1
|
Faivre N, Verollet C, Dumas F. The chemokine receptor CCR5: multi-faceted hook for HIV-1. Retrovirology 2024; 21:2. [PMID: 38263120 PMCID: PMC10807162 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-024-00634-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are cytokines whose primary role is cellular activation and stimulation of leukocyte migration. They perform their various functions by interacting with G protein-coupled cell surface receptors (GPCRs) and are involved in the regulation of many biological processes such as apoptosis, proliferation, angiogenesis, hematopoiesis or organogenesis. They contribute to the maintenance of the homeostasis of lymphocytes and coordinate the function of the immune system. However, chemokines and their receptors are sometimes hijacked by some pathogens to infect the host organism. For a given chemokine receptor, there is a wide structural, organizational and conformational diversity. In this review, we describe the evidence for structural variety reported for the chemokine receptor CCR5, how this variability can be exploited by HIV-1 to infect its target cells and what therapeutic solutions are currently being developed to overcome this problem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Faivre
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
- International Research Laboratory (IRP) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV", Toulouse, France
- International Research Laboratory (IRP) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Christel Verollet
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
- International Research Laboratory (IRP) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV", Toulouse, France
- International Research Laboratory (IRP) CNRS "IM-TB/HIV", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fabrice Dumas
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mohamed H, Gurrola T, Berman R, Collins M, Sariyer IK, Nonnemacher MR, Wigdahl B. Targeting CCR5 as a Component of an HIV-1 Therapeutic Strategy. Front Immunol 2022; 12:816515. [PMID: 35126374 PMCID: PMC8811197 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.816515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is a major health burden for which successful therapeutic options are still being investigated. Challenges facing current drugs that are part of the established life-long antiretroviral therapy (ART) include toxicity, development of drug resistant HIV-1 strains, the cost of treatment, and the inability to eradicate the provirus from infected cells. For these reasons, novel anti-HIV-1 therapeutics that can prevent or eliminate disease progression including the onset of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are needed. While development of HIV-1 vaccination has also been challenging, recent advancements demonstrate that infection of HIV-1-susceptible cells can be prevented in individuals living with HIV-1, by targeting C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5). CCR5 serves many functions in the human immune response and is a co-receptor utilized by HIV-1 for entry into immune cells. Therapeutics targeting CCR5 generally involve gene editing techniques including CRISPR, CCR5 blockade using antibodies or antagonists, or combinations of both. Here we review the efficacy of these approaches and discuss the potential of their use in the clinic as novel ART-independent therapies for HIV-1 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hager Mohamed
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Theodore Gurrola
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Rachel Berman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Mackenzie Collins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ilker K. Sariyer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Inflammation, Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing, School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Michael R. Nonnemacher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Brian Wigdahl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Brian Wigdahl,
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Venuti A, Pastori C, Siracusano G, Pennisi R, Riva A, Tommasino M, Sciortino MT, Lopalco L. The Abrogation of Phosphorylation Plays a Relevant Role in the CCR5 Signalosome Formation with Natural Antibodies to CCR5. Viruses 2017; 10:E9. [PMID: 29283386 PMCID: PMC5795422 DOI: 10.3390/v10010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The exposure to CCR5 (CC chemokine receptor 5) specific natural antibodies in vitro produces a Class B β-arrestin2-dependent CCR5 retention with the aid of ERK1, due to the formation of a CCR5 signalosome, which remains stable for at least 48 h. Considering that β-arrestins and MAPKs are receptive to environmental signals, their signal complexes could be one of the key junction for GPCRs internalization related signal transduction. Here, we demonstrate that, in T cells, the phosphorylation status of either CCR5 receptor or ERK1 protein is necessary to drive the internalized receptor into the early endosomes, forming the CCR5 signalosome. In particular, our data show that β-arrestin2/ERK1 complex is a relevant transducer in the CCR5 signaling pathway. Understanding the mechanism of CCR5 regulation is essential for many inflammatory disorders, tumorigenesis and viral infection such as HIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Assunta Venuti
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, DIBIT-San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy.
