division of Translational Research & Applied Statistics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Kimberly A Chianese-Bullock
- Department of Surgery/Division of Surgical Oncology and the Human Immune Therapy Center, Cancer Center, University of Virginia, 1352 Pinn Hall, P.O. Box 801457, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Nolan A Wages
- Department of Public Health Sciences/Division of Translational Research & Applied Statistics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - William W Grosh
- Department of Medicine/Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Nikole Varhegyi
- Department of Public Health Sciences/Division of Translational Research & Applied Statistics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Mark E Smolkin
- Department of Public Health Sciences/Division of Translational Research & Applied Statistics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Kelly T Smith
- Department of Surgery/Division of Surgical Oncology and the Human Immune Therapy Center, Cancer Center, University of Virginia, 1352 Pinn Hall, P.O. Box 801457, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Nadejda V Galeassi
- Department of Surgery/Division of Surgical Oncology and the Human Immune Therapy Center, Cancer Center, University of Virginia, 1352 Pinn Hall, P.O. Box 801457, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Donna H Deacon
- Department of Surgery/Division of Surgical Oncology and the Human Immune Therapy Center, Cancer Center, University of Virginia, 1352 Pinn Hall, P.O. Box 801457, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Gaughan
- Department of Medicine/Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Craig L Slingluff
- Department of Surgery/Division of Surgical Oncology and the Human Immune Therapy Center, Cancer Center, University of Virginia, 1352 Pinn Hall, P.O. Box 801457, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Garland KM, Sevimli S, Kilchrist KV, Duvall CL, Cook RS, Wilson JT. Microparticle Depots for Controlled and Sustained Release of Endosomolytic Nanoparticles. Cell Mol Bioeng 2019; 12:429-442. [PMID: 31719925 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-019-00571-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Nucleic acids have gained recognition as promising immunomodulatory therapeutics. However, their potential is limited by several drug delivery barriers, and there is a need for technologies that enhance intracellular delivery of nucleic acid drugs. Furthermore, controlled and sustained release is a significant concern, as the kinetics and localization of immunomodulators can influence resultant immune responses. Here, we describe the design and initial evaluation of poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) microparticle (MP) depots for enhanced retention and sustained release of endosomolytic nanoparticles that enable the cytosolic delivery of nucleic acids. Methods Endosomolytic p[DMAEMA]10kD-bl-[PAA0.3-co-DMAEMA0.3-co-BMA0.4]25kD diblock copolymers were synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization. Polymers were electrostatically complexed with nucleic acids and resultant nanoparticles (NPs) were encapsulated in PLGA MPs. To modulate release kinetics, ammonium bicarbonate was added as a porogen. Release profiles were quantified in vitro and in vivo via quantification of fluorescently-labeled nucleic acid. Bioactivity of released NPs was assessed using small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting luciferase as a representative nucleic acid cargo. MPs were incubated with luciferase-expressing 4T1 (4T1-LUC) breast cancer cells in vitro or administered intratumorally to 4T1-LUC breast tumors, and silencing via RNA interference was quantified via longitudinal luminescence imaging. Results Endosomolytic NPs complexed to siRNA were effectively loaded into PLGA MPs and release kinetics could be modulated in vitro and in vivo via control of MP porosity, with porous MPs exhibiting faster cargo release. In vitro, release of NPs from porous MP depots enabled sustained luciferase knockdown in 4T1 breast cancer cells over a five-day treatment period. Administered intratumorally, MPs prolonged the retention of nucleic acid within the injected tumor, resulting in enhanced and sustained silencing of luciferase relative to a single bolus administration of NPs at an equivalent dose. Conclusion This work highlights the potential of PLGA MP depots as a platform for local release of endosomolytic polymer NPs that enhance the cytosolic delivery of nucleic acid therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle M Garland
