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Bradfield C, Voo L, Bhaduri A, Ramesh KT. Validation of a computational biomechanical mouse brain model for rotational head acceleration. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2024; 23:1347-1367. [PMID: 38662175 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-024-01843-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Recent mouse brain injury experiments examine diffuse axonal injury resulting from accelerative head rotations. Evaluating brain deformation during these events would provide valuable information on tissue level thresholds for brain injury, but there are many challenges to imaging the brain's mechanical response during dynamic loading events, such as a blunt head impact. To address this shortcoming, we present an experimentally validated computational biomechanics model of the mouse brain that predicts tissue deformation, given the motion of the mouse head during laboratory experiments. First, we developed a finite element model of the mouse brain that computes tissue strains, given the same head rotations as previously conducted in situ hemicephalic mouse brain experiments. Second, we calibrated the model using a single brain segment, and then validated the model based on the spatial and temporal strain responses of other regions. The result is a computational tool that will provide researchers with the ability to predict brain tissue strains that occur during mouse laboratory experiments, and to link the experiments to the resulting neuropathology, such as diffuse axonal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor Bradfield
- Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD, 20723, USA, 11100 Johns Hopkins Road.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA, 3400 North Charles Street.
| | - Liming Voo
- Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD, 20723, USA, 11100 Johns Hopkins Road
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA, 3400 North Charles Street
| | - Anindya Bhaduri
- Department of Civil Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA, 3400 North Charles Street
| | - K T Ramesh
- Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD, 20723, USA, 11100 Johns Hopkins Road
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA, 3400 North Charles Street
- Hopkins Extreme Materials Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA, 3400 North Charles Street
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Özen I, Clausen F, Flygt J, Marklund N, Paul G. Neutralization of Interleukin 1-beta is associated with preservation of thalamic capillaries after experimental traumatic brain injury. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1378203. [PMID: 38765267 PMCID: PMC11100426 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1378203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Traumatic brain injury to thalamo-cortical pathways is associated with posttraumatic morbidity. Diffuse mechanical forces to white matter tracts and deep grey matter regions induce an inflammatory response and vascular damage resulting in progressive neurodegeneration. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), may contribute to the link between inflammation and the injured capillary network after TBI. This study investigates whether IL-1β is a key contributor to capillary alterations and changes in pericyte coverage in the thalamus and cortex after TBI. Methods Animals were subjected to central fluid percussion injury (cFPI), a model of TBI causing widespread axonal and vascular pathology, or sham injury and randomized to receive a neutralizing anti-IL-1β or a control, anti-cyclosporin A antibody, at 30 min post-injury. Capillary length and pericyte coverage of cortex and thalamus were analyzed by immunohistochemistry at 2- and 7-days post-injury. Results and Conclusion Our results show that early post-injury attenuation of IL-1β dependent inflammatory signaling prevents capillary damage by increasing pericyte coverage in the thalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilknur Özen
- Lund Brain Injury Laboratory for Neurosurgical Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Clausen
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurosurgery, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johanna Flygt
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurosurgery, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Niklas Marklund
- Lund Brain Injury Laboratory for Neurosurgical Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurosurgery, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Gesine Paul
- Translational Neurology Group, Department of Clinical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center and Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Neurology, Scania University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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Bastedo WE, Scott RW, Arostegui M, Underhill TM. Single-cell analysis of mesenchymal cells in permeable neural vasculature reveals novel diverse subpopulations of fibroblasts. Fluids Barriers CNS 2024; 21:31. [PMID: 38575991 PMCID: PMC10996213 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-024-00535-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the choroid plexus and pituitary gland, vasculature is known to have a permeable, fenestrated phenotype which allows for the free passage of molecules in contrast to the blood brain barrier observed in the rest of the CNS. The endothelium of these compartments, along with secretory, neural-lineage cells (choroid epithelium and pituitary endocrine cells) have been studied in detail, but less attention has been given to the perivascular mesenchymal cells of these compartments. METHODS The Hic1CreERT2 Rosa26LSL-TdTomato mouse model was used in conjunction with a PdgfraH2B-EGFP mouse model to examine mesenchymal cells, which can be subdivided into Pdgfra+ fibroblasts and Pdgfra- pericytes within the choroid plexus (CP) and pituitary gland (PG), by histological, immunofluorescence staining and single-cell RNA-sequencing analyses. RESULTS We found that both CP and PG possess substantial populations of distinct Hic1+ mesenchymal cells, including an abundance of Pdgfra+ fibroblasts. Within the pituitary, we identified distinct subpopulations of Hic1+ fibroblasts in the glandular anterior pituitary and the neurosecretory posterior pituitary. We also identified multiple distinct markers of CP, PG, and the meningeal mesenchymal compartment, including alkaline phosphatase, indole-n-methyltransferase and CD34. CONCLUSIONS Novel, distinct subpopulations of mesenchymal cells can be found in permeable vascular interfaces, including the CP, PG, and meninges, and make distinct contributions to both organs through the production of structural proteins, enzymes, transporters, and trophic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Bastedo
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - R Wilder Scott
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering and the Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Martin Arostegui
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - T Michael Underhill
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
- School of Biomedical Engineering and the Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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Boland R, Kokiko-Cochran ON. Deplete and repeat: microglial CSF1R inhibition and traumatic brain injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1352790. [PMID: 38450286 PMCID: PMC10915023 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1352790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a public health burden affecting millions of people. Sustained neuroinflammation after TBI is often associated with poor outcome. As a result, increased attention has been placed on the role of immune cells in post-injury recovery. Microglia are highly dynamic after TBI and play a key role in the post-injury neuroinflammatory response. Therefore, microglia represent a malleable post-injury target that could substantially influence long-term outcome after TBI. This review highlights the cell specific role of microglia in TBI pathophysiology. Microglia have been manipulated via genetic deletion, drug inhibition, and pharmacological depletion in various pre-clinical TBI models. Notably, colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF1) and its receptor (CSF1R) have gained much traction in recent years as a pharmacological target on microglia. CSF1R is a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor that is essential for microglia proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Small molecule inhibitors targeting CSF1R result in a swift and effective depletion of microglia in rodents. Moreover, discontinuation of the inhibitors is sufficient for microglia repopulation. Attention is placed on summarizing studies that incorporate CSF1R inhibition of microglia. Indeed, microglia depletion affects multiple aspects of TBI pathophysiology, including neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and functional recovery with measurable influence on astrocytes, peripheral immune cells, and neurons. Taken together, the data highlight an important role for microglia in sustaining neuroinflammation and increasing risk of oxidative stress, which lends to neuronal damage and behavioral deficits chronically after TBI. Ultimately, the insights gained from CSF1R depletion of microglia are critical for understanding the temporospatial role that microglia develop in mediating TBI pathophysiology and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Boland
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Chronic Brain Injury Program, Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Olga N Kokiko-Cochran
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Chronic Brain Injury Program, Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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Lindblad C, Neumann S, Kolbeinsdóttir S, Zachariadis V, Thelin EP, Enge M, Thams S, Brundin L, Svensson M. Stem cell-derived brainstem mouse astrocytes obtain a neurotoxic phenotype in vitro upon neuroinflammation. J Inflamm (Lond) 2023; 20:22. [PMID: 37370141 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-023-00349-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Astrocytes respond to injury and disease through a process known as reactive astrogliosis, of which inflammatory signaling is one subset. This inflammatory response is heterogeneous with respect to the inductive stimuli and the afflicted central nervous system region. This is of plausible importance in e.g. traumatic axonal injury (TAI), where lesions in the brainstem carries a particularly poor prognosis. In fact, astrogliotic forebrain astrocytes were recently suggested to cause neuronal death following axotomy. We therefore sought to assess if ventral brainstem- or rostroventral spinal astrocytes exert similar effects on motor neurons in vitro. METHODS We derived brainstem/rostroventral spinal astrocyte-like cells (ES-astrocytes) and motor neurons using directed differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (ES). We activated the ES-astrocytes using the neurotoxicity-eliciting cytokines interleukin- (IL-) 1α and tumor necrosis factor-(TNF-)α and clinically relevant inflammatory mediators. In co-cultures with reactive ES-astrocytes and motor neurons, we assessed neurotoxic ES-astrocyte activity, similarly to what has previously been shown for other central nervous system (CNS) regions. RESULTS We confirmed the brainstem/rostroventral ES-astrocyte identity using RNA-sequencing, immunocytochemistry, and by comparison with primary subventricular zone-astrocytes. Following cytokine stimulation, the c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway down-stream product phosphorylated c-Jun was increased, thus demonstrating ES-astrocyte reactivity. These reactive ES-astrocytes conferred a contact-dependent neurotoxic effect upon co-culture with motor neurons. When exposed to IL-1β and IL-6, two neuroinflammatory cytokines found in the cerebrospinal fluid and serum proteome following human severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), ES-astrocytes exerted similar effects on motor neurons. Activation of ES-astrocytes by these cytokines was associated with pathways relating to endoplasmic reticulum stress and altered regulation of MYC. CONCLUSIONS Ventral brainstem and rostroventral spinal cord astrocytes differentiated from mouse ES can exert neurotoxic effects in vitro. This highlights how neuroinflammation following CNS lesions can exert region- and cell-specific effects. Our in vitro model system, which uniquely portrays astrocytes and neurons from one niche, allows for a detailed and translationally relevant model system for future studies on how to improve neuronal survival in particularly vulnerable CNS regions following e.g. TAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Lindblad
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, J5:20 Svensson Group, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset Solna, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Susanne Neumann
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, J5:20 Svensson Group, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset Solna, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Eric P Thelin
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, J5:20 Svensson Group, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset Solna, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Enge
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Thams
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, J5:20 Svensson Group, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset Solna, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lou Brundin
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, J5:20 Svensson Group, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset Solna, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Svensson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, J5:20 Svensson Group, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset Solna, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neurosurgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Grovola MR, von Reyn C, Loane DJ, Cullen DK. Understanding microglial responses in large animal models of traumatic brain injury: an underutilized resource for preclinical and translational research. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:67. [PMID: 36894951 PMCID: PMC9999644 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02730-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) often results in prolonged or permanent brain dysfunction with over 2.8 million affected annually in the U.S., including over 56,000 deaths, with over 5 million total survivors exhibiting chronic deficits. Mild TBI (also known as concussion) accounts for over 75% of all TBIs every year. Mild TBI is a heterogeneous disorder, and long-term outcomes are dependent on the type and severity of the initial physical event and compounded by secondary pathophysiological consequences, such as reactive astrocytosis, edema, hypoxia, excitotoxicity, and neuroinflammation. Neuroinflammation has gained increasing attention for its role in secondary injury as inflammatory pathways can have both detrimental and beneficial roles. For example, microglia-resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS)-influence cell death pathways and may contribute to progressive neurodegeneration but also aid in debris clearance and neuroplasticity. In this review, we will discuss the acute and chronic role of microglia after mild TBI, including critical protective responses, deleterious effects, and how these processes vary over time. These descriptions are contextualized based on interspecies variation, sex differences, and prospects for therapy. We also highlight recent work from our lab that was the first to describe microglial responses out to chronic timepoints after diffuse mild TBI in a clinically relevant large animal model. The scaled head rotational acceleration of our large animal model, paired with the gyrencephalic architecture and appropriate white:gray matter ratio, allows us to produce pathology with the same anatomical patterns and distribution of human TBI, and serves as an exemplary model to examine complex neuroimmune response post-TBI. An improved understanding of microglial influences in TBI could aid in the development of targeted therapeutics to accentuate positive effects while attenuating detrimental post-injury responses over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Grovola