- Infections and Cancer Biology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon CEDEX 08, France.
| | - Claudia Pastori
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, DIBIT-San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy.
| | - Gabriel Siracusano
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, DIBIT-San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy.
| | - Rosamaria Pennisi
- Department of Chemical Biological Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy.
| | - Agostino Riva
- Third Division of Infectious Diseases, Luigi Sacco Hospital, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy.
| | - Massimo Tommasino
- Infections and Cancer Biology Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon CEDEX 08, France.
| | - Maria Teresa Sciortino
- Department of Chemical Biological Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy.
| | - Lucia Lopalco
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, DIBIT-San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Venuti A, Pastori C, Lopalco L. The Role of Natural Antibodies to CC Chemokine Receptor 5 in HIV Infection. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1358. [PMID: 29163468 PMCID: PMC5670346 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) is responsible for immune and inflammatory responses by mediation of chemotactic activity in leukocytes, although it is expressed on different cell types. It has been shown to act as co-receptor for the human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (HIV-1, HIV-2, and SIV). Natural reactive antibodies (Abs) recognizing first loop (ECL1) of CCR5 have been detected in several pools of immunoglobulins from healthy donors and from several cohorts of either HIV-exposed but uninfected subjects (ESN) or HIV-infected individuals who control disease progression (LTNP) as well. The reason of development of anti-CCR5 Abs in the absence of autoimmune disease is still unknown; however, the presence of these Abs specific for CCR5 or for other immune receptors and mediators probably is related to homeostasis maintenance. The majority of anti-CCR5 Abs is directed to HIV binding site (N-terminus and ECL2) of the receptor. Conversely, it is well known that ECL1 of CCR5 does not bind HIV; thus, the anti-CCR5 Abs directed to ECL1 elicit a long-lasting internalization of CCR5 but not interfere with HIV binding directly; these Abs block HIV infection in either epithelial cells or CD4+ T lymphocytes and the mechanism differs from those ones described for all other CCR5-specific ligands. The Ab-mediated CCR5 internalization allows the formation of a stable signalosome by interaction of CCR5, β-arrestin2 and ERK1 proteins. The signalosome degradation and the subsequent de novo proteins synthesis determine the CCR5 reappearance on the cell membrane with a very long-lasting kinetics (8 days). The use of monoclonal Abs to CCR5 with particular characteristics and mode of action may represent a novel mode to fight viral infection in either vaccinal or therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Assunta Venuti
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, DIBIT - San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Pastori
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, DIBIT - San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Lopalco
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, DIBIT - San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Verna AE, Franceschi V, Tebaldi G, Macchi F, Menozzi V, Pastori C, Lopalco L, Ottonello S, Cavirani S, Donofrio G. Induction of Antihuman C-C Chemokine Receptor Type 5 Antibodies by a Bovine Herpesvirus Type-4 Based Vector. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1402. [PMID: 29118763 PMCID: PMC5660961 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4) is a promising vector for the delivery and intracellular expression of recombinant antigens and can thus be considered as a new prototype vaccine formulation system. An interesting, and actively pursued, antigen in the context of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection prophylaxis (and therapy) is the C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) co-receptor, whose blockage by specific antibodies has been shown to inhibit both viral entry and cell-to-cell transmission of the virus. Building on our previous work on the BoHV-4 vector system, we have engineered and tested a replication-competent derivative of BoHV-4 (BoHV-4-CMV-hCCR5ΔTK) bearing a human CCR5 (hCCR5) expression cassette. We show here that CCR5 is indeed expressed at high levels in multiple types of BoHV-4-CMV-hCCR5ΔTK-infected cells. More importantly, two intravenous inoculations of CCR5-expressing BoHV-4 virions into rabbits led to the production of anti-CCR5 antibodies capable of reacting with the CCR5 receptor exposed on the surface of HEK293T cells through specific recognition of the amino-terminal region (aa 14-34) of the protein. Given the growing interest for anti-CCR5 immunization as an HIV control strategy and the many advantages of virus-based immunogen formulations (especially for poorly immunogenic or self-antigens), the results reported in this study provide preliminary validation of BoHV-4 as a safe viral vector suitable for CCR5 vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Giulia Tebaldi
- Department of Medical Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Francesca Macchi
- Department of Medical Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Valentina Menozzi
- Department of Medical Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Claudia Pastori
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Lopalco
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Ottonello
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Protein Engineering, Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Sandro Cavirani
- Department of Medical Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Gaetano Donofrio
- Department of Medical Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gonzalez SM, Taborda NA, Rugeles MT. Role of Different Subpopulations of CD8 + T Cells during HIV Exposure and Infection. Front Immunol 2017; 8:936. [PMID: 28824656 PMCID: PMC5545716 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
