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Naik S, Katariya R, Shelke S, Patravale V, Umekar M, Kotagale N, Taksande B. Nattokinase prevents β-amyloid peptide (Aβ 1-42) induced neuropsychiatric complications, neuroinflammation and BDNF signalling disruption in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 952:175821. [PMID: 37263404 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by abnormal accumulation of extracellular β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques and neuronal damage. Although AD is typically considered a cognitive neurodegenerative disorder, almost all people diagnosed with AD develop neuropsychiatric complications at some stage in their life span. The present study investigated the effect of chronic Nattokinase (NK) administration on β-Amyloid peptide (Aβ1-42) induced neuropsychiatric conditions (depression-like behaviour, anxiety, and memory impairment) in mice. Aβ1-42 peptide injected mice demonstrated depression, anxiety, and impairment of cognitive abilities evaluated as increased immobility time in forced swim test (FST), decreased open arm time/entries in elevated plus maze (EPM) and reference and working memory error in radial arm maze (RAM) respectively with elevation in Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), reduction in Interleukin-10 (IL-10) and Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) immunocontent within the hippocampus. Chronic administration of NK (50-100 mg/kg, i.p.) from day 8-27, prevented depression-like behaviour, anxiety, and memory impairment and normalized the neurochemical alteration within the hippocampus of mice injected with Aβ1-42 peptide. The effect of NK on psychiatric complications, learning, and memory was comparable to peripheral donepezil treatment. This study suggests that NK improves learning, memory impairment, and neuropsychiatric complications possibly through the downregulation of neuroinflammatory pathways and restoring BDNF signalling in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivraj Naik
- Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019, India
| | - Raj Katariya
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, New Kamptee, Nagpur, MS, 441 002, India
| | - Shraddha Shelke
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, New Kamptee, Nagpur, MS, 441 002, India
| | - Vandana Patravale
- Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai, 400019, India
| | - Milind Umekar
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, New Kamptee, Nagpur, MS, 441 002, India
| | - Nandkishor Kotagale
- Government College of Pharmacy, Kathora Naka, VMV Road, Amravati, MS, 444604, India
| | - Brijesh Taksande
- Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, New Kamptee, Nagpur, MS, 441 002, India.
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Zakowicz P, Pawlak J, Kapelski P, Wiłkość-Dębczyńska M, Szałkowska A, Twarowska-Hauser J, Rybakowski J, Skibińska M. Genetic association study reveals impact of interleukin 10 polymorphisms on cognitive functions in schizophrenia. Behav Brain Res 2022; 419:113706. [PMID: 34875307 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM Cognitive deficits are the core factors impacting quality of life among patients diagnosed with schizophrenia. Effective method of treatment for this domain of symptoms remains lacking. Recent evidence suggests the link between impaired cognition and aberrant inflammatory response. Severity of symptoms might be linked to individual genetic predispositions and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes encoding interleukins and their receptors. Current genetic association studies include anti-inflammatory interleukins, such as IL10. Functional polymorphisms of IL10 (rs1800871, rs18008729) have been indicated to affect information processing in schizophrenia. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we analyzed the potential impact of 27 functional SNPs in 8 cytokine genes on cognitive parameters measured by Wisconsin card-sorting test (WCST) in schizophrenia group (n = 150) and healthy controls (n = 152). RESULTS We found significant associations of two functional polymorphisms of IL10 (rs1800871, rs1800872) and WCST results. Allele A carriers in rs1800871 performed significantly better in Percent of Conceptual Level Responses (CLR%). Allele A carriers in rs1800871 and allele T carriers in rs1800872 obtained better results in Completed Categories (CC). The impact of illness duration was observed, with better performance of recent-onset patients. CONCLUSIONS Results of this study indicate that genetic variants of inflammatory response are associated with cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. The role of cytokines in schizophrenia need to be investigated in the aspect of pro-/anti-inflammatory imbalance. Altered inflammatory response promote chronic mild inflammation in the brain and aberrant synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław Zakowicz
- Psychiatric Genetics Department, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland; Children and Adolescent Treatment Center, Zabór, Zielona Góra, Poland.