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Sema Sevimli
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Kameron V Kilchrist
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Craig L Duvall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Rebecca S Cook
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA.,Cancer Biology Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA.,Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA
| | - John T Wilson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA.,Cancer Biology Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA.,Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Hollingsworth RE, Jansen K. Turning the corner on therapeutic cancer vaccines. NPJ Vaccines 2019; 4:7. [PMID: 30774998 PMCID: PMC6368616 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-019-0103-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 420] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in several areas are rekindling interest and enabling progress in the development of therapeutic cancer vaccines. These advances have been made in target selection, vaccine technology, and methods for reversing the immunosuppressive mechanisms exploited by cancers. Studies testing different tumor antigens have revealed target properties that yield high tumor versus normal cell specificity and adequate immunogenicity to affect clinical efficacy. A few tumor-associated antigens, normal host proteins that are abnormally expressed in cancer cells, have been demonstrated to serve as good targets for immunotherapies, although many do not possess the needed specificity or immunogenicity. Neoantigens, which arise from mutated proteins in cancer cells, are truly cancer-specific and can be highly immunogenic, though the vast majority are unique to each patient's cancer and thus require development of personalized therapies. Lessons from previous cancer vaccine expeditions are teaching us the type and magnitude of immune responses needed, as well as vaccine technologies that can achieve these responses. For example, we are learning which vaccine approaches elicit the potent, balanced, and durable CD4 plus CD8 T cell expansion necessary for clinical efficacy. Exploration of interactions between the immune system and cancer has elucidated the adaptations that enable cancer cells to suppress and evade immune attack. This has led to breakthroughs in the development of new drugs, and, subsequently, to opportunities to combine these with cancer vaccines and dramatically increase patient responses. Here we review this recent progress, highlighting key steps that are bringing the promise of therapeutic cancer vaccines within reach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathrin Jansen
- Vaccines Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River, NY 10965 USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
CXCL1 regulates neutrophil homeostasis in pneumonia-derived sepsis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 3. Blood 2019; 133:1335-1345. [PMID: 30723078 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-10-878082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil migration to the site of bacterial infection is a critical step in host defense. Exclusively produced in the bone marrow, neutrophil release into the blood is tightly controlled. Although the chemokine CXCL1 induces neutrophil influx during bacterial infections, its role in regulating neutrophil recruitment, granulopoiesis, and neutrophil mobilization in response to lung infection-induced sepsis is unclear. Here, we used a murine model of intrapulmonary Streptococcus pneumoniae infection to investigate the role of CXCL1 in host defense, granulopoiesis, and neutrophil mobilization. Our results demonstrate that CXCL1 augments neutrophil influx to control bacterial growth in the lungs, as well as bacterial dissemination, resulting in improved host survival. This was shown in Cxcl1 -/- mice, which exhibited defective amplification of early neutrophil precursors in granulocytic compartments, and CD62L- and CD49d-dependent neutrophil release from the marrow. Administration of recombinant CXCL2 and CXCL5 after infection rescues the impairments in neutrophil-dependent host defense in Cxcl1 -/- mice. Taken together, these findings identify CXCL1 as a central player in host defense, granulopoiesis, and mobilization of neutrophils during Gram-positive bacterial pneumonia-induced sepsis.
