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Burvenich R, Heytens S, De Sutter A, Struyf T, Toelen J, Verbakel JY. Towards an international consensus on safety netting advice for acutely ill children presenting to ambulatory care: a modified e-Delphi procedure. Arch Dis Child 2024; 109:93-99. [PMID: 38123917 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2023-326370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Develop a consensus on the content and form of safety netting advice (SNA) for parents of acutely ill children. DESIGN Four-round modified e-Delphi using online questionnaires and feedback among clinical and research experts. SETTING Ambulatory care in high-income countries. PARTICIPANTS Forty-one experts from 13 countries: 3 emergency physicians, 15 general practitioners, 4 nurses and 19 paediatricians. RESULTS The experts defined the content of SNA as advice on the normal, expected disease course of the provisional diagnosis, diagnostic uncertainty, alarm signs that indicate the need for medical help and information on where and how to find such help. Regarding the form of the SNA, the experts agree that a reliable source should give SNA verbally with paper or digital written or video/image resources at every appropriate healthcare encounter in a short and simple empowering fashion, specific to the child's situation and seek confirmatory feedback from parents. CONCLUSIONS SNA needs to contain advice on the expected disease course, alarm signs and where and how to find help. It should be given verbally with written resources by a reliable healthcare professional or digital platform. Short, simple and specific, SNA needs to empower the parent whose understanding of the advice should be checked. The effectiveness of SNA resources coproduced by parents and experts should be assessed in different settings and those providing SNA require up-to-date and reliable training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Burvenich
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefan Heytens
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - An De Sutter
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thomas Struyf
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jaan Toelen
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Y Verbakel
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- NIHR Community Healthcare Medtech and IVD cooperative, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Hopayian K. Identifying serious bacterial illness in children: is it time to show the red card to NICE's red flags? Br J Gen Pract 2023; 73:426-427. [PMID: 37652733 PMCID: PMC10471323 DOI: 10.3399/bjgp23x734937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kevork Hopayian
- University of Nicosia, Centre for Primary Care and Population Health, Cyprus
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Gren C, Hasselager AB, Linderoth G, Frederiksen MS, Folke F, Ersbøll AK, Gamst-Jensen H, Cortes D. Video triage in calls concerning children with fever at an out-of-hours medical helpline: a prospective quality improvement study. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2023; 31:41. [PMID: 37644510 PMCID: PMC10464404 DOI: 10.1186/s13049-023-01106-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parents often contact out-of-hours services due to worry concerning febrile children, despite the children rarely being severely ill. As telephone triage of children is challenging, many children are referred to hospital assessment. This study investigated if video triage resulted in more children staying at home. Secondary aims included safety, acceptability and feasibility of this new triage tool. METHODS In this prospective quality improvement study, nurse call-handlers enrolled febrile children aged 3 months-5 years to video or telephone triage (1:1), with follow-up within 48 h after call. The setting was an out-of-hours call-center for non-urgent illness in Copenhagen, Denmark, receiving over 1 million calls annually and predominately staffed by registered nurses. Main outcome measure was difference in number of children assessed at hospital within 8 h after call between video-and telephone triage group. Rates of feasibility, acceptability and safety (death, lasting means, transfer to intensive care unit) were compared between the triage groups. RESULTS There was no difference in triage outcome (home care vs. hospital referral) or number of patients assessed at hospital between triage groups. However, more video triaged patients received in-hospital treatment, testing and hospitalization. CONCLUSION Video triage was feasible to conduct, acceptable to parents and as safe as telephone triage. The study did not show that more children stayed at home after video triage, possibly because the allocation strategy was not upheld, as video triage sometimes was chosen in cases of complex and severe symptoms, and this likely has changed study outcome. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov.: Id NCT04074239. Registered 2019-08-30. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT04074239.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Gren
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescence Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital - Amager and Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Asbjoern Boerch Hasselager
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescence Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gitte Linderoth
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital - Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Copenhagen University Hospital - Copenhagen Emergency Medical Services, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marianne Sjølin Frederiksen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescence Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fredrik Folke
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Copenhagen University Hospital - Copenhagen Emergency Medical Services, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Cardiology, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev and Gentofte, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Annette Kjær Ersbøll
- Copenhagen University Hospital - Copenhagen Emergency Medical Services, Copenhagen, Denmark
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hejdi Gamst-Jensen
- Department of Anesthesia, Center of Head and Orthopedics, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dina Cortes
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescence Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital - Amager and Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Bos DAG, De Burghgraeve T, De Sutter A, Buntinx F, Verbakel JY. Clinical prediction models for serious infections in children: external validation in ambulatory care. BMC Med 2023; 21:151. [PMID: 37072778 PMCID: PMC10114467 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-02860-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early distinction between mild and serious infections (SI) is challenging in children in ambulatory care. Clinical prediction models (CPMs), developed to aid physicians in clinical decision-making, require broad external validation before clinical use. We aimed to externally validate four CPMs, developed in emergency departments, in ambulatory care. METHODS We applied the CPMs in a prospective cohort of acutely ill children presenting to general practices, outpatient paediatric practices or emergency departments in Flanders, Belgium. For two multinomial regression models, Feverkidstool and Craig model, discriminative ability and calibration were assessed, and a model update was performed by re-estimation of coefficients with correction for overfitting. For two risk scores, the SBI score and PAWS, the diagnostic test accuracy was assessed. RESULTS A total of 8211 children were included, comprising 498 SI and 276 serious bacterial infections (SBI). Feverkidstool had a C-statistic of 0.80 (95% confidence interval 0.77-0.84) with good calibration for pneumonia and 0.74 (0.70-0.79) with poor calibration for other SBI. The Craig model had a C-statistic of 0.80 (0.77-0.83) for pneumonia, 0.75 (0.70-0.80) for complicated urinary tract infections and 0.63 (0.39-0.88) for bacteraemia, with poor calibration. The model update resulted in improved C-statistics for all outcomes and good overall calibration for Feverkidstool and the Craig model. SBI score and PAWS performed extremely weak with sensitivities of 0.12 (0.09-0.15) and 0.32 (0.28-0.37). CONCLUSIONS Feverkidstool and the Craig model show good discriminative ability for predicting SBI and a potential for early recognition of SBI, confirming good external validity in a low prevalence setting of SBI. The SBI score and PAWS showed poor diagnostic performance. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02024282. Registered on 31 December 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A G Bos
- EPI-Centre, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, 7 Kapucijnenvoer block H - Box 7001, Leuven, 3000, Belgium.
| | - Tine De Burghgraeve
- EPI-Centre, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, 7 Kapucijnenvoer block H - Box 7001, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - An De Sutter
- Department of Family Practice and Primary Health Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frank Buntinx
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Research Institute Caphri, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Y Verbakel
- EPI-Centre, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, 7 Kapucijnenvoer block H - Box 7001, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
- NIHR Community Healthcare Medtech and IVD Cooperative, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Blyth MH, Cannings-John R, Hay AD, Butler CC, Hughes K. Is the NICE traffic light system fit-for-purpose for children presenting with undifferentiated acute illness in primary care? Arch Dis Child 2022; 107:444-449. [PMID: 34548278 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2021-322768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE) traffic light system uses children's symptoms and signs to categorise acute infections into red, amber and green. To our knowledge, no study has described the proportion of children with acute undifferentiated illness who fall into these categories in primary care, which is important since red and amber children are considered at higher risk of serious illness requiring urgent secondary care assessment. AIM To estimate the proportion of acutely unwell children presenting to primary care classified by the NICE traffic light system as red, amber or green, and to describe their initial management. DESIGN AND SETTING Secondary analysis of the Diagnosis of Urinary Tract infection in Young children prospective cohort study. METHOD 6797 children under 5 years presenting to 225 general practices with acute undifferentiated illness were retrospectively mapped to the NICE traffic light system by a panel of general practitioners. RESULTS 6406 (94%) children were classified as NICE red (32%) or amber (62%) with 1.6% red and 0.3%, respectively, referred the same day for hospital assessment; and 46% and 31%, respectively, treated with antibiotics. The remaining 385 (6%) were classified green, with none referred and 27% treated with antibiotics. Results were robust to sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSION The majority of children presenting to UK primary care with acute undifferentiated illness meet red or amber NICE traffic light criteria,with only 6% classified as low risk, making it unfit for use in general practice. Research is urgently needed to establish as triage system suitable for general practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Hedd Blyth
- Division of Population Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Alastair D Hay
- Division of Primary Health Care, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Christopher C Butler
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kathryn Hughes
