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Jalili S, Shirzad H, Mousavi Nezhad SA. Prediction and Validation of Hub Genes Related to Major Depressive Disorder Based on Co-expression Network Analysis. J Mol Neurosci 2024; 74:8. [PMID: 38198075 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-023-02172-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is generally among the most prevalent psychiatric illnesses. Significant advances have occurred in comprehension of the MDD biology. However, it is still essential to recognize new biomarkers for potential targeted treatment of patients with MDD. The present work deals with in-depth comparative computational analyses to obtain new insights, such as gene ontology and pathway enrichment analyses and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) through gene expression dataset. The expression of selected hub-genes was validated in MDD patients using quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). We found that MDD progression includes the turquoise module genes (p-value = 1e-18, r = 0.97). According to gene enrichment analysis, the cytokine-mediated signaling pathway mostly involves genes in this module. By selection of four candidate hub-genes (IL6, NRG1, TNF, and BDNF), RT-qPCR validation was performed. A significant NRG1 downregulation was revealed by the RT-qPCR outcomes in MDD. In MDD patients, TNF and IL6 expression were considerably higher, and no considerable differences were found in the BDNF expression. Ultimately, based on ROC analyses, IL6, NRG1, and TNF had a higher MDD diagnostic performance. Therefore, our study presents information on the intricate association between MDD development and cytokine-mediated signaling, thus providing new rationales to develop new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Jalili
- Institute of Police Equipment and Technologies, Policing Sciences and Social Studies Research Institute, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hadi Shirzad
- Research Center for Life & Health Sciences & Biotechnology of the Police, Directorate of Health, Rescue & Treatment, Police Headquarter, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Seyed Amin Mousavi Nezhad
- Research Center for Life & Health Sciences & Biotechnology of the Police, Directorate of Health, Rescue & Treatment, Police Headquarter, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Gomes C, Varo R, Duran-Frigola M, Sitoe A, Bila R, Machevo S, Mayor A, Bassat Q, Rodriguez A. Endothelial transcriptomic analysis identifies biomarkers of severe and cerebral malaria. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e172845. [PMID: 37788095 PMCID: PMC10721316 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.172845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria can quickly progress from an uncomplicated infection into a life-threatening severe disease. However, the unspecificity of early symptoms often makes it difficult to identify patients at high risk of developing severe disease. Additionally, one of the most feared malaria complications - cerebral malaria - is challenging to diagnose, often resulting in treatment delays that can lead to adverse outcomes. To identify candidate biomarkers for the prognosis and/or diagnosis of severe and cerebral malaria, we have analyzed the transcriptomic response of human brain microvascular endothelial cells to erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium falciparum. Candidates were validated in plasma samples from a cohort of pediatric patients with malaria from Mozambique, resulting in the identification of several markers with capacity to distinguish uncomplicated from severe malaria, the most potent being the metallopeptidase ADAMTS18. Two other biomarkers, Angiopoietin-like-4 and Inhibin-βE were able to differentiate children with cerebral malaria within the severe malaria group, showing increased sensitivity after combination in a biomarker signature. The validation of the predicted candidate biomarkers in plasma of children with severe and cerebral malaria underscores the power of this transcriptomic approach and indicates that a specific endothelial response to P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes is linked to the pathophysiology of severe malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Gomes
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Rosauro Varo
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic — University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
| | | | - Antonio Sitoe
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Rubão Bila
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Sonia Machevo
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Alfredo Mayor
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic — University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
- Spanish Consortium for Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Physiologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Quique Bassat
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic — University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
- Spanish Consortium for Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, Spain
- Pediatrics Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Esplugues, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Rodriguez
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, USA
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3
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Severe Malaria in an Adult Patient from Low-Endemic Area in Flores Island, East Nusa Tenggara. Case Rep Med 2023; 2023:1239318. [PMID: 36865611 PMCID: PMC9974305 DOI: 10.1155/2023/1239318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is an infection caused by protozoa of the genus Plasmodium, commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. Plasmodium falciparum causes the most severe form of the disease and may progress to life-threatening manifestations. This case describes a 26-year-old man who suffered cerebral malaria with multiple organ dysfunction and successfully recovered despite poor initial prognosis. Negligent and late diagnosis of malaria leads to severe complications and a worse prognosis. This case emphasizes despite living in a low-endemic malaria area, physicians should remain meticulous and consider malaria as differential diagnosis even after initially presenting with nonspecific symptoms. Consequently, malarial screening should be performed to modify the risk of mortality. Furthermore, close monitoring and early administration of intravenous artesunate are also particularly critical.
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Chambliss C, Stiles JK, Gee BE. Neuregulin-1 attenuates hemolysis- and ischemia induced-cerebrovascular inflammation associated with sickle cell disease. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2023; 32:106912. [PMID: 36473396 PMCID: PMC10448832 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2022.106912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Individuals with sickle cell disease (SCD) are at severely heightened risk for cerebrovascular injury and acute cerebrovascular events, including ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, potentially leading to impaired development and life-long physical and cognitive disabilities. Cerebrovascular injury specific to SCD includes inflammation caused by underlying conditions of chronic hemolysis and reduced cerebrovascular perfusion. The objectives of this study were to investigate whether expression of neuregulin-1β (NRG-1), an endogenous neuroprotective polypeptide, is increased in SCD or experimental conditions mimicking the hemolysis and ischemic conditions of SCD, and to determine if treatment with exogenous NRG-1 reduces markers of cerebrovascular inflammation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plasma and brain-specific NRG-1 levels were measured in transgenic SCD mice. Endogenous NRG-1 levels and response to experimental conditions of excess heme and ischemia were measured in cultured human brain microvascular cells and astrocytes. Pre-treatment with NRG-1 was used to determine NRG-1's ability to ameliorate resultant cerebrovascular inflammation. RESULTS Plasma and brain-specific NRG-1 were elevated in transgenic SCD mice compared to healthy controls. Neuregulin-1 expression was significantly increased in cultured human microvascular cells and astrocytes exposed to excess heme and ischemia. Pre-treatment with NRG-1 reduced inflammatory chemokine (CXCL-1 and CXCL-10) and adhesion molecule (ICAM-1 and VCAM-1) expression and increased pro-angiogenic factors (VEGF-A) in microvascular cells and astrocytes exposed to excess heme and ischemia. CONCLUSIONS Elevated NRG-1 in SCD is likely a protective endogenous response to ongoing cerebrovascular insults caused by chronic hemolysis and reduced cerebrovascular perfusion. Administration of NRG-1 to reduce cerebrovascular inflammation may be therapeutically beneficial in SCD and warrants continued investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Chambliss
- Pediatrics Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, 2015 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, 2015 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive SW, Atlanta, GA 30310, United States.