Collapse
|
42
|
Flamar AL, Bonnabau H, Zurawski S, Lacabaratz C, Montes M, Richert L, Wiedemann A, Galmin L, Weiss D, Cristillo A, Hudacik L, Salazar A, Peltekian C, Thiebaut R, Zurawski G, Levy Y. HIV-1 T cell epitopes targeted to Rhesus macaque CD40 and DCIR: A comparative study of prototype dendritic cell targeting therapeutic vaccine candidates. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207794. [PMID: 30500852 PMCID: PMC6267996 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infection can be controlled by anti-retroviral drug therapy, but this is a lifetime treatment and the virus remains latent and rapidly rebounds if therapy is stopped. HIV-1-infected individuals under this drug regimen have increased rates of cancers, cardiovascular diseases, and autoimmunity due to compromised immunity. A therapeutic vaccine boosting cellular immunity against HIV-1 is therefore desirable and, possibly combined with other immune modulating agents, could obviate the need for long-term drug therapies. An approach to elicit strong T cell-based immunity is to direct virus protein antigens specifically to dendritic cells (DCs), which are the key cell type for controlling immune responses. For eliciting therapeutic cellular immunity in HIV-1-infected individuals, we developed vaccines comprised of five T cell epitope-rich regions of HIV-1 Gag, Nef, and Pol (HIV5pep) fused to monoclonal antibodies that bind either, the antigen presenting cell activating receptor CD40, or the endocytic dendritic cell immunoreceptor DCIR. The study aimed to demonstrate vaccine safety, establish efficacy for broad T cell responses in both primed and naïve settings, and identify one candidate vaccine for human therapeutic development. The vaccines were administered to Rhesus macaques by intradermal injection with poly-ICLC adjuvant. The animals were either i) naïve or, ii) previously primed with modified vaccinia Ankara vector (MVA) encoding HIV-1 Gag, Pol, and Nef (MVA GagPolNef). In the MVA-primed groups, both DC-targeting vaccinations boosted HIV5pep-specific blood CD4+ T cells producing multiple cytokines, but did not affect the MVA-elicited CD8+ T cell responses. In the naive groups, both DC-targeting vaccines elicited antigen-specific polyfunctional CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses to multiple epitopes and these responses were unchanged by a subsequent MVA GagPolNef boost. In both settings, the T cell responses elicited via the CD40-targeting vaccine were more robust and were detectable in all the animals, favoring further development of the CD40-targeting vaccine for therapeutic vaccination of HIV-1-infected individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Flamar
- Vaccine Research Institute, Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, Créteil, France
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research and INSERM U955, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Henri Bonnabau
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research and INSERM U955, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR 1219, Inria SISTM, Université Bordeaux, ISPED, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sandra Zurawski
- Vaccine Research Institute, Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, Créteil, France
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research and INSERM U955, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Christine Lacabaratz
- Vaccine Research Institute, Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, Créteil, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Henri-Mondor Albert-Chenevier, Service D’immunologie Clinique, Créteil, France
| | - Monica Montes
- Vaccine Research Institute, Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, Créteil, France
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research and INSERM U955, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Laura Richert
- Vaccine Research Institute, Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, Créteil, France
- Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR 1219, Inria SISTM, Université Bordeaux, ISPED, Bordeaux, France
| | - Aurelie Wiedemann
- Vaccine Research Institute, Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, Créteil, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Henri-Mondor Albert-Chenevier, Service D’immunologie Clinique, Créteil, France
| | - Lindsey Galmin
- Advanced BioScience Laboratories, Inc., Rockville, MD, United States of America
| | - Deborah Weiss
- Advanced BioScience Laboratories, Inc., Rockville, MD, United States of America
| | - Anthony Cristillo
- Advanced BioScience Laboratories, Inc., Rockville, MD, United States of America
| | - Lauren Hudacik
- Advanced BioScience Laboratories, Inc., Rockville, MD, United States of America
| | | | - Cécile Peltekian
- Vaccine Research Institute, Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, Créteil, France
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research and INSERM U955, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rodolphe Thiebaut
- Vaccine Research Institute, Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, Créteil, France
- Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR 1219, Inria SISTM, Université Bordeaux, ISPED, Bordeaux, France
| | - Gerard Zurawski
- Vaccine Research Institute, Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, Créteil, France
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research and INSERM U955, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Yves Levy
- Vaccine Research Institute, Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, Créteil, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Henri-Mondor Albert-Chenevier, Service D’immunologie Clinique, Créteil, France