- Division of Population Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Dagys A, Laucaitytė G, Volkevičiūtė A, Abramavičius S, Kėvalas R, Vitkauskienė A, Jankauskaitė L. Blood biomarkers in early bacterial infection and sepsis diagnostics in feverish young children. Int J Med Sci 2022; 19:753-761. [PMID: 35582414 PMCID: PMC9108404 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.69859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES While most feverish children have self-limiting diseases, 5-10% develop a serious and potentially life-threatening bacterial infection (BI). Due to potential risk, prompt recognition of BI and sepsis in the pediatric emergency department (PED) remains a clinical priority. The aim of the study was to evaluate the role of certain cytokines and chemokines separately and in combination with routine blood tests in early BI and sepsis diagnostics at PED. MATERIALS AND METHODS We prospectively studied children younger than 5 presenting to the PED with fever lasting for under 12 hours with high risk for serious illness. Clinical data, routine blood analysis, and inflammatory cytokine and chemokine panels were evaluated for their diagnostic abilities. Two separate analyses were carried out on the patients' data: one contrasting BI and viral infection (VI) groups, the other comparing septic and non-septic patients. RESULTS The sample comprised 70 patients (40% with BI). IL-2 was found to be the most specific biomarker to identify BI with specificity of 100%. The best discriminative ability was demonstrated by combining IL-2, IL-6, CRP, WBC, and neutrophil count: AUC 0.942 (95% Cl 0.859-0.984). IL-10 exhibited a greater AUC (0.837. 95% CI: 0.730-0.915 p<0.05) than CRP (0.807. 95% CI: 0.695-0.895 p<0.05) when predicting sepsis and showed high specificity (98%) and moderate sensitivity (75%). CONCLUSIONS IL-6 and IL-2 could increase the diagnostic ability of routine blood tests for predicting BI, as IL-10 raises specificity for recognizing sepsis in the early hours of disease onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Algirdas Dagys
- Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Medical Academy, Department of Pediatrics, 50161 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Goda Laucaitytė
- Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Medical Academy, Department of Pediatrics, 50161 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Augusta Volkevičiūtė
- Laboratory of Preclinical Drug Investigation, Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 50161 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Silvijus Abramavičius
- Laboratory of Preclinical Drug Investigation, Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 50161 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Rimantas Kėvalas
- Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Medical Academy, Department of Pediatrics, 50161 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Astra Vitkauskienė
- Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Medical Academy, Department of Pediatrics, 50161 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Medical Academy, Department of Laboratory Medicine, 50161 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Lina Jankauskaitė
- Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Medical Academy, Department of Pediatrics, 50161 Kaunas, Lithuania
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Accuracy of the NICE Traffic Light system for detecting serious illness in acutely unwell children presenting to general practice: a retrospective cohort study. Br J Gen Pract 2022; 72:e398-e404. [PMID: 35577588 PMCID: PMC9119811 DOI: 10.3399/bjgp.2021.0633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) traffic light system was created to facilitate the assessment of unwell children in primary care. To the authors’ knowledge, no studies have validated this tool in UK general practice. Aim To evaluate the accuracy of this system for detecting serious illness in children presenting to general practice. Design and setting A retrospective diagnostic accuracy study was undertaken, using a cohort of acutely unwell children aged <5 years presenting to general practice in England and Wales. Method The traffic light categories of 6703 children were linked with hospital data to identify admissions and diagnoses. The sensitivity and specificity of these categories were calculated against the reference standard: a hospital-diagnosed serious illness within 7 days of GP consultation, measured using International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision codes. Results In total, 2116 (31.6%) children were categorised as ‘red’; 4204 (62.7%) as ‘amber’; and 383 (5.7%) as ‘green’. There were 139 (2.1%) children who were admitted to hospital within 7 days of consultation, of whom 17 (12.2%; 0.3% overall) had a serious illness. The sensitivity of the red category (versus amber and green) was 58.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 32.9 to 81.6) and the specificity 68.5% (95% CI = 67.4 to 69.6). The sensitivity and specificity of red and amber combined (versus green) was 100% (95% CI = 80.5 to 100) and 5.7% (95% CI = 5.2 to 6.3), respectively. Conclusion The NICE traffic light system did not accurately detect children admitted with a serious illness, nor those not seriously ill who could have been managed at home. This system is not suitable for use as a clinical tool in general practice. Further research is required to update or replace the system.
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Easter J, Petruzella F. Updates in pediatric emergency medicine for 2021. Am J Emerg Med 2022; 56:244-253. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2022.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Bielicki JA, Stöhr W, Barratt S, Dunn D, Naufal N, Roland D, Sturgeon K, Finn A, Rodriguez-Ruiz JP, Malhotra-Kumar S, Powell C, Faust SN, Alcock AE, Hall D, Robinson G, Hawcutt DB, Lyttle MD, Gibb DM, Sharland M. Effect of Amoxicillin Dose and Treatment Duration on the Need for Antibiotic Re-treatment in Children With Community-Acquired Pneumonia: The CAP-IT Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 2021; 326:1713-1724. [PMID: 34726708 PMCID: PMC8564579 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2021.17843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The optimal dose and duration of oral amoxicillin for children with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) are unclear. OBJECTIVE To determine whether lower-dose amoxicillin is noninferior to higher dose and whether 3-day treatment is noninferior to 7 days. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Multicenter, randomized, 2 × 2 factorial noninferiority trial enrolling 824 children, aged 6 months and older, with clinically diagnosed CAP, treated with amoxicillin on discharge from emergency departments and inpatient wards of 28 hospitals in the UK and 1 in Ireland between February 2017 and April 2019, with last trial visit on May 21, 2019. INTERVENTIONS Children were randomized 1:1 to receive oral amoxicillin at a lower dose (35-50 mg/kg/d; n = 410) or higher dose (70-90 mg/kg/d; n = 404), for a shorter duration (3 days; n = 413) or a longer duration (7 days; n = 401). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was clinically indicated antibiotic re-treatment for respiratory infection within 28 days after randomization. The noninferiority margin was 8%. Secondary outcomes included severity/duration of 9 parent-reported CAP symptoms, 3 antibiotic-related adverse events, and phenotypic resistance in colonizing Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates. RESULTS Of 824 participants randomized into 1 of the 4 groups, 814 received at least 1 dose of trial medication (median [IQR] age, 2.5 years [1.6-2.7]; 421 [52%] males and 393 [48%] females), and the primary outcome was available for 789 (97%). For lower vs higher dose, the primary outcome occurred in 12.6% with lower dose vs 12.4% with higher dose (difference, 0.2% [1-sided 95% CI -∞ to 4.0%]), and in 12.5% with 3-day treatment vs 12.5% with 7-day treatment (difference, 0.1% [1-sided 95% CI -∞ to 3.9]). Both groups demonstrated noninferiority with no significant interaction between dose and duration (P = .63). Of the 14 prespecified secondary end points, the only significant differences were 3-day vs 7-day treatment for cough duration (median 12 days vs 10 days; hazard ratio [HR], 1.2 [95% CI, 1.0 to 1.4]; P = .04) and sleep disturbed by cough (median, 4 days vs 4 days; HR, 1.2 [95% CI, 1.0 to 1.4]; P = .03). Among the subgroup of children with severe CAP, the primary end point occurred in 17.3% of lower-dose recipients vs 13.5% of higher-dose recipients (difference, 3.8% [1-sided 95% CI, -∞ to10%]; P value for interaction = .18) and in 16.0% with 3-day treatment vs 14.8% with 7-day treatment (difference, 1.2% [1-sided 95% CI, -∞ to 7.4%]; P value for interaction = .73). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Among children with CAP discharged from an emergency department or hospital ward (within 48 hours), lower-dose outpatient oral amoxicillin was noninferior to higher dose, and 3-day duration was noninferior to 7 days, with regard to need for antibiotic re-treatment. However, disease severity, treatment setting, prior antibiotics received, and acceptability of the noninferiority margin require consideration when interpreting the findings. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN Identifier: ISRCTN76888927.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A. Bielicki
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, Medical Research Council Clinical Trial Unit at University College London, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wolfgang Stöhr
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sam Barratt
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Dunn
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nishdha Naufal
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Damian Roland
- Pediatric Emergency Medicine Leicester Academic (PEMLA) Group, Emergency Department, Leicester, United Kingdom
- SAPPHIRE Group, University of Leicester, Department of Health Sciences, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Kate Sturgeon
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Finn
- Bristol Children’s Vaccine Centre, Schools of Population Sciences and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Juan Pablo Rodriguez-Ruiz
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Surbhi Malhotra-Kumar
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Colin Powell
- Emergency Medicine, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar
- Division of Population Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Saul N. Faust
- National Institute for Health Research Southampton Clinical Research Facility and Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Anastasia E. Alcock
- Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Evelina Children’s Hospital, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dani Hall
- Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Evelina Children’s Hospital, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Children’s Health Ireland at Crumlin, Ireland
| | - Gisela Robinson
- Pediatric Emergency Medicine, University Hospitals of Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel B. Hawcutt
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Pediatric Medicines Research Unit, Alder Hey Children’s NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Mark D. Lyttle
- Emergency Department, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Health and Applied Science, University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Diana M. Gibb
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Sharland
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, Medical Research Council Clinical Trial Unit at University College London, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Edwards G, Newbould L, Nesbitt C, Rogers M, Morris RL, Hay AD, Campbell SM, Hayward G. Predicting poor outcomes in children aged 1-12 with respiratory tract infections: A systematic review. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249533. [PMID: 33872323 PMCID: PMC8055026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Demand for NHS services is high and rising. In children respiratory tract infections (RTI) are the most common reason for consultation with primary care. Understanding which features are associated with good and poor prognosis with RTI will help develop interventions to support parents manage illness. Aim To identify symptoms, signs, and investigation results associated with good and poor prognosis, and clinical decision making in children aged 1–12 years with RTI symptoms, at home and presenting to ambulatory care. Design and setting Systematic literature review. Methods We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cinahl, Web of Science and the Cochrane database of systematic reviews for studies of children aged 1 to 12 years with a RTI or related condition reporting symptoms, signs and investigation results associated with prognostic outcomes. Quality was assessed using the QUIPS tool. Results We included 27 studies which included 34802 children and measured 192 factors. Nine studies explored future outcomes and the remainder explored clinical management from the initial consultation with the health services. None were conducted in a home setting. Respiratory signs, vomiting, fever, dehydration and tachycardia at the initial contact were associated with future hospitalisation. Little evidence was available for other outcomes. Conclusion Some evidence is available to clinicians to stratify risk of, future hospitalisation, but not of other prognostic outcomes. There is little evidence available to parents to identify children at risk of poor prognosis. Research is needed into whether poor prognosis can be predicted by parents in the home.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Edwards