| | - Joanna Pawlak
- Psychiatric Genetics Department, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Paweł Kapelski
- Psychiatric Genetics Department, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Agnieszka Szałkowska
- Department of Psychiatry, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland
| | | | - Janusz Rybakowski
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Maria Skibińska
- Psychiatric Genetics Department, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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Patel RA, Wharton W, Bay AA, Nid L, Barter JD, Hackney ME. Association between anti-inflammatory interleukin-10 and executive function in African American women at risk for Alzheimer's disease. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2020; 42:647-659. [PMID: 32781877 PMCID: PMC9747330 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2020.1798879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION African-Americans (AAs) are 64% more likely to be diagnosed with AD than non-Hispanic Whites. AAs with elevated AD biomarkers exhibit greater neurodegeneration in AD signature regions compared to non-Hispanic Whites with elevated AD biomarkers. This pilot trial examined whether normal or elevated plasma levels of interleukin (IL)-10 are associated with changes in executive function and short-term memory in AA women at risk for developing AD due to parental history. METHOD Observational study comparing groups with elevated and normal plasma IL-10 levels. Study included 31 AA women (age=58.9±8 years) with parental history of AD. Measures included inflammatory blood biomarkers, executive function and visuospatial short-term memory tests. Multivariate linear regression with adjustment for comorbidities, and Bonferroni corrections for multiple comparisons were used to compare groups. Effect sizes (Cohen's d) were generated. Using endpoints with moderate-large effects between groups, Pearson correlations determined associations between biomarker levels and cognitive performance. RESULTS The elevated IL-10 group performed worse on the Trail-Making Test proportional score ((B-A)/A) (effect size (d =-0.87 (-1.6, -.1)). Moderate effects with large confident intervals were noted in inhibition, set-switching, and body position spatial memory. Significant differences between groups in levels of other inflammatory markers were noted, including IL-7 (p=0.002) and interferon γ (p=0.02). IL-7 remained significant after Bonferroni correction. Correlation matrices revealed moderate-large, significant correlations (yet with wide confidence intervals) between levels of IL-10 and IL-9 with BPST total correct trials, and between interferon γ and delayed recall. CONCLUSIONS Interleukins may incite inflammation, leading to impaired aspects of executive function and short-term memory in this sample of African American women at risk for developing AD. This research provides effect sizes that will be used to power future research that will further investigate the relationship between inflammation, AD biomarkers, and cognitive function in an understudied population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruhee A. Patel
- Emory University College of Arts and Sciences, Atlanta, USA
| | - Whitney Wharton
- Emory University School of Nursing, Atlanta, USA,Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
| | - Allison A. Bay
- Division of General Medicine and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
| | - Liang Nid
- Division of General Medicine and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA,Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, USA
| | - Jolie D. Barter
- Division of General Medicine and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA
| | - Madeleine E. Hackney
- Emory University School of Nursing, Atlanta, USA,Division of General Medicine and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, USA,Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VA Healthcare System, Decatur, GA, USA,Birmingham/Atlanta VA Geriatric Research Clinical and Education Center, Atlanta, USA
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4
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Wang H, Yang J, Schneider JA, De Jager PL, Bennett DA, Zhang HY. Genome-wide interaction analysis of pathological hallmarks in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2020; 93:61-68. [PMID: 32450446 PMCID: PMC9795865 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have identified many loci associated with Alzheimer's dementia. However, these variants only explain part of the heritability of Alzheimer's disease (AD). As genetic epistasis can be a major contributor to the "missing heritability" of AD, we conducted genome-wide epistasis screening for AD pathologies in 2 independent cohorts. First, we performed a genome-wide epistasis study of AD-related brain pathologies (Nmax = 1318) in ROS/MAP. Candidate interactions were validated using cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of AD in ADNI (Nmax = 1128). Further functional analysis tested the association of candidate interactions with