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Hartley C, Carr A, Roberts SSH, Bredie WLP, Keast RSJ. Carbohydrate Oral Rinsing, Cycling Performance and Individual Complex Carbohydrate Taste Sensitivity. Nutrients 2024; 16:459. [PMID: 38337743 PMCID: PMC10857552 DOI: 10.3390/nu16030459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this pilot study was to determine the effect of individual complex carbohydrate taste sensitivity on cycling performance with complex carbohydrate oral rinsing. Ten male participants completed five cycling time trials in a fasted state with a seven-day washout period between each trial. Participants completed a fixed amount of work (738.45 ± 150.74 kJ) as fast as possible on a cycle ergometer while rinsing with an oral rinse for 10 s every 12.5% of the trial. An oral rinse (maltodextrin, oligofructose, glucose, sucralose or water control) was given per visit in a randomised, crossover, blinded design. Afterwards, participants had their taste assessed with three stimuli, complex carbohydrate (maltodextrin), sweet (glucose) and sour (citric acid), using taste assessment protocol to determine individual taste sensitivity status. Participants were subsequently grouped according to their complex carbohydrate taste sensitivity and complex carbohydrate taste intensity. There were no significant effects of the oral rinses on cycling performance time (p = 0.173). Participants who did not have improvements in exercise performance with the maltodextrin rinse experienced a stronger taste intensity with complex carbohydrate stimuli at baseline (p = 0.047) and overall (p = 0.047) than those who did have improvements in performance. Overall, a carbohydrate oral rinse was ineffective in significantly improving cycling performance in comparison with a water control. However, when participants were grouped according to complex carbohydrate taste intensity, differences in exercise performance suggest that individual sensitivity status to complex carbohydrates could impact the efficacy of a carbohydrate-based oral rinse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Hartley
- CASS Food Research Centre, Deakin University, Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia;
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark;
| | - Amelia Carr
- Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia; (A.C.); (S.S.H.R.)
| | - Spencer S. H. Roberts
- Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia; (A.C.); (S.S.H.R.)
| | - Wender L. P. Bredie
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark;
| | - Russell S. J. Keast
- CASS Food Research Centre, Deakin University, Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia;
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Tan SH, Khong TK, Selvanayagam VS, Yusof A. Central effects of mouth rinses on endurance and strength performance. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:403-415. [PMID: 38038740 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05350-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Rinsing the mouth with a carbohydrate (CHO) solution has been shown to enhance exercise performance while reducing neuromuscular fatigue. This effect is thought to be mediated through the stimulation of oral receptors, which activate brain areas associated with reward, motivation, and motor control. Consequently, corticomotor responsiveness is increased, leading to sustained levels of neuromuscular activity prior to fatigue. In the context of endurance performance, the evidence regarding the central involvement of mouth rinse (MR) in performance improvement is not conclusive. Peripheral mechanisms should not be disregarded, particularly considering factors such as low exercise volume, the participant's fasting state, and the frequency of rinsing. These factors may influence central activations. On the other hand, for strength-related activities, changes in motor evoked potential (MEP) and electromyography (EMG) have been observed, indicating increased corticospinal responsiveness and neuromuscular drive during isometric and isokinetic contractions in both fresh and fatigued muscles. However, it is important to note that in many studies, MEP data were not normalised, making it difficult to exclude peripheral contributions. Voluntary activation (VA), another central measure, often exhibits a lack of changes, mainly due to its high variability, particularly in fatigued muscles. Based on the evidence, MR can attenuate neuromuscular fatigue and improve endurance and strength performance via similar underlying mechanisms. However, the evidence supporting central contribution is weak due to the lack of neurophysiological measures, inaccurate data treatment (normalisation), limited generalisation between exercise modes, methodological biases (ignoring peripheral contribution), and high measurement variability.Trial registration: PROSPERO ID: CRD42021261714.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Han Tan
- Faculty of Sports and Exercise Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Teng Keen Khong
- Faculty of Sports and Exercise Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Victor S Selvanayagam
- Faculty of Sports and Exercise Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ashril Yusof
- Faculty of Sports and Exercise Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Painelli VDS, Brietzke C, Franco-Alvarenga PE, Canestri R, Vinícius Í, Pires FO. A Narrative Review of Current Concerns and Future Perspectives of the Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse Effects on Exercise Performance. SAGE Open Med 2022; 10:20503121221098120. [PMID: 35615525 PMCID: PMC9125602 DOI: 10.1177/20503121221098120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous systematic reviews have confirmed that carbohydrate (CHO) mouth rinse
may boost physical exercise performance, despite some methodological aspects
likely affecting its ergogenic effect. In this review, we discussed if the
exercise mode, pre-exercise fasting status, CHO solutions concentration, CHO
solutions temperature, mouth rinse duration, and CHO placebo effects may
potentially reduce the CHO mouth rinse ergogenic effect, suggesting possible
solutions to manage these potential confounders. The effectiveness of CHO mouth
rinse as a performance booster is apparently related to the origin of the
exercise-induced neuromuscular fatigue, as CHO mouth rinse unequivocally
potentiates endurance rather than sprint and strength exercises performance.
Furthermore, ergogenic effects have been greater in fasting than fed state,
somehow explaining the varied magnitude of the CHO mouth rinse effects in
exercise performance. In this regard, the CHO solution concentration and
temperature, as well as the mouth rinse duration, may have increased the
variability observed in CHO mouth rinse effects in fasting and fed state.
Finally, placebo effects have challenged the potential of the CHO mouth rinse as
an ergogenic aid. Therefore, we suggest that future studies should consider
methodological controls such as sample size and sample homogeneity, proper
familiarization with experimental procedures, and the use of alternative placebo
designs to provide unbiased evidence regarding the potential of the CHO mouth
rinse as an ergogenic aid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor de Salles Painelli
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Strength Training Study and Research Group, Institute of Health Sciences, Paulista University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cayque Brietzke
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Human Movement Science and Rehabilitation Program, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
| | - Paulo Estevão Franco-Alvarenga
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Human Movement Science and Rehabilitation Program, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
| | - Raul Canestri
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ítalo Vinícius
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávio Oliveira Pires
- Exercise Psychophysiology Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Human Movement Science and Rehabilitation Program, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
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Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse and Spray Improve Prolonged Exercise Performance in Recreationally Trained Male College Students. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10040051. [PMID: 35447861 PMCID: PMC9033104 DOI: 10.3390/sports10040051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouth rinsing with a carbohydrate (CHO) solution has emerged as a sports nutrition strategy to increase endurance performance. This study aimed to clarify the effects of two forms of CHO sensing in the mouth (i.e., CHO mouth rinse (CMR) and CHO mouth spray (CMS)) on exercise performance during prolonged exercise, including ultra-high intensity intermittent exercise over time. We conducted the following experimental trials: (1) 6% glucose solution (G), (2) 6% CMR, (3) 6% CMS, and (4) water (WAT). These trials were conducted at least 1 week apart in a randomized crossover design. Eight male college students performed constant-load exercise for 60 min (intensity 40% VO2peak), four sets of the Wingate test (three 30 s Wingate tests with a 4 min recovery between each test), and a constant-load exercise for 30 min (intensity 40% VO2peak). The mean exercise power output (Watt), ratings of perceived exertion, and blood glucose levels were measured. We found that the mean power values of the CMR and CMS in the third and fourth sets was significantly higher than that of WAT (p < 0.05), and that the G trial did not show a significant difference from any other trial. Thus, when compared to G or WAT, CMR and CMS can help improve endurance exercise performance.
