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Tissaoui G, Suchentrunk F, Awadi A, Smith S, Weber A, Ben Slimen H. Evolutionary characteristics of the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 6 gene in some populations of four sympatric Mustela species (Mustelidae, Mammalia) from central Europe. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:575. [PMID: 38664260 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09505-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selection on or reticulate evolution of mtDNA is documented in various mammalian taxa and could lead to misleading phylogenetic conclusions if not recognized. We sequenced the MT-ND6 gene of four sympatric Mustelid species of the genus Mustela from some central European populations. We hypothesised positive selection on MT-ND6, given its functional importance and the different body sizes and life histories of the species, even though climatic differences may be unimportant for adaptation in sympatry. METHODS AND RESULTS MT-ND6 genes were sequenced in 187 sympatric specimens of weasels, Mustela nivalis, stoats, M. erminea, polecats, M. putorius, and steppe polecats, M. eversmannii, from eastern Austria and of fourteen allopatric polecats from eastern-central Germany. Median joining networks, neighbour joining and maximum likelihood analyses as well as Bayesian inference grouped all species according to earlier published phylogenetic models. However, polecats and steppe polecats, two very closely related species, shared the same two haplotypes. We found only negative selection within the Mustela sequences, including 131 downloaded ones covering thirteen species. Positive selection was observed on three MT-ND6 codons of other mustelid genera retrieved from GenBank. CONCLUSIONS Negative selection for MT-ND6 within the genus Mustela suggests absence of both environmental and species-specific effects of cellular energy metabolism despite large species-specific differences in body size. The presently found shared polymorphism in European polecats and steppe polecats may result from ancestral polymorphism before speciation and historical or recent introgressive hybridization; it may indicate mtDNA capture of steppe polecats by M. putorius in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada Tissaoui
- Laboratory of Functional Physiology and Valorization of Bioresources, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Béja, University of Jendouba, Jendouba, Tunisia
| | - Franz Suchentrunk
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Savoyenstrasse 1, Vienna, 1160, Austria
| | - Asma Awadi
- Laboratory of Functional Physiology and Valorization of Bioresources, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Béja, University of Jendouba, Jendouba, Tunisia
| | - Steve Smith
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Savoyenstrasse 1, Vienna, 1160, Austria
| | - Antje Weber
- Landesamt für Umweltschutz Sachsen-Anhalt, Dez. 44 WZI, Lindenstraße 18, 39606, Iden, Germany
| | - Hichem Ben Slimen
- Laboratory of Functional Physiology and Valorization of Bioresources, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Béja, University of Jendouba, Jendouba, Tunisia.
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Dong PP, Wang RR, Abduriyim S. Diversity and evolution of the MHC class II DRB gene in the Capra sibirica experienced a demographic fluctuation in China. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19352. [PMID: 37935954 PMCID: PMC10630338 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46717-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes are the most polymorphic genes in vertebrates, and their proteins play a critical role in adaptive immunity for defense against a variety of pathogens. MHC diversity was lost in many species after experiencing a decline in size. To understand the variation and evolution of MHC genes in the Siberian ibex, Capra sibirica, which has undergone a population decline, we analyzed the variation of the second exon of MHC class II DRB genes in samples collected from five geographic localities in Xinjiang, China, that belong to three diverged mitochondrial clades. Consequently, we identified a total of 26 putative functional alleles (PFAs) with 260 bp in length from 43 individuals, and found one (for 27 individuals) to three (for 5 individuals) PFAs per individual, indicating the presence of one or two DRB loci per haploid genome. The Casi-DRB1*16 was the most frequently occurring PFA, Casi-DRB1*22 was found in only seven individuals, 14 PFAs occurred once, 7 PFAs twice, implying high frequency of rare PFAs. Interestingly, more than half (15) of the PFAs were specific to clade I, only two and three PFAs were specific to clades II and III, respectively. So, we assume that the polygamy and sexual segregation nature of this species likely contributed to the allelic diversity of DRB genes. Genetic diversity indices showed that PFAs of clade II were lower in nucleotide, amino acid, and supertype diversity compared to those of the other two clades. The pattern of allele sharing and FST values between the three clades was to some extent in agreement with the pattern observed in mitochondrial DNA divergence. In addition, recombination analyses revealed no evidence for significant signatures of recombination events. Alleles shared by clades III and the other two clades diverged 6 million years ago, and systematic neighbor grids showed Trans-species polymorphism. Together with the PAML and MEME analyses, the results indicated that the DRB gene in C. sibirica evolved under balancing and positive selection. However, by comparison, it can be clearly seen that different populations were under different selective pressures. Our results are valuable in understanding the diversity and evolution of the DRB gene in a mountain living C. sibirica and in making decisions on future long-term protection strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Pei Dong
- College of Life Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Rui-Rui Wang
- College of Life Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Shamshidin Abduriyim
- College of Life Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China.
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Oasis Town and Mountain-Basin System Ecology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China.
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3
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Wei Q, Wang X, Dong Y, Shang Y, Sun G, Wu X, Zhao C, Sha W, Yang G, Zhang H. Analysis of the Complete Mitochondrial Genome of Pteronura brasiliensis and Lontra canadensis. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3165. [PMID: 37893890 PMCID: PMC10603698 DOI: 10.3390/ani13203165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
P. brasiliensis and L. canadensis are two otter species, which successfully occupied semi-aquatic habitats and diverged from other Mustelidae. Herein, the full-length mitochondrial genome sequences were constructed for these two otter species for the first time. Comparative mitochondrial genome, selection pressure, and phylogenetic independent contrasts (PICs) analyses were conducted to determine the structure and evolutionary characteristics of their mitochondrial genomes. Phylogenetic analyses were also conducted to confirm these two otter species' phylogenetic position. The results demonstrated that the mitochondrial genome structure of P. brasiliensis and L. canadensis were consistent across Mustelidae. However, selection pressure analyses demonstrated that the evolutionary rates of mitochondrial genome protein-coding genes (PCGs) ND1, ND4, and ND4L were higher in otters than in terrestrial Mustelidae, whereas the evolutionary rates of ND2, ND6, and COX1 were lower in otters. Additionally, PIC analysis demonstrated that the evolutionary rates of ND2, ND4, and ND4L markedly correlated with a niche type. Phylogenetic analysis showed that P. brasiliensis is situated at the base of the evolutionary tree of otters, and then L. canadensis diverged from it. This study suggests a divergent evolutionary pattern of Mustelidae mitochondrial genome PCGs, prompting the otters' adaptation to semi-aquatic habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinguo Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; (Q.W.); (G.Y.)
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China; (X.W.); (Y.D.); (Y.S.); (G.S.); (X.W.); (C.Z.); (W.S.)
| | - Xibao Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China; (X.W.); (Y.D.); (Y.S.); (G.S.); (X.W.); (C.Z.); (W.S.)
| | - Yuehuan Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China; (X.W.); (Y.D.); (Y.S.); (G.S.); (X.W.); (C.Z.); (W.S.)
| | - Yongquan Shang
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China; (X.W.); (Y.D.); (Y.S.); (G.S.); (X.W.); (C.Z.); (W.S.)
| | - Guolei Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China; (X.W.); (Y.D.); (Y.S.); (G.S.); (X.W.); (C.Z.); (W.S.)
| | - Xiaoyang Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China; (X.W.); (Y.D.); (Y.S.); (G.S.); (X.W.); (C.Z.); (W.S.)
| | - Chao Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China; (X.W.); (Y.D.); (Y.S.); (G.S.); (X.W.); (C.Z.); (W.S.)
| | - Weilai Sha
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China; (X.W.); (Y.D.); (Y.S.); (G.S.); (X.W.); (C.Z.); (W.S.)
| | - Guang Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; (Q.W.); (G.Y.)
| | - Honghai Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China; (X.W.); (Y.D.); (Y.S.); (G.S.); (X.W.); (C.Z.); (W.S.)
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Marin AM, Mederle OA, Marucci G, Popovici DC, Mederle N. First Identification and Molecular Characterization of Trichinella britovi (Nematoda: Trichinellidae) from the Pine Marten ( Martes martes Linnaeus, 1758) in Romania. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2339. [PMID: 37764183 PMCID: PMC10534309 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichinella spp. are etiological zoonotic agents spread throughout the world and affect mammals, birds, and reptiles; they evolve via two cycles: domestic and sylvatic. Martes martes is a carnivorous nocturnal mammal from the family Mustelidae. In Romania, this host is widespread in all forests of the country. Martes martes has an extremely voracious appetite, feeding on fruit and also on a variety of small animals, including rodents such as mice and rats. The aim of this study was the identification and molecular characterization of Trichinella larvae isolated from the muscle tissue of Martes martes collected in different counties of Romania. The muscle samples were examined via artificial digestion, and the larvae were identified at the species level via multiplex PCR. The presence of larvae belonging to Trichinella britovi, a species frequently identified in wild carnivores in temperate zones, was observed. Although T. britovi has been already reported in several host species in Romania, this is the first time this species has been observed in a Martes martes specimen. This finding contributes to our knowledge about the host species involved in the maintenance of the Trichinella sylvatic cycle in Romania, and it confirms that this parasite is consistently present in the wild fauna of this country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Maria Marin
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences “King Michael I” from Timisoara, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (A.-M.M.); (N.M.)
| | - Ovidiu-Alexandru Mederle
- Department of Surgery, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babes” from Timisoara, No. 2 Piaţa Eftimie Murgu, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Gianluca Marucci
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Dan-Cornel Popovici
- Forestry Faculty, Transilvania University Brasov, No. 1 Sirul Beethoven, 500123 Brasov, Romania;
| | - Narcisa Mederle
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences “King Michael I” from Timisoara, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (A.-M.M.); (N.M.)