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Wang Y, Yuan J, Dai D, Liu J, Xu J, Miao X, Wang H, Mao C, Xiao Y. Poly IC pretreatment suppresses B cell-mediated lupus-like autoimmunity through induction of Peli1. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2018; 50:862-868. [PMID: 30032173 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmy082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Noncanonical NF-κB pathway is essential for the B cell activation and antibody production, which centralize the critical role of B cells in regulating the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We have previously demonstrated that Pellino1 (Peli1) negatively regulates noncanonical NF-κB activation and lupus autoimmunity. Here, we showed that poly IC is a potent inducer of Peli1 protein in mouse splenic B cells in dose- and time-dependent manners, and poly IC-induced Peli1 protein dramatically suppressed the activation of noncanonical NF-κB pathway. In addition, poly IC-pretreated B cells failed to induce lupus-like disease in BM12 CD4+ T cell-immunized mice. Accordingly, the induction of antibody-producing plasma cells and germinal center B cells, as well as the production of autoantibodies were significantly impaired in immunized μMT mice that were transferred with poly IC-pretreated B cells. Our findings demonstrate that poly IC-induced Peli1 negatively regulates the noncanonical NF-κB pathway in the context of restraining the pathogenesis of lupus-like disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine and Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jia Yuan
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine and Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Dongfang Dai
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine and Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Junli Liu
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine and Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine and Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiang Miao
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine and Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Huan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chaoming Mao
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine and Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yichuan Xiao
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine and Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Kyi C, Roudko V, Sabado R, Saenger Y, Loging W, Mandeli J, Thin TH, Lehrer D, Donovan M, Posner M, Misiukiewicz K, Greenbaum B, Salazar A, Friedlander P, Bhardwaj N. Therapeutic Immune Modulation against Solid Cancers with Intratumoral Poly-ICLC: A Pilot Trial. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:4937-4948. [PMID: 29950349 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-1866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid-poly-l-lysine carboxymethylcellulose (poly-ICLC), a synthetic double-stranded RNA complex, is a ligand for toll-like receptor-3 and MDA-5 that can activate immune cells, such as dendritic cells, and trigger natural killer cells to kill tumor cells.Patients and Methods: In this pilot study, eligible patients included those with recurrent metastatic disease in whom prior systemic therapy (head and neck squamous cell cancer and melanoma) failed. Patients received 2 treatment cycles, each cycle consisting of 1 mg poly-ICLC 3× weekly intratumorally (IT) for 2 weeks followed by intramuscular (IM) boosters biweekly for 7 weeks, with a 1-week rest period. Immune response was evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) in tumor and blood.Results: Two patients completed 2 cycles of IT treatments, and 1 achieved clinical benefit (stable disease, progression-free survival 6 months), whereas the remainder had progressive disease. Poly-ICLC was well tolerated, with principal side effects of fatigue and inflammation at injection site (<grade 2). In the patient with clinical benefit, IHC analysis of tumor showed increased CD4, CD8, PD1, and PD-L1 levels compared with patients with progressive disease. RNA-seq analysis of the same patient's tumor and peripheral blood mononuclear cells showed dramatic changes in response to poly-ICLC treatment, including upregulation of genes associated with chemokine activity, T-cell activation, and antigen presentation.Conclusions: Poly-ICLC was well tolerated in patients with solid cancer and generated local and systemic immune responses, as evident in the patient achieving clinical benefit. These results warrant further investigation and are currently being explored in a multicenter phase II clinical trial (NCT02423863). Clin Cancer Res; 24(20); 4937-48. ©2018 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chrisann Kyi
- Tisch Cancer Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Vladimir Roudko
- Tisch Cancer Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Rachel Sabado
- Tisch Cancer Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | | | - William Loging
- Tisch Cancer Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - John Mandeli
- Tisch Cancer Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Tin Htwe Thin
- Tisch Cancer Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Deborah Lehrer
- Tisch Cancer Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Michael Donovan
- Tisch Cancer Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Marshall Posner
- Tisch Cancer Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | | | - Benjamin Greenbaum
- Tisch Cancer Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | | | - Philip Friedlander
- Tisch Cancer Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Nina Bhardwaj