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Louise Newbould
- Social Policy Research Unit, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Nesbitt
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Miranda Rogers
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca L. Morris
- Division of Population Health, NIHR Greater Manchester Patient Safety Translational Research Centre, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair D. Hay
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, Bristol Medical School: Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen M. Campbell
- Division of Population Health, NIHR Greater Manchester Patient Safety Translational Research Centre, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Gail Hayward
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Hubert G, Launay E, Feildel Fournial C, Chauvire-Drouard A, Lorton F, Tavernier E, Giraudeau B, Gras Le Guen C. Assessment of the impact of a new sequential approach to antimicrobial use in young febrile children in the emergency department (DIAFEVERCHILD): a French prospective multicentric controlled, open, cluster-randomised, parallel-group study protocol. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e034828. [PMID: 32792425 PMCID: PMC7430445 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fever is one of the most common reasons for consultation in the paediatric emergency department (ED). Because of fear of bacterial infection in parents and caregivers, clinicians often overprescribe laboratory tests and empirical antibiotic treatment. The aims of this study are to demonstrate that using a procalcitonin (PCT) rapid test-based prediction rule (1) would not be inferior to usual practice in terms of morbidity and mortality (non-inferiority objective) and (2) would result in a significant reduction in antibiotic use (superiority objective). METHODS AND ANALYSIS This prospective multicentric cluster-randomised study aims to include 7245 febrile children aged 6 days to 3 years with a diagnosis of fever without source in 26 participating EDs in France and Switzerland during a 24-month period. During first period, all children will receive usual care. In a second period, a point-of-care PCT-based algorithm will be used in half of the clusters. The primary endpoints collected on day 15 after ED consultation will be a composite outcome of death or intensive care unit admission for any reason, disease-specific complications, diagnosis of bacterial infection after discharge from the ED for the non-inferiority objective and proportion of children with antibiotic treatment administered for the superiority objective. The endpoints will be compared between the two groups (experimental and control) by using a mixed logistic regression model adjusted on clustering of participants within centres and period within centres. DISCUSSION If the algorithm is validated, a new strategy will be discussed with medical societies to safely manage fever in young children without the need for invasive procedures for microbiological testing or empirical antibiotics. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study was submitted to an independent ethics committee on 17 May 2018 (no. 2018-A00252-53). Results will be submitted to international peer-reviewed journals and presented at international conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03607162; Pre-results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaelle Hubert
- Paediatrics Emergency Department, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Elise Launay
- General Paediatrics Department, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
- Clinical Research Department, Clinical Investigation Center Femme Enfant Adolescent-1413 INSERM, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | | | - Anne Chauvire-Drouard
- Clinical Research Department, Clinical Investigation Center Femme Enfant Adolescent-1413 INSERM, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Fleur Lorton
- Paediatrics Emergency Department, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
- Clinical Research Department, Clinical Investigation Center Femme Enfant Adolescent-1413 INSERM, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Elsa Tavernier
- Biostatistics Department, Clinical Investigation Center-1415 INSERM, CHU Tours, Tours, France
| | - Bruno Giraudeau
- Biostatistics Department, Clinical Investigation Center-1415 INSERM, CHU Tours, Tours, France
| | - Christele Gras Le Guen
- Paediatrics Emergency Department, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
- General Paediatrics Department, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
- Clinical Research Department, Clinical Investigation Center Femme Enfant Adolescent-1413 INSERM, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
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12
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Carter B, Roland D, Bray L, Harris J, Pandey P, Fox J, Carrol ED, Neill S. A systematic review of the organizational, environmental, professional and child and family factors influencing the timing of admission to hospital for children with serious infectious illness. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236013. [PMID: 32702034 PMCID: PMC7377491 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infection, particularly in the first 5 years of life, is a major cause of childhood deaths globally, many deaths from infections such as pneumonia and meningococcal disease are avoidable, if treated in time. Some factors that contribute to morbidity and mortality can be modified. These include organisational and environmental factors as well as those related to the child, family or professional. Objective Examine what organizational and environmental factors and individual child, family and professional factors affect timing of admission to hospital for children with a serious infectious illness. Design Systematic review. Data sources Key search terms were identified and used to search CINAHL Plus, Medline, ASSIA, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, Joanna Briggs Institute Database of Systematic Review. Study appraisal methods Primary research (e.g. quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods studies) and literature reviews (e.g., systematic, scoping and narrative) were included if participants included or were restricted to children under 5 years of age with serious infectious illnesses, included parents and/or first contact health care professionals in primary care, urgent and emergency care and where the research had been conducted in OECD high income countries. The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool was used to review the methodological quality of the studies. Main findings Thirty-six papers were selected for full text review; 12 studies fitted the inclusion criteria. Factors influencing the timing of admission to hospital included the variability in children’s illness trajectories and pathways to hospital, parental recognition of symptoms and clinicians non-recognition of illness severity, parental help-seeking behaviour and clinician responses, access to services, use and non-use of ‘gut feeling’ by clinicians, and sub-optimal management within primary, secondary and tertiary services. Conclusions The pathways taken by children with a serious infectious illness to hospital are complex and influenced by a variety of potentially modifiable individual, organisational, environmental and contextual factors. Supportive, accessible, respectful services that provide continuity, clear communication, advice and safety-netting are important as is improved training for clinicians and a mandate to attend to ‘gut feeling’. Implications Relatively simple interventions such as improved communication have the potential to improve the quality of care and reduce morbidity and mortality in children with a serious infectious illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernie Carter
- Faculty of Health, Social Care and Medicine, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Damian Roland
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Bray
- Faculty of Health, Social Care and Medicine, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Harris
- Faculty of Health, Public Health Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Poornima Pandey
- Children’s and Adolescent Services, Kettering General Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Kettering, United Kingdom
| | - Jo Fox
- Faculty of Health & Social Care, University of Chester, Chester, United Kingdom
| | - Enitan D. Carrol
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Neill
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom
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13
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Holt J, White L, Wheaton GR, Williams H, Jani S, Arnolda G, Ting HP, Hibbert PD, Braithwaite J. Management of fever in Australian children: a population-based sample survey. BMC Pediatr 2020; 20:16. [PMID: 31931759 PMCID: PMC6956501 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-020-1911-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fever in childhood is a common acute presentation requiring clinical triage to identify the few children who have serious underlying infection. Clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) have been developed to assist clinicians with this task. This study aimed to assess the proportion of care provided in accordance with CPG recommendations for the management of fever in Australian children. Methods Clinical recommendations were extracted from five CPGs and formulated into 47 clinical indicators for use in auditing adherence. Indicators were categorised by phase of care: assessment, diagnosis and treatment. Patient records from children aged 0 to 15 years were sampled from general practices (GP), emergency departments (ED) and hospital admissions in randomly-selected health districts in Queensland, New South Wales and South Australia during 2012 and 2013. Paediatric nurses, trained to assess eligibility for indicator assessment and adherence, reviewed eligible medical records. Adherence was estimated by individual indicator, phase of care, age-group and setting. Results The field team conducted 14,879 eligible indicator assessments for 708 visits by 550 children with fever in 58 GP, 34 ED and 28 hospital inpatient settings. For the 33 indicators with sufficient data, adherence ranged from 14.7 to 98.1%. Estimated adherence with assessment-related indicators was 51.3% (95% CI: 48.1–54.6), 77.5% (95% CI: 65.3–87.1) for diagnostic-related indicators and 72.7% (95% CI: 65.3–79.3) for treatment-related indicators. Adherence for children < 3 months of age was 73.4% (95% CI: 58.0–85.8) and 64.7% (95% CI: 57.0–71.9) for children 3–11 months of age, both significantly higher than for children aged 4–15 years (53.5%; 95% CI: 50.0–56.9). The proportion of adherent care for children attending an ED was 77.5% (95% CI: 74.2–80.6) and 76.7% (95% CI: 71.7–81.3) for children admitted to hospital, both significantly higher than for children attending a GP (40.3%; 95% CI: 34.6–46.1). Conclusions This study reports a wide range of adherence by clinicians to 47 indicators of best practice for the management of febrile children, sampled from urban and rural regions containing 60% of the Australian paediatric population. Documented adherence was lowest for indicators related to patient assessment, for care provided in GP settings, and for children aged 4–15 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Holt
- Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Level 6, 75 Talavera Rd, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Leslie White
- Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Level 6, 75 Talavera Rd, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia.,School of Women's and Children's Health, University of NSW, Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
| | - Gavin R Wheaton
- Division of Paediatric Medicine, Women's and Children's Health Network, SA Health, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Helena Williams
- Division of Paediatric Medicine, Women's and Children's Health Network, SA Health, Adelaide, Australia.,Southern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Shefali Jani
- Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Westmead, Australia
| | - Gaston Arnolda
- Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Level 6, 75 Talavera Rd, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Hsuen P Ting
- Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Level 6, 75 Talavera Rd, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Peter D Hibbert
- Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Level 6, 75 Talavera Rd, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia.,Australian Centre for Precision Health School of Health Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Braithwaite
- Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Level 6, 75 Talavera Rd, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia.