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5
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Kliver S, Houck ML, Perelman PL, Totikov A, Tomarovsky A, Dudchenko O, Omer AD, Colaric Z, Weisz D, Aiden EL, Chan S, Hastie A, Komissarov A, Ryder OA, Graphodatsky A, Johnson WE, Maldonado JE, Pukazhenthi BS, Marinari PE, Wildt DE, Koepfli KP. Chromosome-length genome assembly and karyotype of the endangered black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes). J Hered 2023; 114:539-548. [PMID: 37249392 PMCID: PMC10848218 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esad035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) narrowly avoided extinction to become an oft-cited example of the benefits of intensive management, research, and collaboration to save a species through ex situ conservation breeding and reintroduction into its former range. However, the species remains at risk due to possible inbreeding, disease susceptibility, and multiple fertility challenges. Here, we report the de novo genome assembly of a male black-footed ferret generated through a combination of linked-read sequencing, optical mapping, and Hi-C proximity ligation. In addition, we report the karyotype for this species, which was used to anchor and assign chromosome numbers to the chromosome-length scaffolds. The draft assembly was ~2.5 Gb in length, with 95.6% of it anchored to 19 chromosome-length scaffolds, corresponding to the 2n = 38 chromosomes revealed by the karyotype. The assembly has contig and scaffold N50 values of 148.8 kbp and 145.4 Mbp, respectively, and is up to 96% complete based on BUSCO analyses. Annotation of the assembly, including evidence from RNA-seq data, identified 21,406 protein-coding genes and a repeat content of 37.35%. Phylogenomic analyses indicated that the black-footed ferret diverged from the European polecat/domestic ferret lineage 1.6 million yr ago. This assembly will enable research on the conservation genomics of black-footed ferrets and thereby aid in the further restoration of this endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei Kliver
- Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, The Globe Institute, The University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marlys L Houck
- Beckman Center for Conservation Research, San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, Escondido, CA, United States
| | - Polina L Perelman
- Department of the Diversity and Evolution of Genomes, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Azamat Totikov
- Department of the Diversity and Evolution of Genomes, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Andrey Tomarovsky
- Department of the Diversity and Evolution of Genomes, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Olga Dudchenko
- The Center for Genome Architecture, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics and Department of Computer Science, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Arina D Omer
- The Center for Genome Architecture, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Zane Colaric
- The Center for Genome Architecture, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - David Weisz
- The Center for Genome Architecture, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Erez Lieberman Aiden
- The Center for Genome Architecture, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics and Department of Computer Science, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Saki Chan
- Department of Research and Development, Bionano Genomics, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Alex Hastie
- Department of Research and Development, Bionano Genomics, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Aleksey Komissarov
- Applied Genomics Laboratory, SCAMT Institute, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Oliver A Ryder
- Beckman Center for Conservation Research, San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, Escondido, CA, United States
| | - Alexander Graphodatsky
- Department of the Diversity and Evolution of Genomes, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Warren E Johnson
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian’s National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, United States
- The Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, Museum Support Center MRC-534, Smithsonian Institution, Suitland, MD, United States
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
- Loyola University Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jesús E Maldonado
- Center for Conservation Genomics, Smithsonian’s National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Budhan S Pukazhenthi
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian’s National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, United States
| | - Paul E Marinari
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian’s National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, United States
| | - David E Wildt
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian’s National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, United States
| | - Klaus-Peter Koepfli
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian’s National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, United States
- Smithsonian-Mason School of Conservation, George Mason University, Front Royal, VA, United States
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Nummert G, Nemvalts K, Maran T. How was genetic diversity transferred with translocations from ex situ to in situ? A case study of the European mink translocation to Hiiumaa Island in Estonia. Zoo Biol 2023; 42:557-566. [PMID: 36922034 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
The European mink (Mustela lutreola) is one of the most threatened small carnivores, listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List. Tallinn Zoo started a conservation breeding operation in 1980, which in 1992 was shaped into the European mink EEP Program to maintain a demographically and genetically healthy population in captivity. Since 2000, mink have been translocated on a yearly basis from the breeding facility in the zoo to Hiiumaa Island (Estonia) until the formation of the wild island population in 2016. Maintaining a healthy genetic structure in a captive population was a priority, so genetically the least valuable animals, according to calculations made by a population management program, were used for translocation. This study aims to assess the amount of genetic diversity passed from an ex situ population on to the island population. Comparisons of the genetic diversity were made by mitochondrial, microsatellite and nuclear markers. In addition, our results were combined with the pedigree data from the European mink EEP Studbook to further evaluate the flow of genetic diversity from the founder population to the established wild population. According to the findings, the island population's allelic richness was comparable to that of the founder population, and no evidence was found that its genetic structure had diverged from that of the founder population. It seems that the formation of the island population has been a gradual process of no more than the last seven yearly translocations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grete Nummert
- Species Conservation Research Center, Tallinn Zoo, Tallinn, Estonia
- Foundation Lutreola, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Kristel Nemvalts
- Species Conservation Research Center, Tallinn Zoo, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Tiit Maran
- Species Conservation Research Center, Tallinn Zoo, Tallinn, Estonia
- Foundation Lutreola, Tallinn, Estonia
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
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Tarquini J, Mosto MC, Ercoli MD. Functional and phylogenetic interpretation of the forelimb myology of two South American carnivorans, the ring-tailed coati (Nasua nasua) and crab-eating raccoon (Procyon cancrivorus). J Morphol 2023; 284:e21587. [PMID: 37183491 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A comparative analysis of the forelimb myology of two neotropical procyonids (Nasua nasua and Procyon cancrivorus) was performed to assess how observed differences in their myological configuration would be related to their diverse ecological behaviors and phylogeny. Although both species are associated with the arboreal substrate, N. nasua is a more agile climber that usually digs; whereas P. cancrivorus spends most of its time on the ground foraging, climbing on the trees as shelter and is a good swimmer. Here, myological descriptions, muscle maps, phylogenetic optimizations, and muscle mass data of the forelimb of these two procyonids are presented. The main functional muscular groups are discussed in a comparative framework with other carnivorans that present a wide ecological diversity. Also, muscular characters were mapped onto a phylogeny to explore their evolution and to obtain ancestral state reconstructions. Results indicate clear myological differences among the two neotropical procyonids associated with their ecological preferences. One of the most remarkable anatomical differences is the arrangement and relative mass of the extrinsic musculature, mainly the musculus rhomboideus and the delto-pectoral complexes. In Nasua nasua, these suggested a greater stability in their shoulder girdle for climbing and digging and probably would provide stronger neck and head movements when they use them for foraging on the ground. Conversely, P. cancrivorus has a different extrinsic muscular configuration, which would allow an increment on the stride length and faster movements of the forelimb associated with more frequent terrestrial gaits. Also, significant differences are observed in the distal musculature, associated with strong movements of forepaws when climbing and digging in N. nasua; whereas, P. cancrivorus configuration suggested precise forearm and digits movements, related to manipulation of food items when they are catching prey or feeding. Most of the codified features of P. cancrivorus would reflect retention of plesiomorphies acquired in the common ancestor of caniforms or arctoids, whereas N. nasua shows derived traits, particularly in the proximal forelimb region. The present work increases the information available on the myology of these particular taxa and extant generalized arctoid models in general. The analyses presented here will be useful both for other comparative myological studies (morpho-functional and phylogenetic) and for muscular reconstruction in extinct procyonids, as well as other carnivorans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Tarquini
- Laboratorio de Paleontología de Vertebrados, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Transferencia Tecnológica a la Producción (CICYTTP, CONICET-Prov. ER-UADER), Diamante, Entre Ríos, Argentina
| | - M Clelia Mosto
- División Zoología Vertebrados, CONICET, Museo de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcos D Ercoli
- Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas (INECOA, UNJu-CONICET), Jujuy, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Paleontología de Vertebrados, Instituto de Geología y Minería UNJu-CONICET, San Salvador de Jujuy, Argentina
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8
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Molecular Identification of Sarcocystis rileyi and Sarcocystis sp. (Closely Related to Sarcocystis wenzeli) in Intestines of Mustelids from Lithuania. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030467. [PMID: 36766356 PMCID: PMC9913585 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Sarcocystis is a group of numerous protozoan parasites having a two-host life cycle. Based on laboratory experiments and/or phylogenetic analysis results it was shown that seven Sarcocystis spp. producing sarcocsyts in bird tissues are transmitted via predatory placental mammals. To date the role of small mammals of the family Mustelidae in the distribution of avian Sarcocystis spp. have not been studied. During the current investigation, intestinal mucosa scrapings of 115 mustelids belonging to five species were tested for S. albifronsi, S. anasi, S. rileyi, and S. wenzeli infecting anseriforms and chickens. Microscopically, free sporocysts, sporulating oocysts, and loose oocysts were found in 61 samples (53.0%). Using nested PCR targeting the ITS1 region and sequencing, S. rileyi was confirmed in eight American minks, two European polecats and single European badger. Sarcocystis sp. was identified in one American mink and one European pine marten. Based on the partial ITS1 region this parasite showed that 100% identity to pathogenic Sarcocystis sp. caused a fatal infection in backyard chickens from Brazil. Phylogenetically, the Sarcocystis sp. identified in our study was most closely related to S. wenzeli parasitising domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus).