neuroimaging phenotypes. For tau and amyloid-β pathology, we identified 2803 and 464 candidate SNP-SNP interactions, respectively. Associations of candidate SNP-SNP interactions with brain volume and white matter changes from neuroimages provides additional insights into their molecular functions. Transcriptional analysis supported possible gene-gene interactions identified by statistical screening through their co-expression in the brain. In summary, we outlined an exhaustive epistasis analysis to identify novel genetic interactions with potential roles in AD pathologies. We further delved into the functional relevance of candidate interactions by association with neuroimaging phenotypes and analysis of co-expression between corresponding gene pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jingyun Yang
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA,Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Julie A. Schneider
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA,Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA,Department of Pathology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Philip L De Jager
- Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA,Cell Circuits Program, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David A. Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA,Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA,Corresponding to Hong-Yu Zhang, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1 Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China, Tel: +86-27-87285085, , David A. Bennett, Rush Medical College, 600 S Paulina St, Chicago, IL 60612, USA, Tel: +1-312-942-4463,
| | - Hong-Yu Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China,Corresponding to Hong-Yu Zhang, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1 Shizishan Street, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China, Tel: +86-27-87285085, , David A. Bennett, Rush Medical College, 600 S Paulina St, Chicago, IL 60612, USA, Tel: +1-312-942-4463,
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5
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Belbin O, Morgan K, Medway C, Warden D, Cortina-Borja M, van Duijn CM, Adams HHH, Frank-Garcia A, Brookes K, Sánchez-Juan P, Alvarez V, Heun R, Kölsch H, Coto E, Kehoe PG, Rodriguez-Rodriguez E, Bullido MJ, Ikram MA, Smith AD, Lehmann DJ. The Epistasis Project: A Multi-Cohort Study of the Effects of BDNF, DBH, and SORT1 Epistasis on Alzheimer's Disease Risk. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 68:1535-1547. [PMID: 30909233 DOI: 10.3233/jad-181116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pre-synaptic secretion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) from noradrenergic neurons may protect the Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain from amyloid pathology. While the BDNF polymorphism (rs6265) is associated with faster cognitive decline and increased hippocampal atrophy, a replicable genetic association of BDNF with AD risk has yet to be demonstrated. This could be due to masking by underlying epistatic interactions between BDNF and other loci that encode proteins involved in moderating BDNF secretion (DBH and Sortilin). We performed a multi-cohort case-control association study of the BDNF, DBH, and SORT1 loci comprising 5,682 controls and 2,454 AD patients from Northern Europe (87% of samples) and Spain (13%). The BDNF locus was associated with increased AD risk (odds ratios; OR = 1.1-1.2, p = 0.005-0.3), an effect size that was consistent in the Northern European (OR = 1.1-1.2, p = 0.002-0.8) but not the smaller Spanish (OR = 0.8-1.6, p = 0.4-1.0) subset. A synergistic interaction between BDNF and sex (synergy factor; SF = 1.3-1.5 p = 0.002-0.02) translated to a greater risk of AD associated with BDNF in women (OR = 1.2-1.3, p = 0.007-0.00008) than men (OR = 0.9-1.0, p = 0.3-0.6). While the DBH polymorphism (rs1611115) was also associated with increased AD risk (OR = 1.1, p = 0.04) the synergistic interaction (SF = 2.2, p = 0.007) between BDNF (rs6265) and DBH (rs1611115) contributed greater AD risk than either gene alone, an effect that was greater in women (SF = 2.4, p = 0.04) than men (SF = 2.0, p = 0.2). These data support a complex genetic interaction at loci encoding proteins implicated in the DBH-BDNF inflammatory pathway that modifies AD risk, particularly in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Belbin
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Kevin Morgan
- Human Genetics School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Chris Medway
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Donald Warden
- Oxford Project to Investigate Memory and Ageing (OPTIMA), University Department of Pharmacology, Oxford, UK
| | - Mario Cortina-Borja
- Clinical Epidemiology, Nutrition and Biostatistics, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hieab H H Adams
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ana Frank-Garcia
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain.,Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (UAM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Keeley Brookes