During HIV infection, specific responses exhibited by CD8+ T cells are crucial to establish an early, effective, and sustained viral control, preventing severe immune alterations and organ dysfunction. Several CD8+ T cells subsets have been identified, exhibiting differences in terms of activation, functional profile, and ability to limit HIV replication. Some of the most important CD8+ T cells subsets associated with viral control, production of potent antiviral molecules, and strong polyfunctional responses include Th1-like cytokine pattern and Tc17 cells. In addition, the expression of specific activation markers has been also associated with a more effective response of CD8+ T cells, as evidenced in HLA-DR+ CD38− cells. CD8+ T cells in both, peripheral blood and gut mucosa, are particularly important in individuals with a resistant phenotype, including HIV-exposed seronegative individuals (HESNs), long-term non-progressors (LTNPs) and HIV-controllers. Although the role of CD8+ T cells has been extensively explored in the context of an established HIV-1 infection, the presence of HIV-specific cells with effector abilities and a defined functional profile in HESNs, remain poorly understood. Here, we reviewed studies carried out on different subpopulations of CD8+ T cells in relation with natural resistance to HIV infection and progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Milena Gonzalez
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Natalia Andrea Taborda
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia.,Grupo de Investigaciones Biomédicas Uniremington, Programa de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Corporación Universitaria Remington, Medellín, Colombia
| | - María Teresa Rugeles
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tan Y, Tong P, Wang J, Zhao L, Li J, Yu Y, Chen YH, Wang J. The Membrane-Proximal Region of C-C Chemokine Receptor Type 5 Participates in the Infection of HIV-1. Front Immunol 2017; 8:478. [PMID: 28484468 PMCID: PMC5402540 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The initial infection and transmission of HIV-1 requires C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5). Here, we report that the membrane-proximal region (MPR, aa 22-38) of CCR5 participates in the infection of HIV-1. First, MPR-specific antibodies elicited in mice dose-dependently inhibited the infection of CCR5-tropic HIV-1. Second, substituting MPR with the same region from other co-receptors significantly impaired HIV-1 infection, while the key residues identified by alanine scanning mutagenesis formed an exposed leucine zipper-like structure. Moreover, a peptide derived from MPR could block the infection of a number of HIV-1 strains only before the formation of gp41 six-helix bundle, coincide with the early interaction between CCR5 and the gp120 protein during HIV-1 infection. These promising results ensured the potential of this previously uncharacterized domain as a starting point for the development of antiviral drugs, blocking antibodies, and HIV vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Tan
- Laboratory of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics, Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Pei Tong
- Laboratory of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics, Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Junyi Wang
- Laboratory of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics, Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- Laboratory of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics, Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Laboratory of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics, Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Hua Chen
- Laboratory of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics, Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ji Wang
- Laboratory of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics, Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Venuti A, Pastori C, Pennisi R, Riva A, Sciortino MT, Lopalco L. Class B β-arrestin2-dependent CCR5 signalosome retention with natural antibodies to CCR5. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39382. [PMID: 28008933 PMCID: PMC5180096 DOI: 10.1038/srep39382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CCR5 stimulation with natural ligands, such as RANTES, classically induces short-term internalization with transient activation of β-arrestins and rapidly recycling on the cell surface. Here we discovered that, in T cells, natural CCR5 antibodies induce a CCR5-negative phenotype with the involvement of β-arrestin2, which leads to the formation of a stable CCR5 signalosome with both β-arrestin2 and ERK1. The activation of β-arrestin2 is necessary to CCR5 signaling for the signalosome formation and stabilization. When all stimuli were washed out, β-arrestin1 silencing favors the activity of β-arrestin2 for the CCR5 signalosome retention. Interestingly, CCR5 turn from Class A trafficking pattern, normally used for its internalization with natural modulating molecules (i.e. RANTES), into a long lasting Class B type specifically induced by stimulation with natural anti-CCR5 antibodies. This new CCR5 pathway is relevant not only to study in depth the molecular basis of all pathologies where CCR5 is involved but also to generate new antidody-based therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Assunta Venuti
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, 20132, Italy
| | - Claudia Pastori
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, 20132, Italy
| | - Rosamaria Pennisi
- Department of Chemical Biological Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, 98166, Italy
| | - Agostino Riva
- Third Division of Infectious Diseases, Luigi Sacco Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, 20157, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Sciortino
- Department of Chemical Biological Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, 98166, Italy
| | - Lucia Lopalco