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Brain Injury & Repair, University of Pennsylvania, 105E Hayden Hall/3320 Smith Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Catherine von Reyn
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David J Loane
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma, and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - D Kacy Cullen
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Brain Injury & Repair, University of Pennsylvania, 105E Hayden Hall/3320 Smith Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. .,Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Lacalle-Aurioles M, Iturria-Medina Y. Fornix degeneration in risk factors of Alzheimer's disease, possible trigger of cognitive decline. CEREBRAL CIRCULATION - COGNITION AND BEHAVIOR 2023; 4:100158. [PMID: 36703699 PMCID: PMC9871745 DOI: 10.1016/j.cccb.2023.100158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Risk factors of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) such as aging, type 2 diabetes, obesity, heart failure, and traumatic brain injury can facilitate the appearance of cognitive decline and dementia by triggering cerebrovascular pathology and neuroinflammation. White matter (WM) microstructure and function are especially vulnerable to these conditions. Microstructural WM changes, assessed with diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging, can already be detected at preclinical stages of AD, and in the presence of the aforementioned risk factors. Particularly, the limbic system and cortico-cortical association WM tracts, which myelinate late during brain development, degenerate at the earliest stages. The fornix, a C-shaped WM tract that originates from the hippocampus, is one of the limbic tracts that shows early microstructural changes. Fornix integrity is necessary for ensuring an intact executive function and memory performance. Thus, a better understanding of the mechanisms that cause fornix degeneration is critical in the development of therapeutic strategies aiming to prevent cognitive decline in populations at risk. In this literature review, i) we deepen the idea that partial loss of forniceal integrity is an early event in AD, ii) we describe the role that common risk factors of AD can play in the degeneration of the fornix, and iii) we discuss some potential cellular and physiological mechanisms of WM degeneration in the scenario of cerebrovascular disease and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Lacalle-Aurioles
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada,Corresponding author at: Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
| | - Yasser Iturria-Medina
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada,Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics and Mental Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada,McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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Clay AM, Carr R, Dubien J, To F. Short-term behavioral and histological changes in a rodent model of mild traumatic brain injury. BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bea.2022.100061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Yamamoto Y, Kadoya K, Terkawi MA, Endo T, Konno K, Watanabe M, Ichihara S, Hara A, Kaneko K, Iwasaki N, Ishijima M. Neutrophils delay repair process in Wallerian degeneration by releasing NETs outside the parenchyma. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:e202201399. [PMID: 35961782 PMCID: PMC9375156 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Although inflammation is indispensable for the repair process in Wallerian degeneration (WD), the role of neutrophils in the WD repair process remains unclear. After peripheral nerve injury, neutrophils accumulate at the epineurium but not the parenchyma in the WD region because of the blood-nerve barrier. An increase or decrease in the number of neutrophils delayed or promoted macrophage infiltration from the epineurium into the parenchyma and the repair process in WD. Abundant neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) were formed around neutrophils, and its inhibition dramatically increased macrophage infiltration into the parenchyma. Furthermore, inhibition of either MIF or its receptor, CXCR4, in neutrophils decreased NET formation, resulting in enhanced macrophage infiltration into the parenchyma. Moreover, inhibiting MIF for just 2 h after peripheral nerve injury promoted the repair process. These findings indicate that neutrophils delay the repair process in WD from outside the parenchyma by inhibiting macrophage infiltration via NET formation and that neutrophils, NETs, MIF, and CXCR4 are therapeutic targets for peripheral nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Yamamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Medicine for Motor Organ, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Kadoya
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mohamad Alaa Terkawi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Endo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kohtarou Konno
- Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ichihara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Urayasu, Japan
| | - Akira Hara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Urayasu, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kaneko
- Department of Medicine for Motor Organ, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norimasa Iwasaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Muneaki Ishijima
- Department of Medicine for Motor Organ, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Suzuki Y, Nakagawa S, Endo T, Sotome A, Yuan R, Asano T, Otsuguro S, Maenaka K, Iwasaki N, Kadoya K. High-Throughput Screening Assay Identifies Berberine and Mubritinib as Neuroprotection Drugs for Spinal Cord Injury via Blood-Spinal Cord Barrier Protection. Neurotherapeutics 2022; 19:1976-1991. [PMID: 36178590 PMCID: PMC9723073 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-022-01310-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Because the breakdown of the blood-brain spinal cord barrier (BBSCB) worsens many central nervous system (CNS) diseases, prevention of BBSCB breakdown has been a major therapeutic target, especially for spinal cord injury (SCI). However, effective drugs that protect BBSCB function have yet to be developed. The purpose of the current study was 1) to develop a high-throughput screening assay (HTSA) to identify candidate drugs to protect BBSCB function, 2) to identify candidate drugs from existing drugs with newly developed HTSA, and 3) to examine the therapeutic effects of candidate drugs on SCI. Our HTSA included a culture of immortalized human brain endothelial cells primed with candidate drugs, stress with H2O2, and evaluation of their viability. A combination of the resazurin-based assay with 0.45 mM H2O2 qualified as a reliable HTSA. Screening of 1,570 existing drugs identified 90 drugs as hit drugs. Through a combination of reproducibility tests, exclusion of drugs inappropriate for clinical translation, and dose dependency tests, berberine, mubritinib, and pioglitazone were identified as a candidate. An in vitro BBSCB functional test revealed that berberine and mubritinib, but not pioglitazone, protected BBSCB from oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation stress. Additionally, these two drugs minimized BBSCB breakdown 1 day after cervical SCI in mice. Furthermore, berberine and mubritinib reduced neuronal loss and improved gait performance 8 weeks after SCI. Collectively, the current study established a useful HTSA to identify potential neuroprotective drugs by maintaining BBSCB function and demonstrated the neuroprotective effect of berberine and mubritinib after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Suzuki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15 jo, Nishi 7 chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Nakagawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan
| | - Takeshi Endo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15 jo, Nishi 7 chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Akihito Sotome
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15 jo, Nishi 7 chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Rufei Yuan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15 jo, Nishi 7 chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Asano
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15 jo, Nishi 7 chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Satoko Otsuguro
- Center for Research and Education On Drug Discovery, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Hokkaido University, Kita 12 jo, Nishi 6 chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Katsumi Maenaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12 jo, Nishi 6 chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Norimasa Iwasaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15 jo, Nishi 7 chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Ken Kadoya
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15 jo, Nishi 7 chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8638, Japan.
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Purkinje cell vulnerability induced by diffuse traumatic brain injury is linked to disruption of long-range neuronal circuits. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2022; 10:129. [PMID: 36064443 PMCID: PMC9446851 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-022-01435-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar dysfunction is commonly observed following traumatic brain injury (TBI). While direct impact to the cerebellum by TBI is rare, cerebellar pathology may be caused by indirect injury via cortico-cerebellar pathways. To address the hypothesis that degeneration of Purkinje cells (PCs), which constitute the sole output from the cerebellum, is linked to long-range axonal injury and demyelination, we used the central fluid percussion injury (cFPI) model of widespread traumatic axonal injury in mice. Compared to controls, TBI resulted in early PC loss accompanied by alterations in the size of pinceau synapses and levels of non-phosphorylated neurofilament in PCs. A combination of vDISCO tissue clearing technique and immunohistochemistry for vesicular glutamate transporter type 2 show that diffuse TBI decreased mossy and climbing fiber synapses on PCs. At 2 days post-injury, numerous axonal varicosities were found in the cerebellum supported by fractional anisotropy measurements using 9.4 T MRI. The disruption and demyelination of the cortico-cerebellar circuits was associated with poor performance of brain-injured mice in the beam-walk test. Despite a lack of direct input from the injury site to the cerebellum, these findings argue for novel long-range mechanisms causing Purkinje cell injury that likely contribute to cerebellar dysfunction after TBI.
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González-Manteiga A, Navarro-González C, Sebestyén VE, Saborit-Torres JM, Talhada D, Vayá MDLI, Ruscher K, Fazzari P. A Novel In Vivo Model for Multiplexed Analysis of Callosal Connections upon Cortical Damage. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158224. [PMID: 35897791 PMCID: PMC9368090 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain damage is the major cause of permanent disability and it is particularly relevant in the elderly. While most studies focused on the immediate phase of neuronal loss upon injury, much less is known about the process of axonal regeneration after damage. The development of new refined preclinical models to investigate neuronal regeneration and the recovery of brain tissue upon injury is a major unmet challenge. Here, we present a novel experimental paradigm in mice that entails the (i) tracing of cortico-callosal connections, (ii) a mechanical lesion of the motor cortex, (iii) the stereological and histological analysis of the damaged tissue, and (iv) the functional characterization of motor deficits. By combining conventional microscopy with semi-automated 3D reconstruction, this approach allows the analysis of fine subcellular structures, such as axonal terminals, with the tridimensional overview of the connectivity and tissue integrity around the lesioned area. Since this 3D reconstruction is performed in serial sections, multiple labeling can be performed by combining diverse histological markers. We provide an example of how this methodology can be used to study cellular interactions. Namely, we show the correlation between active microglial cells and the perineuronal nets that envelop parvalbumin interneurons. In conclusion, this novel experimental paradigm will contribute to a better understanding of the molecular and cellular interactions underpinning the process of cortical regeneration upon brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana González-Manteiga
- Laboratory of Cortical Circuits in Health and Disease, CIPF Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012 Valencia, Spain; (A.G.-M.); (C.N.-G.); (V.E.S.)
| | - Carmen Navarro-González
- Laboratory of Cortical Circuits in Health and Disease, CIPF Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012 Valencia, Spain; (A.G.-M.); (C.N.-G.); (V.E.S.)
| | - Valentina Evita Sebestyén
- Laboratory of Cortical Circuits in Health and Disease, CIPF Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012 Valencia, Spain; (A.G.-M.); (C.N.-G.); (V.E.S.)
| | - Jose Manuel Saborit-Torres
- Laboratory of Medical Imaging, CIPF Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012 Valencia, Spain; (J.M.S.-T.); (M.d.l.I.V.)
| | - Daniela Talhada
- Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, BMC A13, 2184 Lund, Sweden; (D.T.); (K.R.)
| | - María de la Iglesia Vayá
- Laboratory of Medical Imaging, CIPF Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012 Valencia, Spain; (J.M.S.-T.); (M.d.l.I.V.)
| | - Karsten Ruscher
- Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, BMC A13, 2184 Lund, Sweden; (D.T.); (K.R.)
- LUBIN Lab-Lunds Laboratorium för Neurokirurgisk Hjärnskadeforskning, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Pietro Fazzari
- Laboratory of Cortical Circuits in Health and Disease, CIPF Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012 Valencia, Spain; (A.G.-M.); (C.N.-G.); (V.E.S.)