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Hartley C, Carr A, Bowe SJ, Bredie WLP, Keast RSJ. Maltodextrin-Based Carbohydrate Oral Rinsing and Exercise Performance: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2022; 52:1833-1862. [PMID: 35239154 PMCID: PMC9325805 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01658-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Carbohydrates are an important fuel for optimal exercise performance during moderate- and high-intensity exercise; however, carbohydrate ingestion during high-intensity exercise may cause gastrointestinal upset. A carbohydrate oral rinse is an alternative method to improve exercise performance in moderate- to high-intensity exercise with a duration of 30–75 min. This is the first systematic review and meta-analysis to comprehensively examine the isolated effect of maltodextrin-based rinsing on exercise performance. Objective The objective of this review was to establish the effect of a maltodextrin-based carbohydrate oral rinse on exercise performance across various modes of exercise. Furthermore, a secondary objective was to determine the effects of moderators [(1) participant characteristics; (2) oral rinse protocols; (3) exercise protocol (i.e. cycling, running etc.) and (4) fasting] on exercise performance while using a maltodextrin-based, carbohydrate oral rinse. Methods Five databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Embase, SPORTDiscus and Global Health) were systematically searched for articles up to March 2021 and screened using Covidence (a systematic review management tool). A random effects robust meta-analysis and subgroup analyses were performed using Stata Statistical Software: Release 16. Results Thirty-five articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in the systematic review; 34 of these articles were included in the meta-analysis. When using a conventional meta-analytic approach, overall, a carbohydrate oral rinse improved exercise performance in comparison with a placebo (SMD = 0.15, 95% CI 0.04, 0.27; p = 0.01). Furthermore, when implementing an adjusted, conservative, random effects meta-regression model using robust variance estimation, overall, compared with placebo, a carbohydrate oral rinse demonstrated evidence of improving exercise performance with a small effect size (SMD = 0.17, 95% CI − 0.01, 0.34; p = 0.051). Conclusion This systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrates that a maltodextrin-based carbohydrate oral rinse can improve exercise performance. When comparing the two meta-analytic approaches, although non-significant, the more robust, adjusted, random effects meta-regression model demonstrated some evidence of a maltodextrin-based carbohydrate oral rinse improving exercise performance overall. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40279-022-01658-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Hartley
- CASS Food Research Centre, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Amelia Carr
- Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Steven J Bowe
- Deakin Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Wender L P Bredie
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Russell S J Keast
- CASS Food Research Centre, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia.
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Nyman DLE, Gamble ASD, Bigg JL, Boyd LA, Vanderheyden AJ, Spriet LL. Carbohydrate Mouth-Rinsing Improves Overtime Physical Performance in Male Ice Hockey Players During On-Ice Scrimmages. Front Nutr 2022; 9:792708. [PMID: 35223946 PMCID: PMC8868824 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.792708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This randomized, double-blind, crossover study examined the effects of mouth-rinsing (MR) with a carbohydrate (CHO) vs. a placebo (PLA) solution on external and internal loads in hydrated ice hockey players during regulation and overtime (OT) periods of an on-ice scrimmage. Methods Twelve skilled male hockey players (22.6 [3.4] years, 178.9 [4.7] cm, 84.0 [6.5] kg) played three 20-min regulation periods and one 12-min OT period of small-sided 3-on-3 scrimmage. Skaters repeated 2 min shift and rest intervals. Participants mouth rinsed with 25 mL of CHO or PLA solution approximately every 10 min for a total of 7 rinses. A local positioning system (LPS) tracked external load variables including speed, distance, acceleration, and deceleration. Internal load was monitored with heart rate (HR) sensors and a rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Results During regulation play, both the conditions developed similar fatigue, with significantly decreased high-intensity distance, average speed and decelerations, and increased RPE, from period 1 to 2 and 3. In OT, CHO MR increased the distance skated at high-intensity (224 [77], 185 [66] m, p = 0.042), peak speed (24.6 [1.6], 23.7 [1.3] km·h−1, p = 0.016), number of sprints (1.9 [1.2], 1.2 [0.9], p = 0.011), and decreased distance skated at slow speed (300 [33], 336 [47], p = 0.034) vs. PLA MR. OT RPE was similar between the two conditions in spite of more work done in CHO MR. Conclusions CHO MR may be a valuable practice to protect against decrements in external load with increased playing time in ice hockey, and possibly allows athletes to perform more work relative to perceived levels of exertion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle L. E. Nyman
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Danielle L. E. Nyman
| | - Alexander S. D. Gamble
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Jessica L. Bigg
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Logan A. Boyd
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Lawrence L. Spriet
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Gough LA, Faghy M, Clarke N, Kelly AL, Cole M, Lun Foo W. No independent or synergistic effects of carbohydrate-caffeine mouth rinse on repeated sprint performance during simulated soccer match play in male recreational soccer players. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2022; 6:519-527. [PMID: 35094667 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2021.2021277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The study examined the synergistic and independent effects of carbohydrate-caffeine mouth rinse on repeated sprint performance during simulated soccer match play. Nine male soccer players (21 ± 3 years, 1.75 ± 0.05 m, 68.0 ± 9.0 kg) completed four trials with either 6 mg·kg-1 caffeine + 10% maltodextrin (CHO+CAFMR), 6 mg·kg-1 caffeine (CAFMR), 10% maltodextrin (CHOMR), water (PLA) in a block randomised, double-blinded, counterbalanced and crossover manner separated by minimum 96 h. All solutions were taste-matched and a carbohydrate-rich meal (2 g·kg-1body mass) was provided 2 h before each trial. Each trial consisted of a 90-min soccer-specific aerobic field test (SAFT90) and two bouts of repeated sprint ability tests (RSAT; 6 × 6 s sprints with 24 s recovery) completed at 0 min and 75th min of SAFT90. A 25 ml solution of either CHO+CAFMR, CAFMR, CHOMR or PLA was rinsed immediately before the second RSAT (75 min). Mean power output, peak power output (PPO) or fatigue index (FI) was not impacted by any treatment during the 75th min RAST (p > 0.05). These results suggest that carbohydrate and/or caffeine mouth rinses do not have an ergogenic effect during simulated soccer exercise after a high carbohydrate meal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis A Gough
- Human Performance and Health Research Group, Centre for Life and Sport Sciences (CLaSS), Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mark Faghy
- Human Science Research Centre, University of Derby, Derby, UK
| | - Neil Clarke
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Adam L Kelly
- Human Performance and Health Research Group, Centre for Life and Sport Sciences (CLaSS), Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Matthew Cole
- Human Performance and Health Research Group, Centre for Life and Sport Sciences (CLaSS), Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Wee Lun Foo
- Human Performance and Health Research Group, Centre for Life and Sport Sciences (CLaSS), Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
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Black CD, Haskins KR, Bemben MG, Larson RD. Carbohydrate Mouth Rinsing Does Not Alter Central or Peripheral Fatigue After High-Intensity and Low-Intensity Exercise in Men. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:142-148. [PMID: 34941611 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Black, CD, Haskins, KR, Bemben, MG, and Larson, RD. Carbohydrate mouth rinsing does not alter central or peripheral fatigue after high-intensity and low-intensity exercise in men. J Strength Cond Res 36(1): 142-148, 2022-Carbohydrate (CHO) mouth rinsing improves performance during endurance exercise. However, its ability to attenuate fatigue during strength-based exercise is less certain. This study sought to determine the effects of a CHO mouth rinse on torque production and voluntary activation (VA%) after high-intensity and low-intensity isometric exercise. Twelve male subjects (22.5 ± 2.3 years; 183.5 ± 6.5 cm; 82.2 ± 13.9 kg) completed 4 testing sessions in a double-blind crossover fashion. Knee extension maximal voluntary isometric strength (MVC) was assessed before(Pre), immediately (iPost-Ex), and 5 minutes (5-min Post Ex) after isometric exercise performed at 80% or 20% of MVC. An 8% CHO solution or placebo (PLA) was rinsed for 20 seconds after exercise. VA% was determined by twitch interpolation. A 2 condition (CHO vs. PLA) × 2 contraction intensity (20 vs. 80%) × 3 time (Pre, iPost Ex, and 5-min Post Ex) completely within subject-repeated measured analysis of variance was performed; statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Greater reductions in MVC were found at iPost-Ex after exercise at 20% compared with 80% of MVC (-25 ± 14% vs. -11 ± 8%; p < 0.001) as well as for VA% (-17 ± 14% vs. -8 ± 14%; p < 0.004). No differences were observed in the CHO vs. PLA condition (p ≥ 0.34). We were successful in eliciting differing levels of central and peripheral fatigue by exercising at a low and high intensity. Despite significantly larger declines in VA% after exercise at 20% of MVC, CHO mouth rinsing had no effects compared with placebo on any measured variable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Black
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
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Single and Serial Carbohydrate Mouth Rinsing Do Not Improve Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Performance in Soccer Players. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2021; 32:22-29. [PMID: 34686616 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2021-0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate (CHO) mouth rinsing seems to improve performance in exercises lasting 30-60 min. However, its effects on intermittent exercise are unclear. It is also unknown whether serial CHO mouth rinses can promote additional ergogenic effects when compared with a single mouth rinse. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of single and serial CHO mouth rinses on Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1) performance in soccer players. In a randomized, crossover, double-blind, placebo-controlled design, 12 male (18.9 ± 0.5 years) soccer players performed eight serial mouth rinses under three different conditions: placebo solution only (noncaloric juice), seven placebo mouth rinses plus a single CHO mouth rinse (8% maltodextrin), or eight CHO mouth rinses (8-CHO). Following the final mouth rinse, individuals performed the Yo-Yo IR1 test to evaluate the maximal aerobic endurance performance measured via total distance covered. There were no differences in Yo-Yo IR1 performance between sessions (p = .32; single CHO mouth rinse (8% maltodextrin): 1,198 ± 289 m, eight CHO mouth rinses: 1,256 ± 253 m, placebo: 1,086 ± 284 m). In conclusion, single and serial CHO mouth rinsing did not improve performance during the Yo-Yo IR1 for soccer players. These data suggest that CHO mouth rinsing is not an effective ergogenic strategy for intermittent exercise performance irrespective of the number of rinses.