- Human Genetics School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Pascual Sánchez-Juan
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain.,Neurology Service, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital (University of Cantabria and IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
| | - Victoria Alvarez
- Laboratorio de Genética, AGC Laboratorio de Medicina, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Reinhard Heun
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Heike Kölsch
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Eliecer Coto
- Laboratorio de Genética, AGC Laboratorio de Medicina, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Patrick G Kehoe
- Dementia Research Group, Bristol Medical School Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK
| | - Eloy Rodriguez-Rodriguez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain.,Neurology Service, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital (University of Cantabria and IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
| | - Maria J Bullido
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain.,Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (UAM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A David Smith
- Oxford Project to Investigate Memory and Ageing (OPTIMA), University Department of Pharmacology, Oxford, UK
| | - Donald J Lehmann
- Oxford Project to Investigate Memory and Ageing (OPTIMA), University Department of Pharmacology, Oxford, UK
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Sun P, Zhou W, Yue H, Zhang C, Ou Y, Yang Z, Hu W. Compound AD110 Acts as Therapeutic Management for Alzheimer's Disease and Stroke in Mouse and Rat Models. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:929-938. [PMID: 32105445 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-inflammatory therapy may be an effective therapeutic intervention for neurological diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and stroke. As an important anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-10 (IL-10) inhibits proinflammatory responses of both innate and adaptive immune cells. We tested the hypothesis that drug-induced promotion of IL-10 expression is effective in improving cognitive abilities and neurologic outcomes of AD and stroke. An orally small molecule AD110 was synthesized and subjected to in vitro and in vivo analyses. We found that AD110 enhanced IL-10 release in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated BV2 microglial cells. Y-Maze and Morris water maze tests showed improved cognitive abilities in AD mice treated with AD110. Moreover, AD110 attenuated cerebral ischemic injury in a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) rat model. This study not only provides a promising lead compound with IL-10-promoting activity, but also supports the hypothesis that promoting IL-10 expression is a potential therapeutic strategy for AD and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Sun
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Hu Yue
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
| | - Yitao Ou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
| | - Zhongjin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
| | - Wenhui Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
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7
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Cohen RA, Gullett JM, Woods AJ, Porges EC, Starkweather A, Jackson-Cook CK, Lynch-Kelly DL, Lyon DE. Cytokine-associated fatigue prior to, during, and post-chemotherapy for breast cancer. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 334:577001. [PMID: 31260949 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.577001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R A Cohen
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, Department of Clinical & Health Psychology, University of Florida, 1225 Center Drive, PO Box 100165, Gainesville, FL 32605-0165, USA.
| | - J M Gullett
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, Department of Clinical & Health Psychology, University of Florida, 1225 Center Drive, PO Box 100165, Gainesville, FL 32605-0165, USA.
| | - A J Woods
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, Department of Clinical & Health Psychology, University of Florida, 1225 Center Drive, PO Box 100165, Gainesville, FL 32605-0165, USA.
| | - E C Porges
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, Department of Clinical & Health Psychology, University of Florida, 1225 Center Drive, PO Box 100165, Gainesville, FL 32605-0165, USA.
| | - A Starkweather
- Center for Advancement in Managing Pain, University of Connecticut, School of Nursing, United States.
| | - C K Jackson-Cook
- Cytogenetic Diagnostics Laboratory, Virginia Commonwealth University, Colleen, United States.
| | - D L Lynch-Kelly
- College of Nursing, University of Florida, 1225 Center Drive, PO Box 100197, Gainesville, FL 32610-0197, USA
| | - D E Lyon
- College of Nursing, University of Florida, 1225 Center Drive, PO Box 100197, Gainesville, FL 32610-0197, USA.