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14
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de Vries E, van Hout RWNM. Respiratory Symptoms in Post-infancy Children. A Dutch Pediatric Cohort Study. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:583630. [PMID: 33392115 PMCID: PMC7773946 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.583630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To study the pattern of respiratory symptoms in children in the general population. Method: We followed a cohort of children for up to 2 years through parents completing weekly online questionnaires in the Child-Is-Ill study ("Kind-en-Ziekmeting" in Dutch); the study was running 2012-2015. Inclusion criteria were "an ordinary child" (according to the parents) and <18 years old at inclusion. We especially encouraged participation of post-infancy children. Age at inclusion, sex, smoking exposure, allergy in the family, and frequent infections in the family were noted. Pearson's correlation, principal component analysis, latent class analysis, latent profile analysis, linear regression, and linear mixed effects regression were used in the statistical analyses. Results: Data were collected on 55,524 childweeks in 755 children (50% girls; median age, 7 years; interquartile range, 4-11 years, 97% ≥2 years at inclusion), with reported symptom(s) in 8,425 childweeks (15%), leading to school absenteeism in 25%, doctor's visits in 12%, and parental sick leave in 8%; symptoms lasting ≥3 weeks were rare (2% of episodes). Linear mixed effects regression showed significant, but only limited, effects of season on the proportion of "symptom(s) reported" per individual child. Only runny nose showed a significant, but very small, age effect. However, the variability between the children was considerable. There were no obvious subgroups of children with specific symptom combinations. Conclusion: In any randomly chosen week, the vast majority of children (85%) in our-mainly-post-infancy cohort derived from the general population did not have any symptom, even in the younger age group, even in winter. The children showed considerable variability; no clear subgroups of symptom patterns could be identified, underlining the difficult position of healthcare providers. These results support our opinion that post-infancy children in the general population should not be evaluated as if they are infants when they have recurrent respiratory symptoms. If they clearly deviate from the above-described most common pattern, it is wise to keep an eye on potential, maybe even rare, serious underlying causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther de Vries
- Department Tranzo, Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands.,Laboratory for Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Elisabeth-Tweesteden Hospital, Tilburg, Netherlands.,Jeroen Bosch Academy Research, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, Netherlands
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15
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Keitel K, Kilowoko M, Kyungu E, Genton B, D'Acremont V. Performance of prediction rules and guidelines in detecting serious bacterial infections among Tanzanian febrile children. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:769. [PMID: 31481123 PMCID: PMC6724300 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4371-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Health-workers in developing countries rely on clinical algorithms, such as the Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses (IMCI), for the management of patients, including diagnosis of serious bacterial infections (SBI). The diagnostic accuracy of IMCI in detecting children with SBI is unknown. Prediction rules and guidelines for SBI from well-resourced countries at outpatient level may help to improve current guidelines; however, their diagnostic performance has not been evaluated in resource-limited countries, where clinical conditions, access to care, and diagnostic capacity differ. The aim of this study was to estimate the diagnostic accuracy of existing prediction rules and clinical guidelines in identifying children with SBI in a cohort of febrile children attending outpatient health facilities in Tanzania. Methods Structured literature review to identify available prediction rules and guidelines aimed at detecting SBI and retrospective, external validation on a dataset containing 1005 febrile Tanzanian children with acute infections. The reference standard, SBI, was established based on rigorous clinical and microbiological criteria. Results Four prediction rules and five guidelines, including IMCI, could be validated. All examined rules and guidelines had insufficient diagnostic accuracy for ruling-in or ruling-out SBI with positive and negative likelihood ratios ranging from 1.04–1.87 to 0.47–0.92, respectively. IMCI had a sensitivity of 36.7% (95% CI 29.4–44.6%) at a specificity of 70.3% (67.1–73.4%). Rules that use a combination of clinical and laboratory testing had better performance compared to rules and guidelines using only clinical and or laboratory elements. Conclusions Currently applied guidelines for managing children with febrile illness have insufficient diagnostic accuracy in detecting children with SBI. Revised clinical algorithms including simple point-of-care tests with improved accuracy for detecting SBI targeting in tropical resource-poor settings are needed. They should undergo careful external validation against clinical outcome before implementation, given the inherent limitations of gold standards for SBI. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-019-4371-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Keitel
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. .,Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, University Hospital of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | | | - Esther Kyungu
- Tanzanian Training Centre for International Health, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Blaise Genton
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Infectious Diseases Service, University Hospital Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Valérie D'Acremont
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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16
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Rautiainen L, Cirko A, Pavare J, Balmaks R, Grope I, Katirlo I, Gersone G, Tretjakovs P, Gardovska D. Assessment of ADAMTS-13 Level in Hospitalized Children with Serious Bacterial Infections as a Possible Prognostic Marker. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55080503. [PMID: 31434239 PMCID: PMC6723433 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55080503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives: In children, acute infection is the most common cause of visits in the primary care or emergency department. In 2002, criteria for diagnostics of pediatric sepsis were published, and then revised in 2016 as “life-threatening organ dysfunction due to a dysregulated host response to infection”. In the pathophysiology of sepsis endothelial dysfunction plays a very important role. Deficient proteolysis of von Willebrand factor, due to reduced ADAMTS-13 activity, results in disseminated platelet-rich thrombi in the microcirculation. ADAMTS-13 deficiency has been detected in systemic inflammation. The clinical relevance of ADAMTS-13 during sepsis is still unclear. We aimed to investigate the possible use of ADAMTS-13 as a prognostic marker in children with serious bacterial infection (SBI). Materials and Methods: Inclusion criteria were hospitalized children with SBI, aged from 1 month to 17 years. SBI was defined based on available clinical, imaging, and later also on microbiological data. Sepsis was diagnosed using criteria by The International Consensus Conference. In all the patients, the levels of ADAMTS-13 were measured at the time of inclusion. Results: Data from 71 patients were analyzed. A total of 47.9% (34) had sepsis, 21.1% (15) were admitted to the ICU, 8.5% (6) had mechanical ventilator support, and 4.2% (3) patients had a positive blood culture. The median level of ADAMTS-13 in this study population was 689.43 ng/mL. Patients with sepsis, patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit, and patients in need of mechanical ventilator support had significantly lower levels of ADAMTS-13. None of the patients had ADAMTS-13 deficiency. In patients with SBI, the area under the curve (AUC) to predict sepsis was 0.67. A cut-off ADAMTS-13 level of ≤730.49 had 82% sensitivity and 60% specificity for sepsis in patients with SBI. Conclusions: ADATMS-13 levels were lower in patients with SBI and sepsis, but AUC and sensitivity were too low to accept it as a prognostic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Rautiainen
- Lapland Central Hospital, 96400 Rovaniemi, Finland.
- Department of Paediatrics, Riga Stradins University, LV1007 Riga, Latvia.
| | - Anna Cirko
- Department of Paediatrics, Riga Stradins University, LV1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Jana Pavare
- Department of Paediatrics, Riga Stradins University, LV1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Reinis Balmaks
- Department of Paediatrics, Riga Stradins University, LV1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Ilze Grope
- Department of Paediatrics, Riga Stradins University, LV1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Irina Katirlo
- Department of Paediatrics, Riga Stradins University, LV1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Gita Gersone
- Department of Human Physiology and Biochemistry, Riga Stradins University, LV1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Peteris Tretjakovs
- Department of Human Physiology and Biochemistry, Riga Stradins University, LV1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Dace Gardovska
- Department of Paediatrics, Riga Stradins University, LV1007 Riga, Latvia
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17
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van de Maat J, Nieboer D, Thompson M, Lakhanpaul M, Moll H, Oostenbrink R. Can clinical prediction models assess antibiotic need in childhood pneumonia? A validation study in paediatric emergency care. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217570. [PMID: 31194750 PMCID: PMC6563975 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Pneumonia is the most common bacterial infection in children at the emergency department (ED). Clinical prediction models for childhood pneumonia have been developed (using chest x-ray as their reference standard), but without implementation in clinical practice. Given current insights in the diagnostic limitations of chest x-ray, this study aims to validate these prediction models for a clinical diagnosis of pneumonia, and to explore their potential to guide decisions on antibiotic treatment at the ED. Methods We systematically identified clinical prediction models for childhood pneumonia and assessed their quality. We evaluated the validity of these models in two populations, using a clinical reference standard (1. definite/probable bacterial, 2. bacterial syndrome, 3. unknown bacterial/viral, 4. viral syndrome, 5. definite/probable viral), measuring performance by the ordinal c-statistic (ORC). Validation populations included prospectively collected data of children aged 1 month to 5 years attending the ED of Rotterdam (2012–2013) or Coventry (2005–2006) with fever and cough or dyspnoea. Results We identified eight prediction models and could evaluate the validity of seven, with original good performance. In the Dutch population 22/248 (9%) had a bacterial infection, in Coventry 53/301 (17%), antibiotic prescription was 21% and 35% respectively. Three models predicted a higher risk in children with bacterial infections than in those with viral disease (ORC ≥0.55) and could identify children at low risk of bacterial infection. Conclusions Three clinical prediction models for childhood pneumonia could discriminate fairly well between a clinical reference standard of bacterial versus viral infection. However, they all require the measurement of biomarkers, raising questions on the exact target population when implementing these models in clinical practice. Moreover, choosing optimal thresholds to guide antibiotic prescription is challenging and requires careful consideration of potential harms and benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine van de Maat
- Department of General Paediatrics, Erasmus MC–Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daan Nieboer
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew Thompson
- University of Washington, Department of Family Medicine, Seattle, United States of America
| | - Monica Lakhanpaul
- Population, Policy, Practice Program, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Henriette Moll
- Department of General Paediatrics, Erasmus MC–Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rianne Oostenbrink
- Department of General Paediatrics, Erasmus MC–Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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18
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Roland D, Snelson E. 'So why didn't you think this baby was ill?' Decision-making in acute paediatrics. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed 2019; 104:43-48. [PMID: 29496733 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2017-313199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Determining severity of illness and undertaking an adequate risk assessment is a fundamental part of acute paediatric practice. This review highlights physiology, communication, heuristics and external elements as factors which influence decision-making and discusses how incidence of disease and seniority of clinician impact might influence outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Roland
- SAPPHIRE Group, Health Sciences, Leicester University, Leicester, UK.,Paediatric Emergency Medicine Leicester Academic (PEMLA) Group, Leicester Hospitals, Leicester, UK
| | - Edward Snelson
- Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, UK.,Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
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19
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Rautiainen L, Pavare J, Grope I, Tretjakovs P, Gardovska D. Inflammatory Cytokine and Chemokine Patterns in Paediatric Patients with Suspected Serious Bacterial Infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55010004. [PMID: 30609860 PMCID: PMC6358758 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives: In children, acute infection is the most common cause of visits to the emergency department. Although most of them are self-limiting, mortality due to severe bacterial infections (SBI) in developed countries is still high. When the risk of serious bacterial infection is too high to ignore, yet too low to justify admission and hospital observation, clinicians try to improve diagnostic accuracy by performing various laboratory tests. The aim of the study was to investigate whether an early inflammatory cytokine and chemokine panel can add information in diagnostics of SBI and assessment of efficacy of early therapies in hospitalized children with fever. Methods: This study included 51 children with febrile infections that were admitted to the emergency department (ED). Clinical examination and microbiological and radiological tests were used as reference standards for the definition of SBI. Study population was categorized into two groups: (1) patients with SBI (n = 21); (2) patients without SBI (n = 30). Inflammatory cytokine and chemokine panels were analyzed from the first routine blood samples at hospital admission and after 24 h. Results: Out of 12 cytokines and chemokines, only Eotaxin and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) had statistically significant differences between groups at the time of inclusion. Receiver operator characteristic analysis to predict SBI showed an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.679 for G-CSF. Conclusions: Analysis of inflammatory cytokine profiles may provide additional information in early diagnostics of SBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Rautiainen
- Lapland Central Hospital, Department of Paediatrics, Rovaniemi 96101, Finland.