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Effects of Carbohydrate Mouth Rinsing on Upper Body Resistance Exercise Performance. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2021; 30:42-47. [PMID: 31563122 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2019-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate mouth rinsing has been shown to enhance aerobic exercise performance, but there is limited research with resistance exercise (RE). Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of carbohydrate mouth rinsing during a high-volume upper body RE protocol on performance, heart rate responses, ratings of perceived exertion, and felt arousal. Recreationally experienced resistance-trained males (N = 17, age: 21 ± 1 years, height: 177.3 ± 5.2 cm, mass: 83.5 ± 9.3 kg) completed three experimental sessions, with the first serving as familiarization to the RE protocol. During the final two trials, the participants rinsed a 25-ml solution containing either a 6% carbohydrate solution or an artificially flavored placebo in a randomized, counterbalanced, and double-blinded fashion. The participants rinsed a total of nine times immediately before beginning the protocol and 20 s before repetitions to failure with the exercises bench press, bent-over row, incline bench press, close-grip row, hammer curls, skull crushers (all completed at 70% one-repetition maximum), push-ups, and pull-ups. Heart rate, ratings of perceived exertion, and felt arousal were measured at the baseline and immediately after each set of repetitions to failure. There were no differences for the total repetitions completed (carbohydrate = 203 ± 25 repetitions vs. placebo = 201 ± 23 repetitions, p = .46, Cohen's d = 0.10). No treatment differences were observed for heart rate, ratings of perceived exertion, or felt arousal (p > .05). Although carbohydrate mouth rinsing has been shown to be effective in increasing aerobic performance, the results from this investigation show no benefit in RE performance in resistance-trained males.
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Karuk HN, Rudarli Nalcakan G, Pekünlü E. Effects of carbohydrate and caffeine combination mouth rinse on anaerobic performance of highly trained male athletes. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:589-599. [PMID: 33749539 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.1907449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The ergogenic effects of carbohydrate (CHO) and caffeine (CAF) mouth rinse (MR) methods on anaerobic performance remains unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of CHO, CAF, and CHO + CAF combination solutions in mouth on repeated vertical jumping (RVJ) performance in highly trained male athletes. Eight male athletes (mean age: 22 years) underwent test sessions four times with minimum 24-h intervals under fasting conditions. Participants rinsed their mouths with four different 25-ml solutions, namely, CHO (6.4% maltodextrin = 1.6 g), CAF (1.2% caffeine = 300 mg), placebo (PLA, saccharin), or CHO + CAF (6.4%+1.2%) combination, for 10 s and performed a 30-s RVJ test twice with a 5-min interval. Peak power output, vertical jump height, blood lactate level, fatigue index, and rate of perceived exertion of the RVJ tests for different intervention sessions were compared. The statistical significance level was set at p ≤ 0.05. Analyses demonstrated that CHO- (Δ: 3.4), CAF- (Δ: -0.8), and CHO + CAF-MR (Δ: -1.8) interventions led to similar RVJ performance changes compared to PLA. All differences in the dependent variables were statistically insignificant and had moderate and lower effect sizes between interventions (p > 0.05, g < 0.94). Our study did not elicit sufficient evidence to recommend highly trained male athletes the use of CHO- and CAF-MR separately or in combination to enhance jump performance. However, the fact that some differences have medium to large effect sizes suggests that the issue is still worth to be a potential topic for further research.Highlights Effects of CHO + CAF-MR on anaerobic performance in highly trained athletes have not been investigated using performance tasks requiring high technical skills.There is not enough evidence to suggest that CHO, CAF and CHO + CAF-MR interventions have beneficial effects on RVJ performance compared to PLA in highly trained male athletes.Some statistically insignificant differences have medium to large effect sizes. Therefore, the issue is still worth to be a potential topic for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nilay Karuk
- Institute of Health Sciences, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - Ekim Pekünlü
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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Collins J, Maughan RJ, Gleeson M, Bilsborough J, Jeukendrup A, Morton JP, Phillips SM, Armstrong L, Burke LM, Close GL, Duffield R, Larson-Meyer E, Louis J, Medina D, Meyer F, Rollo I, Sundgot-Borgen J, Wall BT, Boullosa B, Dupont G, Lizarraga A, Res P, Bizzini M, Castagna C, Cowie CM, D'Hooghe M, Geyer H, Meyer T, Papadimitriou N, Vouillamoz M, McCall A. UEFA expert group statement on nutrition in elite football. Current evidence to inform practical recommendations and guide future research. Br J Sports Med 2020; 55:416. [PMID: 33097528 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2019-101961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Football is a global game which is constantly evolving, showing substantial increases in physical and technical demands. Nutrition plays a valuable integrated role in optimising performance of elite players during training and match-play, and maintaining their overall health throughout the season. An evidence-based approach to nutrition emphasising, a 'food first' philosophy (ie, food over supplements), is fundamental to ensure effective player support. This requires relevant scientific evidence to be applied according to the constraints of what is practical and feasible in the football setting. The science underpinning sports nutrition is evolving fast, and practitioners must be alert to new developments. In response to these developments, the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) has gathered experts in applied sports nutrition research as well as practitioners working with elite football clubs and national associations/federations to issue an expert statement on a range of topics relevant to elite football nutrition: (1) match day nutrition, (2) training day nutrition, (3) body composition, (4) stressful environments and travel, (5) cultural diversity and dietary considerations, (6) dietary supplements, (7) rehabilitation, (8) referees and (9) junior high-level players. The expert group provide a narrative synthesis of the scientific background relating to these topics based on their knowledge and experience of the scientific research literature, as well as practical experience of applying knowledge within an elite sports setting. Our intention is to provide readers with content to help drive their own practical recommendations. In addition, to provide guidance to applied researchers where to focus future efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Collins
- Intra Performance Group, London, UK.,Performance and Research Team, Arsenal Football Club, London, UK
| | | | - Michael Gleeson
- School of Sports Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Johann Bilsborough
- Faculty of Health, University of Technology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,New England Patriots, Foxboro, MA, USA
| | - Asker Jeukendrup
- School of Sports Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.,MySport Science, Birmingham, UK
| | - James P Morton
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - S M Phillips
- Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lawrence Armstrong
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Louise M Burke
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Graeme L Close
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rob Duffield
- Faculty of Health, University of Technology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Medical Department, Football Federation Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Enette Larson-Meyer
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Julien Louis
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Daniel Medina
- Athlete Care and Performance, Monumental Sports & Entertainment, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Flavia Meyer
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ian Rollo
- School of Sports Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.,PepsiCo Life Sciences, Global R&D, Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Benjamin T Wall
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Gregory Dupont
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Peter Res
- Dutch Olympic Team, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mario Bizzini
- Research and Human Performance Lab, Schulthess Clinic, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carlo Castagna
- University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,Technical Department, Italian Football Federation (FIGC), Florence, Italy.,Italian Football Referees Association, Bologna, Italy
| | - Charlotte M Cowie
- Technical Directorate, Football Association, Burton upon Trent, UK.,Medical Committee, UEFA, Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Michel D'Hooghe
- Medical Committee, UEFA, Nyon, Switzerland.,Medical Centre of Excelence, Schulthess Clinic, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tim Meyer
- Medical Committee, UEFA, Nyon, Switzerland.,Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | | | - Alan McCall