| | - Jonathan K Stiles
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive SW, Atlanta, GA 30310, United States.
| | - Beatrice E Gee
- Pediatrics Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, 2015 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, 2015 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, 35 Jesse Hill Jr Drive SE, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive SW, Atlanta, GA 30310, United States
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5
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Akide Ndunge OB, Kilian N, Salman MM. Cerebral Malaria and Neuronal Implications of Plasmodium Falciparum Infection: From Mechanisms to Advanced Models. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2202944. [PMID: 36300890 PMCID: PMC9798991 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202202944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Reorganization of host red blood cells by the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum enables their sequestration via attachment to the microvasculature. This artificially increases the dwelling time of the infected red blood cells within inner organs such as the brain, which can lead to cerebral malaria. Cerebral malaria is the deadliest complication patients infected with P. falciparum can experience and still remains a major public health concern despite effective antimalarial therapies. Here, the current understanding of the effect of P. falciparum cytoadherence and their secreted proteins on structural features of the human blood-brain barrier and their involvement in the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria are highlighted. Advanced 2D and 3D in vitro models are further assessed to study this devastating interaction between parasite and host. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms leading to neuronal and cognitive deficits in cerebral malaria will be pivotal in devising new strategies to treat and prevent blood-brain barrier dysfunction and subsequent neurological damage in patients with cerebral malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Bate Akide Ndunge
- Department of Internal MedicineSection of Infectious DiseasesYale University School of Medicine300 Cedar StreetNew HavenCT06510USA
| | - Nicole Kilian
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, ParasitologyHeidelberg University HospitalIm Neuenheimer Feld 32469120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Mootaz M. Salman
- Department of PhysiologyAnatomy and GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3QUUK
- Kavli Institute for NanoScience DiscoveryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease CentreUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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6
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Ramachandran A, Sharma A. Dissecting the mechanisms of pathogenesis in cerebral malaria. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010919. [PMCID: PMC9671333 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is one of the leading causes of death due to malaria. It is characterised by coma, presence of asexual parasites in blood smear, and absence of any other reason that can cause encephalopathy. The fatality rate for CM is high, and those who survive CM often experience long-term sequelae, including cognitive and motor dysfunctions. It is unclear how parasites sequestered in the lumen of endothelial cells of the blood–brain barrier (BBB), and localised breakdown of BBB can manifest gross physiological changes across the brain. The pathological changes associated with CM are mainly due to the dysregulation of inflammatory and coagulation pathways. Other factors like host and parasite genetics, transmission intensity, and the host’s immune status are likely to play a role in the development and progression of CM. This work focuses on the pathological mechanisms underlying CM. Insights from humans, mice, and in vitro studies have been summarised to present a cohesive understanding of molecular mechanisms involved in CM pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arathy Ramachandran
- Molecular Medicine Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Amit Sharma
- Molecular Medicine Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail:
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7
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Banerjee S, Mishra S, Xu W, Thompson WE, Chowdhury I. Neuregulin-1 signaling regulates cytokines and chemokines expression and secretion in granulosa cell. J Ovarian Res 2022; 15:86. [PMID: 35883098 PMCID: PMC9316729 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-022-01021-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Granulosa cells (GCs) are multilayered somatic cells within the follicle that provide physical support and microenvironment for the developing oocyte. In recent years, the role of Neuregulin-1 (NRG1), a member of the EGF-like factor family, has received considerable attention due to its neurodevelopmental and cardiac function. However, the exact physiological role of NRG1 in GC is mainly unknown. In order to confirm that NRG1 plays a regulatory role in rat GC functions, endogenous NRG1-knockdown studies were carried out in GCs using RNA interference methodology. RESULTS Knockdown of NRG1 in GCs resulted in the enhanced expression and secretion of the cytokines and chemokines. In addition, the phosphorylation of PI3K/Akt/ERK1/2 was significantly low in GCs under these experimental conditions. Moreover, in vitro experimental studies suggest that tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) treatment causes the physical destruction of GCs by activating caspase-3/7 activity. In contrast, exogenous NRG1 co-treatment of GCs delayed the onset of TNFα-induced apoptosis and inhibited the activation of caspase-3/7 activity. Furthermore, current experimental studies suggest that gonadotropins promote differential expression of NRG1 and ErbB3 receptors in GCs of the antral follicle. Interestingly, NRG1 and ErbB3 were intensely co-localized in the mural and cumulus GCs and cumulus-oocyte complex of pre-ovulatory follicles in the estrus stage. CONCLUSIONS The present studies suggest that gonadotropins-dependent NRG1-signaling in GCs may require the balance of the cytokines and chemokines expression and secretion, ultimately which may be supporting the follicular maturation and oocyte competence for ovulation and preventing follicular atresia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saswati Banerjee
- Department of Physiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sameer Mishra
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive Southwest, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Physiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Winston E Thompson
- Department of Physiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Indrajit Chowdhury
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive Southwest, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA.