- Correspondence:
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13
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Aniszewska A, Bergström J, Ingelsson M, Ekmark-Lewén S. Modeling Parkinson's disease-related symptoms in alpha-synuclein overexpressing mice. Brain Behav 2022; 12:e2628. [PMID: 35652155 PMCID: PMC9304846 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intracellular deposition of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) as Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites is a central event in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) and other α-synucleinopathies. Transgenic mouse models overexpressing human α-syn, are useful research tools in preclinical studies of pathogenetic mechanisms. Such mice develop α-syn inclusions as well as neurodegeneration with a topographical distribution that varies depending on the choice of promoter and which form of α-syn that is overexpressed. Moreover, they display motor symptoms and cognitive disturbances that to some extent resemble the human conditions. PURPOSE One of the main motives for assessing behavior in these mouse models is to evaluate the potential of new treatment strategies, including their impact on motor and cognitive symptoms. However, due to a high within-group variability with respect to such features, the behavioral studies need to be applied with caution. In this review, we discuss how to make appropriate choices in the experimental design and which tests that are most suitable for the evaluation of PD-related symptoms in such studies. METHODS We have evaluated published results on two selected transgenic mouse models overexpressing wild type (L61) and mutated (A30P) α-syn in the context of their validity and utility for different types of behavioral studies. CONCLUSIONS By applying appropriate behavioral tests, α-syn transgenic mouse models provide an appropriate experimental platform for studies of symptoms related to PD and other α-synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Aniszewska
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Molecular Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joakim Bergström
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Molecular Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin Ingelsson
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Molecular Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sara Ekmark-Lewén
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Molecular Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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14
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Barretto TA, Park E, Telliyan T, Liu E, Gallagher D, Librach C, Baker A. Vascular Dysfunction after Modeled Traumatic Brain Injury Is Preserved with Administration of Umbilical Cord Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Is Associated with Modulation of the Angiogenic Response. J Neurotrauma 2021; 38:2747-2762. [PMID: 33899499 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2021.0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular dysfunction arising from blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown after traumatic brain injury (TBI) can adversely affect neuronal health and behavioral outcome. Pericytes and endothelial cells of the neurovascular unit (NVU) function collectively to maintain strict regulation of the BBB through tight junctions. Secondary injury mechanisms, such as pro-angiogenic signals that contribute to pericyte loss, can prolong and exacerbate primary vascular injury. Human umbilical cord perivascular cells (HUCPVCs) are a source of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) that have been shown to reduce vascular dysfunction after neurotrauma. We hypothesized that the perivascular properties of HUCPVCs can reduce vascular dysfunction after modeled TBI by preserving the pericyte-endothelial interactions. Rats were subjected to a moderate fluid percussion injury (FPI) and intravenously infused with 1,500,000 HUCPVCs post-injury. At acute time points (24 h and 48 h) quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis demonstrated that the gene expression of angiopoietin-2 was increased with FPI and reduced with HUCPVCs. Immunofluorescent assessment of RECA-1 (endothelial cells) and platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFR-β) (pericytes) revealed that capillary and pericyte densities as well as the co-localization of the two cells were decreased with FPI and preserved with HUCPVC administration. These acute HUCPVC-mediated protective effects were associated with less permeability to Evan's blue dye and increased expression of the tight junction occludin, suggesting less vascular leakage. Further, at 4 weeks post-injury, HUCPVC administration was associated with reduced anxiety and decreased β-amyloid precursor protein (β-APP) accumulation. In summary, HUCPVCs promoted pericyte-endothelial barrier function that was associated with improved long-term outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya A Barretto
- Keenan Research Centre, St. Michaels's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eugene Park
- Keenan Research Centre, St. Michaels's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tamar Telliyan
- Keenan Research Centre, St. Michaels's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elaine Liu
- Keenan Research Centre, St. Michaels's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Clifford Librach
- CReATe Fertility Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew Baker
- Keenan Research Centre, St. Michaels's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Critical Care, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Anesthesia, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Grovola MR, Paleologos N, Brown DP, Tran N, Wofford KL, Harris JP, Browne KD, Shewokis PA, Wolf JA, Cullen DK, Duda JE. Diverse changes in microglia morphology and axonal pathology during the course of 1 year after mild traumatic brain injury in pigs. Brain Pathol 2021; 31:e12953. [PMID: 33960556 PMCID: PMC8412066 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over 2.8 million people experience mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the United States each year, which may lead to long-term neurological dysfunction. The mechanical forces that are caused by TBI propagate through the brain to produce diffuse axonal injury (DAI) and trigger secondary neuroinflammatory cascades. The cascades may persist from acute to chronic time points after injury, altering the homeostasis of the brain. However, the relationship between the hallmark axonal pathology of diffuse TBI and potential changes in glial cell activation or morphology have not been established in a clinically relevant large animal model at chronic time points. In this study, we assessed the tissue from pigs subjected to rapid head rotation in the coronal plane to generate mild TBI. Neuropathological assessments for axonal pathology, microglial morphological changes, and astrocyte reactivity were conducted in specimens out to 1-year post-injury. We detected an increase in overall amyloid precursor protein pathology, as well as periventricular white matter and fimbria/fornix pathology after a single mild TBI. We did not detect the changes in corpus callosum integrity or astrocyte reactivity. However, detailed microglial skeletal analysis revealed changes in morphology, most notably increases in the number of microglial branches, junctions, and endpoints. These subtle changes were most evident in periventricular white matter and certain hippocampal subfields, and were observed out to 1-year post-injury in some cases. These ongoing morphological alterations suggest persistent change in neuroimmune homeostasis. Additional studies are needed to characterize the underlying molecular and neurophysiological alterations, as well as potential contributions to neurological deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Grovola
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & RestorationCorporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical CenterPhiladelphiaPAUSA
- Center for Brain Injury & RepairDepartment of NeurosurgeryUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Nicholas Paleologos
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & RestorationCorporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical CenterPhiladelphiaPAUSA
- Center for Brain Injury & RepairDepartment of NeurosurgeryUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Daniel P. Brown
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & RestorationCorporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical CenterPhiladelphiaPAUSA
- Center for Brain Injury & RepairDepartment of NeurosurgeryUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Nathan Tran
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & RestorationCorporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical CenterPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Kathryn L. Wofford
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & RestorationCorporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical CenterPhiladelphiaPAUSA
- Center for Brain Injury & RepairDepartment of NeurosurgeryUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - James P. Harris
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & RestorationCorporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical CenterPhiladelphiaPAUSA
- Center for Brain Injury & RepairDepartment of NeurosurgeryUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Kevin D. Browne
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & RestorationCorporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical CenterPhiladelphiaPAUSA
- Center for Brain Injury & RepairDepartment of NeurosurgeryUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Patricia A. Shewokis
- Department of Nutrition SciencesCollege of Nursing and Health ProfessionsDrexel UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health SystemsDrexel UniversityPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - John A. Wolf
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & RestorationCorporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical CenterPhiladelphiaPAUSA
- Center for Brain Injury & RepairDepartment of NeurosurgeryUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - D. Kacy Cullen
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & RestorationCorporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical CenterPhiladelphiaPAUSA
- Center for Brain Injury & RepairDepartment of NeurosurgeryUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
- Department of BioengineeringSchool of Engineering and Applied ScienceUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - John E. Duda
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & RestorationCorporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical CenterPhiladelphiaPAUSA
- Parkinson's Disease Research, Education and Clinical CenterCorporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical CenterPhiladelphiaPAUSA
- Department of NeurologyPerelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
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16
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Hanscom M, Loane DJ, Shea-Donohue T. Brain-gut axis dysfunction in the pathogenesis of traumatic brain injury. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:143777. [PMID: 34128471 PMCID: PMC8203445 DOI: 10.1172/jci143777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a chronic and progressive disease, and management requires an understanding of both the primary neurological injury and the secondary sequelae that affect peripheral organs, including the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The brain-gut axis is composed of bidirectional pathways through which TBI-induced neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration impact gut function. The resulting TBI-induced dysautonomia and systemic inflammation contribute to the secondary GI events, including dysmotility and increased mucosal permeability. These effects shape, and are shaped by, changes in microbiota composition and activation of resident and recruited immune cells. Microbial products and immune cell mediators in turn modulate brain-gut activity. Importantly, secondary enteric inflammatory challenges prolong systemic inflammation and worsen TBI-induced neuropathology and neurobehavioral deficits. The importance of brain-gut communication in maintaining GI homeostasis highlights it as a viable therapeutic target for TBI. Currently, treatments directed toward dysautonomia, dysbiosis, and/or systemic inflammation offer the most promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Hanscom
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David J. Loane
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Terez Shea-Donohue
- Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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17
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Shil SK, Kagawa Y, Umaru BA, Nanto-Hara F, Miyazaki H, Yamamoto Y, Kobayashi S, Suzuki C, Abe T, Owada Y. Ndufs4 ablation decreases synaptophysin expression in hippocampus. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10969. [PMID: 34040028 PMCID: PMC8155116 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90127-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Altered function of mitochondrial respiratory chain in brain cells is related to many neurodegenerative diseases. NADH Dehydrogenase (Ubiquinone) Fe-S protein 4 (Ndufs4) is one of the subunits of mitochondrial complex I and its mutation in human is associated with Leigh syndrome. However, the molecular biological role of Ndufs4 in neuronal function is poorly understood. In this study, upon Ndufs4 expression confirmation in NeuN-positive neurons, and GFAP-positive astrocytes in WT mouse hippocampus, we found significant decrease of mitochondrial respiration in Ndufs4-KO mouse hippocampus. Although there was no change in the number of NeuN positive neurons in Ndufs4-KO hippocampus, the expression of synaptophysin, a presynaptic protein, was significantly decreased. To investigate the detailed mechanism, we silenced Ndufs4 in Neuro-2a cells and we observed shorter neurite lengths with decreased expression of synaptophysin. Furthermore, western blot analysis for phosphorylated extracellular regulated kinase (pERK) revealed that Ndufs4 silencing decreases the activity of ERK signalling. These results suggest that Ndufs4-modulated mitochondrial activity may be involved in neuroplasticity via regulating synaptophysin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Kumar Shil
- Department of Organ Anatomy, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yoshiteru Kagawa
- Department of Organ Anatomy, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Banlanjo Abdulaziz Umaru
- Department of Organ Anatomy, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Fumika Nanto-Hara
- Division of Animal Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, 305-0901, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Miyazaki
- Department of Organ Anatomy, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yui Yamamoto
- Department of Anatomy, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, 981-0905, Japan
| | - Shuhei Kobayashi
- Department of Organ Anatomy, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Chitose Suzuki
- Department of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Takaaki Abe
- Department of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yuji Owada
- Department of Organ Anatomy, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan.