- Performance and Research Team, Arsenal Football Club, London, UK .,Medical Department, Football Federation Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
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13
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Pomportes L, Brisswalter J. Carbohydrate mouth rinse effects on physical and cognitive performance: Benefits and limitations in sports. Sci Sports 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Bastos-Silva VJ, Prestes J, Geraldes AAR. Effect of Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse on Training Load Volume in Resistance Exercises. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:1653-1657. [PMID: 31125326 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Bastos-Silva, VJ, Prestes, J, and Geraldes, AAR. Effect of carbohydrate mouth rinse on training load volume in resistance exercises. J Strength Cond Res 33(6): 1654-1658, 2019-The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of carbohydrate (CHO) mouth rinse on training load volume (TLV-number of repetitions × load lifted [kg]) on 2 resistance exercises: leg press (LP) and bench press (BP). Twelve recreational resistance trained males were recruited. Subjects were assessed for 1 repetition maximum (1RM) and muscular endurance (ME) in LP and BP. Muscular endurance was determined by the maximum number of repetitions performed to volitional fatigue, with a load equal to 80% of 1RM. Exercises were performed on separate days (72 hours apart) under 3 experimental conditions: control (CONT), CHO (25 ml with 6.4% of maltodextrin), and placebo (juice without CHO [PLA]). Carbohydrate and PLA were used immediately before each exercise. There was no significant difference between conditions for the number of repetitions (CHO = 13.5 ± 4.8; PLA = 11.5 ± 4.4; CONT = 12.4 ± 4.4, p = 0.68) nor TLV (CHO = 2006.7 ± 825.2 kg; PLA = 1712.5 ± 772.9 kg; CONT = 1817.1 ± 672.6 kg, p = 0.99) in LP. However, CHO increased both repetitions (CHO = 8.2 ± 1.6; PLA = 7.1 ± 2.4; CONT = 6.8 ± 1.8, p = 0.002) and TLV (CHO = 557.1 ± 155.4 kg; PLA = 495.9 ± 206.1 kg; CONT = 476.1 ± 175.3 kg, p = 0.035) compared with CON in BP. Thus, a CHO mouth rinse increases BP performance in trained men, suggesting an interesting strategy to be used by experienced resistance training practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor J Bastos-Silva
- Laboratory of Physical Fitness, Performance, and Health, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Jonato Prestes
- Graduaton Program on Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Amandio A R Geraldes
- Laboratory of Physical Fitness, Performance, and Health, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
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Abstract
Sensing carbohydrates via the oral cavity benefits performance outcomes during brief high intensity bouts of exercise. However, the extent to which carbohydrates need to be present in the oral cavity to influence sprint performance is less understood. The purpose of this study was to determine if serial increases in carbohydrate rinse time across sprint sets attenuates increases in sprint time compared to no serial increases in carbohydrate rinse time across sprint sets. Fifteen sprint trained participants completed three repeated anaerobic sprint tests (RAST), 3 sets of 6 x 35-m sprints, under two different carbohydrate mouth rinsing (CMR) conditions; (1) rinsing for only 5 seconds (s), and (2) rinsing for 5 s, 10 s and 15 s (serial rinse). Prior to a RAST, participants provided perceived recovery status (PRS) and perceived feeling of arousal (FAS). Upon completion of each individual sprint, participants gave a rating of perceived exertion (RPE). A lactate sample was taken upon completion of each individual sprint set and after all 3 RASTs a session rating of perceived exertion (S-RPE) was measured. There were no significant differences in peak (p = 0.18) and average sprint time (p = 0.41). There were no significant differences in perceptual measures: RPE, PRS, FAS, S-RPE or for blood lactate concentration between CMR conditions. Overall, serial rinsing resulted in changes that were most likely trivial, but showed a 50% chance in perceiving a sprint session as less difficult. Rinsing carbohydrates in a serial manner between repeated sprint sets produces trivial changes of sprint speed and perceptual measures from sprint performance.
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Kerksick CM, Wilborn CD, Roberts MD, Smith-Ryan A, Kleiner SM, Jäger R, Collins R, Cooke M, Davis JN, Galvan E, Greenwood M, Lowery LM, Wildman R, Antonio J, Kreider RB. ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: research & recommendations. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2018; 15:38. [PMID: 30068354 PMCID: PMC6090881 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-018-0242-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 375] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sports nutrition is a constantly evolving field with hundreds of research papers published annually. In the year 2017 alone, 2082 articles were published under the key words ‘sport nutrition’. Consequently, staying current with the relevant literature is often difficult. Methods This paper is an ongoing update of the sports nutrition review article originally published as the lead paper to launch the Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition in 2004 and updated in 2010. It presents a well-referenced overview of the current state of the science related to optimization of training and performance enhancement through exercise training and nutrition. Notably, due to the accelerated pace and size at which the literature base in this research area grows, the topics discussed will focus on muscle hypertrophy and performance enhancement. As such, this paper provides an overview of: 1.) How ergogenic aids and dietary supplements are defined in terms of governmental regulation and oversight; 2.) How dietary supplements are legally regulated in the United States; 3.) How to evaluate the scientific merit of nutritional supplements; 4.) General nutritional strategies to optimize performance and enhance recovery; and, 5.) An overview of our current understanding of nutritional approaches to augment skeletal muscle hypertrophy and the potential ergogenic value of various dietary and supplemental approaches. Conclusions This updated review is to provide ISSN members and individuals interested in sports nutrition with information that can be implemented in educational, research or practical settings and serve as a foundational basis for determining the efficacy and safety of many common sport nutrition products and their ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad M Kerksick
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO, USA.
| | - Colin D Wilborn
- Exercise & Sport Science Department, University of Mary-Hardin Baylor, Belton, TX, USA
| | | | - Abbie Smith-Ryan
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Rick Collins
- Collins Gann McCloskey and Barry PLLC, Mineola, NY, USA
| | - Mathew Cooke
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jaci N Davis
- Exercise & Sport Science Department, University of Mary-Hardin Baylor, Belton, TX, USA
| | - Elfego Galvan
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Mike Greenwood
- Exercise & Sports Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Lonnie M Lowery
- Department of Human Performance & Sport Business, University of Mount Union, Alliance, OH, USA
| | | | - Jose Antonio
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL, USA
| | - Richard B Kreider
- Exercise & Sports Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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SIMPSON GARETW, PRITCHETT ROBERT, O’NEAL ERIC, HOSKINS GARRETT, PRITCHETT KELLY. Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse Improves Relative Mean Power During Multiple Sprint Performance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXERCISE SCIENCE 2018; 11:754-763. [PMID: 29997738 PMCID: PMC6033500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Multiple investigations have confirmed carbohydrate mouth rinse (CMR) enhances high intensity endurance performance lasting under 1 hour, but the effects of CMR on high intensity intermittent exercise has received less attention. This study examined the effect of CMR on high intensity multiple sprint performances in a protocol designed to emulate a cyclocross or mountain biking event. Seven trained men (28.2 ± 6.8 years, 185 ± 9 cm, 85.3 ± 14.8 kg, VO2peak 51.4 ± 7.3 ml/kg*min-1) completed two, 48 min high intensity intermittent cycling protocols that consisted of 6 bouts of 5 min cycling at 50% VO2 peak followed by sets of three, 10-s Wingate sprints with 50 s of recovery between sprints. Prior to each set of Wingate sprints, either a 6.4% carbohydrate solution (CMR) or placebo (PLA) were rinsed for 10 s using a counterbalanced crossover design. There was a significant main effect (CMR 10.51 ± 0.82, PLA 10.33 ± 0.87 W/kg; p < 0.05 ES=0.21) for mean power, but post hoc tests only revealed statistically significant performance improvement with CMR during the 6th bout (CMR 10.5 ± 0.75, PLA 10.22 ± 0.92 W/kg; p = 0.01 ES=0.33). No treatment effect was exhibited for peak power, fatigue index, ratings of perceived exertion, or blood glucose. Most team sport situations provide multiple opportunities for access to beverages, but gastrointestinal distress associated with fluid intake may reduce desire for significant beverage consumption. Under such circumstances, a small but practical ergogenic advantage may be exhibited if the fluid rinsed in the mouth contains carbohydrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- GARET W. SIMPSON
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA, USA
| | - ROBERT PRITCHETT
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA, USA