- Department of Paediatrics, Riga Stradins University, Riga LV-1007, Latvia.
| | - Jana Pavare
- Department of Paediatrics, Riga Stradins University, Riga LV-1007, Latvia.
| | - Ilze Grope
- Department of Paediatrics, Riga Stradins University, Riga LV-1007, Latvia.
| | - Peteris Tretjakovs
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Riga Stradins University, Riga LV-1007, Latvia.
| | - Dace Gardovska
- Department of Paediatrics, Riga Stradins University, Riga LV-1007, Latvia.
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20
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Vos-Kerkhof ED, Gomez B, Milcent K, Steyerberg EW, Nijman RG, Smit FJ, Mintegi S, Moll HA, Gajdos V, Oostenbrink R. Clinical prediction models for young febrile infants at the emergency department: an international validation study. Arch Dis Child 2018; 103:1033-1041. [PMID: 29794106 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2017-314011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the diagnostic value of existing clinical prediction models (CPM; ie, statistically derived) in febrile young infants at risk for serious bacterial infections. METHODS A systematic literature review identified eight CPMs for predicting serious bacterial infections in febrile children. We validated these CPMs on four validation cohorts of febrile children in Spain (age <3 months), France (age <3 months) and two cohorts in the Netherlands (age 1-3 months and >3-12 months). We evaluated the performance of the CPMs by sensitivity/specificity, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and calibration studies. RESULTS The original cohorts in which the prediction rules were developed (derivation cohorts) ranged from 381 to 15 781 children, with a prevalence of serious bacterial infections varying from 0.8% to 27% and spanned an age range of 0-16 years. All CPMs originally performed moderately to very well (AUC 0.60-0.93). The four validation cohorts included 159-2204 febrile children, with a median age range of 1.8 (1.2-2.4) months for the three cohorts <3 months and 8.4 (6.0-9.6) months for the cohort >3-12 months of age. The prevalence of serious bacterial infections varied between 15.1% and 17.2% in the three cohorts <3 months and was 9.8% for the cohort >3-12 months of age. Although discriminative values varied greatly, best performance was observed for four CPMs including clinical signs and symptoms, urine dipstick analyses and laboratory markers with AUC ranging from 0.68 to 0.94 in the three cohorts <3 months (ranges sensitivity: 0.48-0.94 and specificity: 0.71-0.97). For the >3-12 months' cohort AUC ranges from 0.80 to 0.89 (ranges sensitivity: 0.70-0.82 and specificity: 0.78-0.90). In general, the specificities exceeded sensitivities in our cohorts, in contrast to derivation cohorts with high sensitivities, although this effect was stronger in infants <3 months than in infants >3-12 months. CONCLUSION We identified four CPMs, including clinical signs and symptoms, urine dipstick analysis and laboratory markers, which can aid clinicians in identifying serious bacterial infections. We suggest clinicians should use CPMs as an adjunctive clinical tool when assessing the risk of serious bacterial infections in febrile young infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien de Vos-Kerkhof
- Department of General Paediatrics, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Borja Gomez
- Paediatric Emergency Department, Cruces University Hospital, Bilbao, Spain.,University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Karen Milcent
- AP-HP Department of Paediatrics, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Sud-Antoine Béclère, Clamart, France
| | - Ewout W Steyerberg
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Decision Making, Erasmus MC-University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud Gerard Nijman
- Department of Paediatric Accident and Emergency, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College-NHS Healthcare Trust, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J Smit
- Department of General Paediatrics, Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Santiago Mintegi
- Paediatric Emergency Department, Cruces University Hospital, Bilbao, Spain.,University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Henriette A Moll
- Department of General Paediatrics, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent Gajdos
- Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Sud, UVSQ, CESP, INSERM, Villejuif, France
| | - Rianne Oostenbrink
- Department of General Paediatrics, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Snelson E, Ramlakhan S. Which observed behaviours may reassure physicians that a child is not septic? An international Delphi study. Arch Dis Child 2018; 103:864-867. [PMID: 29545408 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2017-314339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In an attempt to improve the diagnosis of sepsis in children, diagnostic aids have concentrated on clinical features that suggest that sepsis is present. Clinicians need to be able to clinically rule out sepsis as well as rule it in. Little is known about which features are consistent with wellness and/or absence of sepsis. Guidelines are therefore likely to improve sensitivity without preserving specificity. We aimed to gather expert opinion on which (if any) features would make clinicians consider a child to be unlikely to have sepsis. DESIGN We undertook a modified two-round international Delphi study, where clinicians were asked for features they believed were indicators of wellness in an ill child. PARTICIPANTS One hundred and ninety-five clinicians (predominantly physicians) who routinely assessed unwell children and had been doing so for most of their careers. RESULTS Over 90% of respondents rated age-appropriate verbalisation, playing, smiling and activity as reassuring that a child was unlikely to have sepsis. Eating, spontaneous interaction and normal movement were also agreed to be reassuring by over 70% of participants. Consolability and showing fear of the clinician were not felt to be adequately reassuring. There was wide range of opinion on how reassuring the use of an electronic device was thought to be. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms that physicians are reassured by specific behaviours in ill children, and provides a framework which may be used to help guide the assessment of the unwell child. Validation of individual features could lead to improved specificity of diagnostic aids for diagnosing sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Snelson
- Emergency Department, Sheffield Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK.,Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Shammi Ramlakhan
- Emergency Department, Sheffield Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK.,Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Saint Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
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22
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Hubert-Dibon G, Danjou L, Feildel-Fournial C, Vrignaud B, Masson D, Launay E, Gras-Le Guen C. Procalcitonin and C-reactive protein may help to detect invasive bacterial infections in children who have fever without source. Acta Paediatr 2018; 107:1262-1269. [PMID: 29385638 DOI: 10.1111/apa.14248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study evaluated the epidemiology and performance of biomarkers for identifying bacterial infections in children who presented with fever without source. METHODS We conducted a prospective cohort study in the paediatric department at the University Hospital of Nantes, France, in 2016. Children older than six days and younger than five years of age were included. RESULTS A total of 1060 children (52.2% male) with fever without source were admitted, and the median age was 17 months (interquartile range: 6.6-24.3 months). Severe bacterial infections were diagnosed in 127 (11.9%) children and invasive bacterial infections in 11 (1.0%) children: four (0.3%) with bacterial meningitis and seven (0.6%) with bacteraemia. A further 114 (10.7%) had urinary tract infections. We explored the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curves for identifying invasive bacterial infections. The curves for procalcitonin and C-reactive protein assays were better than those for the absolute neutrophil counts and the white blood cell counts. CONCLUSION This study found that there was a low prevalence of invasive bacterial infections in children who presented with fever without source. It also showed that procalcitonin and C-reactive protein may help to detect invasive bacterial infections in children who have fever without source.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lou Danjou
- Pediatrics Emergency Department; University Hospital Nantes; Nantes France
| | | | - Bénédicte Vrignaud
- Pediatrics Emergency Department; University Hospital Nantes; Nantes France
| | - Damien Masson
- Biochemistry Laboratory; UMR INSERM 1235; University Hospital of Nantes; Nantes France
| | - Elise Launay
- Pediatrics Emergency Department; University Hospital Nantes; Nantes France
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23
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Verbakel JY, Lemiengre MB, De Burghgraeve T, De Sutter A, Aertgeerts B, Bullens DMA, Shinkins B, Van den Bruel A, Buntinx F. Point-of-care C reactive protein to identify serious infection in acutely ill children presenting to hospital: prospective cohort study. Arch Dis Child 2018; 103:420-426. [PMID: 29269559 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2016-312384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acute infection is the most common presentation of children to hospital. A minority of these infections are serious, but early recognition and adequate management are essential. We aimed to develop improved tools to assess children attending ambulatory hospital care, integrating clinical features with point-of-care C reactive protein (CRP). DESIGN Prospective observational diagnostic study. SETTING AND PATIENTS 5517 acutely ill children (1 month-16 years) presenting to 106 paediatricians at six outpatient clinics and six emergency departments in Belgium. INDEX TEST Point-of-care CRP alongside vital signs and objective symptoms measurements. MAIN OUTCOME Hospital admission for >24 hours with a serious infection <5 days after presentation. RESULTS An algorithm was developed consisting of clinical features and CRP. This achieved 97.1% (95% CI 94.3% to 98.7%) sensitivity and 99.6% (95% CI 99.2% to 99.8%) negative predictive value, excluding serious infections in 36.4% of children. It stratifies patients into three groups based on CRP level: high-risk group with CRP >75 mg/L (26.8% risk of infection), intermediate-risk group with CRP 20-75 mg/L and at least one of seven clinical features (8.1%), and lower risk group with CRP <20 mg/L with at least one of the 11 features (3.8%). Children in intermediate-risk or low-risk groups with normal clinical assessment have 0.6% and 0.4% risk of serious infections, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Conducting a CRP test may first enable children to be stratified into three risk groups, guiding assessment of clinical features that could be performed by junior doctors or nurses. In one-third of acutely ill children, the algorithm could exclude serious infection. Prospective validation of the algorithm is needed. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT02024282 (post-results).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Y Verbakel
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marieke B Lemiengre
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Health Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - An De Sutter
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Health Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bert Aertgeerts
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dominique M A Bullens