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Epistasis detectably alters correlations between genomic sites in a narrow parameter window. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214036. [PMID: 31150393 PMCID: PMC6544209 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Different genomic sites evolve inter-dependently due to the combined action of epistasis, defined as a non-multiplicative contribution of alleles at different loci to genome fitness, and the physical linkage of different loci in genome. Both epistasis and linkage, partially compensated by recombination, cause correlations between allele frequencies at the loci (linkage disequilibrium, LD). The interaction and competition between epistasis and linkage are not fully understood, nor is their relative sensitivity to recombination. Modeling an adapting population in the presence of random mutation, natural selection, pairwise epistasis, and random genetic drift, we compare the contributions of epistasis and linkage. For this end, we use a panel of haplotype-based measures of LD and their various combinations calculated for epistatic and non-epistatic pairs separately. We compute the optimal percentages of detected and false positive pairs in a one-time sample of a population of moderate size. We demonstrate that true interacting pairs can be told apart in a sufficiently short genome within a narrow window of time and parameters. Outside of this parameter region, unless the population is extremely large, shared ancestry of individual sequences generates pervasive stochastic LD for non-interacting pairs masking true epistatic associations. In the presence of sufficiently strong recombination, linkage effects decrease faster than those of epistasis, and the detection of epistasis improves. We demonstrate that the epistasis component of locus association can be isolated, at a single time point, by averaging haplotype frequencies over multiple independent populations. These results demonstrate the existence of fundamental restrictions on the protocols for detecting true interactions in DNA sequence sets.
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9
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Pedruzzi G, Barlukova A, Rouzine IM. Evolutionary footprint of epistasis. PLoS Comput Biol 2018; 14:e1006426. [PMID: 30222748 PMCID: PMC6177197 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Variation of an inherited trait across a population cannot be explained by additive contributions of relevant genes, due to epigenetic effects and biochemical interactions (epistasis). Detecting epistasis in genomic data still represents a significant challenge that requires a better understanding of epistasis from the mechanistic point of view. Using a standard Wright-Fisher model of bi-allelic asexual population, we study how compensatory epistasis affects the process of adaptation. The main result is a universal relationship between four haplotype frequencies of a single site pair in a genome, which depends only on the epistasis strength of the pair defined regarding Darwinian fitness. We demonstrate the existence, at any time point, of a quasi-equilibrium between epistasis and disorder (entropy) caused by random genetic drift and mutation. We verify the accuracy of these analytic results by Monte-Carlo simulation over a broad range of parameters, including the topology of the interacting network. Thus, epistasis assists the evolutionary transit through evolutionary hurdles leaving marks at the level of haplotype disequilibrium. The method allows determining selection coefficient for each site and the epistasis strength of each pair from a sequence set. The resulting ability to detect clusters of deleterious mutation close to full compensation is essential for biomedical applications. These findings help to understand the role of epistasis in multiple compensatory mutations in viral resistance to antivirals and immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Pedruzzi
- Sorbonne Université, Institute de Biologie Paris-Seine, Laboratoire de Biologie Computationelle et Quantitative, Paris, France
| | - Ayuna Barlukova
- Sorbonne Université, Institute de Biologie Paris-Seine, Laboratoire de Biologie Computationelle et Quantitative, Paris, France
| | - Igor M. Rouzine
- Sorbonne Université, Institute de Biologie Paris-Seine, Laboratoire de Biologie Computationelle et Quantitative, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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10
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Magalhães CA, Carvalho MDG, Sousa LPD, Caramelli P, Gomes KB. Alzheimer’s disease and cytokine IL-10 gene polymorphisms: is there an association? ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2017; 75:649-656. [DOI: 10.1590/0004-282x20170110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. In the last 15 years, a new theory has proposed the autoimmune mechanism as a trigger for AD. Studies on the association between AD and inflammatory biomarkers have yielded controversial results. Interleukin-10 (IL-10), an anti-inflammatory mediator, has been pointed out as one of the main cytokines associated with the occurrence of AD. Moreover, treatment that increases IL-10 levels could be a potential therapy for AD, since this cytokine acts on amyloid and pro-inflammatory molecule reduction. Based on the current literature, this study reviews evidence regarding the role of IL-10 polymorphisms in the context of AD, which has been shown to be of paramount importance for attenuating neuroinflammation, cognitive dysfunction and neurodegeneration.