| | - ERIC O’NEAL
- Department of Health, Physical Education and Recreation, University of North Alabama, Florence, AL, USA
| | - GARRETT HOSKINS
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA, USA
| | - KELLY PRITCHETT
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, WA, USA
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18
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Black CD, Schubert DJ, Szczyglowski MK, Wren JD. Carbohydrate Mouth Rinsing Does Not Prevent the Decline in Maximal Strength After Fatiguing Exercise. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:2466-2473. [PMID: 29334582 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Black, CD, Schubert, DJ, Szczyglowski, MK, and Wren, JD. Carbohydrate mouth rinsing does not prevent the decline in maximal strength after fatiguing exercise. J Strength Cond Res 32(9): 2466-2473, 2018-Carbohydrate (CHO) rinsing has been shown to attenuate the decline of maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs) after fatiguing exercise-perhaps through a central mechanism. This study sought to determine the effect of a CHO rinse on MVC, voluntary activation, and contractile properties after fatiguing exercise. Thirteen adults participated in a double-blind, cross-over study. Maximal voluntary contraction of the dominant knee extensors was assessed, and voluntary activation (%VA) was determined using twitch interpolation. Participants then held 50% of MVC until volitional fatigue followed by a 20-second rinse with a solution of 8% maltodextrin (CHO) or placebo (PLA). Maximal voluntary contraction and %VA were reassessed immediately and 5 minutes after exercise. Maximal voluntary contraction did not differ between the CHO and PLA conditions initially (230 ± 90 vs. 232 ± 90 N·m; p = 0.69). Maximal voluntary contraction declined after exercise (p ≤ 0.01), but no differences were found between the CHO and PLA conditions (p ≥ 0.59). %VA did not differ between conditions (91.9 ± 2.9% vs. 91.5 ± 3.8%; p ≥ 0.11) nor did it change after exercise (p = 0.57). Twitch torque, rate of torque development, and rate of torque relaxation were reduced after exercise (p ≤ 0.05) but were unaffected by CHO rinsing (p > 0.05). Unlike a previous study, a CHO rinse did not preserve MVC after fatiguing exercise. This was likely due to a lack of central fatigue induced by the exercise protocol (as %VA was unaffected) as the CHO rinse is thought to work through a central mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Black
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
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19
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Devenney S, Mangan S, Shortall M, Collins K. Effects of carbohydrate mouth rinse and caffeine on high-intensity interval running in a fed state. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 43:517-521. [PMID: 29262272 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The current study aims to identify if mouth rinsing with a 6% carbohydrate mouth-rinse (CMR) solution and mouth rinsing and ingestion of caffeine (CMR+CAFF) can affect exercise performance during steady-state (SS) running and high-intensity intervals (HIIT) in comparison with a 0% control solution (PLA) when in a fed state. Eight recreationally trained males completed 3 trials (CMR, CMR+CAFF, and PLA) of 45 min SS running and an HIIT protocol (90% peak treadmill velocity) until fatigue in a double blinded, repeated-measures study. Participants ingested a capsule of either CAFF or PLA before and after SS. Participants received a 25-mL bolus of carbohydrate solution (CMR and CMR+CAFF trials) or taste-matched PLA (PLA trial) prior to HIIT protocol and after every second effort. Heart rate and lactate responses were recorded throughout the SS and HIIT protocol. CMR+CAFF was significantly different when compared with PLA (p = 0.001; Cohens d = 1.34) and CMR (p = 0.031; Cohens d = 0.87) in relation to distance covered before fatigue. Although there was no significant difference between CMR and PLA, there was a small benefit for CMR (p = 0.218; Cohens d = 0.46). Results indicate that CMR and ingestion of CAFF leads to improvements in performance during interval sessions while participants were in a fed state. These findings indicate that the regular use of CMR can decrease the risk of gastrointestinal distress reported by athletes, which can be applicable to athletes in a real-world setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Devenney
- Department of Science, Centre for Exercise and Metabolic Science, Institute of Technology Tallaght, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Science, Centre for Exercise and Metabolic Science, Institute of Technology Tallaght, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Shane Mangan
- Department of Science, Centre for Exercise and Metabolic Science, Institute of Technology Tallaght, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Science, Centre for Exercise and Metabolic Science, Institute of Technology Tallaght, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Marcus Shortall
- Department of Science, Centre for Exercise and Metabolic Science, Institute of Technology Tallaght, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Science, Centre for Exercise and Metabolic Science, Institute of Technology Tallaght, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kieran Collins
- Department of Science, Centre for Exercise and Metabolic Science, Institute of Technology Tallaght, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Science, Centre for Exercise and Metabolic Science, Institute of Technology Tallaght, Dublin, Ireland
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20
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Peart DJ. Quantifying the Effect of Carbohydrate Mouth Rinsing on Exercise Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31:1737-1743. [PMID: 28538327 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to review the existing literature investigating carbohydrate mouth rinsing as an ergogenic aid using the effect sizes (ES) and percentage change in performance of the respective studies as outcome measures. A trivial-small average overall ES was present for the 25 studies included in the review (0.18, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.10-0.27). Effect sizes for the subgroups were ≥25 minutes (0.25, 95% CI = 0.14-0.36), ≤180 seconds (0.06, 95% CI = -0.03 to 0.15), resistance exercise (-0.09, 95% CI = -0.20 to 0.03) but the ES is still small. A subanalysis of ∼1-h cycling time trial performance resulted in an overall ES of 0.20 (95% CI = 0.02-0.38), and ES for performance time and power output of 0.31 (95% CI = -0.02 to 0.64) and 0.19 (95% CI = -0.09 to 0.46), respectively. Although ES were small, the average percentage change in performance in ∼1-hour trials was 2.48%, which may have implications for elite performers as this is greater than the 1.30% smallest worthwhile change recommended in the past research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Peart
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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21
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Dolan P, Witherbee KE, Peterson KM, Kerksick CM. Effect of Carbohydrate, Caffeine, and Carbohydrate + Caffeine Mouth Rinsing on Intermittent Running Performance in Collegiate Male Lacrosse Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31:2473-2479. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Gam S, Guelfi KJ, Fournier PA. New Insights into Enhancing Maximal Exercise Performance Through the Use of a Bitter Tastant. Sports Med 2017; 46:1385-90. [PMID: 27000831 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0522-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
It is generally acknowledged that for an orally administered ergogenic aid to enhance exercise performance it must first be absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract before exerting its effects. Recently, however, it has been reported that some ergogenic aids can affect exercise performance without prior absorption by the gastrointestinal tract. This is best illustrated by studies that have shown that rinsing the mouth with a carbohydrate (CHO) solution, without swallowing it, significantly improves exercise performance. The ergogenic effects of CHO mouth rinsing in these studies have been attributed to the activation of the brain by afferent taste signals, but the specific mechanisms by which this brain activation translates to enhanced exercise performance have not yet been elucidated. Given the benefits of CHO mouth rinsing for exercise performance, this raises the issue of whether other types of tastants, such as bitter-tasting solutions, may also improve exercise performance. Recently, we performed a series of studies investigating whether the bitter tastant quinine can improve maximal sprint performance in competitive male cyclists, and, if so, to examine some of the possible mechanisms whereby this effect may occur. These studies have shown that mouth rinsing and ingesting a bitter-tasting quinine solution can significantly improve the performance of a maximal cycling sprint. There is also evidence that the ergogenic effect of quinine is mediated, at least in part, by an increase in autonomic nervous system activation and/or corticomotor excitability. The purpose of this article is to discuss the results and implications of these recent studies and to suggest avenues for further research, which may add to the understanding of the way the brain integrates signals from the oral cavity with motor behaviour, as well as uncover novel strategies to improve exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Gam
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.