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Song X, Wei W, Cheng W, Zhu H, Wang W, Dong H, Li J. Cerebral malaria induced by plasmodium falciparum: clinical features, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:939532. [PMID: 35959375 PMCID: PMC9359465 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.939532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) caused by Plasmodium falciparum is a fatal neurological complication of malaria, resulting in coma and death, and even survivors may suffer long-term neurological sequelae. In sub-Saharan Africa, CM occurs mainly in children under five years of age. Although intravenous artesunate is considered the preferred treatment for CM, the clinical efficacy is still far from satisfactory. The neurological damage induced by CM is irreversible and lethal, and it is therefore of great significance to unravel the exact etiology of CM, which may be beneficial for the effective management of this severe disease. Here, we review the clinical characteristics, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and clinical therapy of CM, with the aim of providing insights into the development of novel tools for improved CM treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Song
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Beijing School of Chemistry and Bioengineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Weijia Cheng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Huiyin Zhu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of National Health Commission on Technology for Parasitic Diseases Prevention and Control, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasites and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Wang, ; Haifeng Dong, ; Jian Li,
| | - Haifeng Dong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability and Human Disease Prevention, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Wang, ; Haifeng Dong, ; Jian Li,
| | - Jian Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Wang, ; Haifeng Dong, ; Jian Li,
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Adams Y, Jensen AR. Cerebral malaria - modelling interactions at the blood-brain barrier in vitro. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:275963. [PMID: 35815443 PMCID: PMC9302004 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a continuous endothelial barrier that is supported by pericytes and astrocytes and regulates the passage of solutes between the bloodstream and the brain. This structure is called the neurovascular unit and serves to protect the brain from blood-borne disease-causing agents and other risk factors. In the past decade, great strides have been made to investigate the neurovascular unit for delivery of chemotherapeutics and for understanding how pathogens can circumvent the barrier, leading to severe and, at times, fatal complications. One such complication is cerebral malaria, in which Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells disrupt the barrier function of the BBB, causing severe brain swelling. Multiple in vitro models of the BBB are available to investigate the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria and other diseases. These range from single-cell monolayer cultures to multicellular BBB organoids and highly complex cerebral organoids. Here, we review the technologies available in malaria research to investigate the interaction between P. falciparum-infected red blood cells and the BBB, and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each model. Summary: This Review discusses the available in vitro models to investigate the impact of adhesion of Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells on the blood–brain barrier, a process associated with cerebral malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Adams
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at the Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Anja Ramstedt Jensen
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at the Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
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Harbuzariu A, Nti A, Harp KO, Cespedes JC, Driss A, Stiles JK. Neuregulin-1/ErbB4 signaling modulates Plasmodium falciparum HRP2-induced damage to brain cortical organoids. iScience 2022; 25:104407. [PMID: 35663028 PMCID: PMC9157207 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cerebral malaria (HCM) is a severe complication of Plasmodium falciparum (P.f.) infection that is characterized by capillary occlusions, rupture of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), perivascular cellular injury, and brain swelling. P.f.histidine-rich protein 2 (HRP2), a byproduct of parasitized red blood cell (pRBC) lysis, crosses the BBB when compromised to cause brain injury. We hypothesized that HRP2-induced neuronal damage can be attenuated by Neuregulin-1 (NRG1), an anti-inflammatory neuroprotective factor. Using brain cortical organoids, we determined that HRP2 upregulated cell death and inflammatory markers and disorganized brain organoid tissue. We identified toll-like receptors (TLR1 and 2) as potential mediators of HRP2-induced cellular damage and inflammation. Exogenous acute treatment of organoids with NRG1 attenuated HRP2 effects. The results indicate that HRP2 mediates malaria-associated HRP2-induced brain injury and inflammation and that NRG1 may be an effective therapy against HRP2 effects in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Harbuzariu
- Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Annette Nti
- Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Keri Oxendine Harp
- Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Juan C. Cespedes
- Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Adel Driss
- Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Jonathan K. Stiles
- Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
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11
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Ma Y, Fan P, Zhao R, Zhang Y, Wang X, Cui W. Neuregulin-1 regulates the conversion of M1/M2 microglia phenotype via ErbB4-dependent inhibition of the NF-κB pathway. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:3975-3986. [PMID: 35166983 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07249-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The inflammatory response caused by microglia in the central nervous system plays an important role in Alzheimer's disease. Neuregulin-1 (NRG1) is a member of the neuregulin family and has been demonstrated to have anti-inflammatory properties. The relationship between NRG1, microglia phenotype and neuroinflammation remains unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS BV2 cells were used to examine the mechanism of NRG1 in regulating microglia polarization. Neuronal apoptosis, inflammatory factors TNF-α and iNOS, microglia polarization, ErbB4 and NF-κB p65 expression were assessed. RESULTS We found that exogenous NRG1 treatment or overexpression improved microglial activity and reduced the secretion of the inflammatory factors TNF-α and iNOS in vitro. The expression of Bax in SH-SY5Y neuron cells incubated with medium collected from the NRG1 treatment group decreased. Additionally, our study showed that NRG1 treatment reduced the levels of the M1 microglia markers CD120 and iNOS and increased the levels of the M2 microglia markers CD206 and Arg-1. Furthermore, we observed that NRG1 treatment attenuated Aβ-induced NF-κB activation and promoted the expression of p-ErbB4 and that knockdown of ErbB4 abrogated the effects of NRG1 on NF-κB, Bax levels and M2 microglial polarization. CONCLUSION NRG1 inhibits the release of inflammatory factors in microglia and regulates the switching of the M1/M2 microglia phenotype, most likely via ErbB4-dependent inhibition of the NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Ma
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Peixia Fan
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yinghua Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xianwei Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China. .,Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.
| | - Weigang Cui
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China. .,Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.
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12
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OUP accepted manuscript. J Pharm Pharmacol 2022; 74:800-811. [DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgac003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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13
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Chambliss C, Richardson T, Onyekaba J, Cespedes J, Nti A, Harp KO, Buchanan-Perry I, Stiles JK, Gee BE. Elevated neuregulin-1 β levels correlate with plasma biomarkers of cerebral injury and high stroke risk in children with sickle cell anemia. ENDOCRINE AND METABOLIC SCIENCE 2021; 3:100088. [PMID: 35935682 PMCID: PMC9351492 DOI: 10.1016/j.endmts.2021.100088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke, or cerebral infarction, is one of the most serious complications of sickle cell anemia (SCA) in childhood, potentially leading to impaired development and life-long physical and cognitive disabilities. About one in ten children with SCA are at risk for developing overt stroke and an additional 25% may develop silent cerebral infarcts. This is largely due to underlying cerebral injury caused by chronic cerebral ischemia and vascular insult associated with SCA. We previously identified two elevated markers of cerebral injury, plasma brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-AA, in children with SCA and high stroke risk. The objective of this study was to investigate whether neuregulin-1β (NRG-1), an endogenous neuroprotective polypeptide may also be elevated in children with SCA. Neuregulin-1β is involved in the preservation of blood brain barrier integrity and brain microvascular cell viability and is cytoprotective in conditions of heme-induced injury and ischemia. Since elevated plasma heme and ischemia are signature characteristics of SCA, we hypothesized that NRG-1 would be elevated in children with SCA, and that NRG-1 levels would also correlate with our biomarkers of cerebral injury. Plasma NRG-1, BDNF and PDGF-AA levels were measured in children with SCA and healthy Controls. Plasma NRG-1 was found to be nearly five-fold higher in those children with SCA compared to Controls. Neuregulin-1β was also positively correlated with both BDNF and PDGF-AA concentrations, but was not associated with degree of anemia, suggesting that NRG-1 production may be an endogenous response to subclinical cerebral ischemia in SCA warranting further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Chambliss