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11
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Raghavan N, Tosto G. Genetics of Alzheimer's Disease: the Importance of Polygenic and Epistatic Components. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2017; 17:78. [PMID: 28825204 PMCID: PMC5699909 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-017-0787-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We aimed to summarize the recent advances in genetic findings of Alzheimer's disease (AD), focusing on traditional single-marker and gene approaches and non-traditional ones, i.e., polygenic and epistatic components. RECENT FINDINGS Genetic studies have progressed over the last few decades from linkage to genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and most recently studies utilizing high-throughput sequencing. So far, GWASs have identified several common variants characterized by small effect sizes (besides APOE-ε4). Sequencing has facilitated the study of rare variants with larger effects. Nevertheless, missing heritability for AD remains extensive; a possible explanation might lie in the existence of polygenic and epistatic components. We review findings achieved by single-marker approaches, but also polygenic and epistatic associations. The latter two are critical, yet-underexplored mechanisms. Genes involved in complex diseases are likely regulated by mechanisms and pathways involving many other genes, an aspect potentially missed by traditional approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Raghavan
- The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 622 W. 168th Street PH 19-314, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Giuseppe Tosto
- The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 622 W. 168th Street PH 19-314, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 622 W. 168th Street PH 19-314, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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Toral-Rios D, Franco-Bocanegra D, Rosas-Carrasco O, Mena-Barranco F, Carvajal-García R, Meraz-Ríos MA, Campos-Peña V. Evaluation of inflammation-related genes polymorphisms in Mexican with Alzheimer's disease: a pilot study. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:148. [PMID: 26041990 PMCID: PMC4435067 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid peptide is able to promote the activation of microglia and astrocytes in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and this stimulates the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Inflammation contributes to the process of neurodegeneration and therefore is a key factor in the development of AD. Some of the most important proteins involved in AD inflammation are: clusterin (CLU), complement receptor 1 (CR1), C reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), the interleukins 1α (IL-1α), 6 (IL-6), 10 (IL-10) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2). In particular, COX-2 is encoded by the prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 gene (PTGS2). Since variations in the genes that encode these proteins may modify gene expression or function, it is important to investigate whether these variations may change the developing AD. The aim of this study was to determine whether the presence of polymorphisms in the genes encoding the aforementioned proteins is associated in Mexican patients with AD. Fourteen polymorphisms were genotyped in 96 subjects with AD and 100 controls; the differences in allele, genotype and haplotype frequencies were analyzed. Additionally, an ancestry analysis was conducted to exclude differences in genetic ancestry among groups as a confounding factor in the study. Significant differences in frequencies between AD and controls were found for the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs20417 within the PTGS2 gene. Ancestry analysis revealed no significant differences in the ancestry of the compared groups, and the association was significant even after adjustment for ancestry and correction for multiple testing, which strengthens the validity of the results. We conclude that this polymorphism plays an important role in the development of the AD pathology and further studies are required, including their proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danira Toral-Rios
- Departamento de Fisiología Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Diana Franco-Bocanegra
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Marco Antonio Meraz-Ríos
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Victoria Campos-Peña
- Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez Mexico City, Mexico
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Bridging the gap between statistical and biological epistasis in Alzheimer's disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:870123. [PMID: 26075270 PMCID: PMC4449899 DOI: 10.1155/2015/870123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease affects millions of people worldwide and incidence is expected to rise as the population ages, but no effective therapies exist despite decades of research and more than 20 known disease markers. Research has shown that Alzheimer's disease's missing heritability remains extensive with an estimated 25% of phenotypic variance unexplained by known variants. The missing heritability may be explained by missing variants or by epistasis. Researchers often focus on individual loci rather than epistatic interactions, which is likely an oversimplification of the underlying biology since most phenotypes are affected by multiple genes. Focusing research efforts on epistasis will be critical to resolving Alzheimer's disease etiology, and a major key to identifying and properly interpreting key epistatic interactions will be bridging the gap between statistical and biological epistasis. This review covers the current state of epistasis research in Alzheimer's disease and how researchers can bridge the gap between statistical and biological epistasis to help resolve Alzheimer's disease etiology.