- Clinical Department of Paediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Paediatric Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bethany Shinkins
- Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Ann Van den Bruel
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Frank Buntinx
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Research Institute CAPHRI, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Reducing inappropriate antibiotic prescribing for children in primary care: a cluster randomised controlled trial of two interventions. Br J Gen Pract 2018; 68:e204-e210. [PMID: 29440016 DOI: 10.3399/bjgp18x695033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibiotics are overprescribed for non-severe acute infections in children in primary care. AIM To explore two different interventions that may reduce inappropriate antibiotic prescribing for non-severe acute infections. DESIGN AND SETTING A cluster randomised, factorial controlled trial in primary care, in Flanders, Belgium. METHOD Family physicians (FPs) enrolled children with non-severe acute infections into this study. The participants were allocated to one of four intervention groups according to whether the FPs performed: (1) a point-of-care C-reactive protein test (POC CRP); (2) a brief intervention to elicit parental concern combined with safety net advice (BISNA); (3) both POC CRP and BISNA; or (4) usual care (UC). Guidance on the interpretation of CRP was not provided. The main outcome was the immediate antibiotic prescribing rate. A mixed logistic regression was performed to analyse the data. RESULTS In this study 2227 non-severe acute infections in children were registered by 131 FPs. In comparison with UC, POC CRP did not influence antibiotic prescribing, (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.01, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.57 to 1.79). BISNA increased antibiotic prescribing (AOR 2.04, 95% CI = 1.19 to 3.50). In combination with POC CRP, this increase disappeared. CONCLUSION Systematic POC CRP testing without guidance is not an effective strategy to reduce antibiotic prescribing for non-severe acute infections in children in primary care. Eliciting parental concern and providing a safety net without POC CRP testing conversely increased antibiotic prescribing. FPs possibly need more training in handling parental concern without inappropriately prescribing antibiotics.
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25
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Validation of the Feverkidstool and procalcitonin for detecting serious bacterial infections in febrile children. Pediatr Res 2018; 83:466-476. [PMID: 29116239 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2017.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BackgroundTo validate the Feverkidstool, a prediction model consisting of clinical signs and symptoms and C-reactive protein (CRP) to identify serious bacterial infections (SBIs) in febrile children, and to determine the incremental diagnostic value of procalcitonin.MethodsThis prospective observational study that was carried out at two Dutch emergency departments included children with fever, aged 1 month to 16 years. The prediction models were developed with polytomous logistic regression differentiating "pneumonia" and "other SBIs" from "non-SBIs" using standardized, routinely collected data on clinical signs and symptoms, CRP, and procalcitonin.ResultsA total of 1,085 children were included with a median age of 1.6 years (interquartile range 0.8-3.4); 73 children (7%) had pneumonia and 98 children (9%) had other SBIs. The Feverkidstool showed good discriminative ability in this new population. After adding procalcitonin to the Feverkidstool, c-statistic for "pneumonia" increased from 0.85 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.76-0.94) to 0.86 (0.77-0.94) and for "other SBI" from 0.81 (0.73-0.90) to 0.83 (0.75- 0.91). A model with clinical features and procalcitonin performed similar to the Feverkidstool.ConclusionThis study confirms the external validity of the Feverkidstool, with CRP and procalcitonin being equally valuable for predicting SBI in our population of febrile children. Our findings do not support routine dual use of CRP and procalcitonin.
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Barbi E, Marzuillo P, Neri E, Naviglio S, Krauss BS. Fever in Children: Pearls and Pitfalls. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 4:E81. [PMID: 28862659 PMCID: PMC5615271 DOI: 10.3390/children4090081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fever in children is a common concern for parents and one of the most frequent presenting complaints in emergency department visits, often involving non-pediatric emergency physicians. Although the incidence of serious infections has decreased after the introduction of conjugate vaccines, fever remains a major cause of laboratory investigation and hospital admissions. Furthermore, antipyretics are the most common medications administered to children. We review the epidemiology and measurement of fever, the meaning of fever and associated clinical signs in children of different ages and under special conditions, including fever in children with cognitive impairment, recurrent fevers, and fever of unknown origin. While the majority of febrile children have mild, self-resolving viral illness, a minority may be at risk of life-threatening infections. Clinical assessment differs markedly from adult patients. Hands-off evaluation is paramount for a correct evaluation of breathing, circulation and level of interaction. Laboratory markers and clinical prediction rules provide limited help in identifying children at risk for serious infections; however, clinical examination, prudent utilization of laboratory tests, and post-discharge guidance ("safety netting") remain the cornerstone of safe management of febrile children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egidio Barbi
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", 34137 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Pierluigi Marzuillo
- Department of Woman and Child and General and Specialized Surgery, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Elena Neri
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", 34137 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Samuele Naviglio
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", 34137 Trieste, Italy.
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34137 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Baruch S Krauss
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston 02115, MA, USA.
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Winter J, Waxman MJ, Waterman G, Ata A, Frisch A, Collins KP, King C. Pediatric Patients Discharged from the Emergency Department with Abnormal Vital Signs. West J Emerg Med 2017; 18:878-883. [PMID: 28874940 PMCID: PMC5576624 DOI: 10.5811/westjem.2017.5.33000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Children often present to the emergency department (ED) with minor conditions such as fever and have persistently abnormal vital signs. We hypothesized that a significant portion of children discharged from the ED would have abnormal vital signs and that those discharged with abnormal vital signs would experience very few adverse events. METHODS We performed a retrospective chart review encompassing a 44-month period of all pediatric patients (aged two months to 17 years) who were discharged from the ED with an abnormal pulse rate, respiratory rate, temperature, or oxygen saturation. We used a local quality assurance database to identify pre-defined adverse events after discharge in this population. Our primary aim was to determine the proportion of children discharged with abnormal vital signs and the frequency and nature of adverse events. Additionally, we performed a sub-analysis comparing the rate of adverse events in children discharged with normal vs. abnormal vital signs, as well as a standardized review of the nature of each adverse event. RESULTS Of 33,185 children discharged during the study period, 5,540 (17%) of these patients had at least one abnormal vital sign. There were 24/5,540 (0.43%) adverse events in the children with at least one abnormal vital sign vs. 47/27,645 (0.17%) adverse events in the children with normal vital signs [relative risk = 2.5 (95% confidence interval, 1.6 to 2.4)].However, upon review of each adverse event we found only one case that was related to the index visit, was potentially preventable by a 23-hour hospital observation, and caused permanent disability. CONCLUSION In our study population, 17% of the children were discharged with at least one abnormal vital sign, and there were very few adverse (0.43%) events associated with this practice. Heart rate was the most common abnormal vital sign leading to an adverse event. Severe adverse events that were potentially related to the abnormal vital sign(s) were exceedingly rare. Additional research is needed in broader populations to better determine the rate of adverse events and possible methods of avoiding them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine Winter
- Albany Medical College, Department of Emergency Medicine, Albany, New York
| | - Michael J Waxman
- Albany Medical College, Department of Emergency Medicine, Albany, New York
| | - George Waterman
- Albany Medical College, Department of Emergency Medicine, Albany, New York
| | - Ashar Ata
- Albany Medical College, Department of Emergency Medicine, Albany, New York
| | - Adam Frisch
- Albany Medical College, Department of Emergency Medicine, Albany, New York
| | - Kevin P Collins
- Albany Medical College, Department of Emergency Medicine, Albany, New York
| | - Christopher King
- Albany Medical College, Department of Emergency Medicine, Albany, New York
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Translation of clinical prediction rules for febrile children to primary care practice: an observational cohort study. Br J Gen Pract 2016; 65:e224-33. [PMID: 25824182 DOI: 10.3399/bjgp15x684373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical prediction rules (CPRs) to identify children with serious infections lack validation in low-prevalence populations, which hampers their implementation in primary care practice. AIM To evaluate the diagnostic value of published CPRs for febrile children in primary care. DESIGN AND SETTING Observational cohort study among febrile children (<16 years) who consulted five GP cooperatives (GPCs) in the Netherlands. METHOD Alarm signs of serious infection and clinical management were extracted from routine clinical practice data and manually recoded with a structured electronic data-entry program. Eight CPRs were selected from literature. CPR-variables were matched with alarm signs and CPRs were applied to the GPC-population. 'Referral to emergency department (ED)' was used as a proxy outcome measure for 'serious infection'. CPR performance was assessed by calibration analyses, sensitivity, specificity, and area under the ROC-curve (ROC-area). RESULTS A total of 9794 GPC-contacts were eligible, 54% male, median age 2.3 years (interquartile range 1.0-4.6 years) and 8.1% referred to ED. Frequencies of CPR-variables varied from 0.5% (cyanosis, drowsy) to 25% (temperature ≥40°C). Alarm signs frequently included in CPRs were 'ill appearance', 'inconsolable', and 'abnormal circulatory or respiratory signs'. The height of the CPR's predicted risks generally corresponded with being (or not being) referred to the ED in practice. However, calibration-slopes indicated that three CPRs underestimated the risk of serious infection in the GPC-population. Sensitivities ranged from 42% to 54%, specificities from 68% to 89%. ROC-areas ranged from 0.52 to 0.81, with best performance of CPRs for children aged <3 months. CONCLUSION Published CPRs performed moderately well in the primary out-of-hours care population. Advice is given on how to improve translation of CPRs to primary care practice.