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9
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Rodrigues AV, Grossel LA, Servino LM, Diniz-Filho JAF. Habitat Drives Body Size Evolution in Mustelidae (Mammalia: Carnivora). Evol Biol 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-023-09597-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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10
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Winter S, Fennessy J, Janke A, Nilsson MA. Northern olingo (Bassaricyon gabbi), zorilla (Ictonyx striatus), and honey badger (Mellivora capensis) mitochondrial genomes and a phylogeny of Musteloidea. Front Ecol Evol 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.1089641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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11
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Karimi K, Do DN, Wang J, Easley J, Borzouie S, Sargolzaei M, Plastow G, Wang Z, Miar Y. A chromosome-level genome assembly reveals genomic characteristics of the American mink (Neogale vison). Commun Biol 2022; 5:1381. [PMID: 36526733 PMCID: PMC9757699 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04341-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Availability of a contiguous chromosome-level genome assembly is the foundational step to develop genome-based studies in American mink (Neogale vison). The main objective of this study was to provide a high quality chromosome-level genome assembly for American mink. An initial draft of the genome assembly was generated using 2,884,047 PacBio long reads. Integration of Hi-C data into the initial draft led to an assembly with 183 scaffolds and scaffold N50 of 220 Mb. This gap-free genome assembly of American mink (ASM_NN_V1) had a length of 2.68 Gb in which about 98.6% of the whole genome was covered by 15 chromosomes. In total, 25,377 genes were predicted across the American mink genome using the NCBI Eukaryotic Genome Annotation Pipeline. In addition, gene orthology, demographic history, synteny blocks, and phylogenetic relationships were studied in connection with the genomes of other related Carnivora. Furthermore, population-based statistics of 100 sequenced mink were presented using the newly assembled genome. Remarkable improvements were observed in genome contiguity, the number of scaffolds, and annotation compared to the first draft of mink genome assembly (NNQGG.v01). This high-quality genome assembly will support the development of efficient breeding strategies as well as conservation programs for American mink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Karimi
- grid.55602.340000 0004 1936 8200Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS Canada
| | - Duy Ngoc Do
- grid.55602.340000 0004 1936 8200Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS Canada
| | - Jingy Wang
- grid.55602.340000 0004 1936 8200Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS Canada
| | - John Easley
- Joint Mink Research Committee, Fur Commission USA, Preston, ID USA ,Mink Veterinary Consulting and Research Service, Plymouth, WI USA
| | - Shima Borzouie
- grid.55602.340000 0004 1936 8200Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS Canada
| | - Mehdi Sargolzaei
- grid.34429.380000 0004 1936 8198Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON Canada ,Select Sires Inc., Plain City, OH USA
| | - Graham Plastow
- grid.17089.370000 0001 2190 316XLivestock Gentec, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Zhiquan Wang
- grid.17089.370000 0001 2190 316XLivestock Gentec, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Younes Miar
- grid.55602.340000 0004 1936 8200Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS Canada
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12
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Molecular Dietary Analysis of Three Sympatric Mustelidae in Northeast China. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12233290. [PMID: 36496809 PMCID: PMC9738120 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet analysis is essential to fully understand the biology of a species and its function within the ecosystem, as well as being key in identifying food web interactions and the population dynamics of predators and prey. The understanding of the diet of small to mid-sized carnivores remains generally lacking or uninformative due to the inability for taxonomic resolution based on morphology. The yellow-throated marten (Martes flavigula), Eurasian river otter (Lutra lutra), and Siberian weasel (Mustela sibirica) are three important Mustelidae species in ecosystems of northeast China. Based on fecal DNA and a next-generation sequencing (NGS) approach, we analyzed the vertebrate prey of these three sympatric Mustelidae. Prey included 7 mammalian taxa, 10 fishes, 2 birds, and 2 amphibians, with 85% of the taxa assigned to the species level. In total, twenty-one vertebrate prey taxa were identified from seven yellow-throated martens, eight Eurasian river otters, and two Siberian weasels. Concerning identified dietary species, 10 taxa were consumed by yellow-throated martens, 14 by Eurasian river otters, and 4 by Siberian weasels. Some prey species were identified in more than one species. Amphibians and fishes were the most dominant Eurasian river otter prey categories, whereas Eurasian badger (Meles leucurus), birds, and rodents were the main yellow-throated marten prey; amphibians and rodents were largely contained in Siberian weasel prey. Among prey items, Dybowski's frog (Rana dybowskii) and Korean field mouse (Apodemus peninsulae) were identified in all three Mustelidae species but our analyses suggest potential diet preferences among Mustelidae species. Future studies should focus on understanding the trophic relationships of these three Mustelidae species, providing valuable information for their conservation planning.
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13
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Wolsan M, Sato JJ. Role of feeding specialization in taste receptor loss: insights from sweet and umami receptor evolution in Carnivora. Chem Senses 2022; 47:6838703. [PMID: 36433799 PMCID: PMC9680018 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjac033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Controversy and misunderstanding surround the role of feeding specialization in taste receptor loss in vertebrates. We refined and tested the hypothesis that this loss is caused by feeding specializations. Specifically, feeding specializations were proposed to trigger time-dependent process of taste receptor loss through deprivation of benefit of using the receptor's gustatory function. We propose that this process may be accelerated by abiotic environmental conditions or decelerated/stopped because of extragustatory functions of the receptor's protein(s). As test case we used evolution of the sweet (TAS1R2+TAS1R3) and umami (TAS1R1+TAS1R3) receptors in Carnivora (dogs, cats, and kin). We predicted these receptors' absence/presence using data on presence/absence of inactivating mutations in these receptors' genes and data from behavioral sweet/umami preference tests. We identified 20 evolutionary events of sweet (11) or umami (9) receptor loss. These events affected species with feeding specializations predicted to favor sweet/umami receptor loss (27 and 22 species, respectively). All species with feeding habits predicted to favor sweet/umami receptor retention (11 and 24, respectively) were found to retain that receptor. Six species retained the sweet (5) or umami (1) receptor despite feeding specialization predicted to favor loss of that receptor, which can be explained by the time dependence of sweet/umami receptor loss process and the possible decelerating effect of TAS1R extragustatory functions so that the sweet/umami receptor process is ongoing in these species. Our findings support the idea that feeding specialization leads to taste receptor loss and is the main if not only triggering factor for evolutionary loss of taste receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieczyslaw Wolsan
- Corresponding author: Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wilcza 64, 00-679 Warszawa, Poland.
| | - Jun J Sato
- Department of Biotechnology, Fukuyama University, Higashimura-cho, Aza, Sanzo, 985-1, Fukuyama 729-0292, Japan
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14
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Gray A, Brito JC, Edwards CW, Figueiró HV, Koepfli KP. First complete mitochondrial genome of the Saharan striped polecat ( Ictonyx libycus). MITOCHONDRIAL DNA PART B 2022; 7:1957-1960. [DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2022.2141080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Autumn Gray
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
- Smithsonian-Mason School of Conservation, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - José C. Brito
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Cody W. Edwards
- Smithsonian-Mason School of Conservation, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
- Department of Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Henrique V. Figueiró
- Smithsonian-Mason School of Conservation, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Klaus-Peter Koepfli
- Smithsonian-Mason School of Conservation, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian’s National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, Virginia, USA
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15
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The impact of environmental factors on the evolution of brain size in carnivorans. Commun Biol 2022; 5:998. [PMID: 36130990 PMCID: PMC9492690 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03748-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The reasons why some animals have developed larger brains has long been a subject of debate. Yet, it remains unclear which selective pressures may favour the encephalization and how it may act during evolution at different taxonomic scales. Here we studied the patterns and tempo of brain evolution within the order Carnivora and present large-scale comparative analysis of the effect of ecological, environmental, social, and physiological variables on relative brain size in a sample of 174 extant carnivoran species. We found a complex pattern of brain size change between carnivoran families with differences in both the rate and diversity of encephalization. Our findings suggest that during carnivorans’ evolution, a trade-off have occurred between the cognitive advantages of acquiring a relatively large brain allowing to adapt to specific environments, and the metabolic costs of the brain which may constitute a disadvantage when facing the need to colonize new environments. The brain size of carnivores has evolved to balance a trade-off between increased cognitive function and increased metabolic cost.
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16
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Abstract
The reasons why some animals have developed larger brains has long been a subject of debate. Yet, it remains unclear which selective pressures may favour the encephalization and how it may act during evolution at different taxonomic scales. Here we studied the patterns and tempo of brain evolution within the order Carnivora and present large-scale comparative analysis of the effect of ecological, environmental, social, and physiological variables on relative brain size in a sample of 174 extant carnivoran species. We found a complex pattern of brain size change between carnivoran families with differences in both the rate and diversity of encephalization. Our findings suggest that during carnivorans' evolution, a trade-off have occurred between the cognitive advantages of acquiring a relatively large brain allowing to adapt to specific environments, and the metabolic costs of the brain which may constitute a disadvantage when facing the need to colonize new environments.
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17
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Wang L, Zhou S, Lyu T, Shi L, Dong Y, He S, Zhang H. Comparative Genome Analysis Reveals the Genomic Basis of Semi-Aquatic Adaptation in American Mink (Neovison vison). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12182385. [PMID: 36139245 PMCID: PMC9494948 DOI: 10.3390/ani12182385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In nature, every animal lives in its suitable environment to support life and reproduction. Due to survival pressure, the ancient ancestors of land animals changed from living in water to living on land through a long time of evolution. But as more and more animals live on land, the pressure to survive increases, and some animals continue to evolve and re-enter the water. Species evolved from water to land, fins became limbs, and re-entering organisms evolved webbing, all in an effort to better adapt to their environment. The American mink’s life is extremely dependent on the water environment, but its external changes are less pronounced than those of other water-dependent animals. Since the limited external changes are not sufficient to indicate that the American mink is a semi-aquatic mammal, we can explore the evidence of aquatic adaptation at the molecular level. Through comparative genomic analysis, we obtained that American mink has certain adaptive evolution to aquatic environment in olfactory, coagulation, immunity and other aspects. The results of this study have important reference significance for exploring biological evolution and species conservation. Abstract Although the American mink is extremely dependent on water and has evolved a range of aquatic characteristics, its structural adaptation to water is still less obvious than that of other typical semi-aquatic mammals, such as otters. Therefore, many scholars consider it not to be a semi-aquatic mammal. In order to make the point that minks are semi-aquatic mammals more convincing, we provide evidence at the micro (genome)-level. In particular, we used the genomes of the American mink and 13 mammalian species to reconstruct their evolutionary history, identified genes that affect aquatic adaptation, and examined the evolution of aquatic adaptation. By analyzing unique gene families, the expansion and contraction of gene families, and positive selection genes, we found that the American mink genome has evolved specifically for aquatic adaptation. In particular, we found that the main adaptive characteristics of the American mink include the external structural characteristics of bone and hair development, as well as the internal physiological characteristics of immunity, olfaction, coagulation, lipid metabolism, energy metabolism, and nitrogen metabolism. We also observed that the genomic characteristics of the American mink are similar to those of other aquatic and semi-aquatic mammals. This not only provides solid genomic evidence for the idea that minks are semi-aquatic mammals, but also leads to a clearer understanding of semi-aquatic species. At the same time, this study also provides a reference for the protection and utilization of the American mink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidong Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