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, 20132, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mettler Izquierdo S, Varela S, Park M, Collarini EJ, Lu D, Pramanick S, Rucker J, Lopalco L, Etches R, Harriman W. High-efficiency antibody discovery achieved with multiplexed microscopy. Microscopy (Oxf) 2016; 65:341-52. [PMID: 27107009 PMCID: PMC5895110 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfw014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The analysis of secreted antibody from large and diverse populations of B cells in parallel at the clonal level can reveal desirable antibodies for diagnostic or therapeutic applications. By immobilizing B cells in microdroplets with particulate reporters, decoding and isolating them in a microscopy environment, we have recovered panels of antibodies with rare attributes to therapeutically relevant targets. The ability to screen up to 100 million cells in a single experiment can be fully leveraged by accessing primary B-cell populations from evolutionarily divergent species such as chickens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Daniel Lu
- Crystal Bioscience, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Lucia Lopalco
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Venuti A, Pastori C, Siracusano G, Riva A, Sciortino MT, Lopalco L. ERK1-Based Pathway as a New Selective Mechanism To Modulate CCR5 with Natural Antibodies. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:3045-57. [PMID: 26324779 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Natural human Abs, recognizing an epitope within the first extramembrane loop of CCR5 (the main HIV coreceptor), induce a long-lasting internalization (48 h) of the protein, whereas all known CCR5 modulating molecules show a short-term kinetics (60-90 min). Despite extensive studies on the regulation of CCR5 signaling cascades, which are the effect of concomitant CCR5 internalization by exogenous stimuli such as Abs, downstream signaling continues to be poorly understood. In this article, we report a hitherto unrecognized mechanism of CCR5 modulation mediated by G protein-dependent ERK1 activity. We further demonstrate that ERK1 is localized mainly in the cytoplasmic compartment and that it interacts directly with the CCR5 protein, thus provoking possible CCR5 degradation with a subsequent de novo synthesis, and that re-expression of CCR5 on the cell membrane required several days. In contrast, the RANTES treatment induces a recovery of the receptor on the cell membrane in short-term kinetics without the involvement of de novo protein synthesis. The said new pathway could be relevant not only to better understand the molecular basis of all pathologic conditions in which CCR5 is involved but also to generate new tools to block viral infections, such as the use of recombinant Abs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Assunta Venuti
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20127 Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Pastori
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20127 Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriel Siracusano
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; and
| | - Agostino Riva
- Third Division of Infectious Diseases, Luigi Sacco Hospital, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Sciortino
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; and
| | - Lucia Lopalco
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20127 Milan, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Shimoni M, Herschhorn A, Britan-Rosich Y, Kotler M, Benhar I, Hizi A. The isolation of novel phage display-derived human recombinant antibodies against CCR5, the major co-receptor of HIV. Viral Immunol 2014; 26:277-90. [PMID: 23941674 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2012.0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Selecting for antibodies against specific cell-surface proteins is a difficult task due to many unrelated proteins that are expressed on the cell surface. Here, we describe a method to screen antibody-presenting phage libraries against native cell-surface proteins. We applied this method to isolate antibodies that selectively recognize CCR5, which is the major co-receptor for HIV entry (consequently, playing a pivotal role in HIV transmission and pathogenesis). We employed a phage screening strategy by using cells that co-express GFP and CCR5, along with an excess of control cells that do not express these proteins (and are otherwise identical to the CCR5-expressing cells). These control cells are intended to remove most of the phages that bind the cells nonspecifically; thus leading to an enrichment of the phages presenting anti-CCR5-specific antibodies. Subsequently, the CCR5-presenting cells were quantitatively sorted by flow cytometry, and the bound phages were eluted, amplified, and used for further successive selection rounds. Several different clones of human single-chain Fv antibodies that interact with CCR5-expressing cells were identified. The most specific monoclonal antibody was converted to a full-length IgG and bound the second extracellular loop of CCR5. The experimental approach presented herein for screening for CCR5-specific antibodies can be applicable to screen antibody-presenting phage libraries against any cell-surface expressed protein of interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moria Shimoni
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lopalco L, Bomsel M. Protecting the initial site of viral entry: an alternative HIV vaccine target. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 10:1253-6. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.11.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
13
|