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18
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Schwab N, Ju Y, Hazrati LN. Early onset senescence and cognitive impairment in a murine model of repeated mTBI. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:82. [PMID: 33964983 PMCID: PMC8106230 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01190-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) results in broad neurological symptoms and an increased risk of being diagnosed with a neurodegenerative disease later in life. While the immediate oxidative stress response and post-mortem pathology of the injured brain has been well studied, it remains unclear how early pathogenic changes may drive persistent symptoms and confer susceptibility to neurodegeneration. In this study we have used a mouse model of repeated mTBI (rmTBI) to identify early gene expression changes at 24 h or 7 days post-injury (7 dpi). At 24 h post-injury, gene expression of rmTBI mice shows activation of the DNA damage response (DDR) towards double strand DNA breaks, altered calcium and cell–cell signalling, and inhibition of cell death pathways. By 7 dpi, rmTBI mice had a gene expression signature consistent with induction of cellular senescence, activation of neurodegenerative processes, and inhibition of the DDR. At both timepoints gliosis, microgliosis, and axonal damage were evident in the absence of any gross lesion, and by 7 dpi rmTBI also mice had elevated levels of IL1β, p21, 53BP1, DNA2, and p53, supportive of DNA damage-induced cellular senescence. These gene expression changes reflect establishment of processes usually linked to brain aging and suggests that cellular senescence occurs early and most likely prior to the accumulation of toxic proteins. These molecular changes were accompanied by spatial learning and memory deficits in the Morris water maze. To conclude, we have identified DNA damage-induced cellular senescence as a repercussion of repeated mild traumatic brain injury which correlates with cognitive impairment. Pathways involved in senescence may represent viable treatment targets of post-concussive syndrome. Senescence has been proposed to promote neurodegeneration and appears as an effective target to prevent long-term complications of mTBI, such as chronic traumatic encephalopathy and other related neurodegenerative pathologies.
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19
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Beitchman JA, Lifshitz J, Harris NG, Thomas TC, Lafrenaye AD, Hånell A, Dixon CE, Povlishock JT, Rowe RK. Spatial Distribution of Neuropathology and Neuroinflammation Elucidate the Biomechanics of Fluid Percussion Injury. Neurotrauma Rep 2021; 2:59-75. [PMID: 34223546 PMCID: PMC8240834 DOI: 10.1089/neur.2020.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse brain injury is better described as multi-focal, where pathology can be found adjacent to seemingly uninjured neural tissue. In experimental diffuse brain injury, pathology and pathophysiology have been reported far more lateral than predicted by the impact site. We hypothesized that local thickening of the rodent skull at the temporal ridges serves to focus the intracranial mechanical forces experienced during brain injury and generate predictable pathology. We demonstrated local thickening of the skull at the temporal ridges using contour analysis on magnetic resonance imaging. After diffuse brain injury induced by midline fluid percussion injury (mFPI), pathological foci along the anterior-posterior length of cortex under the temporal ridges were evident acutely (1, 2, and 7 days) and chronically (28 days) post-injury by deposition of argyophilic reaction product. Area CA3 of the hippocampus and lateral nuclei of the thalamus showed pathological change, suggesting that mechanical forces to or from the temporal ridges shear subcortical regions. A proposed model of mFPI biomechanics suggests that injury force vectors reflect off the skull base and radiate toward the temporal ridge, thereby injuring ventral thalamus, dorsolateral hippocampus, and sensorimotor cortex. Surgically thinning the temporal ridge before injury reduced injury-induced inflammation in the sensorimotor cortex. These data build evidence for temporal ridges of the rodent skull to contribute to the observed pathology, whether by focusing extracranial forces to enter the cranium or intracranial forces to escape the cranium. Pre-clinical investigations can take advantage of the predicted pathology to explore injury mechanisms and treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Beitchman
- BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.,Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.,Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona, USA
| | - Jonathan Lifshitz
- BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.,Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.,Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA.,Phoenix VA Health Care System, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Neil G Harris
- UCLA Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, and Intellectual Development and Disabilities Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Theresa Currier Thomas
- BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.,Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.,Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA.,Phoenix VA Health Care System, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Anders Hånell
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA.,Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Rachel K Rowe
- BARROW Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.,Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, USA.,Phoenix VA Health Care System, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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20
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Zheng T, Du J, Yuan Y, Wu S, Jin Y, Shi Q, Wang X, Liu L. Effect of Low Intensity Transcranial Ultrasound (LITUS) on Post-traumatic Brain Edema in Rats: Evaluation by Isotropic 3-Dimensional T2 and Multi-TE T2 Weighted MRI. Front Neurol 2020; 11:578638. [PMID: 33281713 PMCID: PMC7689022 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.578638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Brain edema is one of the important factors affecting the prognosis of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Low-intensity transcranial ultrasound (LITUS) has significant anti-cerebral edema effect. T2-weighted image-based volume and T2 value measurements can sensitively reflect tissue edema. Purpose: To evaluate the effect and possible mechanisms of LITUS on brain edema by iso-voxel 3-dimensional T2WI (iso-3D T2WI) and multi-TE T2WI. Methods: Forty-five rats were randomly divided into sham control, TBI and TBI + LITUS groups (n = 15, respectively). Iso-voxel 3-dimensional T2WI and multi-TE T2WI sequences at 3.0T to obtain T2 value and edema volume of the injury cortex. T2 values were obtained on days 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 after TBI and brain edema volume were obtained on days 7 and 14. Results: The T2 values of the damaged cortex in the TBI group showed a slow decreasing trend after a significant increase. For TBI+LITUS group, T2 values decreased with continuous LITUS treatment. At day 28, the T2 values were not significantly longer than the control group (adjusted P = 0.0535), but were significantly shorter than the TBI group at day 42 (adjusted P = 0.0003). The edema volume at day 7 and 14 in the LITUS group was significantly lower than the TBI group (P = 0.0004 and P < 0.0001, respectively). AQP-4 and β-APP protein staining showed a strong positive reaction near the CCI point, TBI+LITUS group showed a medium positive reaction, and the sham control group showed a weak positive reaction. Conclusion: The therapeutic effect of LITUS on post-traumatic brain edema was confirmed through T2 value and edema volume, and the mechanism may be related to inhibiting the expression of AQP-4 and promoting the removal of β-APP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zheng
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Qinhuangdao Municipal No. 1 Hospital, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Qinhuangdao Municipal No. 1 Hospital, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Yi Yuan
- Institute of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Shuo Wu
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Qinhuangdao Municipal No. 1 Hospital, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Yinglan Jin
- Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Qinglei Shi
- Scientific Clinical Specialist, Siemens Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohan Wang
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Qinhuangdao Municipal No. 1 Hospital, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Lanxiang Liu
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Qinhuangdao Municipal No. 1 Hospital, Qinhuangdao, China
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21
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Zyśk M, Clausen F, Aguilar X, Sehlin D, Syvänen S, Erlandsson A. Long-Term Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 72:161-180. [PMID: 31561367 PMCID: PMC6839469 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia worldwide, affecting over 10% of the elderly population. Epidemiological evidence indicates that traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an important risk factor for developing AD later in life. However, which injury-induced processes that contribute to the disease onset remains unclear. The aim with the present study was to identify cellular processes that could link TBI to AD development, by investigating the chronic impact of two different injury models, controlled cortical impact (CCI) and midline fluid percussion injury (mFPI). The trauma was induced in 3-month-old tg-ArcSwe mice, carrying the Arctic mutation along with the Swedish mutation, and the influence of TBI on AD progression was analyzed at 12- and 24-weeks post-injury. The long-term effect of the TBI on memory deficiency, amyloid-β (Aβ) pathology, neurodegeneration and inflammation was investigated by Morris water maze, PET imaging, immunohistochemistry, and biochemical analyses. Morris water maze analysis demonstrated that mice subjected to CCI or mFPI performed significantly worse than uninjured tg-ArcSwe mice, especially at the later time point. Moreover, the injured mice showed a late upregulation of reactive gliosis, which concurred with a more pronounced Aβ pathology, compared to uninjured AD mice. Our results suggest that the delayed glial activation following TBI may be an important link between the two diseases. However, further studies in both experimental models and human TBI patients will be required to fully elucidate the reasons why TBI increases the risk of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlena Zyśk
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Clausen
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ximena Aguilar
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dag Sehlin
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stina Syvänen
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Erlandsson
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala, Sweden
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Sabouri E, Majdi A, Jangjui P, Rahigh Aghsan S, Naseri Alavi SA. Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio and Traumatic Brain Injury: A Review Study. World Neurosurg 2020; 140:142-147. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.04.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Losurdo M, Davidsson J, Sköld MK. Diffuse Axonal Injury in the Rat Brain: Axonal Injury and Oligodendrocyte Activity Following Rotational Injury. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E229. [PMID: 32290212 PMCID: PMC7225974 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10040229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) commonly results in primary diffuse axonal injury (DAI) and associated secondary injuries that evolve through a cascade of pathological mechanisms. We aim at assessing how myelin and oligodendrocytes react to head angular-acceleration-induced TBI in a previously described model. This model induces axonal injuries visible by amyloid precursor protein (APP) expression, predominantly in the corpus callosum and its borders. Brain tissue from a total of 27 adult rats was collected at 24 h, 72 h and 7 d post-injury. Coronal sections were prepared for immunohistochemistry and RNAscope® to investigate DAI and myelin changes (APP, MBP, Rip), oligodendrocyte lineage cell loss (Olig2), oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) (NG2, PDGFRa) and neuronal stress (HSP70, ATF3). Oligodendrocytes and OPCs numbers (expressed as percentage of positive cells out of total number of cells) were measured in areas with high APP expression. Results showed non-statistically significant trends with a decrease in oligodendrocyte lineage cells and an increase in OPCs. Levels of myelination were mostly unaltered, although Rip expression differed significantly between sham and injured animals in the frontal brain. Neuronal stress markers were induced at the dorsal cortex and habenular nuclei. We conclude that rotational injury induces DAI and neuronal stress in specific areas. We noticed indications of oligodendrocyte death and regeneration without statistically significant changes at the timepoints measured, despite indications of axonal injuries and neuronal stress. This might suggest that oligodendrocytes are robust enough to withstand this kind of trauma, knowledge important for the understanding of thresholds for cell injury and post-traumatic recovery potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Losurdo
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Università degli Studi di Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Johan Davidsson
- Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Mattias K. Sköld
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Neurosurgery, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