| | - Shengyang Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
| | - Tianshu Lyu
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Lupeng Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
| | - Yuehuan Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
| | - Shangbin He
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
| | - Honghai Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
- Correspondence:
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18
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Etherington GJ, Ciezarek A, Shaw R, Michaux J, Croose E, Haerty W, Di Palma F. Extensive genome introgression between domestic ferret and European polecat during population recovery in Great Britain. J Hered 2022; 113:500-515. [PMID: 35932226 PMCID: PMC9584812 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esac038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The European polecat (Mustela putorius) is a mammalian predator which occurs across much of Europe east to the Ural Mountains. In Great Britain, following years of persecution the range of the European polecat contracted and by the early 1900s was restricted to unmanaged forests of central Wales. The European polecat has recently undergone a population increase due to legal protection and its range now overlaps that of feral domestic ferrets (Mustela putorius furo). During this range expansion, European polecats hybridized with feral domestic ferrets producing viable offspring. Here, we carry out population-level whole-genome sequencing on 8 domestic ferrets, 19 British European polecats, and 15 European polecats from the European mainland. We used a range of population genomics methods to examine the data, including phylogenetics, phylogenetic graphs, model-based clustering, phylogenetic invariants, ABBA-BABA tests, topology weighting, and Fst. We found high degrees of genome introgression in British polecats outside their previous stronghold, even in those individuals phenotyped as “pure” polecats. These polecats ranged from presumed F1 hybrids (gamma = 0.53) to individuals that were much less introgressed (gamma = 0.2). We quantify this introgression and find introgressed genes containing Fst outliers associated with cognitive function and sight.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam Ciezarek
- The Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Rebecca Shaw
- The Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Johan Michaux
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | | | | | - Federica Di Palma
- The Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.,Genome British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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19
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Kargopoulos N, Valenciano A, Abella J, Kampouridis P, Lechner T, Böhme M. The exceptionally high diversity of small carnivorans from the Late Miocene hominid locality of Hammerschmiede (Bavaria, Germany). PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268968. [PMID: 35830447 PMCID: PMC9278789 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study deals with new material of carnivorans (Mustelidae, Mephitidae, Ailuridae, Potamotheriinae and Viverridae) from the basal Tortonian (Late Miocene, late Astaracian) hominid-bearing locality of Hammerschmiede (Bavaria, Germany). The small carnivoran fauna includes 20 species belonging to nine different subfamilies (Guloninae, Lutrinae, Mellivorinae, Potamotheriinae, Leptarctinae, Mephitinae, Simocyoninae, Genettinae and Viverrinae). The identified forms include: “Martes” sansaniensis, “Martes” cf. munki, “Martes” sp., Circamustela hartmanni n. sp., Laphyctis mustelinus, Guloninae indet., Eomellivora moralesi, Vishnuonyx neptuni, Paralutra jaegeri, Lartetictis cf. dubia, Trocharion albanense, Palaeomeles pachecoi, Proputorius sansaniensis, Proputorius pusillus, Alopecocyon goeriachensis, Simocyoninae indet., Potamotherium sp., Semigenetta sansaniensis, Semigenetta grandis and Viverrictis modica. The new species Circamustela hartmanni n. sp. is differentiated from the other members of the genus by its small size and the morphology of its dental cusps in the upper and lower carnassials. This is one of the highest reported taxonomic diversities for fossil small carnivorans in the Miocene of Europe, including also first and last occurrences for several genera and species. Additionally, the assemblage comprises some rare taxa such as Palaeomeles pachecoi and Eomellivora moralesi. An ecomorphological comparison of the discovered taxa reveals possible cases of competition and niche partitioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Kargopoulos
- Department of Geosciences, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
- * E-mail: (NK); (AV)
| | - Alberto Valenciano
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad de Zaragoza and Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Ciencias Ambientales de Aragón (IUCA), Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Research and Exhibitions Department, Iziko Museums of South Africa, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
- * E-mail: (NK); (AV)
| | - Juan Abella
- Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - Panagiotis Kampouridis
- Department of Geosciences, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Lechner
- Department of Geosciences, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
- Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Paleoenvironment (HEP), Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Madelaine Böhme
- Department of Geosciences, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
- Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Paleoenvironment (HEP), Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
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20
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de Ferran V, Figueiró HV, de Jesus Trindade F, Smith O, Sinding MHS, Trinca CS, Lazzari GZ, Veron G, Vianna JA, Barbanera F, Kliver S, Serdyukova N, Bulyonkova T, Ryder OA, Gilbert MTP, Koepfli KP, Eizirik E. Phylogenomics of the world's otters. Curr Biol 2022; 32:3650-3658.e4. [PMID: 35779528 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Comparative whole-genome analyses hold great power to illuminate commonalities and differences in the evolution of related species that share similar ecologies. The mustelid subfamily Lutrinae includes 13 currently recognized extant species of otters,1-5 a semiaquatic group whose evolutionary history is incompletely understood. We assembled a dataset comprising 24 genomes from all living otter species, 14 of which were newly sequenced. We used this dataset to infer phylogenetic relationships and divergence times, to characterize patterns of genome-wide genealogical discordance, and to investigate demographic history and current genomic diversity. We found that genera Lutra, Aonyx, Amblonyx, and Lutrogale form a coherent clade that should be synonymized under Lutra, simplifying the taxonomic structure of the subfamily. The poorly known tropical African Aonyx congicus and the more widespread Aonyx capensis were found to be reciprocally monophyletic (having diverged 440,000 years ago), supporting the validity of the former as a distinct species. We observed variable changes in effective population sizes over time among otters within and among continents, although several species showed similar trends of expansions and declines during the last 100,000 years. This has led to different levels of genomic diversity assessed by overall heterozygosity, genome-wide SNV density, and run of homozygosity burden. Interestingly, there were cases in which diversity metrics were consistent with the current threat status (mostly based on census size), highlighting the potential of genomic data for conservation assessment. Overall, our results shed light on otter evolutionary history and provide a framework for further in-depth comparative genomic studies targeting this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera de Ferran
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 6681, prédio 12C, sala 134, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Henrique Vieira Figueiró
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Center for Species Survival, National Zoological Park, 3001 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008, USA
| | - Fernanda de Jesus Trindade
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 6681, prédio 12C, sala 134, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Oliver Smith
- Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, The GLOBE Institute - University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, Copenhagen 1353, Denmark
| | - Mikkel-Holger S Sinding
- Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, The GLOBE Institute - University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, Copenhagen 1353, Denmark
| | - Cristine S Trinca
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 6681, prédio 12C, sala 134, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Gabriele Zenato Lazzari
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 6681, prédio 12C, sala 134, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Géraldine Veron
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 51, 75231 Paris Cedex 5, France
| | - Juliana A Vianna
- Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation (CRG), Millennium Institute Biodiversity of Antarctic and Subantarctic Ecosystems (BASE), Departamento de Ecosistemas y Medio Ambiente, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuna Mackenna 4860, Santiago 782-0436, Chile
| | - Filippo Barbanera
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via A. Volta 4, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sergei Kliver
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, 8/2 Acad. Lavrentiev Ave, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Natalia Serdyukova
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, 8/2 Acad. Lavrentiev Ave, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Tatiana Bulyonkova
- A. P. Ershov Institute of Informatics Systems SB RAS, 6 Acad. Lavrentiev Ave, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Oliver A Ryder
- San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research, Escondido, CA 92027, USA; Department of Evolution, Behavior, and Ecology, Division of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - M Thomas P Gilbert
- Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, The GLOBE Institute - University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, Copenhagen 1353, Denmark; University Museum, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Klaus-Peter Koepfli
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Center for Species Survival, National Zoological Park, 3001 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008, USA; Smithsonian-Mason School of Conservation, George Mason University, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA.
| | - Eduardo Eizirik
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga, 6681, prédio 12C, sala 134, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90619-900, Brazil; Instituto Pró-Carnívoros, Av. Horácio Netto, 1030 - Parque Edmundo Zanoni, Atibaia, São Paulo 12945-010, Brazil.
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21
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Evans BE, Mortelliti A. Effects of forest disturbance, snow depth, and intraguild dynamics on American marten and fisher occupancy in Maine,
USA. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bryn E. Evans
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Conservation Biology University of Maine Orono Maine USA
| | - Alessio Mortelliti
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Conservation Biology University of Maine Orono Maine USA
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22
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Dudek NK, Switzer AD, Costello EK, Murray MJ, Tomoleoni JA, Staedler MM, Tinker MT, Relman DA. Characterizing the oral and distal gut microbiota of the threatened southern sea otter ( Enhydra lutris nereis) to enhance conservation practice. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2022; 4:e12640. [PMID: 35382031 PMCID: PMC8979051 DOI: 10.1111/csp2.12640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis) is a threatened sub-species in coastal ecosystems. To understand better the role of diet, monitor health, and enhance management of this and other marine mammal species, we characterized the oral (gingival) and distal gut (rectal and fecal) microbiota of 158 wild southern sea otters living off the coast of central California, USA, and 12 captive sea otters, some of which were included in a diet shift experiment. We found that the sea otter fecal microbiota was distinct from that of three other otter species, and that captivity does not significantly alter the community structure of the sea otter gingival or distal gut microbiota. Metagenomic analysis unexpectedly revealed that the majority of sea otter fecal DNA is derived from prey, rather than from indigenous bacteria or host cells as with most other mammals. We speculate that a reduced bacterial biomass in the sea otter gut reflects rapid gut transit time and a particular strategy for foraging and energy harvest. This study establishes a reference for the healthy sea otter microbiota, highlights how a marine lifestyle may shape the mammalian microbiota, and may inform future health assessments and conservation management of sea otter populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha K. Dudek
- Department of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA USA
- Current: Department of Computer Science, McGill University - Mila-Québec AI Institute, Montreal, Canada, H3A 0G4
| | - Alexandra D. Switzer
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, 299 Campus Drive, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Elizabeth K. Costello
- Department of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | | | - Joseph A. Tomoleoni
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, 2885 Mission St., Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA
| | | | - M. Tim Tinker
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA USA
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, 2885 Mission St., Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA
- Nhydra Ecological Consulting, 11 Parklea Drive, Head of St Margaret’s Bay, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - David A. Relman
- Department of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, 299 Campus Drive, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
- Infectious Diseases Section, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA
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23