Induction of HIV-blocking anti-CCR5 IgA in Peyers's patches without histopathological alterations. J Virol 2014; 88:3623-35. [PMID: 24403594 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03663-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The chemokine receptor CCR5 is essential for HIV infection and is thus a potential target for vaccine development. However, because CCR5 is a host protein, generation of anti-CCR5 antibodies requires the breaking of immune tolerance and thus carries the risk of autoimmune responses. In this study, performed in mice, we compared 3 different immunogens representing surface domains of murine CCR5, 4 different adjuvants, and 13 different immunization protocols, with the goal of eliciting HIV-blocking activity without inducing autoimmune dysfunction. In all cases the CCR5 sequences were presented as fusions to the Flock House virus (FHV) capsid precursor protein. We found that systemic immunization and mucosal boosting elicited CCR5-specific antibodies and achieved consistent priming in Peyer's patches, where most cells showed a phenotype corresponding to activated B cells and secreted high levels of IgA, representing up to one-third of the total HIV-blocking activity. Histopathological analysis revealed mild to moderate chronic inflammation in some tissues but failed in reporting signs of autoimmune dysfunction associated with immunizations. Antisera against immunogens representing the N terminus and extracellular loops 1 and 2 (Nter1 and ECL1 and ECL2) of CCR5 were generated. All showed specific anti-HIV activity, which was stronger in the anti-ECL1 and -ECL2 sera than in the anti-Nter sera. ECL1 and ECL2 antisera induced nearly complete long-lasting CCR5 downregulation of the receptor, and especially, their IgG-depleted fractions prevented HIV infection in neutralization and transcytosis assays. In conclusion, the ECL1 and ECL2 domains could offer a promising path to achieve significant anti-HIV activity in vivo. IMPORTANCE The study was the first to adopt a systematic strategy to compare the immunogenicities of all extracellular domains of the CCR5 molecule and to set optimal conditions leading to generation of specific antibodies in the mouse model. There were several relevant findings, which could be translated into human trials. (i) Prime (systemic) and boost (mucosal) immunization is the best protocol to induce anti-self antibodies with the expected properties. (ii) Aluminum is the best adjuvant in mice and thus can be easily used in nonhuman primates (NHP) and humans. (iii) The Flock House virus (FHV) system represents a valid delivery system, as the structure is well known and is not pathogenic for humans, and it is possible to introduce constrained regions able to elicit antibodies that recognize conformational epitopes. (iv) The best CCR5 vaccine candidate should include either extracellular loop 1 or 2 (ECL1 or ECL2), but not N terminus domains.
Collapse
|
14
|
Yin L, Hou W, Liu L, Cai Y, Wallet MA, Gardner BP, Chang K, Lowe AC, Rodriguez CA, Sriaroon P, Farmerie WG, Sleasman JW, Goodenow MM. IgM Repertoire Biodiversity is Reduced in HIV-1 Infection and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Front Immunol 2013; 4:373. [PMID: 24298273 PMCID: PMC3828670 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: HIV-1 infection or systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) disrupt B cell homeostasis, reduce memory B cells, and impair function of IgG and IgM antibodies. Objective: To determine how disturbances in B cell populations producing polyclonal antibodies relate to the IgM repertoire, the IgM transcriptome in health and disease was explored at the complementarity determining region 3 (CDRH3) sequence level. Methods: 454-deep pyrosequencing in combination with a novel analysis pipeline was applied to define populations of IGHM CDRH3 sequences based on absence or presence of somatic hypermutations (SHM) in peripheral blood B cells. Results: HIV or SLE subjects have reduced biodiversity within their IGHM transcriptome compared to healthy subjects, mainly due to a significant decrease in the number of unique combinations of alleles, although recombination machinery was intact. While major differences between sequences without or with SHM occurred among all groups, IGHD and IGHJ allele use, CDRH3 length distribution, or generation of SHM were similar among study cohorts. Antiretroviral therapy failed to normalize IGHM biodiversity in HIV-infected individuals. All subjects had a low frequency of allelic combinations within the IGHM repertoire similar to known broadly neutralizing HIV-1 antibodies. Conclusion: Polyclonal expansion would decrease overall IgM biodiversity independent of other mechanisms for development of the B cell repertoire. Applying deep sequencing as a strategy to follow development of the IgM repertoire in health and disease provides a novel molecular assessment of multiple points along the B cell differentiation pathway that is highly sensitive for detecting perturbations within the repertoire at the population level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Yin
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL , USA ; Florida Center for AIDS Research, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL , USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ferrara G, Zumla A, Maeurer M. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) for refractory and difficult-to-treat infections. Am J Med 2012; 125:1036.e1-8. [PMID: 22608788 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2012.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) has been used as replacement therapy for patients with primary or secondary immunoglobulin deficiencies. Increasingly, IVIg is being used (in doses higher than for replacement therapy) in certain bacterial or viral infectious diseases. A variety of modes of action have been attributed to the beneficial effects of IVIg, including its interaction with T-cell function, antigen-presenting cell maturation/presentation, combined with a general "tune down" effect on inflammatory reactions. More often, IVIg is being evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of refractory and difficult-to-treat chronic infections. The evidence, molecular mechanisms, and rationale for the use of adjunct IVIg therapy in infectious diseases are reviewed, and its potential use in the adjunct treatment of difficult-to-treat drug-resistant tuberculosis discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Ferrara
- Center for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | |
Collapse
|