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Neuroinflammation in CNS diseases: Molecular mechanisms and the therapeutic potential of plant derived bioactive molecules. PHARMANUTRITION 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phanu.2020.100176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Zheng T, Yuan Y, Yang H, Du J, Wu S, Jin Y, Wang Z, Liu D, Shi Q, Wang X, Liu L. Evaluating the Therapeutic Effect of Low-Intensity Transcranial Ultrasound on Traumatic Brain Injury With Diffusion Kurtosis Imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 2020; 52:520-531. [PMID: 31999388 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.27063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-intensity transcranial ultrasound (LITUS) has a therapeutic effect on traumatic brain injury (TBI). Diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) might be able to evaluate the effect changes of injured brain microstructure. PURPOSE To evaluate the therapeutic effect of LITUS in a moderate TBI rat model with DKI parameters. STUDY TYPE Prospective case-control animal study. ANIMAL MODEL Forty-five rats were randomly divided into sham control, TBI, and LITUS treatment groups (n = 15). FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE Single-shot spin echo echo-planar imaging and fast T2 WI sequences at 3.0T. ASSESSMENT DKI parameters were obtained on days 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 after TBI. STATISTICAL TESTS For the mean kurtosis (MK), axial kurtosis (Ka), and radial kurtosis (Kr) values, groups were compared using a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). RESULTS LITUS inhibited TBI and caused MK values to increase significantly during the early stage (LITUS vs. TBI, day 7, adjusted P < 0.0001) and decrease during the late stage (LITUS vs. TBI, day 42, adjusted P = 0.0156) in the damaged cortex. In the thalamus, the MK value of the TBI group began to rise on day 7, with no change observed in the LITUS group. TBI increases Ka value during the early stage in the cortex and decreases during the late stage in the cortex and thalamus. LITUS inhibited these Ka changes (LITUS vs. TBI, day 7, adjusted P = 0.0014; LITUS vs. TBI, day 42, adjusted P = 0.0026 and 0.0478, respectively, for cortex and thalamus). The Kr value increased slightly during the early stage in the cortex (TBI vs. Sham, day 1, adjusted P = 0.0016). DATA CONCLUSION The DKI parameter, particularly the MK value, evaluates primary cortical injury as well as the secondary brain injury that could not be detected by conventional T2 WI. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 1 Technical Efficacy Stage: 4 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2020;52:520-531.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zheng
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Qinhuangdao Municipal No. 1 Hospital, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Yi Yuan
- Institute of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Haoxiang Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Qinhuangdao Municipal No. 1 Hospital, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Qinhuangdao Municipal No. 1 Hospital, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Shuo Wu
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Qinhuangdao Municipal No. 1 Hospital, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Yinglan Jin
- Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zhanqiu Wang
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Qinhuangdao Municipal No. 1 Hospital, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Defeng Liu
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Qinhuangdao Municipal No. 1 Hospital, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Qinglei Shi
- Scientific Clinical Specialist, Siemens Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohan Wang
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Qinhuangdao Municipal No. 1 Hospital, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Lanxiang Liu
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Qinhuangdao Municipal No. 1 Hospital, Qinhuangdao, China
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Chen K, Gu H, Zhu L, Feng DF. A New Model of Repetitive Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice. Front Neurosci 2020; 13:1417. [PMID: 32038131 PMCID: PMC6985558 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Repetitive traumatic brain injury (rTBI) is a major health care concern that causes substantial neurological impairment. To better understand rTBI, we introduced a new model of rTBI in mice induced by sudden rotation in the coronal plane combined with lateral translation delivered twice at an interval of 24 h. By routine histology, histological examination of Prussian blue-stained sections revealed the presence of microbleed in the corpus callosum and brain stem. Amyloid precursor protein (β-APP) and neurofilament heavy-chain (NF-200) immunohistochemistry demonstrated axonal injury following rTBI. Swelling, waving, and enlargement axons were observed in the corpus callosum and brain stem 24 h after injury by Bielschowsky staining. Ultrastructural studies by electron microscopy provided further insights into the existence and progression of axonal injury. rTBI led to widespread astrogliosis and microgliosis in white matter, as well as significantly increased levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β. rTBI mice showed a significantly increased loss of righting reflex (LRR) duration within each time point compared with that of sham animals, which was under 15 min. rTBI mice exhibited depression-like behavior at 1 month. rTBI mice also demonstrated deficits in MWM testing. These results suggested that this model might be suitable for investigating rTBI pathophysiology and evaluating preclinical candidate therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Traumatic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Traumatic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Traumatic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong-Fu Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Traumatic Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Ozen I, Ruscher K, Nilsson R, Flygt J, Clausen F, Marklund N. Interleukin-1 Beta Neutralization Attenuates Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Microglia Activation and Neuronal Changes in the Globus Pallidus. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020387. [PMID: 31936248 PMCID: PMC7014296 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) increases the risk of delayed neurodegenerative processes, including Parkinson’s disease (PD). Interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), a key pro-inflammatory cytokine, may promote secondary injury development after TBI. Conversely, neutralizing IL-1β was found to improve functional recovery following experimental TBI. However, the mechanisms underlying the behavioral improvements observed by IL-1β neutralization are still poorly understood. The present study investigated the role of IL-1β on the microglia response and neuronal changes in the globus pallidus in response to diffuse TBI. Mice were subjected to sham injury or the central fluid percussion injury (cFPI) (a model of traumatic axonal injury), and were randomly administered an IL-1β neutralizing or a control antibody at 30 min post-injury. The animals were analyzed at 2, 7, or 14 days post-injury. When compared to controls, mice subjected to cFPI TBI had increased microglia activation and dopaminergic innervation in the globus pallidus, and a decreased number of parvalbumin (PV) positive interneurons in the globus pallidus. Neutralization of IL-1β attenuated the microglia activation, prevented the loss of PV+ interneurons and normalized dopaminergic fiber density in the globus pallidus of brain-injured animals. These findings argue for an important role for neuro-inflammation in the PD-like pathology observed in TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilknur Ozen
- Lund Brain Injury Laboratory for Neurosurgical Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden; (I.O.); (K.R.); (R.N.)
| | - Karsten Ruscher
- Lund Brain Injury Laboratory for Neurosurgical Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden; (I.O.); (K.R.); (R.N.)
- Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Robert Nilsson
- Lund Brain Injury Laboratory for Neurosurgical Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden; (I.O.); (K.R.); (R.N.)
- Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Johanna Flygt
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Neurosurgery, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden; (J.F.); (F.C.)
| | - Fredrik Clausen
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Neurosurgery, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden; (J.F.); (F.C.)
| | - Niklas Marklund
- Lund Brain Injury Laboratory for Neurosurgical Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden; (I.O.); (K.R.); (R.N.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Section of Neurosurgery, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden; (J.F.); (F.C.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurosurgery, Lund University, 22185 Lund, Sweden
- Correspondence:
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Liang Y, Tong F, Zhang L, Zhu L, Li W, Huang W, Zhao S, He G, Zhou Y. iTRAQ-based proteomic analysis discovers potential biomarkers of diffuse axonal injury in rats. Brain Res Bull 2019; 153:289-304. [PMID: 31539556 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is one of the most common and severe pathological consequences of traumatic brain injury (TBI). The molecular mechanism of DAI is highly complicated and still elusive, yet a clear understanding is crucial for the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of DAI. In our study, we used rats to establish a DAI model and applied isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis to identify differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in the corpus callosum. As a result, a total of 514 proteins showed differential expression between the injury groups and the control. Among these DEPs, 14 common DEPs were present at all seven time points postinjury (1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h). Next, bioinformatic analysis was performed to elucidate the pathogenesis of DAI, which was found to possibly involve calcium ion-regulatory proteins (e.g., calsenilin and ryanodine receptor 2), cytoskeleton organization (e.g., peripherin, NFL, NFM, and NFH), apoptotic processes (e.g., calsenilin and protein kinase C delta type), and inflammatory response proteins (e.g., complement C3 and C-reactive protein). Moreover, peripherin and calsenilin were successfully confirmed by western blotting to be significantly upregulated during DAI, and immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis revealed that their expression increased and could be observed in axons after injury, thus indicating their potential as DAI biomarkers. Our experiments not only provide insight into the molecular mechanisms of axonal injury in rats during DAI but also give clinicians and pathologists important reference data for the diagnosis of DAI. Our findings may expand the list of DAI biomarkers and improve the postmortem diagnostic rate of DAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Tongji Medical College, No. 13 Hangkong Road, Hankou, Wuhan, 430030, PR China.
| | - Fang Tong
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Tongji Medical College, No. 13 Hangkong Road, Hankou, Wuhan, 430030, PR China.
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Tongji Medical College, No. 13 Hangkong Road, Hankou, Wuhan, 430030, PR China.
| | - Longlong Zhu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Tongji Medical College, No. 13 Hangkong Road, Hankou, Wuhan, 430030, PR China.
| | - Wenhe Li
- Department of Pathology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China.
| | - Weisheng Huang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Tongji Medical College, No. 13 Hangkong Road, Hankou, Wuhan, 430030, PR China.
| | - Shuquan Zhao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Tongji Medical College, No. 13 Hangkong Road, Hankou, Wuhan, 430030, PR China.
| | - Guanglong He
- Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security People's Republic of China, No. 17 Nanli Mulidi, Beijing, 100038, PR China.
| | - Yiwu Zhou
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Tongji Medical College, No. 13 Hangkong Road, Hankou, Wuhan, 430030, PR China.
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The Neutrophil/Lymphocyte Count Ratio Predicts Mortality in Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8091453. [PMID: 31547411 PMCID: PMC6780814 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8091453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Neutrophil-lymphocyte count ratio (NLCR) is a simple and low-cost marker of inflammatory response. NLCR has shown to be a sensitive marker of clinical severity in inflammatory-related tissue injury, and high value of NLCR is associated with poor outcome in traumatic brain injured (TBI) patients. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively analyze NLCR and its association with outcome in a cohort of TBI patients in relation to the type of brain injury. Methods: Adult patients admitted for isolated TBI with Glasgow Coma Score lower than eight were included in the study. NLCR was calculated as the ratio between the absolute neutrophil and lymphocyte count immediately after admission to the hospital, and for six consecutive days after admission to the intensive care unit (ICU). Brain injuries were classified according to neuroradiological findings at the admission computed tomography (CT) as DAI—patients with severe diffuse axonal injury; CE—patients with hemispheric or focal cerebral edema; ICH—patients with intracerebral hemorrhage; S-EH/SAH—patients with subdural and/or epidural hematoma/subarachnoid hemorrhage. Results: NLCR was calculated in 144 patients. Admission NLCR was significantly higher in the non-survivors than in those who survived at 28 days (p < 0.05) from admission. Persisting high NLCR value was associated with poor outcome, and admission NLCR higher than 15.63 was a predictor of 28-day mortality. The highest NLCR value at admission was observed in patients with DAI compared with other brain injuries (p < 0.001). Concussions: NLCR can be a useful marker for predicting outcome in TBI patients. Further studies are warranted to confirm these results.
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Chronic Kidney Disease Increases Cerebral Microbleeds in Mouse and Man. Transl Stroke Res 2019; 11:122-134. [PMID: 31055735 PMCID: PMC6957561 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-019-00698-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Brain microbleeds are increased in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and their presence increases risk of cognitive decline and stroke. We examined the interaction between CKD and brain microhemorrhages (the neuropathological substrate of microbleeds) in mouse and cell culture models and studied progression of microbleed burden on serial brain imaging from humans. Mouse studies: Two CKD models were investigated: adenine-induced tubulointerstitial nephritis and surgical 5/6 nephrectomy. Cell culture studies: bEnd.3 mouse brain endothelial cells were grown to confluence, and monolayer integrity was measured after exposure to 5–15% human uremic serum or increasing concentrations of urea. Human studies: Progression of brain microbleeds was evaluated on serial MRI from control, pre-dialysis CKD, and dialysis patients. Microhemorrhages were increased 2–2.5-fold in mice with CKD independent of higher blood pressure in the 5/6 nephrectomy model. IgG staining was increased in CKD animals, consistent with increased blood–brain barrier permeability. Incubation of bEnd.3 cells with uremic serum or elevated urea produced a dose-dependent drop in trans-endothelial electrical resistance. Elevated urea induced actin cytoskeleton derangements and decreased claudin-5 expression. In human subjects, prevalence of microbleeds was 50% in both CKD cohorts compared with 10% in age-matched controls. More patients in the dialysis cohort had increased microbleeds on follow-up MRI after 1.5 years. CKD disrupts the blood–brain barrier and increases brain microhemorrhages in mice and microbleeds in humans. Elevated urea alters the actin cytoskeleton and tight junction proteins in cultured endothelial cells, suggesting that these mechanisms explain (at least in part) the microhemorrhages and microbleeds observed in the animal and human studies.