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Derežanin L, Blažytė A, Dobrynin P, Duchêne DA, Grau JH, Jeon S, Kliver S, Koepfli KP, Meneghini D, Preick M, Tomarovsky A, Totikov A, Fickel J, Förster DW. Multiple types of genomic variation contribute to adaptive traits in the mustelid subfamily Guloninae. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:2898-2919. [PMID: 35334142 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Species of the mustelid subfamily Guloninae inhabit diverse habitats on multiple continents, and occupy a variety of ecological niches. They differ in feeding ecologies, reproductive strategies and morphological adaptations. To identify candidate loci associated with adaptations to their respective environments, we generated a de novo assembly of the tayra (Eira barbara), the earliest diverging species in the subfamily, and compared this with the genomes available for the wolverine (Gulo gulo) and the sable (Martes zibellina). Our comparative genomic analyses included searching for signs of positive selection, examining changes in gene family sizes, as well as searching for species-specific structural variants (SVs). Among candidate loci associated with phenotypic traits, we observed many related to diet, body condition and reproduction. For example, for the tayra, which has an atypical gulonine reproductive strategy of aseasonal breeding, we observe species-specific changes in many pregnancy-related genes. For the wolverine, a circumpolar hypercarnivore that must cope with seasonal food scarcity, we observed many changes in genes associated with diet and body condition. All types of genomic variation examined (single nucleotide polymorphisms, gene family expansions, structural variants) contributed substantially to the identification of candidate loci. This strongly argues for consideration of variation other than single nucleotide polymorphisms in comparative genomics studies aiming to identify loci of adaptive significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Derežanin
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW, Alfred Kowalke Straße 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany
| | - Asta Blažytė
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Information and Biotechnology, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Pavel Dobrynin
- Computer Technologies Laboratory, ITMO University, 49 Kronverkskiy Pr, 197101, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - David A Duchêne
- Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, The GLOBE Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - José Horacio Grau
- amedes Genetics, amedes Medizinische Dienstleistungen GmbH, Jägerstr. 61, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sungwon Jeon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Information and Biotechnology, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.,Clinomics Inc, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sergei Kliver
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, SB RAS, 8/2 Acad. Lavrentiev Ave, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Klaus-Peter Koepfli
- Computer Technologies Laboratory, ITMO University, 49 Kronverkskiy Pr, 197101, Saint Petersburg, Russia.,Smithsonian-Mason School of Conservation, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA.,Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Center for Species Survival, National Zoological Park, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
| | - Dorina Meneghini
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW, Alfred Kowalke Straße 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michaela Preick
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, OT, Germany
| | - Andrey Tomarovsky
- Computer Technologies Laboratory, ITMO University, 49 Kronverkskiy Pr, 197101, Saint Petersburg, Russia.,Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, SB RAS, 8/2 Acad. Lavrentiev Ave, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, 1 Pirogova str, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Azamat Totikov
- Computer Technologies Laboratory, ITMO University, 49 Kronverkskiy Pr, 197101, Saint Petersburg, Russia.,Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, SB RAS, 8/2 Acad. Lavrentiev Ave, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, 1 Pirogova str, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Jörns Fickel
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW, Alfred Kowalke Straße 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, OT, Germany
| | - Daniel W Förster
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW, Alfred Kowalke Straße 17, 10315, Berlin, Germany
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24
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Abramov AV, Puzachenko AYU. Cranial variation in the Altai weasel Mustela altaica (Carnivora: Mustelidae) and its possible taxonomic implications. J Mammal 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyab112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The Altai weasel, Mustela altaicaPallas 1811 (Carnivora: Mustelidae), is widely distributed across open landscapes of central and eastern Asia. The geographical variation in skull morphology and taxonomic composition of this small mustelid remain poorly known. Based on extensive sampling in museum collections, we analyzed morphometric variation in 23 cranial characters of 232 M. altaica specimens from across its entire range. The multivariate analysis (nonmetric multidimensional scaling) revealed a geographical pattern of variation in cranial size and shape. Based on this result, two morphological groups have been comprehensively characterized. Weasels of the first group differ from those of the second in having larger skulls, wider neurocrania, elongated toothrows, and larger carnassial teeth, as well as in sexual size dimorphism. The first group is confined to the southwestern part of the species range (Tien Shan Mountains, Pamir, the Himalayas, and southern Tibet). The second group is widespread from the foothills of Tien Shan in the west to Khingan and Manchuria in the east. The distribution of the two groups of M. altaica is consistent with the “Out-of-Tibet” hypothesis. The first group presumably can be attributed to M. a. temonHodgson, 1857, whereas the second group can be treated as nominotypical M. a. altaicaPallas, 1811.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei V Abramov
- Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab. 1, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Andrey Y U Puzachenko
- Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Staromonetniy lane. 29, Moscow, Russia
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25
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Gutarra S, Rahman IA. The locomotion of extinct secondarily aquatic tetrapods. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 97:67-98. [PMID: 34486794 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The colonisation of freshwater and marine ecosystems by land vertebrates has repeatedly occurred in amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals over the course of 300 million years. Functional interpretations of the fossil record are crucial to understanding the forces shaping these evolutionary transitions. Secondarily aquatic tetrapods have acquired a suite of anatomical, physiological and behavioural adaptations to locomotion in water. However, much of this information is lost for extinct clades, with fossil evidence often restricted to osteological data and a few extraordinary specimens with soft tissue preservation. Traditionally, functional morphology in fossil secondarily aquatic tetrapods was investigated through comparative anatomy and correlation with living functional analogues. However, in the last two decades, biomechanics in palaeobiology has experienced a remarkable methodological shift. Anatomy-based approaches are increasingly rigorous, informed by quantitative techniques for analysing shape. Moreover, the incorporation of physics-based methods has enabled objective tests of functional hypotheses, revealing the importance of hydrodynamic forces as drivers of evolutionary innovation and adaptation. Here, we present an overview of the latest research on the locomotion of extinct secondarily aquatic tetrapods, with a focus on amniotes, highlighting the state-of-the-art experimental approaches used in this field. We discuss the suitability of these techniques for exploring different aspects of locomotory adaptation, analysing their advantages and limitations and laying out recommendations for their application, with the aim to inform future experimental strategies. Furthermore, we outline some unexplored research avenues that have been successfully deployed in other areas of palaeobiomechanical research, such as the use of dynamic models in feeding mechanics and terrestrial locomotion, thus providing a new methodological synthesis for the field of locomotory biomechanics in extinct secondarily aquatic vertebrates. Advances in imaging technology and three-dimensional modelling software, new developments in robotics, and increased availability and awareness of numerical methods like computational fluid dynamics make this an exciting time for analysing form and function in ancient vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Gutarra
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, U.K.,Department of Earth Sciences, the Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, U.K
| | - Imran A Rahman
- Department of Earth Sciences, the Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, U.K.,Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PW, U.K
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26
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Szatmári L, Cserkész T, Laczkó L, Lanszki J, Pertoldi C, Abramov AV, Elmeros M, Ottlecz B, Hegyeli Z, Sramkó G. A comparison of microsatellites and genome-wide SNPs for the detection of admixture brings the first molecular evidence for hybridization between Mustela eversmanii and M. putorius (Mustelidae, Carnivora). Evol Appl 2021; 14:2286-2304. [PMID: 34603499 PMCID: PMC8477604 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introgressive hybridization can pose a serious threat to endangered species which have an overlapping distribution such as in the case of two polecat species, Mustela eversmanii and M. putorius, in Europe. The population size of steppe polecat is known to continuously shrink, whereas its sister species, the European polecat, is still somehow widespread. In this study, we perform an analysis using microsatellite (SSR) and genomic (SNP) data sets to identify natural hybrids between polecats. Four populations were genotyped for eight polymorphic SSR loci, and thousands of unlinked SNPs were generated using a reduced-representation sequencing approach, RADseq, to characterize the genetic make-up of allopatric populations and to identify hybrids in the sympatric area. We applied standard population genetic analyses to characterize the populations based on their SSR allelic frequency. Only a single sample out of 48 sympatric samples showed exact intermediacy that we identified as an F1 hybrid. Additionally, one specimen was indicated in the genomic data sets as backcrossed. Other backcrosses, indicated by SSRs, were not validated by SNPs, which highlights the higher efficacy of the genomic method to identify backcrossed individuals. The low frequency of hybridization suggests that the difference in habitat preference of the two species may act as a barrier to admixture. Therefore, it is apparently unlikely that polecat populations are threatened by significant introgression. The two species showed a clear genetic differentiation using both techniques. We found higher genetic diversity values in the sympatric steppe polecat population than in the other studies on polecat populations. Although M. putorius is a hunted species in most countries, genetic diversity values indicate worse conditions in Europe than in the protected sibling species M. eversmanii. Suspending hunting and providing protected status of the former seems to be reasonable and timely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lajos Szatmári
- MTA-DE "Lendület" Evolutionary Phylogenomics Research Group Debrecen Hungary
- Department of Botany University of Debrecen Debrecen Hungary
| | - Tamás Cserkész
- Department of Zoology Hungarian Natural History Museum Budapest Hungary
- Bükk Mammalogical Society Eger Hungary
| | - Levente Laczkó
- MTA-DE "Lendület" Evolutionary Phylogenomics Research Group Debrecen Hungary
- Department of Botany University of Debrecen Debrecen Hungary
| | - József Lanszki
- Carnivore Ecology Research Group Szent István University, Kaposvár Campus Kaposvár Hungary
| | - Cino Pertoldi
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience Aalborg University Aalborg Øst Denmark
- Aalborg Zoo Aalborg Denmark
| | - Alexei V Abramov
- Zoological Institute Russian Academy of Sciences Saint Petersburg Russia
| | - Morten Elmeros
- Department of Bioscience - Wildlife Ecology Aarhus University Rønde Denmark
| | | | - Zsolt Hegyeli
- Milvus Group Bird and Nature Protection Association Tîrgu Mureș Romania
| | - Gábor Sramkó
- MTA-DE "Lendület" Evolutionary Phylogenomics Research Group Debrecen Hungary
- Department of Botany University of Debrecen Debrecen Hungary
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27
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Bianchi R, Jenkins JMA, Lesmeister DB, Gouvea JA, Cesário CS, Fornitano L, de Oliveira MY, de Morais KDR, Ribeiro RLA, Gompper ME. Tayra (
Eira barbara
) landscape use as a function of cover types, forest protection, and the presence of puma and free‐ranging dogs. Biotropica 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.13005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rita Bianchi
- Departamento de Biologia Aplicada à Agropecuária Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Universidade Estadual Paulista‐Unesp Jaboticabal SP Brazil
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Biodiversidade Universidade Estadual Paulista‐Unesp São José do Rio Preto SP Brazil
| | | | | | - Jéssica Abonízio Gouvea
- Departamento de Biologia Aplicada à Agropecuária Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Universidade Estadual Paulista‐Unesp Jaboticabal SP Brazil
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Biodiversidade Universidade Estadual Paulista‐Unesp São José do Rio Preto SP Brazil
| | - Clarice Silva Cesário
- Departamento de Biologia Aplicada à Agropecuária Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Universidade Estadual Paulista‐Unesp Jaboticabal SP Brazil
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Biodiversidade Universidade Estadual Paulista‐Unesp São José do Rio Preto SP Brazil
| | - Larissa Fornitano
- Departamento de Biologia Aplicada à Agropecuária Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Universidade Estadual Paulista‐Unesp Jaboticabal SP Brazil
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Biodiversidade Universidade Estadual Paulista‐Unesp São José do Rio Preto SP Brazil
| | - Mateus Yan de Oliveira
- Departamento de Biologia Aplicada à Agropecuária Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Universidade Estadual Paulista‐Unesp Jaboticabal SP Brazil
| | - Kimberly Danielle Rodrigues de Morais