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Forster CS, Jerardi KE, Herbst L, Brady PW. Right Test, Wrong Patient: Biomarkers and Value. Hosp Pediatr 2016; 6:315-7. [PMID: 27052032 DOI: 10.1542/hpeds.2015-0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lori Herbst
- Division of Hospital Medicine, and James M. Anderson Center for Health Systems Excellence, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; and
| | - Patrick W Brady
- Division of Hospital Medicine, and University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
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30
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Starr M. Febrile infants and children in the emergency department: Reducing fever to its simplest form. J Paediatr Child Health 2016; 52:109-11. [PMID: 27062612 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.13112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mike Starr
- The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
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Verbakel JY, Lemiengre MB, De Burghgraeve T, De Sutter A, Aertgeerts B, Bullens DMA, Shinkins B, Van den Bruel A, Buntinx F. Validating a decision tree for serious infection: diagnostic accuracy in acutely ill children in ambulatory care. BMJ Open 2015; 5:e008657. [PMID: 26254472 PMCID: PMC4538259 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acute infection is the most common presentation of children in primary care with only few having a serious infection (eg, sepsis, meningitis, pneumonia). To avoid complications or death, early recognition and adequate referral are essential. Clinical prediction rules have the potential to improve diagnostic decision-making for rare but serious conditions. In this study, we aimed to validate a recently developed decision tree in a new but similar population. DESIGN Diagnostic accuracy study validating a clinical prediction rule. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Acutely ill children presenting to ambulatory care in Flanders, Belgium, consisting of general practice and paediatric assessment in outpatient clinics or the emergency department. INTERVENTION Physicians were asked to score the decision tree in every child. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES The outcome of interest was hospital admission for at least 24 h with a serious infection within 5 days after initial presentation. We report the diagnostic accuracy of the decision tree in sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios and predictive values. RESULTS In total, 8962 acute illness episodes were included, of which 283 lead to admission to hospital with a serious infection. Sensitivity of the decision tree was 100% (95% CI 71.5% to 100%) at a specificity of 83.6% (95% CI 82.3% to 84.9%) in the general practitioner setting with 17% of children testing positive. In the paediatric outpatient and emergency department setting, sensitivities were below 92%, with specificities below 44.8%. CONCLUSIONS In an independent validation cohort, this clinical prediction rule has shown to be extremely sensitive to identify children at risk of hospital admission for a serious infection in general practice, making it suitable for ruling out. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT02024282.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Y Verbakel
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marieke B Lemiengre
- Department of Family Practice and Primary Health Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - An De Sutter
- Department of Family Practice and Primary Health Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bert Aertgeerts
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dominique M A Bullens
- Clinical Department of Paediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Paediatric Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bethany Shinkins
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ann Van den Bruel
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Frank Buntinx
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Research Institute Caphri, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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34
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Repeated emergency department visits among children admitted with meningitis or septicemia: a population-based study. Ann Emerg Med 2014; 65:625-632.e3. [PMID: 25458981 DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2014.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE Early diagnosis of children with meningitis or septicemia remains a significant challenge in emergency medicine. We seek to describe the frequency of repeated emergency department (ED) visits among children admitted with meningitis or septicemia in Ontario, Canada. METHODS In this retrospective cohort study, using health administrative data, we included all children aged 30 days to 5 years who were hospitalized with a final diagnosis of meningitis or septicemia in Ontario between 2005 and 2010. ED visits at any hospital in the preceding 5 days were identified as potential repeated ED visits. We used generalized estimating equations to model the association of sex, age, triage score, immunocompromised state, visit timing, type of ED, and annual patient volume on the risk of repeated ED visits. RESULTS Of 521 children, 114 (21.9%) had repeated ED visits before admission. Children admitted on initial visit and those with repeated visits had similar median lengths of stay (13 versus 12 days), critical care use (21.1% versus 16.7%), and mortality (mean 2.9%). One in 3 children repeating visits returned to a different hospital. Repeated visits were associated with older age, a less acute triage score, and initial visit to a community hospital without available pediatric consultation. CONCLUSION In this cohort, repeated ED visits among children with meningitis or septicemia were common, yet they had health outcomes similar to those of children admitted on initial visit. One in 3 returned to a different ED, making it unlikely that EDs and clinicians can learn from these critical events without a regionalized reporting system.
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Lemiengre MB, Verbakel JY, De Burghgraeve T, Aertgeerts B, De Baets F, Buntinx F, De Sutter A. Optimizing antibiotic prescribing for acutely ill children in primary care (ERNIE2 study protocol, part B): a cluster randomized, factorial controlled trial evaluating the effect of a point-of-care C-reactive protein test and a brief intervention combined with written safety net advice. BMC Pediatr 2014; 14:246. [PMID: 25277543 PMCID: PMC4287591 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2431-14-246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite huge public campaigns, there is still overconsumption of antibiotics in children with self-limiting diseases. Possible explanations may be the physicians' and parents' uncertainty about the gravity of the disease and inadequate communication between physicians and parents leading to lack of reassurance for the parents. In this paper we describe the design and methods of a trial aiming to rationalize antibiotic prescribing by decreasing this uncertainty and parental anxiety. METHODS/DESIGN Acutely ill children without suspected serious disease consulting their family physician will be consecutively included in a four-armed cluster randomized factorial controlled trial. The intervention will consist a Point-of-Care C-reactive protein test and/or a brief intervention with safety net advice. The control group will receive usual care. We intend to include 2560 patients in 88 family practices. Patients will be followed up until cure. The primary outcome measure is the immediate antibiotic prescribing rate. Secondary outcomes are: comparison between groups of speed of clinical recovery, parental concern, parental perception of the quality of the communication, parental satisfaction, use of medication, use of diagnostic tests and medical services during the illness episode, and cost-effectiveness of the interventions. Besides this, we will observationally analyse data of the children included in the large ERNIE2-trial, but excluded in the cluster randomized trial, namely children suspected of serious disease presenting in primary care and children who initially present at the out-patient paediatric clinic or emergency department. We will search for predictors of antibiotic prescribing, speed of clinical recovery, parental concern, parental perception of communication, parental satisfaction, use of medication, diagnostic tests and medical services. DISCUSSION This is a unique multifaceted intervention, in that it targets both physicians and parents by aiming specifically at their uncertainty and concerns during the consultation. Both interventions are easy to implement without special training. When proven effective, they could offer a feasible way to decrease inappropriate antibiotic prescribing for children in family practice and thus avoid emergence of bacterial resistance, side effects and unnecessary healthcare costs. Moreover, the observational part of the study will increase our insight in the course, management and parent's concern of acute illness in children. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02024282.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke B Lemiengre
- />Department of Family Practice and Primary Health Care, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185 6 K3, Ghent, 9000 Belgium
| | - Jan Y Verbakel
- />Department of General Practice, KU Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, Leuven, 3000 Belgium
| | - Tine De Burghgraeve
- />Department of General Practice, KU Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, Leuven, 3000 Belgium
| | - Bert Aertgeerts
- />Department of General Practice, KU Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, Leuven, 3000 Belgium
| | - Frans De Baets
- />Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Infection and Immune Deficiencies, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185 K12D, Ghent, 9000 Belgium
| | - Frank Buntinx
- />Department of General Practice, KU Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, Leuven, 3000 Belgium
- />Research Institute Caphri, Maastricht University, PB 313, Nl 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - An De Sutter
- />Department of Family Practice and Primary Health Care, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185 6 K3, Ghent, 9000 Belgium
| | - on behalf of the ERNIE 2 collaboration
- />Department of Family Practice and Primary Health Care, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185 6 K3, Ghent, 9000 Belgium
- />Department of General Practice, KU Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, Leuven, 3000 Belgium
- />Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Infection and Immune Deficiencies, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185 K12D, Ghent, 9000 Belgium
- />Research Institute Caphri, Maastricht University, PB 313, Nl 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Verbakel JY, Lemiengre MB, De Burghgraeve T, De Sutter A, Bullens DMA, Aertgeerts B, Buntinx F. Diagnosing serious infections in acutely ill children in ambulatory care (ERNIE 2 study protocol, part A): diagnostic accuracy of a clinical decision tree and added value of a point-of-care C-reactive protein test and oxygen saturation. BMC Pediatr 2014; 14:207. [PMID: 25277457 PMCID: PMC4287386 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2431-14-207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute illness is the most common presentation of children to ambulatory care. In contrast, serious infections are rare and often present at an early stage. To avoid complications or death, early recognition and adequate referral are essential. In a recent large study children were included prospectively to construct a symptom-based decision tree with a sensitivity and negative predictive value of nearly 100%. To reduce the number of false positives, point-of-care tests might be useful, providing an immediate result at bedside. The most probable candidate is C-reactive protein, as well as a pulse oximetry. Methods This is a diagnostic accuracy study of signs, symptoms and point-of-care tests for serious infections. Acutely ill children presenting to a family physician or paediatrician will be included consecutively in Flanders, Belgium. Children testing positive on the decision tree will get a point-of-care C-reactive protein test. Children testing negative will randomly either receive a point-of-care C-reactive protein test or usual care. The outcome of interest is hospital admission more than 24 hours with a serious infection within 10 days. Aiming to include over 6500 children, we will report the diagnostic accuracy of the decision tree (+/− the point-of-care C-reactive protein test or pulse oximetry) in sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratios, and positive and negative predictive values. New diagnostic algorithms will be constructed through classification and regression tree and multiple logistic regression analysis. Discussion We aim to improve detection of serious infections, and present a practical tool for diagnostic triage of acutely ill children in primary care. We also aim to reduce the number of investigations and admissions in children with non-serious infections. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02024282