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Clausen F, Marklund N, Hillered L. Acute Inflammatory Biomarker Responses to Diffuse Traumatic Brain Injury in the Rat Monitored by a Novel Microdialysis Technique. J Neurotrauma 2018; 36:201-211. [PMID: 29790398 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.5636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a major contributor to the progressive brain injury process induced by traumatic brain injury (TBI), and may play an important role in the pathophysiology of axonal injury. The immediate neuroinflammatory cascade cannot be characterized in the human setting. Therefore, we used the midline fluid percussion injury model of diffuse TBI in rats and a novel microdialysis (MD) method providing stable diffusion-driven biomarker sampling. Immediately post-injury, bilateral amphiphilic tri-block polymer coated MD probes (100 kDa cut off membrane) were inserted and perfused with Dextran 500 kDa-supplemented artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to optimize protein capture. Six hourly samples were analyzed for 27 inflammatory biomarkers (9 chemokines, 13 cytokines, and 5 growth factors) using a commercial multiplex biomarker kit. TBI (n = 6) resulted in a significant increase compared with sham-injured controls (n = 6) for five chemokines (eotaxin/CCL11, fractalkine/CX3CL1, LIX/CXCL5, monocyte chemoattractant protein [MCP]1α/CCL2, macrophage inflammatory protein [MIP]1α /CCL3), 10 cytokines (interleukin [IL]-1α, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17α, IL-18, interferon [IFN]-γ, tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α), and four growth factors (epidermal growth factor [EGF], granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor [GM-CSF], leptin, vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF]). Therefore, diffuse TBI was associated with an increased level of 18 of the 27 inflammatory biomarkers at one through six time points, during the observation period whereas the remaining 9 biomarkers were unaltered. The study shows that diffuse TBI induces an acute increase in a number of inflammatory biomarkers. The novel MD technique provides stable MD sampling suitable for further studies on the early neuroinflammatory cascade in TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Clausen
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Niklas Marklund
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Hillered
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Flygt J, Ruscher K, Norberg A, Mir A, Gram H, Clausen F, Marklund N. Neutralization of Interleukin-1β following Diffuse Traumatic Brain Injury in the Mouse Attenuates the Loss of Mature Oligodendrocytes. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:2837-2849. [PMID: 29690837 PMCID: PMC6247990 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.5660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) commonly results in injury to the components of the white matter tracts, causing post-injury cognitive deficits. The myelin-producing oligodendrocytes (OLs) are vulnerable to TBI, although may potentially be replaced by proliferating oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). The cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is a key mediator of the complex inflammatory response, and when neutralized in experimental TBI, behavioral outcome was improved. To evaluate the role of IL-1β on oligodendrocyte cell death and OPC proliferation, 116 adult male mice subjected to sham injury or the central fluid percussion injury (cFPI) model of traumatic axonal injury, were analyzed at two, seven, and 14 days post-injury. At 30 min post-injury, mice were randomly administered an IL-1β neutralizing or a control antibody. OPC proliferation (5-ethynyl 2'- deoxyuridine (EdU)/Olig2 co-labeling) and mature oligodendrocyte cell loss was evaluated in injured white matter tracts. Microglia/macrophages immunohistochemistry and ramification using Sholl analysis were also evaluated. Neutralizing IL-1β resulted in attenuated cell death, indicated by cleaved caspase-3 expression, and attenuated loss of mature OLs from two to seven days post-injury in brain-injured animals. IL-1β neutralization also attenuated the early, two day post-injury increase of microglia/macrophage immunoreactivity and altered their ramification. The proliferation of OPCs in brain-injured animals was not altered, however. Our data suggest that IL-1β is involved in the TBI-induced loss of OLs and early microglia/macrophage activation, although not the OPC proliferation. Attenuated oligodendrocyte cell loss may contribute to the improved behavioral outcome observed by IL-1β neutralization in this mouse model of diffuse TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Flygt
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, Section of Neurosurgery, Uppsala University , Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karsten Ruscher
- 2 Novartis Institutes of Biomedical Research , Basel, Switzerland
| | - Amanda Norberg
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, Section of Neurosurgery, Uppsala University , Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anis Mir
- 3 Lund University, Skane University Hospital , Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurosurgery, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hermann Gram
- 3 Lund University, Skane University Hospital , Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurosurgery, Lund, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Clausen
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, Section of Neurosurgery, Uppsala University , Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Niklas Marklund
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, Section of Neurosurgery, Uppsala University , Uppsala, Sweden .,3 Lund University, Skane University Hospital , Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurosurgery, Lund, Sweden
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Chuckowree JA, Zhu Z, Brizuela M, Lee KM, Blizzard CA, Dickson TC. The Microtubule-Modulating Drug Epothilone D Alters Dendritic Spine Morphology in a Mouse Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:223. [PMID: 30104961 PMCID: PMC6077201 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubule dynamics underpin a plethora of roles involved in the intricate development, structure, function, and maintenance of the central nervous system. Within the injured brain, microtubules are vulnerable to misalignment and dissolution in neurons and have been implicated in injury-induced glial responses and adaptive neuroplasticity in the aftermath of injury. Unfortunately, there is a current lack of therapeutic options for treating traumatic brain injury (TBI). Thus, using a clinically relevant model of mild TBI, lateral fluid percussion injury (FPI) in adult male Thy1-YFPH mice, we investigated the potential therapeutic effects of the brain-penetrant microtubule-stabilizing agent, epothilone D. At 7 days following a single mild lateral FPI the ipsilateral hemisphere was characterized by mild astroglial activation and a stereotypical and widespread pattern of axonal damage in the internal and external capsule white matter tracts. These alterations occurred in the absence of other overt signs of trauma: there were no alterations in cortical thickness or in the number of cortical projection neurons, axons or dendrites expressing YFP. Interestingly, a single low dose of epothilone D administered immediately following FPI (and sham-operation) caused significant alterations in the dendritic spines of layer 5 cortical projection neurons, while the astroglial response and axonal pathology were unaffected. Specifically, spine length was significantly decreased, whereas the density of mushroom spines was significantly increased following epothilone D treatment. Together, these findings have implications for the use of microtubule stabilizing agents in manipulating injury-induced synaptic plasticity and indicate that further study into the viability of microtubule stabilization as a therapeutic strategy in combating TBI is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti A. Chuckowree
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Zhendan Zhu
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Mariana Brizuela
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
- Centre for Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Ka M. Lee
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Catherine A. Blizzard
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Tracey C. Dickson
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
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Ekmark-Lewén S, Lindström V, Gumucio A, Ihse E, Behere A, Kahle PJ, Nordström E, Eriksson M, Erlandsson A, Bergström J, Ingelsson M. Early fine motor impairment and behavioral dysfunction in (Thy-1)-h[A30P] alpha-synuclein mice. Brain Behav 2018; 8:e00915. [PMID: 29541535 PMCID: PMC5840441 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intraneuronal inclusions of alpha-synuclein are commonly found in the brain of patients with Parkinson's disease and other α-synucleinopathies. The correlation between alpha-synuclein pathology and symptoms has been studied in various animal models. In (Thy-1)-h[A30P] alpha-synuclein transgenic mice, behavioral and motor abnormalities were reported from 12 and 15 months, respectively. The aim of this study was to investigate whether these mice also display symptoms at earlier time points. METHODS We analyzed gait deficits, locomotion, and behavioral profiles in (Thy-1)-h[A30P] alpha-synuclein and control mice at 2, 8, and 11 months of age. In addition, inflammatory markers, levels of alpha-synuclein oligomers, and tyrosine hydroxylase reactivity were studied. RESULTS Already at 2 months of age, transgenic mice displayed fine motor impairments in the challenging beam test that progressively increased up to 11 months of age. At 8 months, transgenic mice showed a decreased general activity with increased risk-taking behavior in the multivariate concentric square field test. Neuropathological analyses of 8- and 11-month-old mice revealed accumulation of oligomeric alpha-synuclein in neuronal cell bodies. In addition, a decreased presence of tyrosine hydroxylase suggests a dysregulation of the dopaminergic system in the transgenic mice, which in turn may explain some of the motor impairments observed in this mouse model. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results show that the (Thy-1)-h[A30P] alpha-synuclein transgenic mouse model displays early Parkinson's disease-related symptoms with a concomitant downregulation of the dopaminergic system. Thus, this should be an appropriate model to study early phenotypes of alpha-synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ekmark-Lewén
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Veronica Lindström
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Astrid Gumucio
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Elisabeth Ihse
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Anish Behere
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Philipp J Kahle
- Department of Neurodegeneration Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Tübingen Germany
| | | | | | - Anna Erlandsson
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Joakim Bergström
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Martin Ingelsson
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
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Flygt J, Clausen F, Marklund N. Diffuse traumatic brain injury in the mouse induces a transient proliferation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells in injured white matter tracts. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2018; 35:251-263. [PMID: 27768001 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-160675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Injury to the white matter may lead to impaired neuronal signaling and is commonly observed following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Although endogenous repair of TBI-induced white matter pathology is limited, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) may be stimulated to proliferate and regenerate functionally myelinating oligodendrocytes. Even though OPCs are present throughout the adult brain, little is known about their proliferative activity following axonal injury caused by TBI. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that central fluid percussion injury (cFPI) in mice, a TBI model causing wide-spread axonal injury, results in OPC proliferation. METHODS Proliferation of OPCs was evaluated in 27 cFPI mice using 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) labeling and a cell proliferation assay at 2 (n = 9), 7 (n = 8) and 21 (n = 10) days post injury (dpi). Sham-injured mice (n = 14) were used as controls. OPC proliferation was quantified by immunohistochemistry using the OPC markers NG2 and Olig2 in several white matter loci including the corpus callosum, external capsule, fimbriae, the internal capsule and cerebral peduncle. RESULTS The number of EdU/DAPI/Olig2-positive cells were increased in the cFPI group compared to sham-injured animals at 7 days post-injury (dpi; p≤0.05) in the majority of white matter regions. The OPC proliferation had subsided by 21 dpi. The number of EdU/DAPI/NG2 cells was also increase at 7 dpi in the external capsule and fimbriae. CONCLUSION These results suggest that traumatic axonal injury in the mouse induces a transient proliferative response of residing OPCs. These proliferating OPCs may replace dead oligodendrocytes and contribute to remyelination, which needs evaluation in future studies.