- Departamento de Biologia Aplicada à Agropecuária Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Universidade Estadual Paulista‐Unesp Jaboticabal SP Brazil
| | - Renan Lieto Alves Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biologia Aplicada à Agropecuária Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Universidade Estadual Paulista‐Unesp Jaboticabal SP Brazil
| | - Matthew E. Gompper
- Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Ecology New Mexico State University Las Cruces New Mexico USA
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28
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Miranda I, Giska I, Farelo L, Pimenta J, Zimova M, Bryk J, Dalén L, Mills LS, Zub K, Melo-Ferreira J. Museomics dissects the genetic basis for adaptive seasonal colouration in the least weasel. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:4388-4402. [PMID: 34157721 PMCID: PMC8476133 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dissecting the link between genetic variation and adaptive phenotypes provides outstanding opportunities to understand fundamental evolutionary processes. Here, we use a museomics approach to investigate the genetic basis and evolution of winter coat colouration morphs in least weasels (Mustela nivalis), a repeated adaptation for camouflage in mammals with seasonal pelage colour moults across regions with varying winter snow. Whole-genome sequence data was obtained from biological collections and mapped onto a newly assembled reference genome for the species. Sampling represented two replicate transition zones between nivalis and vulgaris colouration morphs in Europe, which typically develop white or brown winter coats, respectively. Population analyses showed that the morph distribution across transition zones is not a by-product of historical structure. Association scans linked a 200 kb genomic region to colouration morph, which was validated by genotyping museum specimens from inter-morph experimental crosses. Genotyping the wild populations narrowed down the association to pigmentation gene MC1R and pinpointed a candidate amino acid change co-segregating with colouration morph. This polymorphism replaces an ancestral leucine residue by lysine at the start of the first extracellular loop of the protein in the vulgaris morph. A selective sweep signature overlapped the association region in vulgaris, suggesting that past adaptation favoured winter-brown morphs and can anchor future adaptive responses to decreasing winter snow. Using biological collections as valuable resources to study natural adaptations, our study showed a new evolutionary route generating winter colour variation in mammals and that seasonal camouflage can be modulated by changes at single key genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Miranda
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, 4485-661, Portugal.,Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, 4169-007, Portugal
| | - Iwona Giska
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, 4485-661, Portugal
| | - Liliana Farelo
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, 4485-661, Portugal
| | - João Pimenta
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, 4485-661, Portugal
| | - Marketa Zimova
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Dana Natural Resources Building, 440 Church St, Ann Arbor, MI, 49109, USA
| | - Jarosław Bryk
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Quennsgate, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Love Dalén
- Centre for Palaeogenetics, Svante Arrhenius väg 20C, Stockholm, SE-10691, Sweden.,Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Box 50007, Stockholm, SE-10405, Sweden
| | - L Scott Mills
- Wildlife Biology Program, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA.,Office of Research and Creative Scholarship, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - Karol Zub
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Stoczek 1, Białowieża 17-230, Poland
| | - José Melo-Ferreira
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, 4485-661, Portugal.,Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, 4169-007, Portugal
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29
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Kim HN, Jo YS. Complete mitochondrial genome sequencing of Lutra lutra (Linnaeus, 1758) (Carnivora: Mustelidae) and its phylogenetic status in Mustelidae. Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2021; 6:2066-2068. [PMID: 34212100 PMCID: PMC8218852 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2021.1942274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the endangered Eurasian otter, Lutra lutra. The complete mitochondrial genome is 16,537 bp in length and contains 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA, two ribosomal RNA, and one control region. The mitogenome is A + T rich, with a composition of 32.2% A, 27.5% C, 14.5% G, and 25.8% T. Phylogenetic analysis based on 13 protein-coding mitochondrial genes of Mustelidae supports the conventional systematic treatment with eight subfamilies. Lutra lutra is closely related to Lutra sumatrana and the subfamily Lutrinae was closely grouped with the Ictonychinae. This study provides genetic and taxonomic information for future studies of Eurasian otters and the Mustelidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Na Kim
- Biology Education, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Yeong-Seok Jo
- Biology Education, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
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30
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Bettoni S, Stoeger A, Rodriguez C, Fitch WT. Airborne vocal communication in adult neotropical otters (Lontra longicaudis). PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251974. [PMID: 34038461 PMCID: PMC8153427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Most aquatic mammals have complex social and communication systems. Interestingly, little is known about otters' vocal communication compared to other aquatic mammals. Here, for the first time, we acoustically describe vocalizations of the neotropical otter (Lontra longicaudis), a solitary and endangered New World otter species. We recorded vocalizations and behavioral contexts from six captive neotropical otters at Projeto Lontra, Santa Catarina Island, Brazil. Analysis of acoustic parameters were used to classify the vocalizations according to structure and context. We describe six call types with highly tonal as well as chaotic vocalizations with fundamental frequencies ranging from 90 to 2500 Hz. Additionally, we identified sex differences in the usage of calls. Results suggest that the neotropical river otter has a rich vocal repertoire, similar in complexity to other solitary otter species, but less complex than that of the social giant otter. Despite differences in sociality, phylogeny and ecology, L. longicaudis seems to possess vocalizations homologous to those found in other otters (e.g. hah and chirp), suggesting phylogenetic inertia in otter communicative repertoire. Otters thus offer an interesting but neglected group to explore the evolution of communication systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Bettoni
- Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Angela Stoeger
- Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Camilo Rodriguez
- Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - W. Tecumseh Fitch
- Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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31
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Schwartz MK, Walters AD, Pilgrim KL, Moriarty KM, Slauson KM, Zielinski WJ, Aubry KB, Sacks BN, Zarn KE, Quinn CB, Young MK. Pliocene-Early Pleistocene Geological Events Structure Pacific Martens (Martes caurina). J Hered 2021; 111:169-181. [PMID: 32161974 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esaa005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex topography, climate, and geological history of Western North America have shaped contemporary patterns of biodiversity and species distributions in the region. Pacific martens (Martes caurina) are distributed along the northern Pacific Coast of North America with disjunct populations found throughout the Northwestern Forested Mountains and Marine West Coast Forest ecoregions of the West Coast. Martes in this region have been classified into subspecies; however, the subspecific designation has been extensively debated. In this study, we use genomic data to delineate conservation units of Pacific marten in the Sierra-Cascade-Coastal montane belt in the western United States. We analyzed the mitochondrial genome for 94 individuals to evaluate the spatial distribution and divergence times of major lineages. We further genotyped 401 individuals at 13 microsatellite loci to investigate major patterns of population structure. Both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA suggest substantial genetic substructure concordant with historical subspecies designations. Our results revealed that the region contains 2 distinct mitochondrial lineages: a Cascades/Sierra lineage that diverged from the Cascades/coastal lineage 2.23 (1.48-3.14 mya), consistent with orogeny of the Cascade Mountain chain. Interestingly, Pacific Martes share phylogeographic patterns similar with other sympatric taxa, suggesting that the complex geological history has shaped the biota of this region. The information is critical for conservation and management efforts, and further investigation of adaptive diversity is warranted following appropriate revision of conservation management designations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Schwartz
- USDA Forest Service, National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish Conservation, Missoula, MT
| | - Ashley D Walters
- USDA Forest Service, National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish Conservation, Missoula, MT
| | - Kristine L Pilgrim
- USDA Forest Service, National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish Conservation, Missoula, MT
| | - Katie M Moriarty
- National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, Inc., Corvallis, OR
| | - Keith M Slauson
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Arcata, CA
| | - William J Zielinski
- USDA Forest Service, National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish Conservation, Missoula, MT.,USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Arcata, CA
| | - Keith B Aubry
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Olympia, WA
| | - Benjamin N Sacks
- Mammalian Ecology and Conservation Unit, Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Katherine E Zarn
- USDA Forest Service, National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish Conservation, Missoula, MT
| | - Cate B Quinn
- Mammalian Ecology and Conservation Unit, Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Michael K Young
- USDA Forest Service, National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish Conservation, Missoula, MT
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32
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Lélias ML, Lemasson A, Lodé T. Social organization of otters in relation to their ecology. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blab016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Otter species are known to fluctuate intraspecifically from a solitary lifestyle to group-living arrangements. By examining what is known about habitat use and foraging style in otters of 13 different species, based on 93 studied sites, we assessed (1) the relationship between social habits and preferred habitats, (2) the relationship between species and prey preferences, and (3) the effect of predator avoidance on their social organization in order to assess the socio-ecological factors influencing otters. Females remain the core of their social stability. We show the major influence of habitats and feeding strategies (i.e. socio-ecology) of otters. The different species of solitary otters most often inhabit linear environments, such as freshwater ecosystems or wave-exposed marine coasts, and their habitat is often subject to disturbances that fragment their functional continuity. Social otters are more often found in extensive habitats with high plant cover, regular food resources and in areas with large predators compared to solitary species. The maintenance of regular resources and the fact that the main trophic resources are replenished rapidly might be determining factors driving sociality. Group-living and bachelor congregations among otters can also respond to pressure from large predators. This suggests that foraging, habitat use and the presence of large predators may be the drivers of sociality in otters. We conclude that most otters have a greater social potential than previously assumed, which is confirmed by their various vocalizations recently described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alban Lemasson
- Univ Rennes, Normandie Univ, CNRS, EthoS (Éthologie animale et humaine) – UMR 6552, Rennes, France
| | - Thierry Lodé
- Univ Rennes, Normandie Univ, CNRS, EthoS (Éthologie animale et humaine) – UMR 6552, Rennes, France
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33
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Boukhdoud L, Parker LD, Mcinerney NR, Saliba C, Kahale R, Cross H, Matisoo-Smith E, Maldonado JE, Bou Dagher Kharrat M. First mitochondrial genome of the marbled polecat Vormela peregusna (Carnivora, Mustelidae). MITOCHONDRIAL DNA PART B-RESOURCES 2021; 6:1009-1011. [PMID: 33796719 PMCID: PMC7995864 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2021.1894997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The marbled polecat, Vormela peregusna, is one of the least studied species in the Mustelidae family, especially with regard to phylogeography and genetic diversity. In this study, we determined the mitochondrial genome sequence of V. peregusna and investigated its position within the Mustelidae phylogeny. The generated mitogenome is 15,982 bp in length; it consists of 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes, and a control region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliane Boukhdoud
- Laboratoire Biodiversité et Génomique Fonctionnelle, Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Lillian D Parker
- Center for Conservation Genomics, National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, USA.,School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Nancy Rotzel Mcinerney
- Center for Conservation Genomics, National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Carole Saliba
- Laboratoire Biodiversité et Génomique Fonctionnelle, Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rhea Kahale
- Laboratoire Biodiversité et Génomique Fonctionnelle, Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hugh Cross
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Elizabeth Matisoo-Smith
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jesús E Maldonado
- Center for Conservation Genomics, National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, USA.,School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Magda Bou Dagher Kharrat