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine; 720 Westview Drive SW, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA,Corresponding author. (C. Chambliss)
| | | | - John Onyekaba
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine; 720 Westview Drive SW, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA
| | - Juan Cespedes
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine; 720 Westview Drive SW, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA
| | - Annette Nti
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine; 720 Westview Drive SW, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA
| | - Keri Oxendine Harp
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine; 720 Westview Drive SW, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA
| | - Iris Buchanan-Perry
- Department of Pediatrics, Morehouse School of Medicine; 720 Westview Drive SW, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA,Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta; 35 Jesse Hill Jr Drive SE, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA
| | - Jonathan K. Stiles
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine; 720 Westview Drive SW, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA
| | - Beatrice E. Gee
- Department of Pediatrics, Morehouse School of Medicine; 720 Westview Drive SW, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA,Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta; 35 Jesse Hill Jr Drive SE, Atlanta, GA, 30303, USA,Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center; 2015 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA,Pediatrics Institute, Emory University School of Medicine; 2015 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
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14
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Schiess N, Villabona-Rueda A, Cottier KE, Huether K, Chipeta J, Stins MF. Pathophysiology and neurologic sequelae of cerebral malaria. Malar J 2020; 19:266. [PMID: 32703204 PMCID: PMC7376930 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03336-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM), results from Plasmodium falciparum infection, and has a high mortality rate. CM survivors can retain life-long post CM sequelae, including seizures and neurocognitive deficits profoundly affecting their quality of life. As the Plasmodium parasite does not enter the brain, but resides inside erythrocytes and are confined to the lumen of the brain's vasculature, the neuropathogenesis leading to these neurologic sequelae is unclear and under-investigated. Interestingly, postmortem CM pathology differs in brain regions, such as the appearance of haemorragic punctae in white versus gray matter. Various host and parasite factors contribute to the risk of CM, including exposure at a young age, parasite- and host-related genetics, parasite sequestration and the extent of host inflammatory responses. Thus far, several proposed adjunctive treatments have not been successful in the treatment of CM but are highly needed. The region-specific CM neuro-pathogenesis leading to neurologic sequelae is intriguing, but not sufficiently addressed in research. More attention to this may lead to the development of effective adjunctive treatments to address CM neurologic sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoline Schiess
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St., Meyer 6-113, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Andres Villabona-Rueda
- Malaria Research Institute, Dept Molecular Microbiology Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Karissa E Cottier
- Malaria Research Institute, Dept Molecular Microbiology Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,BioIVT, 1450 South Rolling Road, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - James Chipeta
- Department of Paediatrics, University Teaching Hospital, Nationalist Road, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Monique F Stins
- Malaria Research Institute, Dept Molecular Microbiology Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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15
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Kang W, Cheng Y, Wang X, Zhou F, Zhou C, Wang L, Zhong L. Neuregulin‑1: An underlying protective force of cardiac dysfunction in sepsis (Review). Mol Med Rep 2020; 21:2311-2320. [PMID: 32236630 PMCID: PMC7185085 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuregulin-1 (NRG-1) is a type of epidermal growth factor-like protein primarily distributed in the nervous and cardiovascular systems. When sepsis occurs, the incidence of cardiac dysfunction in myocardial injury is high and the mechanism is complicated. It directly causes myocardial cell damage, whilst also causing damage to the structure and function of myocardial cells, weakening of endothelial function and coronary microcirculation, autonomic dysfunction, and activation of myocardial inhibitory factors. Studies investigating NRG-1 have been performed using a variety of methods, including in vitro models, and animal and human clinical trials; however, the results are not consistent. NRG-1/ErbBs signaling is involved in a variety of cardiac processes, from the development of the myocardium and cardiac conduction systems to the promotion of angiogenesis in cardiomyocytes, and in cardio-protective effects during injury. NRG-1 may exert a multifaceted cardiovascular protective effect by activating NRG-1/ErbBs signaling and regulating multiple downstream signaling pathways, thereby improving myocardial cell dysfunction in sepsis, and protecting cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells. It may alleviate myocardial microvascular endothelial injury in sepsis; its anti-inflammatory effects inhibit the production of myocardial inhibitory factors in sepsis, improve myocardial ischemia, decrease oxidative stress, regulate the disruption to the homeostasis of the autonomic nervous system, improve diastolic function, and offer protective effects at multiple target sites. As the mechanism of action of NRG-1 intersects with the pathways involved in the pathogenesis of sepsis, it may be applicable as a treatment strategy to numerous pathological processes in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Kang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Yue Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Fang Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Chenliang Zhou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Long Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Liang Zhong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wuhan Medical and Healthcare Center for Women and Children, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
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16
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Vanka R, Nakka VP, Kumar SP, Baruah UK, Babu PP. Molecular targets in cerebral malaria for developing novel therapeutic strategies. Brain Res Bull 2020; 157:100-107. [PMID: 32006570 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is the severe neurological complication associated with Plasmodium falciparum infection. In clinical settings CM is predominantly characterized by fever, epileptic seizures, and asexual forms of parasite on blood smears, coma and even death. Cognitive impairment in the children and adults even after survival is one of the striking consequences of CM. Poor diagnosis often leads to inappropriate malaria therapy which in turn progress into a severe form of disease. Activation of multiple cell death pathways such as Inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis and disruption of blood brain barrier (BBB) plays critical role in the pathogenesis of CM and secondary brain damage. Thus, understanding such mechanisms of neuronal cell death might help to identify potential molecular targets for CM. Mitigation strategies for mortality rate and long-term cognitive deficits caused by existing anti-malarial drugs still remains a valid research question to ask. In this review, we discuss in detail about critical neuronal cell death mechanisms and the overall significance of adjunctive therapy with recent trends, which provides better insight towards establishing newer therapeutic strategies for CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravisankar Vanka
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Aditya Pharmacy College, Suramaplem, Gandepalli Mandal, East Godavari, Andhra Pradesh, 533437, India
| | - Venkata Prasuja Nakka
- Department of Biochemistry, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Nagarjuna Nagar, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, 522510, India
| | - Simhadri Praveen Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500046, India
| | - Uday Krishna Baruah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, Ooty, Tamil Nadu 643001, India
| | - Phanithi Prakash Babu
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, Telangana, India.