- Tisch Cancer Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Elion DL, Cook RS. Harnessing RIG-I and intrinsic immunity in the tumor microenvironment for therapeutic cancer treatment. Oncotarget 2018; 9:29007-29017. [PMID: 29989043 PMCID: PMC6034747 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapies that remove checkpoint restraints on adaptive immunity are gaining clinical momentum. Approaches aimed at intrinsic cellular immunity in the tumor microenvironment are less understood, but are of intense interest, based on their ability to induce tumor cell apoptosis while orchestrating innate and adaptive immune responses against tumor antigens. The intrinsic immune response is initiated by ancient, highly conserved intracellular proteins that detect viral infection. For example, the RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), a family of related RNA helicases, detect viral oligonucleotide patterns of certain RNA viruses. RLR activation induces immunogenic cell death of virally infected cells, accompanied by increased inflammatory cytokine production, antigen presentation, and antigen-directed immunity against virus antigens. Approaches aimed at non-infectious RIG-I activation in cancers are being tested as a treatment option, with the goal of inducing immunogenic tumor cell death, stimulating production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, enhancing tumor neoantigen presentation, and potently increasing cytotoxic activity of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. These studies are finding success in several pre-clinical models, and are entering early phases of clinical trial. Here, we review pre-clinical studies of RLR agonists, including the successes and challenges currently faced RLR agonists on the path to clinical translation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David L Elion
- Cancer Biology Program, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rebecca S Cook
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University School of Engineering, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Temizoz B, Kuroda E, Ishii KJ. Combination and inducible adjuvants targeting nucleic acid sensors. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2018; 41:104-113. [PMID: 29870915 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Innate immune sensing of nucleic acids derived from invading pathogens or tumor cells via pattern recognition receptors is crucial for mounting protective immune responses against infectious disease and cancer. Recently, discovery of tremendous amounts of nucleic acid sensors as well as identification of natural and synthetic ligands for these receptors revealed the potential of adjuvants targeting nucleic acid sensing pathways for designing efficacious vaccines. Especially, current data indicated that unique adjuvants targeting TLR9 and stimulator of interferon genes (STING)-dependent cytosolic nucleic acid sensing pathways along with the combinations of already existing adjuvants are promising candidates for this purpose. Here, we review current vaccine adjuvants targeting nucleic acid sensors and their modes of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Temizoz
- Laboratory of Vaccine Science, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (iFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research (CVAR), National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NBIOHN), Osaka, Japan
| | - Etsushi Kuroda
- Laboratory of Vaccine Science, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (iFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research (CVAR), National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NBIOHN), Osaka, Japan
| | - Ken J Ishii
- Laboratory of Vaccine Science, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (iFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Laboratory of Adjuvant Innovation, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research (CVAR), National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NBIOHN), Osaka, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Combinatorial treatment with polyI:C and anti-IL6 enhances apoptosis and suppresses metastasis of lung cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 8:32884-32904. [PMID: 28427199 PMCID: PMC5464836 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of TLR3 stimulates cancer cell apoptosis and triggers secretion of inflammatory cytokines. PolyI:C, a TLR3 agonist, activates immune cells and regresses metastatic lung cancer in vivo. Although polyI:C reportedly kills lung carcinomas, the mechanism remains elusive. Here, we demonstrated that polyI:C suppressed the proliferation and survival of metastatic (NCI-H358 and NCI-H292) and non-metastatic (A549) lung cancer cells. Notably, A549, NCI-H292 and NCI-H358 which are inducible by polyI:C, expressed low-to-medium level of TLR3 protein, and were susceptible to polyI:C treatment. By contrast, NCI-H1299, which endogenously expresses high level of TLR3 protein, was insensitive to polyI:C. We showed that polyI:C stimulated pro-inflammatory cytokines associated with survival and metastasis in a cell type-specific manner. While A549 and NCI-H292 released high levels of IL6, IL8 and GRO, the NCI-H358 cells endogenously secretes abundant levels of these cytokines, and was not further induced by polyI:C. Thus, NCI-H358 was resistant to the inhibition of cytokine-dependent metastasis. NCI-H1299, which was unresponsive to polyI:C, did not produce any of the pro-inflammatory cytokines. Treatment of A549 with a combination of polyI:C and anti-IL6 antibody significantly decreased IL6 production, and enhanced polyI:C-mediated killing and suppression of oncogenicity and metastasis. While polyI:C stimulated the phosphorylation of STAT3 and JAK2, blockade of these proteins enhanced polyI:C-mediated suppression of survival and metastasis. Taken together, polyI:C alone provoked apoptosis of lung cancer cells that express low-to-medium levels of functional TLR3 protein. The combinatorial treatment with polyI:C and anti-IL6 enhanced polyI:C-mediated anticancer activities through IL6/JAK2/STAT3 signalling, and apoptosis via TLR3-mediated caspase 3/8 pathway.