| | - Kym J Guelfi
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Paul A Fournier
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
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Clarke ND, Hammond S, Kornilios E, Mundy PD. Carbohydrate mouth rinse improves morning high-intensity exercise performance. Eur J Sport Sci 2017; 17:955-963. [PMID: 28581367 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2017.1333159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Oral carbohydrate (CHO) rinsing has been demonstrated to provide beneficial effects on exercise performance of durations of up to one hour. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of CHO mouth rinsing on morning high-intensity exercise performance. Following institutional ethical approval and familiarisation, 12 healthy males (mean ± SD age: 23 ± 3 years, height: 175.5 ± 7.4 cm, body mass: 75.4 ± 7.5 kg) participated in this study. Countermovement jump (CMJ) height, isometric mid-thigh pull peak force, 10 m sprint time and bench press and back squat repetitions to failure were assessed following CHO and placebo (PLA) rinsing or a control condition (CON). All testing took place at 07:30 following an 11 hour overnight fast. Performance of CMJ height (CHO: 39 ± 7 cm; PLA: 38 ± 7 cm; CON: 36 ± 6 cm; P = .003, [Formula: see text] = 0.40), 10 m sprint time (CHO: 1.78 ± 0.07 s; PLA: 1.81 ± 0.07 s; CON: 1.85 ± 0.05 s; P = .001, [Formula: see text] = 0.47), the number of bench press (CHO: 25 ± 3; PLA: 24 ± 4; CON: 22 ± 4; P < .001, [Formula: see text] = 0.55) and squat (CHO: 31 ± 4; PLA: 29 ± 5; CON: 26 ± 6; P < .001, [Formula: see text] = 0.70) repetitions and mean felt arousal (CHO: 5 ± 1; PLA: 4 ± 0; CON: 4 ± 0; P = .009, [Formula: see text] = 0.25) improved following CHO rinsing. However, isometric mid-thigh pull peak force was unchanged (CHO: 2262 ± 288 N; PLA: 2236 ± 354 N; CON: 2212 ± 321 N; P = .368, [Formula: see text] = 0.08). These results suggest that oral CHO rinsing solution significantly improved the morning performance of CMJ height, 10 m sprint times, bench press and squat repetitions to failure and felt arousal, although peak force during an isometric mid-thigh pull, rating of perceived exertion and heart rate were unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil D Clarke
- a Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences , Coventry University , Coventry , UK
| | - Scott Hammond
- a Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences , Coventry University , Coventry , UK
| | - Evangelos Kornilios
- a Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences , Coventry University , Coventry , UK
| | - Peter D Mundy
- a Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences , Coventry University , Coventry , UK
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Clarke ND, Thomas JR, Kagka M, Ramsbottom R, Delextrat A. No Dose-Response Effect of Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse Concentration on 5-km Running Performance in Recreational Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31:715-720. [PMID: 27379953 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Clarke, ND, Thomas, JR, Kagka, M, Ramsbottom, R, and Delextrat, A. No dose-response effect of carbohydrate mouth rinse concentration on 5-km running performance in recreational athletes. J Strength Cond Res 31(3): 715-720, 2017-Oral carbohydrate rinsing has been demonstrated to provide beneficial effects on exercise performance of durations of up to 1 hour, albeit predominately in a laboratory setting. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of different concentrations of carbohydrate solution mouth rinse on 5-km running performance. Fifteen healthy men (n = 9; mean ± SD age; 42 ± 10 years; height, 177.6 ± 6.1 cm; body mass, 73.9 ± 8.9 kg) and women (n = 6; mean ± SD age, 43 ± 9 years; height, 166.5 ± 4.1 cm; body mass, 65.7 ± 6.8 kg) performed a 5-km running time trial on a track on 4 separate occasions. Immediately before starting the time trial and then after each 1 km, subjects rinsed 25 ml of 0, 3, 6, or 12% maltodextrin for 10 seconds. Mouth rinsing with 0, 3, 6, or 12% maltodextrin did not have a significant effect on the time to complete the time trial (0%, 26:34 ± 4:07 minutes:seconds; 3%, 27:17 ± 4:33 minutes:seconds; 6%, 27:05 ± 3:52 minutes:seconds; 12%, 26:47 ± 4.31 minutes:seconds; p = 0.071; (Equation is included in full-text article.)= 0.15), heart rate (p = 0.095; (Equation is included in full-text article.)= 0.16), rating of perceived exertion (p = 0.195; (Equation is included in full-text article.)= 0.11), blood glucose (p = 0.920; (Equation is included in full-text article.)= 0.01), and blood lactate concentration (p = 0.831; (Equation is included in full-text article.)= 0.02), with only nonsignificant trivial to small differences between concentrations. Results of this study suggest that carbohydrate mouth rinsing provides no ergogenic advantage over an acaloric placebo (0%) and that there is no dose-response relationship between carbohydrate solution concentration and 5-km track running performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil D Clarke
- 1Department of Applied Sciences and Health, Faculty Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom; and 2Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Running Performance With Nutritive and Nonnutritive Sweetened Mouth Rinses. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2017; 12:1105-1110. [PMID: 28095077 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2016-0577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Using mouth rinse (MR) with carbohydrate during exercise has been shown to act as an ergogenic aid. PURPOSE To investigate if nutritive or nonnutritive sweetened MR affects exercise performance and to assess the influence of sweetness intensity on endurance performance during a time trial (TT). METHODS This randomized, single-blinded study had 4 treatment conditions. Sixteen subjects (9 men, 7 women) completed a 12.8-km TT 4 different times. During each TT, subjects mouth-rinsed and expectorated a different solution at time 0 and every 12.5% of the TT. The 4 MR solutions were sucrose (S) (sweet taste and provides energy of 4 kcal/g), a lower-intensity sucralose (S1:1) (artificial sweetener that provides no energy but tastes sweet), a higher-intensity sucralose (S100:1), and water as control (C). Completion times for each TT, heart rate (HR), and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were also recorded. RESULTS Completion time for S was faster than for C (1:03:47 ± 00:02:17 vs 1:06:56 ± 00:02:18, respectively; P < .001) and showed a trend to be faster vs S100:1 (1:03:47 ± 00:02:17 vs 1:05:38 ± 00:02:12, respectively; P = .07). No other TT differences were found. Average HR showed a trend to be higher for S vs C (P = .08). The only difference in average or maximum RPE was for higher maximum RPE in C vs S1:1 (P = .02). CONCLUSION A sweet-tasting MR did improve endurance performance compared with water in a significant manner (mean 4.5% improvement; 3+ min.); however, the presence of energy in the sweet MR appeared necessary since the artificial sweeteners did not improve performance more than water alone.
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Krings BM, Rountree JA, McAllister MJ, Cummings PM, Peterson TJ, Fountain BJ, Smith JW. Effects of acute carbohydrate ingestion on anaerobic exercise performance. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2016; 13:40. [PMID: 27843418 PMCID: PMC5105234 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-016-0152-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Carbohydrate (CHO) supplementation during endurance exercises has been shown to increase performance, but there is limited research with CHO supplementation during strength and conditioning exercises. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of various levels of CHO ingestion during acute testing sessions requiring participants to complete a strength and conditioning program designed for collegiate athletes. Methods Participants (n = 7) performed a series of exercises while ingesting an amino-acid electrolyte control (CON) or CON plus varying levels of CHO. The CHO beverages delivered a 2:1 (glucose: fructose) ratio at rates of 15 g/h, 30 g/h, and 60 g/h. The exercise protocol consisted of a series of short sprints, full body resistance training exercises, jumping, and shuttle running. Performance measurements were taken for sprint times, repetitions until failure [bench press, bent over row, biceps curl, overhead triceps extension], summation of total repetitions for all repetitions until failure, repetitions in a set time for two-foot line jumps, and 137-m shuttle times. Results A significant main effect (p < 0.05) was found in relation to CHO dose during the bench press final set repetitions to failure. Pairwise comparison with Bonferroni’s correction identified that there was significant difference (p = 0.0024) between the dosage of 15 g/h and CON during bench press. Inferential statistics identified overall RT performance with a dosage of 15 g/h compared to 60 g/h and CON was 99.2 % (very likely) and 96.7 % (very likely) to have a beneficial effect. Conclusions The results from this study suggest acute ingestion of CHO does not result in decrements in performance and may provide a beneficial effect to strength and conditioning performance. Strength and conditioning coaches may recommend their athletes ingest CHO during training sessions in order to maximize muscular adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben M Krings
- Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA
| | - Jaden A Rountree
- Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA
| | - Matthew J McAllister
- Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA
| | - Patrick M Cummings
- Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA
| | - Timothy J Peterson
- Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA
| | - Brent J Fountain
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition, and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA
| | - JohnEric W Smith
- Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA
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Rowlatt G, Bottoms L, Edmonds CJ, Buscombe R. The effect of carbohydrate mouth rinsing on fencing performance and cognitive function following fatigue-inducing fencing. Eur J Sport Sci 2016; 17:433-440. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2016.1251497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Rowlatt
- School of Health, Sport and Bioscience, School of Psychology, University of East London, Stratford, UK
| | - L. Bottoms
- Department of Psychology and Sports Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - C. J. Edmonds
- School of Health, Sport and Bioscience, School of Psychology, University of East London, Stratford, UK
| | - R. Buscombe
- School of Health, Sport and Bioscience, School of Psychology, University of East London, Stratford, UK
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Pomportes L, Brisswalter J, Hays A, Davranche K. Effect of Carbohydrate Intake on Maximal Power Output and Cognitive Performances. Sports (Basel) 2016; 4:sports4040049. [PMID: 29910297 PMCID: PMC5968900 DOI: 10.3390/sports4040049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to assess the beneficial effect of acute carbohydrate (7% CHO) intake on muscular and cognitive performances. Seventeen high levels athletes in explosive sports (fencing and squash) participated in a randomized, double-blind study consisting in series of 6 sprints (5s) with a passive recovery (25s) followed by 15 min submaximal cycling after either maltodextrine and fructose (CHO) or placebo (Pl) intake. Cognitive performances were assessed before and after sprint exercise using a simple reaction time (SRT) task at rest, a visual scanning task (VS) and a Go/Nogo task (GNG) during a submaximal cycling exercise. Results showed a beneficial effect of exercise on VS task on both conditions (Pl: −283 ms; CHO: −423 ms) and on SRT only during CHO condition (−26 ms). In the CHO condition, SRT was faster after exercise whereas no effect of exercise was observed in the Pl condition. According to a qualitative statistical method, a most likely and likely positive effect of CHO was respectively observed on peak power (+4%) and tiredness (−23%) when compared to Pl. Furthermore, a very likely positive effect of CHO was observed on SRT (−8%) and a likely positive effect on visual scanning (−6%) and Go/Nogo tasks (−4%) without any change in accuracy. In conclusion acute ingestion of 250 mL of CHO, 60 min and 30 min before exercise, improve peak power output, decrease muscular tiredness and speed up information processing and visual detection without changing accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pomportes
- Université Cote d'Azur, Laboratoire Motricité Humaine Expertise Sport Santé, Nice 06205, France.