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17
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Harbuzariu A, Pitts S, Cespedes JC, Harp KO, Nti A, Shaw AP, Liu M, Stiles JK. Modelling heme-mediated brain injury associated with cerebral malaria in human brain cortical organoids. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19162. [PMID: 31844087 PMCID: PMC6914785 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55631-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cerebral malaria (HCM), a severe encephalopathy associated with Plasmodium falciparum infection, has a 20-30% mortality rate and predominantly affects African children. The mechanisms mediating HCM-associated brain injury are difficult to study in human subjects, highlighting the urgent need for non-invasive ex vivo human models. HCM elevates the systemic levels of free heme, which damages the blood-brain barrier and neurons in distinct regions of the brain. We determined the effects of heme on induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and a three-dimensional cortical organoid system and assessed apoptosis and differentiation. We evaluated biomarkers associated with heme-induced brain injury, including a pro-inflammatory chemokine, CXCL-10, and its receptor, CXCR3, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and a receptor tyrosine-protein kinase, ERBB4, in the organoids. We then tested the neuroprotective effect of neuregulin-1 (NRG-1) against heme treatment in organoids. Neural stem and mature cells differentially expressed CXCL-10, CXCR3, BDNF and ERBB4 in the developing organoids and in response to heme-induced neuronal injury. The organoids underwent apoptosis and structural changes that were attenuated by NRG-1. Thus, cortical organoids can be used to model heme-induced cortical brain injury associated with HCM pathogenesis as well as for testing agents that reduce brain injury and neurological sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Harbuzariu
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Dr, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA.
| | - Sidney Pitts
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Dr, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA
| | - Juan Carlos Cespedes
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Dr, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA
| | - Keri Oxendine Harp
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Dr, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA
| | - Annette Nti
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Dr, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA
| | - Andrew P Shaw
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Mingli Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Dr, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA
| | - Jonathan K Stiles
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Dr, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA.
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18
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Liu F, Liu Q, Yuan F, Guo S, Liu J, Sun Z, Gao P, Wang Y, Yan S, Liu J. Erg mediates downregulation of claudin-5 in the brain endothelium of a murine experimental model of cerebral malaria. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:2585-2595. [PMID: 31271645 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is a severe complication with brain vascular hyperpermeability. Claudin-5 is the major component of tight junctions. To investigate the expression of claudin-5 in CM, we established a murine experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) model and an in vitro model by treating murine brain endothelial cells (bEnd3) with plasma from ECM mice. Expression of claudin-5 and the ETS transcription factor Erg was reduced in the brain endothelium of ECM mice. In bEnd3 cells exposed to ECM plasma, decreased expression of claudin-5 and Erg, and increased permeability were observed. Silencing of Erg significantly reduced Cldn5 expression. ChIP assays indicated that Erg binds to the -813 ETS motif of the murine Cldn5 gene promoter, and the binding is decreased by treatment with ECM plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuhong Liu
- Laboratory of Microvascular Medicine, Medical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, the First Hospital Affiliated with Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Laboratory of Microvascular Medicine, Medical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, the First Hospital Affiliated with Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Fangshu Yuan
- Department of Human Parasitology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shuling Guo
- Department of Human Parasitology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jinzhi Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, the First Hospital Affiliated with Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Zongguo Sun
- Laboratory of Microvascular Medicine, Medical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, the First Hospital Affiliated with Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Laboratory of Microvascular Medicine, Medical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, the First Hospital Affiliated with Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Suhua Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, the First Hospital Affiliated with Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Ju Liu
- Laboratory of Microvascular Medicine, Medical Research Center, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, the First Hospital Affiliated with Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
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19
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Kataria H, Alizadeh A, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S. Neuregulin-1/ErbB network: An emerging modulator of nervous system injury and repair. Prog Neurobiol 2019; 180:101643. [PMID: 31229498 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.101643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neuregulin-1 (Nrg-1) is a member of the Neuregulin family of growth factors with essential roles in the developing and adult nervous system. Six different types of Nrg-1 (Nrg-1 type I-VI) and over 30 isoforms have been discovered; however, their specific roles are not fully determined. Nrg-1 signals through a complex network of protein-tyrosine kinase receptors, ErbB2, ErbB3, ErbB4 and multiple intracellular pathways. Genetic and pharmacological studies of Nrg-1 and ErbB receptors have identified a critical role for Nrg-1/ErbB network in neurodevelopment including neuronal migration, neural differentiation, myelination as well as formation of synapses and neuromuscular junctions. Nrg-1 signaling is best known for its characterized role in development and repair of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) due to its essential role in Schwann cell development, survival and myelination. However, our knowledge of the impact of Nrg-1/ErbB on the central nervous system (CNS) has emerged in recent years. Ongoing efforts have uncovered a multi-faceted role for Nrg-1 in regulating CNS injury and repair processes. In this review, we provide a timely overview of the most recent updates on Nrg-1 signaling and its role in nervous system injury and diseases. We will specifically highlight the emerging role of Nrg-1 in modulating the glial and immune responses and its capacity to foster neuroprotection and remyelination in CNS injury. Nrg-1/ErbB network is a key regulatory pathway in the developing nervous system; therefore, unraveling its role in neuropathology and repair can aid in development of new therapeutic approaches for nervous system injuries and associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardeep Kataria
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Arsalan Alizadeh
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Soheila Karimi-Abdolrezaee
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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20
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Blood-Brain Barrier in Cerebral Malaria: Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Intervention. Trends Parasitol 2019; 35:516-528. [PMID: 31147271 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral malaria is a life-threatening complication of malaria caused by the parasite Plasmodium falciparum. The growing problem of drug resistance and the dearth of new antiparasitic drugs are a serious threat to the antimalaria treatment regimes. Studies on humans and the murine model have implicated the disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in the lethal course of the disease. Therefore, efforts to alleviate the BBB dysfunction could serve as an adjunct therapy. Here, we review the mechanisms associated with the disruption of the BBB. In addition, we discuss the current, still limited, knowledge on the contribution of different cell types, microparticles, and the kynurenine pathway in the regulation of BBB dysfunction, and how these molecules could be used as potential new therapeutic targets.