- Laboratoire Biodiversité et Génomique Fonctionnelle, Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph, Beirut, Lebanon
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Twining JP, Mills C. Cooperative hunting in the yellow‐throated marten (
Martes flavigula
): Evidence for the not‐so‐solitary marten? Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P. Twining
- School of Biological Sciences Queen’s University 19 Chlorine Gardens BelfastBT9 5DLUK
| | - Chris Mills
- Norfolk Birding Yew Tree Cottage Foxley Road, Themelthorpe NorfolkNR20 5PUUK
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Kilbourne BM. Differing limb functions and their potential influence upon the diversification of the mustelid hindlimb skeleton. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blaa207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Though form-function relationships of the mammalian locomotor system have been investigated for over a century, recent models of trait evolution have hitherto been seldom used to identify likely evolutionary processes underlying the locomotor system’s morphological diversity. Using mustelids, an ecologically diverse carnivoran lineage, I investigated whether variation in hindlimb skeletal morphology functionally coincides with climbing, digging, swimming and generalized locomotor habits by using 15 linear traits of the femur, tibia, fibula, calcaneum and metatarsal III across 44 species in a principal component analysis. I subsequently fit different models of Brownian motion and adaptive trait diversification individually to each trait. Climbing, digging and swimming mustelids occupy distinct regions of phenotypic space characterized by differences in bone robustness. Models of adaptive and neutral evolution are, respectively, the best fits for long bone lengths and muscle in-levers, suggesting that different kinds of traits may be associated with different evolutionary processes. However, simulations based upon models of best fit reveal low statistical power to rank the models. Though differences in mustelid hindlimb skeletal morphology appear to coincide with locomotor habits, further study, with sampling expanded beyond the Mustelidae, is necessary to better understand to what degree adaptive evolution shapes morphological diversity of the locomotor system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon M Kilbourne
- Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, Leibniz Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Berlin, Germany
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36
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Skorupski J. Fifty Years of Research on European Mink Mustela lutreola L., 1761 Genetics: Where Are We Now in Studies on One of the Most Endangered Mammals? Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E1332. [PMID: 33187363 PMCID: PMC7696698 DOI: 10.3390/genes11111332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to present the current state of knowledge about the genetics of European mink Mustela lutreola L., 1761, which is one of the most endangered mammalian species in the world. This article provides a comprehensive description of the studies undertaken over the last 50 years in terms of cytogenetics, molecular genetics, genomics (including mitogenomics), population genetics of wild populations and captive stocks, phylogenetics, phylogeography, and applied genetics (including identification by genetic methods, molecular ecology, and conservation genetics). An extensive and up-to-date review and critical analysis of the available specialist literature on the topic is provided, with special reference to conservation genetics. Unresolved issues are also described, such as the standard karyotype, systematic position, and whole-genome sequencing, and hotly debated issues are addressed, like the origin of the Southwestern population of the European mink and management approaches of the most distinct populations of the species. Finally, the most urgent directions of future research, based on the research questions arising from completed studies and the implementation of conservation measures to save and restore M. lutreola populations, are outlined. The importance of the popularization of research topics related to European mink genetics among scientists is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Skorupski
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Szczecin, Adama Mickiewicza 16 St., 70-383 Szczecin, Poland; ; Tel.: +48-914-441-685
- Polish Society for Conservation Genetics LUTREOLA, Maciejkowa 21 St., 71-784 Szczecin, Poland
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Abstract
Abstract
The subspecies concept is one of the most controversial in Linnean taxonomy. In the past, subspecies were described without a clear conceptual framework, triggering confusion and motivating criticism of the very concept of a subspecies. At present, subspecies are conceived as aggregates of populations that are geographically isolated, are composed of interfertile individuals, and are morphologically diagnosable. The tayra, Eira barbara, was described in 1758 and has had a stable taxonomic history at the species level. However, below the species level, 16 subspecies have been named, with from two to seven subspecies recognized as valid by different authors. None of the subspecies were, however, described within a clear conceptual framework. Using the modern concept of a subspecies, I analyzed subspecies of E. barbara recognized by recent authors. I gathered morphometric data from 155 specimens in mammal collections, georeferenced each specimen, and recorded membership to subspecies assigned by different references and by its location. I gathered climate and geographic data for each location. I analyzed data using Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Specimens exhibited sexual dimorphism in size but not in skull shape. I used regression analysis to test for associations between skull shape and size and climate data. Geographic analyses documented that subspecies are not allopatric, violating one of the main properties of the subspecies concept. ANOVA showed significant differences in skull morphology between some pairs of recognized subspecies but not others. However, none of the subspecies segregated in the PCA. Thus, the recognized subspecies could not be diagnosed from morphological data, violating another property of the subspecies concept. Size varied greatly between the sexes using different schemes for recognized subspecies. Climate variables explained between 4% and 6% of size variation for males and females. Skull shape proved not to be geographically variable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Ignacio Schiaffini
- CIEMEP, Centro de Investigación Esquel de Montaña y Estepa Patagónica (Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), LIEB, Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Evolución y Biodiversidad. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, Esquel, Chubut, Argentina
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38
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Modorov M, Monakhov V, Mikryukov V, Erokhin N, Tkachenko I, Polezhaeva M, Ranyuk M. Microsatellite multiplex assay for sable (Martes zibellina) and pine marten (Martes martes). MAMMAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13364-020-00529-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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39
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Strobel SM, Moore BA, Freeman KS, Murray MJ, Reichmuth C. Adaptations for amphibious vision in sea otters (Enhydra lutris): structural and functional observations. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2020; 206:767-782. [PMID: 32666146 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-020-01436-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sea otters (Enhydra lutris) are amphibious mammals that maintain equal in-air and underwater visual acuity. However, their lens-based underwater accommodative mechanism presumably requires a small pupil that may limit sensitivity across light levels. In this study, we consider adaptations for amphibious living by assessing the tapetum lucidum, retina, and pupil dynamics in sea otters. The sea otter tapetum lucidum resembles that of terrestrial carnivores in thickness and fundic coverage. A heavily rod-dominated retina appears qualitatively similar to the ferret and domestic cat, and a thick outer nuclear layer relative to a thinner inner nuclear layer is consistent with nocturnal vertebrates and other amphibious carnivores. Pupil size range in two living sea otters is smaller relative to other amphibious marine carnivores (pinnipeds) when accounting for test conditions. The pupillary light response seems slower than other aquatic and terrestrial species tested in comparable brightness, although direct comparisons require further assessment. Our results suggest that sea otters have retained features for low-light vision but rapid adjustments and acute underwater vision may be constrained across varying light levels by a combination of pupil shape, absolute eye size, and the presumed coupling between anterior lens curvature and pupil size during accommodation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah McKay Strobel
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, 115 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA.
| | - Bret A Moore
- University of California Davis, Veterinary Medicine Teaching Hospital, 1 Garrod Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Kate S Freeman
- Clinical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Michael J Murray
- Monterey Bay Aquarium, 886 Cannery Row, Monterey, CA, 93940, USA
| | - Colleen Reichmuth
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Long Marine Laboratory, 115 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
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40
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Valenciano A, Govender R. New insights into the giant mustelids (Mammalia, Carnivora, Mustelidae) from Langebaanweg fossil site (West Coast Fossil Park, South Africa, early Pliocene). PeerJ 2020; 8:e9221. [PMID: 32547866 PMCID: PMC7271888 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Giant mustelids are a paraphyletic group of mustelids found in the Neogene of Eurasia, Africa and North America. Most are known largely from dental remains, with their postcranial skeleton mostly unknown. Here, we describe new craniodental and postcranial remains of the large lutrine Sivaonyx hendeyi and the leopard-size gulonine Plesiogulo aff. monspessulanus from the early Pliocene site Langebaanweg, South Africa. The new material of the endemic S. hendeyi, includes upper incisors and premolars, and fragmentary humerus, ulna and a complete astragalus. Its postcrania shares more traits with the living Aonyx capensis than the late Miocene Sivaonyx beyi from Chad. Sivaonyx hendeyi could therefore be tentatively interpreted as a relatively more aquatic taxon than the Chadian species, comparable to A. capensis. The new specimens of Plesiogulo comprise two edentulous maxillae, including one of a juvenile individual with incomplete decidual dentition, and a fragmentary forelimb of an adult individual. The new dental measurements point to this form being amongst the largest specimens of the genus. Both P3-4 differs from the very large species Plesiogulo botori from late Miocene of Kenya and Ethiopia. This confirms the existence of two distinct large species of Plesiogulo in Africa during the Mio/Pliocene, P. botori in the Late Miocene of Eastern Africa (6.1–5.5 Ma) and Plesiogulo aff. monspessulanus at the beginning of the Pliocene in southern Africa (5.2 Ma). Lastly, we report for the first time the presence of both Sivaonyx and Plesiogulo in MPPM and LQSM at Langebaanweg, suggesting that the differences observed from the locality may be produced by sedimentation or sampling biases instead of temporal replacement within the carnivoran guild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Valenciano
- Department of Research and Exhibitions, Iziko Museums of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Biological Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Romala Govender
- Department of Research and Exhibitions, Iziko Museums of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Biological Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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41
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Hosotani S, Nishita Y, Masuda R. Genetic diversity and evolution of the MHC class II DRB gene in the Japanese marten, Martes melampus (Carnivora: Mustelidae). MAMMAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13364-020-00506-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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42
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43
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Sharma R, Thompson PC, Hoberg EP, Brad Scandrett W, Konecsni K, Harms NJ, Kukka PM, Jung TS, Elkin B, Mulders R, Larter NC, Branigan M, Pongracz J, Wagner B, Kafle P, Lobanov VA, Rosenthal BM, Jenkins EJ. Hiding in plain sight: discovery and phylogeography of a cryptic species of Trichinella (Nematoda: Trichinellidae) in wolverine (Gulo gulo). Int J Parasitol 2020; 50:277-287. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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44
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Liu G, Zhao C, Xu D, Zhang H, Monakhov V, Shang S, Gao X, Sha W, Ma J, Zhang W, Tang X, Li B, Hua Y, Cao X, Liu Z, Zhang H. First Draft Genome of the Sable, Martes zibellina. Genome Biol Evol 2020; 12:59-65. [PMID: 32058545 PMCID: PMC7144822 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evaa029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of genus Martes provide early warning signals about forest ecosystem health and are designated as a Management Indicator Species. As one of the most widespread members in Martes, the sable (Martes zibellina) is a circumboreal small predator found throughout all taiga zoogeographical zones of Eurasia and shows distinct population differentiation and morphological variations. To support further studies on striking local adaptation and population evolution, we present the first sable genome, assembled de novo from an individual originating in the Great Khingan Mountains (China). The assembled genome is 2.42 Gb, consisting of 15,814 scaffolds with a scaffold N50 of 5.20 Mb. Searches for complete Mammalia BUSCO (Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Ortholog) gene groups found that 95.15% of the curated single-copy orthologs were assembled as complete, suggesting a high level of completeness of the genome. We totally predicted 19,413 protein-coding genes, and 0.82 Gb of repeat sequences was annotated. We also detected 1,257 olfactory receptor genes and found more functional olfactory receptor genes in sable than in other Mustelidae species, which provide a possible genetic explanation for the acute sense of smell of the sable for searching the preys under deep snow. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the ferret (Mustela putorius furo) and sea otter (Enhydra lutris) form a clade that is sister to the sable, which was dated ∼16.4 Ma. Overall, our study provided the first reference genome for research in a broad range of areas including local adaptations, population evolution, conservation, and management for sable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangshuai Liu