- CREPS PACA, Aix en Provence 13098, France.
| | - Jeanick Brisswalter
- Université Cote d'Azur, Laboratoire Motricité Humaine Expertise Sport Santé, Nice 06205, France.
| | - Arnaud Hays
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, ISM, Marseille 13288, France.
| | - Karen Davranche
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, LPC UMR 7290, Marseille 13331, France.
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BASTOS-SILVA VJ, LEARSI SK, MELO ADA, LIMA-SILVA AE, ARAUJO GGD. Effects of carbohydrate intake on time to exhaustion and anaerobic contribution during supramaximal exercise. REV NUTR 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-98652016000500007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Objective: This study evaluated the effect of carbohydrate intake on time to exhaustion and anaerobic contribution during supramaximal exercise on a cycle ergometer. Methods: The sample comprised ten participants with a mean age of 23.9±2.5 years, mean body mass of 75.1±12.3 kg, mean height of 170.0±1.0 cm, and mean body fat of 11.3±5.2%. The participants underwent an incremental test to determine maximal oxygen uptake and maximum power output, and two supramaximal tests with a constant load of 110% of the maximum power output to exhaustion. Thirty minutes before the supramaximal tests the participants consumed carbohydrates (2 g.kg-1) or placebo. Results: The times to exhaustion of carbohydrate and placebo did not differ (carbohydrate: 170.7±44.6s; placebo: 156.1±26.7s, p=0.17; effect size=0.39). Similarly, the anaerobic contributions of the two treatments did not differ (carbohydrate: 3.0±0.9 L; placebo: 2.7±1.1 L, p=0.23; effect size=0.29). Conclusion: Carbohydrate intake was not capable of increasing time to exhaustion and anaerobic contribution in physically active men cycling at 110% of maximum power output.
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Devenney S, Collins K, Shortall M. Effects of various concentrations of carbohydrate mouth rinse on cycling performance in a fed state. Eur J Sport Sci 2016; 16:1073-8. [PMID: 27339107 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2016.1196735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify the effects of mouth rinsing with a 6% and 16% carbohydrate solution (CHO) on time trial performance when compared to a 0% control (PLA) when in a fed state. Twelve recreationally active males underwent three trials by which they had to complete a set workload (600 ± 65 W) in a fed state. Throughout each trial, participants rinsed their mouths with a 25 ml bolus of a 0% PLA, 6% or 16% CHO (maltodextrin) for every 12.5% of work completed. Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and heart rate were recorded every 12.5% of total work. Performance times and power output improved significantly when using the 6% and 16% CHO versus the PLA trial (6% versus PLA, p = .002 and 16% versus PLA, p = .001). When comparing the performance times of the 6% to 16% CHO, no significance was observed (p = .244). There was no significant difference between heart rate levels or RPE values across the three trials. In conclusion, mouth rinsing with a 6% or 16% CHO solution has a positive effect on a cycling time trial performance undertaken in a fed state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Devenney
- a Department of Science , Centre for Exercise and Metabolic Science, Institute of Technology Tallaght , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Kieran Collins
- a Department of Science , Centre for Exercise and Metabolic Science, Institute of Technology Tallaght , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Marcus Shortall
- a Department of Science , Centre for Exercise and Metabolic Science, Institute of Technology Tallaght , Dublin , Ireland
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Andersson H, Sinclair J, Knight A, Buscombe R, Edmonds C, Bottoms L. The effect of carbohydrate mouth rinse on a 30-minute arm cranking performance. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.3920/cep150032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of carbohydrate mouth rinse on 30-min arm cranking performance. Twelve healthy, active males (age 21.6, standard deviation (SD)=3.1 years; mass 76.2, SD=12.2 kg) volunteered in a single-blind, randomised crossover design. Firstly they completed an incremental exercise test to exhaustion (VO2max test) on an arm crank (50W for 2 min, increasing by 10W every min). During visit 2 and 3 they arm cranked for maximal distance over 30 min at a resistance equivalent to 50% of their peak power, mouth rinsing for 5 s with either 25 ml of a tasteless 6.4% maltodextrin solution (CHO) or 25 ml of water (placebo) every 6 min. A letter cancellation test was performed pre and post exercise to measure cognitive function. The result showed that cognitive function was not significantly different between trials (P=0.874). There was no significant difference in distance arm cranked between trials (P=0.164) even though 9 out of 12 participants had improved performance on the CHO trial. In conclusion, further research is needed to determine the ergogenic effect of CHO mouth rinsing on upper body exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Andersson
- School of Health, Sport and Bioscience, University of East London, E15 4LZ Stratford, United Kingdom
| | - J. Sinclair
- Division of Sport, Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, PR1 2HE Preston, United Kingdom
| | - A. Knight
- School of Health, Sport and Bioscience, University of East London, E15 4LZ Stratford, United Kingdom
| | - R. Buscombe
- School of Health, Sport and Bioscience, University of East London, E15 4LZ Stratford, United Kingdom
| | - C.J. Edmonds
- School of Psychology, University of East London, E15 4LZ Stratford, United Kingdom
| | - L. Bottoms
- Department of Psychology and Sport Science, University of Hertfordshire, E15 4LZ Hatfield, United Kingdom
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Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse Maintains Muscle Electromyographic Activity and Increases Time to Exhaustion during Moderate but not High-Intensity Cycling Exercise. Nutrients 2016; 8:49. [PMID: 27005660 PMCID: PMC4808835 DOI: 10.3390/nu8030049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim was to investigate the influence of a carbohydrate (CHO) mouth rinse on the vastus lateralis (VL) and rectus femoris (RF) electromyographic activity (EMG) and time to exhaustion (TE) during moderate (MIE) and high-intensity cycling exercise (HIE). Thirteen participants cycled at 80% of their respiratory compensation point and at 110% of their peak power output to the point of exhaustion. Before the trials and every 15 min during MIE, participants rinsed with the CHO or Placebo (PLA) solutions. The root mean square was calculated. CHO had no effect on the TE during HIE (CHO: 177.3 ± 42.2 s; PLA: 163.0 ± 26.7 s, p = 0.10), but the TE was increased during MIE (CHO: 76.6 ± 19.7 min; PLA: 65.4 ± 15.2 min; p = 0.01). The EMG activity in the VL was higher than PLA at 30 min (CHO: 10.5% ± 2.6%; PLA: 7.7% ± 3.3%; p = 0.01) and before exhaustion (CHO: 10.3% ± 2.5%; PLA: 8.0% ± 2.9%; p = 0.01) with CHO rinsing. There was no CHO effect on the EMG activity of RF during MIE or for VL and RF during HIE. CHO mouth rinse maintains EMG activity and enhances performance for MIE but not for HIE.
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Clarke ND, Kornilios E, Richardson DL. Carbohydrate and Caffeine Mouth Rinses Do Not Affect Maximum Strength and Muscular Endurance Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2015; 29:2926-31. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Baker LB, Rollo I, Stein KW, Jeukendrup AE. Acute Effects of Carbohydrate Supplementation on Intermittent Sports Performance. Nutrients 2015; 7:5733-63. [PMID: 26184303 PMCID: PMC4517026 DOI: 10.3390/nu7075249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermittent sports (e.g., team sports) are diverse in their rules and regulations but similar in the pattern of play; that is, intermittent high-intensity movements and the execution of sport-specific skills over a prolonged period of time (~1–2 h). Performance during intermittent sports is dependent upon a combination of anaerobic and aerobic energy systems, both of which rely on muscle glycogen and/or blood glucose as an important substrate for energy production. The aims of this paper are to review: (1) potential biological mechanisms by which carbohydrate may impact intermittent sport performance; (2) the acute effects of carbohydrate ingestion on intermittent sport performance, including intermittent high-intensity exercise capacity, sprinting, jumping, skill, change of direction speed, and cognition; and (3) what recommendations can be derived for carbohydrate intake before/during exercise in intermittent sports based on the available evidence. The most researched intermittent sport is soccer but some sport-specific studies have also been conducted in other sports (e.g., rugby, field hockey, basketball, American football, and racquet sports). Carbohydrate ingestion before/during exercise has been shown in most studies to enhance intermittent high-intensity exercise capacity. However, studies have shown mixed results with regards to the acute effects of carbohydrate intake on sprinting, jumping, skill, change of direction speed, and cognition. In most of these studies the amount of carbohydrate consumed was ~30–60 g/h in the form of a 6%–7% carbohydrate solution comprised of sucrose, glucose, and/or maltodextrin. The magnitude of the impact that carbohydrate ingestion has on intermittent sport performance is likely dependent on the carbohydrate status of the individual; that is, carbohydrate ingestion has the greatest impact on performance under circumstances eliciting fatigue and/or hypoglycemia. Accordingly, carbohydrate ingestion before and during a game seems to have the greatest impact on intermittent sports performance towards the end of the game.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay B Baker
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Barrington, IL 60010, USA.
| | - Ian Rollo
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Beaumont Park, Leicester LE3 9QH, UK.
| | | | - Asker E Jeukendrup
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK.