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21
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Cespedes JC, Liu M, Harbuzariu A, Nti A, Onyekaba J, Cespedes HW, Bharti PK, Solomon W, Anyaoha P, Krishna S, Adjei A, Botchway F, Ford B, Stiles JK. Neuregulin in Health and Disease. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BRAIN DISORDERS AND TREATMENT 2018; 4:024. [PMID: 31032468 PMCID: PMC6483402 DOI: 10.23937/2469-5866/1410024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Cespedes
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, USA
| | - Mingli Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, USA
| | - Adriana Harbuzariu
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, USA
| | - Annette Nti
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, USA
| | - John Onyekaba
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, USA
| | - Hanna Watson Cespedes
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, USA
| | | | - Wesley Solomon
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, USA
| | - Precious Anyaoha
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, USA
| | - Sri Krishna
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tribal Health, India
| | - Andrew Adjei
- Department of Pathology, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, University of Ghana Medical School, Ghana
| | - Felix Botchway
- Department of Pathology, Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, University of Ghana Medical School, Ghana
| | - Byron Ford
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California-Riverside School of Medicine, USA
| | - Jonathan K Stiles
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, USA
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22
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Liu M, Solomon W, Cespedes JC, Wilson NO, Ford B, Stiles JK. Neuregulin-1 attenuates experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) pathogenesis by regulating ErbB4/AKT/STAT3 signaling. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:104. [PMID: 29636063 PMCID: PMC5894207 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1147-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human cerebral malaria (HCM) is a severe form of malaria characterized by sequestration of infected erythrocytes (IRBCs) in brain microvessels, increased levels of circulating free heme and pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, brain swelling, vascular dysfunction, coma, and increased mortality. Neuregulin-1β (NRG-1) encoded by the gene NRG1, is a member of a family of polypeptide growth factors required for normal development of the nervous system and the heart. Utilizing an experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) model (Plasmodium berghei ANKA in C57BL/6), we reported that NRG-1 played a cytoprotective role in ECM and that circulating levels were inversely correlated with ECM severity. Intravenous infusion of NRG-1 reduced ECM mortality in mice by promoting a robust anti-inflammatory response coupled with reduction in accumulation of IRBCs in microvessels and reduced tissue damage. Methods In the current study, we examined how NRG-1 treatment attenuates pathogenesis and mortality associated with ECM. We examined whether NRG-1 protects against CXCL10- and heme-induced apoptosis using human brain microvascular endothelial (hCMEC/D3) cells and M059K neuroglial cells. hCMEC/D3 cells grown in a monolayer and a co-culture system with 30 μM heme and NRG-1 (100 ng/ml) were used to examine the role of NRG-1 on blood brain barrier (BBB) integrity. Using the in vivo ECM model, we examined whether the reduction of mortality was associated with the activation of ErbB4 and AKT and inactivation of STAT3 signaling pathways. For data analysis, unpaired t test or one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s or Bonferroni’s post test was applied. Results We determined that NRG-1 protects against cell death/apoptosis of human brain microvascular endothelial cells and neroglial cells, the two major components of BBB. NRG-1 treatment improved heme-induced disruption of the in vitro BBB model consisting of hCMEC/D3 and human M059K cells. In the ECM murine model, NRG-1 treatment stimulated ErbB4 phosphorylation (pErbB4) followed by activation of AKT and inactivation of STAT3, which attenuated ECM mortality. Conclusions Our results indicate a potential pathway by which NRG-1 treatment maintains BBB integrity in vitro, attenuates ECM-induced tissue injury, and reduces mortality. Furthermore, we postulate that augmenting NRG-1 during ECM therapy may be an effective adjunctive therapy to reduce CNS tissue injury and potentially increase the effectiveness of current anti-malaria therapy against human cerebral malaria (HCM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingli Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive SW, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA.
| | - Wesley Solomon
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive SW, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA
| | - Juan Carlos Cespedes
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive SW, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA
| | - Nana O Wilson
- Fogarty Global Health Fellow (UJMT), Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive SW, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA
| | - Byron Ford
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California-Riverside School of Medicine, 900 University Ave, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Jonathan K Stiles
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive SW, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA.
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23
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Ji Y, Teng L, Zhang R, Sun J, Guo Y. NRG-1β exerts neuroprotective effects against ischemia reperfusion-induced injury in rats through the JNK signaling pathway. Neuroscience 2017; 362:13-24. [PMID: 28843994 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuregulin-1β (NRG-1β) has great potential to be developed into therapeutics for neuroprotection. The aim of the current study was to analyze the effects and possible signaling pathway of NRG-1β on brain tissues in a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R). METHODS In order to observe the protective effect of NRG-1β on MCAO/R, the neurological deficit and infarct volume were measured using a modified neurological severity score (mNSS) test and by triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. In order to detect the antagonistic effect of NRG-1β on nerve cells and the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the morphology and structure of cortical brain tissues were observed by Evans Blue (EB) staining, hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) and Nissl staining, in situ cell death detection kit, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In order to investigate whether NRG-1β exhibited a significant neuroprotective effect via the JNK signaling pathway, the activity of JNK and the levels of phospho-MKK4, phospho-JNK, pan-JNK and phospho-c-Jun were tested using a JNK activity screening kit, immunofluorescent labeling, and western blot analysis, respectively. RESULTS In the NRG-1β treatment group, accompanied with a decrease in JNK activity, the protein levels of phospho-JNK, phospho-MKK4 and phospho-c-Jun decreased, the ischemia-induced apoptosis decreased, the abnormal morphological structures of nerve cells were ameliorated, the integrity of the BBB was restored, and infarct volume was reduced. At the same time, neurological function was significantly recovered. CONCLUSION NRG-1β exerts a neuroprotective effect through the JNK signaling pathway in MCAO/R rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqing Ji
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong, China.
| | - Lei Teng
- Department of Biology, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, Shandong, China.
| | - Rui Zhang
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong, China.
| | - Jinping Sun
- Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong, China.
| | - Yunliang Guo
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, Shandong, China.