- College of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Chao Zhao
- College of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, China
| | - Dongming Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Huanxin Zhang
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Vladimir Monakhov
- Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Shuai Shang
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Binzhou University, China
| | - Xiaodong Gao
- College of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, China
| | - Weilai Sha
- College of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, China
| | - Jianzhang Ma
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Xuexi Tang
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Bo Li
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Hua
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaofang Cao
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Honghai Zhang
- College of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, China
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45
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Parsi-Pour P, Kilbourne BM. Functional Morphology and Morphological Diversification of Hind Limb Cross-Sectional Traits in Mustelid Mammals. Integr Org Biol 2020; 2:obz032. [PMID: 33791583 PMCID: PMC7671153 DOI: 10.1093/iob/obz032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Locomotor habits in mammals are strongly tied to limb bones’ lengths, diameters, and proportions. By comparison, fewer studies have examined how limb bone cross-sectional traits relate to locomotor habit. Here, we tested whether climbing, digging, and swimming locomotor habits reflect biomechanically meaningful differences in three cross-sectional traits rendered dimensionless— cross-sectional area (CSA), second moments of area (SMA), and section modulus (MOD)—using femora, tibiae, and fibulae of 28 species of mustelid. CSA and SMA represent resistance to axial compression and bending, respectively, whereas MOD represents structural strength. Given the need to counteract buoyancy in aquatic environments and soil’s high density, we predicted that natatorial and fossorial mustelids have higher values of cross-sectional traits. For all three traits, we found that natatorial mustelids have the highest values, followed by fossorial mustelids, with both of these groups significantly differing from scansorial mustelids. However, phylogenetic relatedness strongly influences diversity in cross-sectional morphology, as locomotor habit strongly correlates with phylogeny. Testing whether hind limb bone cross-sectional traits have evolved adaptively, we fit Ornstein–Uhlenbeck (OU) and Brownian motion (BM) models of trait diversification to cross-sectional traits. The cross-sectional traits of the femur, tibia, and fibula appear to have, respectively, diversified under a multi-rate BM model, a single rate BM model, and a multi-optima OU model. In light of recent studies on mustelid body size and elongation, our findings suggest that the mustelid body plan—and perhaps that of other mammals—is likely the sum of a suite of traits evolving under different models of trait diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Parsi-Pour
- Institut für Biologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philippstraße 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - B M Kilbourne
- Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, Leibniz Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Invalidenstraße 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany
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46
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Signore AV, Yang YZ, Yang QY, Qin G, Moriyama H, Ge RL, Storz JF. Adaptive Changes in Hemoglobin Function in High-Altitude Tibetan Canids Were Derived via Gene Conversion and Introgression. Mol Biol Evol 2020; 36:2227-2237. [PMID: 31362306 PMCID: PMC6759075 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msz097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A key question in evolutionary biology concerns the relative importance of different sources of adaptive genetic variation, such as de novo mutations, standing variation, and introgressive hybridization. A corollary question concerns how allelic variants derived from these different sources may influence the molecular basis of phenotypic adaptation. Here, we use a protein-engineering approach to examine the phenotypic effect of putatively adaptive hemoglobin (Hb) mutations in the high-altitude Tibetan wolf that were selectively introgressed into the Tibetan mastiff, a high-altitude dog breed that is renowned for its hypoxia tolerance. Experiments revealed that the introgressed coding variants confer an increased Hb–O2 affinity in conjunction with an enhanced Bohr effect. We also document that affinity-enhancing mutations in the β-globin gene of Tibetan wolf were originally derived via interparalog gene conversion from a tandemly linked β-globin pseudogene. Thus, affinity-enhancing mutations were introduced into the β-globin gene of Tibetan wolf via one form of intragenomic lateral transfer (ectopic gene conversion) and were subsequently introduced into the Tibetan mastiff genome via a second form of lateral transfer (introgression). Site-directed mutagenesis experiments revealed that the increased Hb–O2 affinity requires a specific two-site combination of amino acid replacements, suggesting that the molecular underpinnings of Hb adaptation in Tibetan mastiff (involving mutations that arose in a nonexpressed gene and which originally fixed in Tibetan wolf) may be qualitatively distinct from functionally similar changes in protein function that could have evolved via sequential fixation of de novo mutations during the breed’s relatively short duration of residency at high altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ying-Zhong Yang
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Quan-Yu Yang
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Ga Qin
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Hideaki Moriyama
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE
| | - Ri-Li Ge
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Jay F Storz
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE
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47
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Arslan Y, Demi̇rtaş S, Herman JS, Pustilnik JD, Searle JB, Gündüz İ. The Anatolian glacial refugium and human-mediated colonization: a phylogeographical study of the stone marten (Martes foina) in Turkey. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blz180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe Anatolian Peninsula, comprising most of modern Turkey, is situated at the junction of Europe, the Middle East and Asia. Together with its complex geomorphological and climatic history, this has given rise to a rich fauna and flora, which exhibits a wide range of historical biogeographical patterns. The stone marten (Martes foina) is a small carnivore that is found across the temperate Palaearctic region including Anatolia, where it is often associated with habitats modified by humans, but few genetic data exist for this species. We sequenced a 1840-bp region of the mitochondrial genome from 97 martens sampled across the peninsula and intron 7 of the nuclear β-fibrinogen gene from 53 of these. Two mitochondrial lineages were recovered, with overlapping eastern and western distributions, but there was no geographical structure for the autosomal marker. Coalescent analyses indicated that both of the lineages originated during the Last Glacial Maximum, one of them within an eastern Anatolian refugium and the other in a western Anatolian or Balkan refugium. The western lineage colonized most of Europe in the Holocene, while the eastern lineage may be endemic to Anatolia, from where it colonized the Iberian Peninsula via human translocation. The presence of at least one refugial stone marten population highlights the importance of Anatolia to the preservation of genetic variation and biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yağmur Arslan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Sadik Demi̇rtaş
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Jeremy S Herman
- Department of Natural Sciences, National Museums Scotland, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jeremy D Pustilnik
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jeremy B Searle
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - İslam Gündüz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
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48
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Beichman AC, Koepfli KP, Li G, Murphy W, Dobrynin P, Kliver S, Tinker MT, Murray MJ, Johnson J, Lindblad-Toh K, Karlsson EK, Lohmueller KE, Wayne RK. Aquatic Adaptation and Depleted Diversity: A Deep Dive into the Genomes of the Sea Otter and Giant Otter. Mol Biol Evol 2019; 36:2631-2655. [PMID: 31212313 PMCID: PMC7967881 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msz101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite its recent invasion into the marine realm, the sea otter (Enhydra lutris) has evolved a suite of adaptations for life in cold coastal waters, including limb modifications and dense insulating fur. This uniquely dense coat led to the near-extinction of sea otters during the 18th-20th century fur trade and an extreme population bottleneck. We used the de novo genome of the southern sea otter (E. l. nereis) to reconstruct its evolutionary history, identify genes influencing aquatic adaptation, and detect signals of population bottlenecks. We compared the genome of the southern sea otter with the tropical freshwater-living giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) to assess common and divergent genomic trends between otter species, and with the closely related northern sea otter (E. l. kenyoni) to uncover population-level trends. We found signals of positive selection in genes related to aquatic adaptations, particularly limb development and polygenic selection on genes related to hair follicle development. We found extensive pseudogenization of olfactory receptor genes in both the sea otter and giant otter lineages, consistent with patterns of sensory gene loss in other aquatic mammals. At the population level, the southern sea otter and the northern sea otter showed extremely low genomic diversity, signals of recent inbreeding, and demographic histories marked by population declines. These declines may predate the fur trade and appear to have resulted in an increase in putatively deleterious variants that could impact the future recovery of the sea otter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel C Beichman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Klaus-Peter Koepfli
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Gang Li
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - William Murphy
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Pasha Dobrynin
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Sergei Kliver
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Martin T Tinker
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA
| | | | - Jeremy Johnson
- Vertebrate Genome Biology, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | - Kerstin Lindblad-Toh
- Vertebrate Genome Biology, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elinor K Karlsson
- Vertebrate Genome Biology, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
- Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Kirk E Lohmueller
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
- Interdepartmental Program in Bioinformatics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Robert K Wayne
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
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Paterson R, Samuels JX, Rybczynski N, Ryan MJ, Maddin HC. The earliest mustelid in North America. Zool J Linn Soc 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
AbstractUntil now, the pre-Miocene fossil record of mustelids in North America has been restricted to specimens attributable to oligobunine taxa and isolated remains tentatively allocated to the genus Plesictis. In the present study, we report on a nearly complete cranium and a referred dentary of a new genus and species of mustelid. The specimens were recovered from the Turtle Cove and Kimberly Members of the John Day Formation, Oregon, USA.These excellently preserved specimens more confidently confirm the presence of mustelids in the Early and Late Oligocene (Early and Late Arikareean) of North America. Like the holotype specimen of ‘Plesictis’ julieni, the new species lacks an alisphenoid canal and a postprotocrista on the M1 (synapomorphies of Mustelidae), but retains a dorsally deep suprameatal fossa (a feature occasionally suggested to be unique to Procyonidae). Phylogenetic analyses, applying parsimony and Bayesian inference to combined molecular (five genes totalling 5490 bp) and morphological data, recover this new species of mustelid as sister-species to ‘Plesictis’ julieni. The results of these analyses reveal that the new genus is a close relative of other species of Plesictis and several taxa traditionally allied with Oligobuninae, thereby rendering Oligobuninae paraphyletic. We further discuss the significance of the relatively small size of this new mustelid as it relates to predictions based on increased aridification of the palaeoclimate and the expansion of open habitats in the Oligocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Paterson
- Department of Earth Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Paleobiology, Canadian Museum of Nature, Gatineau, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joshua X Samuels
- Department of Geosciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Natalia Rybczynski
- Department of Earth Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Paleobiology, Canadian Museum of Nature, Gatineau, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael J Ryan
- Department of Earth Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Vertebrate Paleontology, Cleveland Museum of Natural History, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Hillary C Maddin
- Department of Earth Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Paleobiology, Canadian Museum of Nature, Gatineau, Ontario, Canada
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50
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The selective constraints of ecological specialization in mustelidae on mitochondrial genomes. MAMMAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13364-019-00461-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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