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Martínez Reñón C, Collado PS. An assessment of the nutritional intake of soccer referees. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2015; 12:8. [PMID: 25722658 PMCID: PMC4341867 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-015-0068-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aims to analyze the eating habits and attitudes of a group of soccer referees and linesmen. METHOD A nutritional study was undertaken of thirty-five soccer referees (aged between 18 and 50) refereeing at different levels, from the Spanish national third division down to the provincial second division. Through the use of a 3-day food diary and 24-hour recall, this study analyzed the intake and distribution of macro- and micro-nutrients and of dietary fiber consumed on different types of day (normal, training, and match days). RESULTS There were no significant differences in calorie intake related to the three types of day (normal, training, and match days). This was true both of overall amounts (2371.1 kcal, 2479.7 kcal, and 2368.4 kcal, respectively) and amounts per unit of body weight (32.4 kcal/kg, 33.9 kcal/kg, and 32.4 kcal/kg, respectively). In respect of macro-nutrient intake, more specifically carbohydrates, the subjects consumed a diet with an insufficient amount of carbohydrates: 279 g, as against the 371 g (REC1) or 540 g (REC2) recommended according to physical activity levels. Slight increases were observed on game days, but were not statistically significant. Consideration of micro-nutrients showed that the quantities of three vitamins (B6, B12, and C) consumed were above the recommended amounts. However, this was not an issue, since the figures related to water-soluble vitamins. Finally, the amounts of minerals (Ca, Mg, and Fe) and fiber consumed were close to recommended values, regardless of the type of day being considered. CONCLUSIONS This study found that the group of referees investigated consumed a diet that did not have sufficient calories from carbohydrates, in view of their occupation. This poor nutritional status might interfere with the development of their sporting performance and ultimately increase the risk of injury. This implies a need to design and implement a diet and to introduce educational programs on nutrition for these sportspeople.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pilar S Collado
- />Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of Leon, Leon, Spain
- />Department of Biomedical Sciences. Physiology, University of León, 24071 León, Spain
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Claudino JG, Mezêncio B, Amaral S, Zanetti V, Benatti F, Roschel H, Gualano B, Amadio AC, Serrão JC. Creatine monohydrate supplementation on lower-limb muscle power in Brazilian elite soccer players. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2014; 11:32. [PMID: 24991195 PMCID: PMC4077550 DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-11-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies involving chronic creatine supplementation in elite soccer players are scarce. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the effects of creatine monohydrate supplementation on lower-limb muscle power in Brazilian elite soccer players (n = 14 males) during pre-season training. Findings This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel-group study. Brazilian professional elite soccer players participated in this study. During the pre-season (7 weeks), all the subjects underwent a standardized physical and specific soccer training. Prior to and after either creatine monohydrate or placebo supplementation, the lower-limb muscle power was measured by countermovement jump performance. The Jumping performance was compared between groups at baseline (p = 0.99). After the intervention, jumping performance was lower in the placebo group (percent change = - 0.7%; ES = - 0.3) than in the creatine group (percent change = + 2.4%; ES = + 0.1), but it did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.23 for time x group interaction). Fisher’s exact test revealed that the proportion of subjects that experienced a reduction in jumping performance was significantly greater in the placebo group than in the creatine group (5 and 1, respectively; p = 0.05) after the training. The magnitude-based inferences demonstrated that placebo resulted in a possible negative effect (50%) in jumping performance, whereas creatine supplementation led to a very likely trivial effect (96%) in jumping performance in the creatine group. Conclusions Creatine monohydrate supplementation prevented the decrement in lower-limb muscle power in elite soccer players during a pre-season progressive training.
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Affiliation(s)
- João G Claudino
- School of Physical Education and Sport - Laboratory of Biomechanics, University of Sao Paulo, Av Mello de Moraes, 65, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Bruno Mezêncio
- School of Physical Education and Sport - Laboratory of Biomechanics, University of Sao Paulo, Av Mello de Moraes, 65, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Amaral
- Department of Health and Performance, Red Bull Brazil Football, João Lúcio do Prado street, Km 10, Jarinu, SP 13240-000, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Zanetti
- Department of Health and Performance, Red Bull Brazil Football, João Lúcio do Prado street, Km 10, Jarinu, SP 13240-000, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Benatti
- School of Physical Education and Sport - Laboratory of Applied Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Sao Paulo, Av Mello de Moraes, 65, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Hamilton Roschel
- School of Physical Education and Sport - Laboratory of Applied Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Sao Paulo, Av Mello de Moraes, 65, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-030, Brazil ; School of Physical Education and Sport - Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Strength Training, University of Sao Paulo, Av Mello de Moraes, 65, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-030, Brazil ; School of Medicine - Division of Rheumatology, University of Sao Paulo, Av Mello de Moraes, 65, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Bruno Gualano
- School of Physical Education and Sport - Laboratory of Applied Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Sao Paulo, Av Mello de Moraes, 65, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-030, Brazil ; School of Medicine - Division of Rheumatology, University of Sao Paulo, Av Mello de Moraes, 65, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Alberto C Amadio
- School of Physical Education and Sport - Laboratory of Biomechanics, University of Sao Paulo, Av Mello de Moraes, 65, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Julio C Serrão
- School of Physical Education and Sport - Laboratory of Biomechanics, University of Sao Paulo, Av Mello de Moraes, 65, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-030, Brazil
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Lee CL, Cheng CF, Astorino TA, Lee CJ, Huang HW, Chang WD. Effects of carbohydrate combined with caffeine on repeated sprint cycling and agility performance in female athletes. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2014; 11:17. [PMID: 24855458 PMCID: PMC4012529 DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-11-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Caffeine (CAF) has been shown to improve performance during early phase of repeated sprint exercise; however some studies show that CAF also increases the magnitude of physical stress represented by augmented blood lactate, glucose, and cortisol concentrations during latter phase of repeated sprint exercise. No studies have investigated the efficacy of combined carbohydrate (CHO) and CAF consumption during repeated sprint exercise (RSE) in female athletes. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of CAF with CHO supplementation on RSE and agility. Methods Eleven female athletes completed four experimental trials performed 7 d apart in a double-blind, randomized, and counter-balanced crossover design. Treatments included CAF + PLA (placebo), CAF + CHO, PLA + CHO, and PLA + PLA. Participants ingested capsules containing 6 mg · kg−1 of CAF or PLA 60-min prior to RSE, and 0.8 g · kg−1 of CHO solution or PLA immediately before the RSE, which consisted of ten sets of 5 × 4-s sprints on the cycle ergometer with 20-s active recovery. The agility T-test (AT-test) was performed before and after the RSE. Blood samples were acquired to assess glucose, lactate, testosterone, and cortisol. Results During Set 6 of RSE, peak power and mean power were significantly higher in PLA + CHO than those in CAF + PLA and PLA + PLA, respectively (p < .05). Total work was significantly increased by 4.8% and 5.9% with PLA + CHO than those of CAF + CHO and CAF + PLA during Set 3. PLA + CHO also increased total work more than CAF + PLA and PLA + PLA did during Set 6 (p < .05). No significant differences in AT-test performance either before or after the RSE were occurred among treatments (p > .05). Blood lactate and glucose concentrations were significantly higher under CAF + CHO, CAF + PLA, and PLA + CHO versus PLA + PLA (p < .05), but no differences in testosterone or cortisol levels were found (p > .05). Conclusions Findings indicate that CAF + PLA or CAF + CHO ingestion did not improve repeated sprint performance with short rest intervals or agility. However, CHO ingested immediately prior to exercise provided a small but significant benefit on RSE performance in female athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Lun Lee
- Physical Education Section of General Education, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Feng Cheng
- Department of Athletic Performance, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Todd A Astorino
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University-San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, USA
| | - Chia-Jung Lee
- Department of Athletic Performance, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Wei Huang
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Dien Chang
- Department of Sports Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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