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Kaplan GB, Leite-Morris KA, Wang L, Rumbika KK, Heinrichs SC, Zeng X, Wu L, Arena DT, Teng YD. Pathophysiological Bases of Comorbidity: Traumatic Brain Injury and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. J Neurotrauma 2017; 35:210-225. [PMID: 29017388 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The high rates of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnoses encountered in recent years by the United States Veterans Affairs Healthcare System have increased public awareness and research investigation into these conditions. In this review, we analyze the neural mechanisms underlying the TBI/PTSD comorbidity. TBI and PTSD present with common neuropsychiatric symptoms including anxiety, irritability, insomnia, personality changes, and memory problems, and this overlap complicates diagnostic differentiation. Interestingly, both TBI and PTSD can be produced by overlapping pathophysiological changes that disrupt neural connections termed the "connectome." The neural disruptions shared by PTSD and TBI and the comorbid condition include asymmetrical white matter tract abnormalities and gray matter changes in the basolateral amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex. These neural circuitry dysfunctions result in behavioral changes that include executive function and memory impairments, fear retention, fear extinction deficiencies, and other disturbances. Pathophysiological etiologies can be identified using experimental models of TBI, such as fluid percussion or blast injuries, and for PTSD, using models of fear conditioning, retention, and extinction. In both TBI and PTSD, there are discernible signs of neuroinflammation, excitotoxicity, and oxidative damage. These disturbances produce neuronal death and degeneration, axonal injury, and dendritic spine dysregulation and changes in neuronal morphology. In laboratory studies, various forms of pharmacological or psychological treatments are capable of reversing these detrimental processes and promoting axonal repair, dendritic remodeling, and neurocircuitry reorganization, resulting in behavioral and cognitive functional enhancements. Based on these mechanisms, novel neurorestorative therapeutics using anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticonvulsant agents may promote better outcomes for comorbid TBI and PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary B Kaplan
- 1 Mental Health Service , VA Boston Healthcare System, Brockton, Massachusetts.,2 Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts.,3 Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kimberly A Leite-Morris
- 2 Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts.,3 Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts.,4 Research Service, VA Boston Healthcare System , Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts
| | - Lei Wang
- 5 Division of Spinal Cord Injury Research, VA Boston Healthcare System , West Roxbury, Massachusetts.,6 Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kendra K Rumbika
- 7 Research Service, VA Boston Healthcare System , West Roxbury, Massachusetts
| | - Stephen C Heinrichs
- 7 Research Service, VA Boston Healthcare System , West Roxbury, Massachusetts
| | - Xiang Zeng
- 5 Division of Spinal Cord Injury Research, VA Boston Healthcare System , West Roxbury, Massachusetts.,6 Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Liquan Wu
- 5 Division of Spinal Cord Injury Research, VA Boston Healthcare System , West Roxbury, Massachusetts.,6 Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Danielle T Arena
- 7 Research Service, VA Boston Healthcare System , West Roxbury, Massachusetts
| | - Yang D Teng
- 5 Division of Spinal Cord Injury Research, VA Boston Healthcare System , West Roxbury, Massachusetts.,6 Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
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Prototype Deep Brain Stimulation System with Closed-Loop Control Feedback for Modulating Bladder Functions in Traumatic Brain Injured Animals. J Med Biol Eng 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40846-017-0326-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Interfering with the Chronic Immune Response Rescues Chronic Degeneration After Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurosci 2017; 36:9962-75. [PMID: 27656033 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1898-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED After traumatic brain injury (TBI), neurons surviving the initial insult can undergo chronic (secondary) degeneration via poorly understood mechanisms, resulting in long-term cognitive impairment. Although a neuroinflammatory response is promptly activated after TBI, it is unknown whether it has a significant role in chronic phases of TBI (>1 year after injury). Using a closed-head injury model of TBI in mice, we showed by MRI scans that TBI caused substantial degeneration at the lesion site within a few weeks and these did not expand significantly thereafter. However, chronic alterations in neurons were observed, with reduced dendritic spine density lasting >1 year after injury. In parallel, we found a long-lasting inflammatory response throughout the entire brain. Deletion of one allele of CX3CR1, a chemokine receptor, limited infiltration of peripheral immune cells and largely prevented the chronic degeneration of the injured brain and provided a better functional recovery in female, but not male, mice. Therefore, targeting persistent neuroinflammation presents a new therapeutic option to reduce chronic neurodegeneration. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Traumatic brain injury (TBI) often causes chronic neurological problems including epilepsy, neuropsychiatric disorders, and dementia through unknown mechanisms. Our study demonstrates that inflammatory cells invading the brain lead to secondary brain damage. Sex-specific amelioration of chronic neuroinflammation rescues the brain degeneration and results in improved motor functions. Therefore, this study pinpoints an effective therapeutic approach to preventing secondary complications after TBI.
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de Lemos L, Junyent F, Camins A, Castro-Torres RD, Folch J, Olloquequi J, Beas-Zarate C, Verdaguer E, Auladell C. Neuroprotective Effects of the Absence of JNK1 or JNK3 Isoforms on Kainic Acid-Induced Temporal Lobe Epilepsy-Like Symptoms. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:4437-4452. [PMID: 28664455 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0669-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The activation of c-Jun-N-terminal kinases (JNK) pathway has been largely associated with the pathogenesis and the neuronal death that occur in neurodegenerative diseases. Altogether, this justifies why JNKs have become a focus of screens for new therapeutic strategies. The aim of the present study was to identify the role of the different JNK isoforms (JNK1, JNK2, and JNK3) in apoptosis and inflammation after induction of brain damage. To address this aim, we induced excitotoxicity in wild-type and JNK knockout mice (jnk1 -/- , jnk2 -/- , and jnk3 -/- ) via an intraperitoneal injection of kainic acid, an agonist of glutamic-kainate-receptors, that induce status epilepticus.Each group of animals was divided into two treatments: a single intraperitoneal dose of saline solution, used as a control, and a single intraperitoneal dose (30 mg/kg) of kainic acid. Our results reported a significant decrease in neuronal degeneration in the hippocampus of jnk1 -/- and jnk3 -/- mice after kainic acid treatment, together with reduced or unaltered expression of several apoptotic genes compared to WT treated mice. In addition, both jnk1 -/- and jnk3 -/- mice exhibited a reduction in glial reactivity, as shown by the lower expression of inflammatory genes and a reduction of JNK phosphorylation. In addition, in jnk3 -/- mice, the c-Jun phosphorylation was also diminished.Collectively, these findings provide compelling evidence that the absence of JNK1 or JNK3 isoforms confers neuroprotection against neuronal damage induced by KA and evidence, for the first time, the implication of JNK1 in excitotoxicity. Accordingly, JNK1 and/or JNK3 are promising targets for the prevention of cell death and inflammation during epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa de Lemos
- Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda Diagonal 641, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Felix Junyent
- Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda Diagonal 641, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Camins
- Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda Diagonal 641, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Neuroscience Institute, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rubén Darío Castro-Torres
- Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda Diagonal 641, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Laboratorio de Regeneración Neural, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, CUCBA, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Jaume Folch
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Unitat de Bioquímica, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Jordi Olloquequi
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
| | - Carlos Beas-Zarate
- Laboratorio de Regeneración Neural, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, CUCBA, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Ester Verdaguer
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Neuroscience Institute, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme Auladell
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. .,Neuroscience Institute, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. .,Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Hsieh TH, Kang JW, Lai JH, Huang YZ, Rotenberg A, Chen KY, Wang JY, Chan SY, Chen SC, Chiang YH, Peng CW. Relationship of mechanical impact magnitude to neurologic dysfunction severity in a rat traumatic brain injury model. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178186. [PMID: 28552947 PMCID: PMC5446124 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major brain injury type commonly caused by traffic accidents, falls, violence, or sports injuries. To obtain mechanistic insights about TBI, experimental animal models such as weight-drop-induced TBI in rats have been developed to mimic closed-head injury in humans. However, the relationship between the mechanical impact level and neurological severity following weight-drop-induced TBI remains uncertain. In this study, we comprehensively investigated the relationship between physical impact and graded severity at various weight-drop heights. Approach The acceleration, impact force, and displacement during the impact were accurately measured using an accelerometer, a pressure sensor, and a high-speed camera, respectively. In addition, the longitudinal changes in neurological deficits and balance function were investigated at 1, 4, and 7 days post TBI lesion. The inflammatory expression markers tested by Western blot analysis, including glial fibrillary acidic protein, beta-amyloid precursor protein, and bone marrow tyrosine kinase gene in chromosome X, in the frontal cortex, hippocampus, and corpus callosum were investigated at 1 and 7 days post-lesion. Results Gradations in impact pressure produced progressive degrees of injury severity in the neurological score and balance function. Western blot analysis demonstrated that all inflammatory expression markers were increased at 1 and 7 days post-impact injury when compared to the sham control rats. The severity of neurologic dysfunction and induction in inflammatory markers strongly correlated with the graded mechanical impact levels. Conclusions We conclude that the weight-drop-induced TBI model can produce graded brain injury and induction of neurobehavioral deficits and may have translational relevance to developing therapeutic strategies for TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Hsun Hsieh
- Department of Physical Therapy and Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Neural Regenerative Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Wei Kang
- Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Huei Lai
- Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Zu Huang
- Neuroscience Research Center and Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Alexander Rotenberg
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kai-Yun Chen
- Graduate Institute of Neural Regenerative Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Yi Wang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Yen Chan
- School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ching Chen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hsiao Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Neural Regenerative Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Peng
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Progress of Research on Diffuse Axonal Injury after Traumatic Brain Injury. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:9746313. [PMID: 28078144 PMCID: PMC5204088 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9746313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The current work reviews the concept, pathological mechanism, and process of diagnosing of DAI. The pathological mechanism underlying DAI is complicated, including axonal breakage caused by axonal retraction balls, discontinued protein transport along the axonal axis, calcium influx, and calpain-mediated hydrolysis of structural protein, degradation of axonal cytoskeleton network, the changes of transport proteins such as amyloid precursor protein, and changes of glia cells. Based on the above pathological mechanism, the diagnosis of DAI is usually made using methods such as CT, traditional and new MRI, biochemical markers, and neuropsychological assessment. This review provides a basis in literature for further investigation and discusses the pathological mechanism. It may also facilitate improvement of the accuracy of diagnosis for DAI, which may come to play a critical role in breaking through the bottleneck of the clinical treatment of DAI and improving the survival and quality of life of patients through clear understanding of pathological mechanisms and accurate diagnosis.
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Early Inflammatory Response following Traumatic Brain Injury in Rabbits Using USPIO- and Gd-Enhanced MRI. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:8431987. [PMID: 27868069 PMCID: PMC5102713 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8431987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Purpose. To monitor the inflammatory response (IR) following traumatic brain injury (TBI) before and after the rehabilitation of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in rabbits using USPIO- and Gd-enhanced MRI. Materials and Methods. Twenty white big-eared rabbits with mild TBI (mTBI) were randomly and equally divided into four groups. Rabbits were sacrificed for the brain specimens immediately after the last MRI-monitoring. Sequences were tse-T1WI, tse-T2WI, Gd-T1WI, and USPIO-T1WI. Dynamical MRI presentations were evaluated and compared with pathological findings for each group. Results. Twenty-four hours after injury, all rabbits displayed high signal foci on T2WI, while only 55% lesions could be found on Gd-T1WI and none on USPIO-T1WI. The lesions were enhanced on Gd-T1WI in 100% subjects after 48 h and the enhancement sizes augmented to the largest after 72 h. At the time point of 72 h after TBI, 90% lesions were enhanced by USPIO. Five days after injury, 19 lesions showed decreased Gd-enhancement and one disappeared; however, USPIO-enhancement became larger than before. Pathological findings showed microglias slightly appeared in dense leukocytes at 48 h, but became the dominant inflammatory cells after five days. Conclusions. Dynamic IR following injury could be monitored by combination of Gd- and USPIO-MRI in mTBI rabbits.