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24
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Regulation of inflammatory responses by neuregulin-1 in brain ischemia and microglial cells in vitro involves the NF-kappa B pathway. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:237. [PMID: 27596278 PMCID: PMC5011915 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0703-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We previously demonstrated that neuregulin-1 (NRG-1) was neuroprotective in rats following ischemic stroke. Neuroprotection by NRG-1 was associated with the suppression of pro-inflammatory gene expression in brain tissues. Over-activation of brain microglia can induce pro-inflammatory gene expression by activation of transcriptional regulators following stroke. Here, we examined how NRG-1 transcriptionally regulates inflammatory gene expression by computational bioinformatics and in vitro using microglial cells. Methods To identify transcriptional regulators involved in ischemia-induced inflammatory gene expression, rats were sacrificed 24 h after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and NRG-1 treatment. Gene expression profiles of brain tissues following ischemia and NRG-1 treatment were examined by microarray technology. The Conserved Transcription Factor-Binding Site Finder (CONFAC) bioinformatics software package was used to predict transcription factors associated with inflammatory genes induced following stroke and suppressed by NRG-1 treatment. NF-kappa B (NF-kB) was identified as a potential transcriptional regulator of NRG-1-suppressed genes following ischemia. The involvement of specific NF-kB subunits in NRG-1-mediated inflammatory responses was examined using N9 microglial cells pre-treated with NRG-1 (100 ng/ml) followed by lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 10 μg/ml) stimulation. The effects of NRG-1 on cytokine production were investigated using Luminex technology. The levels of the p65, p52, and RelB subunits of NF-kB and IkB-α were determined by western blot analysis and ELISA. Phosphorylation of IkB-α was investigated by ELISA. Results CONFAC identified 12 statistically over-represented transcription factor-binding sites (TFBS) in our dataset, including NF-kBP65. Using N9 microglial cells, we observed that NRG-1 significantly inhibited LPS-induced TNFα and IL-6 release. LPS increased the phosphorylation and degradation of IkB-α which was blocked by NRG-1. NRG-1 also prevented the nuclear translocation of the NF-kB p65 subunit following LPS administration. However, NRG-1 increased production of the neuroprotective cytokine granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and the nuclear translocation of the NF-kB p52 subunit, which is associated with the induction of anti-apoptotic and suppression of pro-inflammatory gene expression. Conclusions Neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of NRG-1 are associated with the differential regulation of NF-kB signaling pathways in microglia. Taken together, these findings suggest that NRG-1 may be a potential therapeutic treatment for treating stroke and other neuroinflammatory disorders.
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Zhou Q, Pan X, Wang L, Wang X, Xiong D. The protective role of neuregulin-1: A potential therapy for sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 788:234-240. [PMID: 27346832 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The extremely high mortality of sepsis in intensive care units, caused primarily by sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy, is a pressing issue. Current studies have revealed the importance of the neuregulin-1 (NRG-1)/ErbB signaling axis at the cardiovascular level and the positive effect of NRG-1 on cardiac function in patients with heart failure. To investigate the protective mechanism of NRG-1 against myocardial injury in septic rats, a cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model was applied. Animals were administered either a vehicle or recombinant human NRG-1 (rhNRG-1, 10μg/kg). Their survival rates were noted 24h after CLP. The hemodynamic method was used to evaluate their cardiac function. The myocardial morphology was observed. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the level of cardiac troponin-T (cTn-T), cytokines, and angiotensin II (Ang II) in the serum and myocardium. Compared with the vehicle, rhNRG-1 improved survival of rats and prevented hemodynamic derangement, as reflected in the increased mean arterial pressure, left ventricular systolic pressure, ±dp/dt max, and decreased left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (P<0.05). Furthermore, the serum levels of cTn-T and pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6) were significantly increased in vehicle-treated rats but reduced in rhNRG-1-treated rats. The latter also showed decreased concentration of macrophage inhibitory factor and Ang II in the myocardium (P<0.05). These results suggest that NRG-1 improved cardiac function and protected cardiomyocytes of rats from CLP-induced sepsis by suppressing the immune inflammatory response and excessive activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Ultimately, NRG-1 increased the survival rate of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Xia Pan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Long Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, PR China.
| | - Xi Wang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China.
| | - Dongsheng Xiong
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
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Sahu PK, Satpathi S, Behera PK, Mishra SK, Mohanty S, Wassmer SC. Pathogenesis of cerebral malaria: new diagnostic tools, biomarkers, and therapeutic approaches. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2015; 5:75. [PMID: 26579500 PMCID: PMC4621481 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2015.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria is a severe neuropathological complication of Plasmodium falciparum infection. It results in high mortality and post-recovery neuro-cognitive disorders in children, even after appropriate treatment with effective anti-parasitic drugs. While the complete landscape of the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria still remains to be elucidated, numerous innovative approaches have been developed in recent years in order to improve the early detection of this neurological syndrome and, subsequently, the clinical care of affected patients. In this review, we briefly summarize the current understanding of cerebral malaria pathogenesis, compile the array of new biomarkers and tools available for diagnosis and research, and describe the emerging therapeutic approaches to tackle this pathology effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen K Sahu
- Center for the Study of Complex Malaria in India, Ispat General Hospital Rourkela, India
| | | | | | - Saroj K Mishra
- Center for the Study of Complex Malaria in India, Ispat General Hospital Rourkela, India
| | - Sanjib Mohanty
- Center for the Study of Complex Malaria in India, Ispat General Hospital Rourkela, India
| | - Samuel Crocodile Wassmer
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine New York, NY, USA ; Department of Pathology, The University of Sydney Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Endothelial-Leukocyte Interaction in Severe Malaria: Beyond the Brain. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:168937. [PMID: 26491221 PMCID: PMC4605361 DOI: 10.1155/2015/168937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is the most important parasitic disease worldwide, accounting for 1 million deaths each year. Severe malaria is a systemic illness characterized by dysfunction of brain tissue and of one or more peripheral organs as lungs and kidney. The most severe and most studied form of malaria is associated with cerebral complications due to capillary congestion and the adhesion of infected erythrocytes, platelets, and leukocytes to brain vasculature. Thus, leukocyte rolling and adhesion in the brain vascular bed during severe malaria is singular and distinct from other models of inflammation. The leukocyte/endothelium interaction and neutrophil accumulation are also observed in the lungs. However, lung interactions differ from brain interactions, likely due to differences in the blood-brain barrier and blood-air barrier tight junction composition of the brain and lung endothelium. Here, we review the importance of endothelial dysfunction and the mechanism of leukocyte/endothelium interaction during severe malaria. Furthermore, we hypothesize a possible use of adjunctive therapies to antimalarial drugs that target the interaction between the leukocytes and the endothelium.
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Carvalho LJDM, Moreira ADS, Daniel-Ribeiro CT, Martins YC. Vascular dysfunction as a target for adjuvant therapy in cerebral malaria. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015; 109:577-88. [PMID: 25185000 PMCID: PMC4156451 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276140061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is a life-threatening complication of Plasmodium
falciparum malaria that continues to be a major global health problem.