Collapse
|
48
|
Gilfillan CB, Kuhn S, Baey C, Hyde EJ, Yang J, Ruedl C, Ronchese F. Clec9A + Dendritic Cells Are Not Essential for Antitumor CD8 + T Cell Responses Induced by Poly I:C Immunotherapy. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:2978-2986. [PMID: 29507107 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the steady state, tumors harbor several populations of dendritic cells (DCs) and myeloid cells that are key regulators of the intratumoral immune environment. Among these cells, migratory CD103+ cross-presenting DCs are thought to be critical for tumor-specific CTL responses and tumor resistance. However, it is unclear whether this prominent role also extends to immunotherapy. We used a murine orthotopic mammary tumor model, as well as Clec9A-diphtheria toxin receptor mice that can be depleted of the specialized cross-presenting CD8α+ and CD103+ DC1 subsets, to investigate the role of these DCs in immunotherapy. Treatment with monosodium urate crystals and mycobacteria at the tumor site delayed tumor growth and required DC1s for efficacy. In contrast, treatment with poly I:C was equally effective regardless of DC1 depletion. Neither treatment affected myeloid-derived suppressor cell numbers in the spleen or tumor. Similar experiments using subcutaneous B16 melanoma tumors in BATF3-knockout mice confirmed that CD103+ DCs were not necessary for successful poly I:C immunotherapy. Nevertheless, adaptive immune responses were essential for the response to poly I:C, because mice depleted of CD8+ T cells or all DC subsets were unable to delay tumor growth. In vivo experiments showed that DC1 and DC2 subsets were able to take up tumor Ags, with DC2s making up the larger proportion of lymph node DCs carrying tumor material. Both DC subsets were able to cross-present OVA to OT-I T cells in vitro. Thus, immunotherapy with poly I:C enables multiple DC subsets to cross-present tumor Ag for effective antitumor immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Connie B Gilfillan
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6021, New Zealand.,University of Otago, Wellington, Wellington 6021, New Zealand; and
| | - Sabine Kuhn
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6021, New Zealand
| | - Camille Baey
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6021, New Zealand
| | - Evelyn J Hyde
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6021, New Zealand
| | - Jianping Yang
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6021, New Zealand
| | - Christiane Ruedl
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Franca Ronchese
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6021, New Zealand;
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Gao Y, Wijewardhana C, Mann JFS. Virus-Like Particle, Liposome, and Polymeric Particle-Based Vaccines against HIV-1. Front Immunol 2018. [PMID: 29541072 PMCID: PMC5835502 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It is acknowledged that vaccines remain the best hope for eliminating the HIV-1 epidemic. However, the failure to produce effective vaccine immunogens and the inability of conventional delivery strategies to elicit the desired immune responses remains a central theme and has ultimately led to a significant roadblock in HIV vaccine development. Consequently, significant efforts have been applied to generate novel vaccine antigens and delivery agents, which mimic viral structures for optimal immune induction. Here, we review the latest developments that have occurred in the nanoparticle vaccine field, with special emphasis on strategies that are being utilized to attain highly immunogenic, systemic, and mucosal anti-HIV humoral and cellular immune responses. This includes the design of novel immunogens, the central role of antigen-presenting cells, delivery routes, and biodistribution of nanoparticles to lymph nodes. In particular, we will focus on virus-like-particle formulations and their preclinical uses within the HIV prophylactic vaccine setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Gao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Chanuka Wijewardhana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jamie F S Mann
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Marron TU, Hammerich L, Brody J. Local Immunotherapies of Cancer. Oncoimmunology 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-62431-0_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|