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Yu YW, Hsieh TH, Chen KY, Wu JCC, Hoffer BJ, Greig NH, Li Y, Lai JH, Chang CF, Lin JW, Chen YH, Yang LY, Chiang YH. Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide Ameliorates Mild Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Cognitive and Sensorimotor Deficits and Neuroinflammation in Rats. J Neurotrauma 2016; 33:2044-2054. [PMID: 26972789 PMCID: PMC5116684 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2015.4229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is a major public health issue, representing 75-90% of all cases of TBI. In clinical settings, mTBI, which is defined as a Glascow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 13-15, can lead to various physical, cognitive, emotional, and psychological-related symptoms. To date, there are no pharmaceutical-based therapies to manage the development of the pathological deficits associated with mTBI. In this study, the neurotrophic and neuroprotective properties of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), an incretin similar to glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), was investigated after its steady-state subcutaneous administration, focusing on behavior after mTBI in an in vivo animal model. The mTBI rat model was generated by a mild controlled cortical impact (mCCI) and used to evaluate the therapeutic potential of GIP. We used the Morris water maze and novel object recognition tests, which are tasks for spatial and recognition memory, respectively, to identify the putative therapeutic effects of GIP on cognitive function. Further, beam walking and the adhesive removal tests were used to evaluate locomotor activity and somatosensory functions in rats with and without GIP administration after mCCI lesion. Lastly, we used immunohistochemical (IHC) staining and Western blot analyses to evaluate the inflammatory markers, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), amyloid-β precursor protein (APP), and bone marrow tyrosine kinase gene in chromosome X (BMX) in animals with mTBI. GIP was well tolerated and ameliorated mTBI-induced memory impairments, poor balance, and sensorimotor deficits after initiation in the post-injury period. In addition, GIP mitigated mTBI-induced neuroinflammatory changes on GFAP, APP, and BMX protein levels. These findings suggest GIP has significant benefits in managing mTBI-related symptoms and represents a novel strategy for mTBI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wen Yu
- 1 PhD Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and National Health Research Institutes , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Hsun Hsieh
- 1 PhD Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and National Health Research Institutes , Taipei, Taiwan .,2 Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan .,3 Department of Physical Therapy and Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University , Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Yun Chen
- 1 PhD Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and National Health Research Institutes , Taipei, Taiwan .,2 Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - John Chung-Che Wu
- 4 Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Barry J Hoffer
- 1 PhD Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and National Health Research Institutes , Taipei, Taiwan .,5 Department of Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University , School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Nigel H Greig
- 6 Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yazhou Li
- 6 Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jing-Huei Lai
- 2 Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan .,4 Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Fu Chang
- 4 Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Wei Lin
- 4 Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsin Chen
- 7 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan .,8 Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Yo Yang
- 7 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan .,9 Research Center for Biomedical Devices and Prototyping Production, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan .,11 School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hsiao Chiang
- 1 PhD Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and National Health Research Institutes , Taipei, Taiwan .,2 Center for Neurotrauma and Neuroregeneration, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan .,4 Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University , Taipei, Taiwan .,10 Translational Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Ekmark-Lewén S, Flygt J, Fridgeirsdottir GA, Kiwanuka O, Hånell A, Meyerson BJ, Mir AK, Gram H, Lewén A, Clausen F, Hillered L, Marklund N. Diffuse traumatic axonal injury in mice induces complex behavioural alterations that are normalized by neutralization of interleukin-1β. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 43:1016-33. [PMID: 27091435 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Widespread traumatic axonal injury (TAI) results in brain network dysfunction, which commonly leads to persisting cognitive and behavioural impairments following traumatic brain injury (TBI). TBI induces a complex neuroinflammatory response, frequently located at sites of axonal pathology. The role of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1β has not been established in TAI. An IL-1β-neutralizing or a control antibody was administered intraperitoneally at 30 min following central fluid percussion injury (cFPI), a mouse model of widespread TAI. Mice subjected to moderate cFPI (n = 41) were compared with sham-injured controls (n = 20) and untreated, naive mice (n = 9). The anti-IL-1β antibody reached the target brain regions in adequate therapeutic concentrations (up to ~30 μg/brain tissue) at 24 h post-injury in both cFPI (n = 5) and sham-injured (n = 3) mice, with lower concentrations at 72 h post-injury (up to ~18 μg/g brain tissue in three cFPI mice). Functional outcome was analysed with the multivariate concentric square field (MCSF) test at 2 and 9 days post-injury, and the Morris water maze (MWM) at 14-21 days post-injury. Following TAI, the IL-1β-neutralizing antibody resulted in an improved behavioural outcome, including normalized behavioural profiles in the MCSF test. The performance in the MWM probe (memory) trial was improved, although not in the learning trials. The IL-1β-neutralizing treatment did not influence cerebral ventricle size or the number of microglia/macrophages. These findings support the hypothesis that IL-1β is an important contributor to the processes causing complex cognitive and behavioural disturbances following TAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ekmark-Lewén
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johanna Flygt
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Olivia Kiwanuka
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Hånell
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bengt J Meyerson
- Department of Neuroscience, Pharmacology, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anis K Mir
- Novartis Institutes of Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hermann Gram
- Novartis Institutes of Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anders Lewén
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Clausen
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Hillered
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Niklas Marklund
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Neurosurgery, Uppsala University Hospital, Ing 85, 2 tr, SE-756 55, Uppsala, Sweden
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45
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Inhibiting HMGB1 with Glycyrrhizic Acid Protects Brain Injury after DAI via Its Anti-Inflammatory Effect. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:4569521. [PMID: 27041825 PMCID: PMC4799817 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4569521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), a nuclear protein that has endogenous cytokine-like activity, is involved in several neurological diseases by mediating inflammatory response. In this study, a lateral head rotation device was used to establish a rat diffuse axonal injury (DAI) model. The dynamic expression of HMGB1, apoptosis-associated proteins, and proinflammatory cytokines were detected by Western blot, and neuronal apoptosis was observed by TUNEL staining. The extracellular release of HMGB1 and the accumulation of β-APP were observed by immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry, respectively. The brain injury was indicated by modified neurological severity score (mNSS), brain water content (BWC), and the extravasation of Evans blue. We showed that HMGB1 level obviously decreased within 48 h after DAI, accompanied by neuronal apoptosis, the activation of caspases 3 and 9, and the phosphorylation of BCL-2. Inhibiting HMGB1 with glycyrrhizic acid (GL) can suppress the activation of apoptosis-associated proteins and inhibit the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, which ameliorated motor and cognitive deficits, reduced neuronal apoptosis, and protected the integrity of blood brain barrier (BBB) and axonal injury after experimental DAI in rats. Thus, HMGB1 may be involved in the inflammatory response after DAI, and inhibition of HMGB1 release with GL can notably alleviate the brain injury after DAI.
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46
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Guldenmund P, Soddu A, Baquero K, Vanhaudenhuyse A, Bruno MA, Gosseries O, Laureys S, Gómez F. Structural brain injury in patients with disorders of consciousness: A voxel-based morphometry study. Brain Inj 2016; 30:343-52. [DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2015.1118765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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47
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Hensley K, Poteshkina A, Johnson MF, Eslami P, Gabbita SP, Hristov AM, Venkova-Hristova KM, Harris-White ME. Autophagy Modulation by Lanthionine Ketimine Ethyl Ester Improves Long-Term Outcome after Central Fluid Percussion Injury in the Mouse. J Neurotrauma 2016; 33:1501-13. [PMID: 26530250 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2015.4196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse axonal injury is recognized as a progressive and long-term consequence of traumatic brain injury. Axonal injury can have sustained negative consequences on neuronal functions such as anterograde and retrograde transport and cellular processes such as autophagy that depend on cytoarchitecture and axon integrity. These changes can lead to somatic atrophy and an inability to repair and promote plasticity. Obstruction of the autophagic process has been noted after brain injury, and rapamycin, a drug used to stimulate autophagy, has demonstrated positive effects in brain injury models. The optimization of drugs to promote beneficial autophagy without negative side effects could be used to attenuate traumatic brain injury and promote improved outcome. Lanthionine ketimine ethyl ester, a bioavailable derivative of a natural sulfur amino acid metabolite, has demonstrated effects on autophagy both in vitro and in vivo. Thirty minutes after a moderate central fluid percussion injury and throughout the survival period, lanthionine ketimine ethyl ester was administered, and mice were subsequently evaluated for learning and memory impairments and biochemical and histological changes over a 5-week period. Lanthionine ketimine ethyl ester, which we have shown previously to modulate autophagy markers and alleviate pathology and slow cognitive decline in the 3 × TgAD mouse model, spared cognition and pathology after central fluid percussion injury through a mechanism involving autophagy modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Hensley
- 1 Department of Pathology, University of Toledo Health Science Campus , Toledo, Ohio.,2 Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus , Toledo, Ohio
| | - Aleksandra Poteshkina
- 4 Veterans Administration-Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System , Los Angeles, California
| | - Ming F Johnson
- 4 Veterans Administration-Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System , Los Angeles, California
| | - Pirooz Eslami
- 4 Veterans Administration-Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System , Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Alexandar M Hristov
- 1 Department of Pathology, University of Toledo Health Science Campus , Toledo, Ohio
| | | | - Marni E Harris-White
- 4 Veterans Administration-Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System , Los Angeles, California.,5 Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles, California
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Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been named the most complex disease in the most complex organ of the body. It is the most common cause of death and disability in the Western world in people <40 years old and survivors commonly suffer from persisting cognitive deficits, impaired motor function, depression and personality changes. TBI may vary in severity from uniformly fatal to mild injuries with rapidly resolving symptoms and without doubt, it is a markedly heterogeneous disease. Its different subtypes differs in their pathophysiology, treatment options and long-term consequences and to date, there are no pharmacological treatments with proven clinical benefit available to TBI patients. To enable development of novel treatment options for TBI, clinically relevant animal models are needed. Due to their availability and low costs, numerous rodent models have been developed which have substantially contributed to our current understanding of the pathophysiology of TBI. The most common animal models used in laboratories worldwide are likely the controlled cortical impact (CCI) model, the central and lateral fluid percussion injury (FPI) models, and weight drop/impact acceleration (I/A) models. Each of these models has inherent advantages and disadvantages; these need to be thoroughly considered when selecting the rodent TBI model according to the hypothesis and design of the study. Since TBI is not one disease, refined animal models must take into account the clinical features and complexity of human TBI. To enhance the possibility of establishing preclinical efficacy of a novel treatment, the preclinical use of several different experimental models is encouraged as well as varying the species, gender, and age of the animal. In this chapter, the methods, limitations, and challenges of the CCI and FPI models of TBI used in rodents are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Marklund
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 751 85, Sweden.
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Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of death and disability for people under 45 years of age. Clinical TBI is often the result of disparate forces resulting in heterogeneous injuries. Preclinical modeling of TBI is a vital tool for studying the complex cascade of metabolic, cellular, and molecular post-TBI events collectively termed secondary injury. Preclinical models also provide an important platform for studying therapeutic interventions. However, modeling TBI in the preclinical setting is challenging, and most models replicate only certain aspects of clinical TBI. This chapter details the most widely used models of preclinical TBI, including the controlled cortical impact, fluid percussion, blast, and closed head models. Each of these models replicates particular critical aspects of clinical TBI. Prior to selecting a preclinical TBI model, it is important to address what aspect of human TBI is being sought to evaluate.
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50
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Bigler ED. Neuroimaging as a biomarker in symptom validity and performance validity testing. Brain Imaging Behav 2015; 9:421-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s11682-015-9409-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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