Brain vascular dysfunction is a main factor underlying the pathogenesis of CM and can
be a target for the development of adjuvant therapies for the disease. Vascular
occlusion by parasitised red blood cells and vasoconstriction/vascular dysfunction
results in impaired cerebral blood flow, ischaemia, hypoxia, acidosis and death. In
this review, we discuss the mechanisms of vascular dysfunction in CM and the roles of
low nitric oxide bioavailability, high levels of endothelin-1 and dysfunction of the
angiopoietin-Tie2 axis. We also discuss the usefulness and relevance of the murine
experimental model of CM by Plasmodium berghei ANKA to identify
mechanisms of disease and to screen potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aline da Silva Moreira
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Yuri Chaves Martins
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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Spatio-temporal assessment of the neuroprotective effects of neuregulin-1 on ischemic stroke lesions using MRI. J Neurol Sci 2015; 357:28-34. [PMID: 26183085 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2015.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The neuroprotective effects of neuregulin-1 (NRG-1) on stroke lesions were assessed longitudinally in rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) using MRI. Sprague-Dawley rats (n=16, 250±20g) underwent permanent MCAo surgery with cerebral blood flow (CBF) monitored by laser doppler flowmetry at ipsilateral side of bregma for 20min post-occlusion. A single 50μl bolus dose of NRG-1 or vehicle was administered into the left internal carotid artery immediately prior to MCAo. The expansion of the ischemic lesion into the cortex was attenuated by NRG-1 over a 48-hour (h) time span as measured by diffusion weighted imaging (DWI). The final infarct volumes of NRG-1 treated rats were significantly smaller than those of the vehicle treated rats at 48h (264.8±192.1 vs. 533.4±175.5mm(3), p<0.05). The NRG-1 treated rats were further subdivided into 2 subgroups according to their CBF reduction during stroke surgery: mild ischemia (<70% CBF reduction) or severe ischemia (>70% CBF reduction). In particular, ischemic infarction was not usually observed in the cortex of NRG-1 treated rats with mild ischemia at 3 and 48h post-occlusion. Histological results validated the imaging findings and demonstrated that NRG-1 treated rats had fewer injured neurons in peri-infarct areas 48h post-ischemia. In summary, the neuroprotective effect of NRG-1 in the pMCAo stroke model was demonstrated by prevention of ischemic lesion expansion, reduced infarct volume and protection of neurons from ischemic damage.
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Li Y, Lein PJ, Ford GD, Liu C, Stovall KC, White TE, Bruun DA, Tewolde T, Gates AS, Distel TJ, Surles-Zeigler MC, Ford BD. Neuregulin-1 inhibits neuroinflammatory responses in a rat model of organophosphate-nerve agent-induced delayed neuronal injury. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:64. [PMID: 25880399 PMCID: PMC4391606 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0283-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuregulin-1 (NRG-1) has been shown to act as a neuroprotectant in animal models of nerve agent intoxication and other acute brain injuries. We recently demonstrated that NRG-1 blocked delayed neuronal death in rats intoxicated with the organophosphate (OP) neurotoxin diisopropylflurophosphate (DFP). It has been proposed that inflammatory mediators are involved in the pathogenesis of OP neurotoxin-mediated brain damage. Methods We examined the influence of NRG-1 on inflammatory responses in the rat brain following DFP intoxication. Microglial activation was determined by immunohistchemistry using anti-CD11b and anti-ED1 antibodies. Gene expression profiling was performed with brain tissues using Affymetrix gene arrays and analyzed using the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software. Cytokine mRNA levels following DFP and NRG-1 treatment was validated by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results DFP administration resulted in microglial activation in multiple brain regions, and this response was suppressed by treatment with NRG-1. Using microarray gene expression profiling, we observed that DFP increased mRNA levels of approximately 1,300 genes in the hippocampus 24 h after administration. NRG-1 treatment suppressed by 50% or more a small fraction of DFP-induced genes, which were primarily associated with inflammatory responses. Real-time RT-PCR confirmed that the mRNAs for pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were significantly increased following DFP exposure and that NRG-1 significantly attenuated this transcriptional response. In contrast, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) transcript levels were unchanged in both DFP and DFP + NRG-1 treated brains relative to controls. Conclusion Neuroprotection by NRG-1 against OP neurotoxicity is associated with the suppression of pro-inflammatory responses in brain microglia. These findings provide new insight regarding the molecular mechanisms involved in the neuroprotective role of NRG-1 in acute brain injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive, SW, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA.
| | - Pamela J Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Gregory D Ford
- Department of Biology, Morehouse College, 830 Westview Drive SW, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA.
| | - Cuimei Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive, SW, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA. .,Institute of Infectious Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central-South University, No.9 Chegongzhuang Avenue, Changsha, 100044, China.
| | - Kyndra C Stovall
- Department of Neurobiology, Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive, SW, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA. .,Department of Biology, Morehouse College, 830 Westview Drive SW, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA. .,Department of Physiology, Emory University, 201 Dowman Dr., Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Todd E White
- Department of Neurobiology, Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive, SW, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA.
| | - Donald A Bruun
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Teclemichael Tewolde
- Department of Neurobiology, Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive, SW, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA.
| | - Alicia S Gates
- Department of Neurobiology, Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive, SW, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA.
| | - Timothy J Distel
- Department of Neurobiology, Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive, SW, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA.
| | - Monique C Surles-Zeigler
- Department of Neurobiology, Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive, SW, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA.
| | - Byron D Ford
- Department of Neurobiology, Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive, SW, Atlanta, GA, 30310, USA.
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Reduction of experimental cerebral malaria and its related proinflammatory responses by the novel liposome-based β-methasone nanodrug. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:292471. [PMID: 25126550 PMCID: PMC4121993 DOI: 10.1155/2014/292471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is a severe complication of and a leading cause of death due to Plasmodium falciparum infection. CM is likely the result of interrelated events, including mechanical obstruction due to parasite sequestration in the microvasculature, and upregulation of Th1 immune responses. In parallel, blood-brain-barrier (BBB) breakdown and damage or death of microglia, astrocytes, and neurons occurs. We found that a novel formulation of a liposome-encapsulated glucocorticosteroid, β-methasone hemisuccinate (nSSL-BMS), prevents experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) in a murine model and creates a survival time-window, enabling administration of an antiplasmodial drug before severe anemia develops. nSSL-BMS treatment leads to lower levels of cerebral inflammation, expressed by altered levels of corresponding cytokines and chemokines. The results indicate the role of integrated immune responses in ECM induction and show that the new steroidal nanodrug nSSL-BMS reverses the balance between the Th1 and Th2 responses in malaria-infected mice so that the proinflammatory processes leading to ECM are prevented. Overall, because of the immunopathological nature of CM, combined immunomodulator/antiplasmodial treatment should be considered for prevention/treatment of human CM and long-term cognitive damage.
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