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Y Verbakel
- Department of General Practice, KU Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Yeh JJ, Neoh CA, Chen CR, Chou CYT, Wu MT. A high resolution computer tomography scoring system to predict culture-positive pulmonary tuberculosis in the emergency department. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93847. [PMID: 24727951 PMCID: PMC3984117 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the use of high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) to predict the presence of culture-positive pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in adult patients with pulmonary lesions in the emergency department (ED). The study included a derivation phase and validation phase with a total of 8,245 patients with pulmonary disease. There were 132 patients with culture-positive PTB in the derivation phase and 147 patients with culture-positive PTB in the validation phase. Imaging evaluation of pulmonary lesions included morphology and segmental distribution. The post-test probability ratios between both phases in three prevalence areas were analyzed. In the derivation phase, a multivariate analysis model identified cavitation, consolidation, and clusters/nodules in right or left upper lobe (except anterior segment) and consolidation of the superior segment of the right or left lower lobe as independent positive factors for culture-positive PTB, while consolidation of the right or left lower lobe (except superior segment) were independent negative factors. An ideal cutoff point based on the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was obtained at a score of 1. The sensitivity, specificity, positivity predictive value, and negative predictive value from derivation phase were 98.5% (130/132), 99.7% (3997/4008), 92.2% (130/141), and 99.9% (3997/3999). Based on the predicted positive likelihood ratio value of 328.33 in derivation phase, the post-test probability was observed to be 91.5% in the derivation phase, 92.5% in the validation phase, 94.5% in a high TB prevalence area, 91.0% in a moderate prevalence area, and 76.8% in moderate-to-low prevalence area. Our model using HRCT, which is feasible to perform in the ED, can promptly diagnose culture-positive PTB in moderate and moderate-to-low prevalence areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun -Jun Yeh
- Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
- Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
- Meiho University, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Pingtung Christian Hospital, Pingtung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (J-JY); (M-TW)
| | | | - Cheng-Ren Chen
- Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | | | - Ming-Ting Wu
- Section of Thoracic and Circulation Imaging, Department of Radiology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (J-JY); (M-TW)
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Kerkhof E, Lakhanpaul M, Ray S, Verbakel JY, Van den Bruel A, Thompson M, Berger MY, Moll HA, Oostenbrink R. The predictive value of the NICE "red traffic lights" in acutely ill children. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90847. [PMID: 24633015 PMCID: PMC3954615 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Early recognition and treatment of febrile children with serious infections (SI) improves prognosis, however, early detection can be difficult. We aimed to validate the predictive rule-in value of the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) most severe alarming signs or symptoms to identify SI in children. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS The 16 most severe ("red") features of the NICE traffic light system were validated in seven different primary care and emergency department settings, including 6,260 children presenting with acute illness. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We focussed on the individual predictive value of single red features for SI and their combinations. Results were presented as positive likelihood ratios, sensitivities and specificities. We categorised "general" and "disease-specific" red features. Changes in pre-test probability versus post-test probability for SI were visualised in Fagan nomograms. RESULTS Almost all red features had rule-in value for SI, but only four individual red features substantially raised the probability of SI in more than one dataset: "does not wake/stay awake", "reduced skin turgor", "non-blanching rash", and "focal neurological signs". The presence of ≥ 3 red features improved prediction of SI but still lacked strong rule-in value as likelihood ratios were below 5. CONCLUSIONS The rule-in value of the most severe alarming signs or symptoms of the NICE traffic light system for identifying children with SI was limited, even when multiple red features were present. Our study highlights the importance of assessing the predictive value of alarming signs in clinical guidelines prior to widespread implementation in routine practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelien Kerkhof
- Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Department of General Pediatrics, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Monica Lakhanpaul
- Department of General and Adolescent Pediatrics, University College London, Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Samiran Ray
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Y. Verbakel
- Department of General Practice, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ann Van den Bruel
- Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Thompson
- Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Marjolein Y. Berger
- Department of General Practice, University Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henriette A. Moll
- Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Department of General Pediatrics, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rianne Oostenbrink
- Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Department of General Pediatrics, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Elshout G, van Ierland Y, Bohnen AM, de Wilde M, Moll HA, Oostenbrink R, Berger MY. Alarming signs and symptoms in febrile children in primary care: an observational cohort study in The Netherlands. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88114. [PMID: 24586305 PMCID: PMC3929539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Febrile children in primary care have a low risk for serious infection. Although several alarming signs and symptoms are proposed to have predictive value for serious infections, most are based on research in secondary care. The frequency of alarming signs/symptoms has not been established in primary care; however, in this setting differences in occurrence may influence their predictive value for serious infections. OBJECTIVE To determine the frequency of alarming signs/symptoms in febrile children in primary care. DESIGN Observational cohort study. Clinical information was registered in a semi-structured way and manually recoded. SETTING General practitioners' out-of-hours service. SUBJECTS Face-to-face patient contacts concerning children (aged ≤16 years) with fever were eligible for inclusion. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Frequency of 18 alarming signs and symptoms as reported in the literature. RESULTS A total of 10,476 patient contacts were included. The frequency of alarming signs/symptoms ranged from n = 1 (ABC instability; <0.1%) to n = 2,207 (vomiting & diarrhea; 21.1%). Of all children, 59.7% had one or more alarming signs and/or symptoms. Several alarming signs/symptoms were poorly registered with the frequency of missing information ranging from 1,347 contacts (temperature >40°C as reported by the parents; 12.9%) to 8,647 contacts (parental concern; 82.5%). CONCLUSION Although the prevalence of specific alarming signs/symptoms is low in primary care, ≥50% of children have one or more alarming signs/symptoms. There is a need to determine the predictive value of alarming signs/symptoms not only for serious infections in primary care, but as well for increased risk of a complicated course of the illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gijs Elshout
- Department of General Practice, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yvette van Ierland
- Department of General Pediatrics, Erasmus MC – Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Arthur M. Bohnen
- Department of General Practice, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel de Wilde
- Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henriëtte A. Moll
- Department of General Pediatrics, Erasmus MC – Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rianne Oostenbrink
- Department of General Pediatrics, Erasmus MC – Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Y. Berger
- Department of General Practice, University Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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van Ierland Y, Elshout G, Moll HA, Nijman RG, Vergouwe Y, van der Lei J, Berger MY, Oostenbrink R. Use of alarm features in referral of febrile children to the emergency department: an observational study. Br J Gen Pract 2014; 64:e1-9. [PMID: 24567576 PMCID: PMC3876161 DOI: 10.3399/bjgp14x676393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnostic value of alarm features of serious infections in low prevalence settings is unclear. AIM To explore to what extent alarm features play a role in referral to the emergency department (ED) by GPs who face a febrile child during out-of-hours care. DESIGN AND SETTING Observational study using semi-structured, routine clinical practice data of febrile children (<16 years) presenting to GP out-of-hours care. METHOD Logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the association between alarm features of serious infections (selected from two guidelines and one systematic review) and referral to the ED. Adherence to the guideline was explored by a 2×2 contingency table. RESULTS In total 794 (8.1%) of 9794 eligible patients were referred to the ED. Alarm signs most strongly associated with referral were 'age <1 month', 'decreased consciousness', 'meningeal irritation', and 'signs of dehydration'. Nineteen percent of 3424 children with a positive referral indication according to the guideline were referred to the ED. The majority of those not referred had only one or two alarm features present. A negative referral indication was adhered to for the majority of children. Still, in 20% of referred children, alarm features were absent. CONCLUSION In contrast to guidance, GPs working in primary out-of-hours care seem more conservative in referring febrile children to the ED, especially if only one or two alarm features of serious infection are present. In addition, in 20% of referred children, alarm features were absent, which suggests that other factors may be important in decisions about referral of febrile children to the hospital ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette van Ierland
- Department of General Paediatrics, ErasmusMC - Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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