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Williams SM. Epistasis in the risk of human neuropsychiatric disease. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1253:71-93. [PMID: 25403528 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2155-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disease represents the ideal class of disease to assess the role of epistasis, as more genes are expressed in the brain than in any other tissue. In this chapter, two well-studied neuropsychiatric diseases are examined, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and schizophrenia, which have been shown to have multiple and, often, replicated interactions that associate with clinical endpoints or related phenotypes. In each case, a single gene is represented in a plurality of epistatic interactions, apolipoprotein E (APOE) for AD and catechol-O-methyltransferase for schizophrenia. Interestingly, of the two, only APOE has clear-cut and consistent evidence for a marginal association. Unraveling the underlying reasons is important in understanding both genetic etiology and architecture as well as how to use genetics to provide better personalized treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Williams
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Quantitative Biomedical Sciences, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, 78 College ST, HB 6044, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA,
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DeCarlo CA, Tuokko HA, Williams D, Dixon RA, MacDonald SWS. BioAge: toward a multi-determined, mechanistic account of cognitive aging. Ageing Res Rev 2014; 18:95-105. [PMID: 25278166 PMCID: PMC4258131 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The search for reliable early indicators of age-related cognitive decline represents a critical avenue for progress in aging research. Chronological age is a commonly used developmental index; however, it offers little insight into the mechanisms underlying cognitive decline. In contrast, biological age (BioAge), reflecting the vitality of essential biological systems, represents a promising operationalization of developmental time. Current BioAge models have successfully predicted age-related cognitive deficits. Research on aging-related cognitive function indicates that the interaction of multiple risk and protective factors across the human lifespan confers individual risk for late-life cognitive decline, implicating a multi-causal explanation. In this review, we explore current BioAge models, describe three broad yet pathologically relevant biological processes linked to cognitive decline, and propose a novel operationalization of BioAge accounting for both moderating and causal mechanisms of cognitive decline and dementia. We argue that a multivariate and mechanistic BioAge approach will lead to a greater understanding of disease pathology as well as more accurate prediction and early identification of late-life cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Correne A DeCarlo
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada; Centre on Aging, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.
| | - Holly A Tuokko
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada; Centre on Aging, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Dorothy Williams
- Department of Geriatrics, West Coast General Hospital, Port Alberni, BC, Canada
| | - Roger A Dixon
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Stuart W S MacDonald
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada; Centre on Aging, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have become the focus of the statistical analysis of complex traits in humans, successfully shedding light on several aspects of genetic architecture and biological aetiology. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are usually modelled as having additive, cumulative and independent effects on the phenotype. Although evidently a useful approach, it is often argued that this is not a realistic biological model and that epistasis (that is, the statistical interaction between SNPs) should be included. The purpose of this Review is to summarize recent directions in methodology for detecting epistasis and to discuss evidence of the role of epistasis in human complex trait variation. We also discuss the relevance of epistasis in the context of GWASs and potential hazards in the interpretation of statistical interaction terms.
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Bi D, Chen M, Zhang X, Wang H, Xia L, Shang Q, Li T, Zhu D, Blomgren K, He L, Wang X, Xing Q, Zhu C. The association between sex-related interleukin-6 gene polymorphisms and the risk for cerebral palsy. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:100. [PMID: 24903966 PMCID: PMC4060844 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-11-100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between genetic factors and the development of cerebral palsy (CP) has recently attracted much attention. Polymorphisms in the genes encoding proinflammatory cytokines have been shown to be associated with susceptibility to perinatal brain injury and development of CP. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a proinflammatory cytokine that plays a pivotal role in neonatal brain injury, but conflicting results have been reported regarding the association between IL-6 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and CP. The purpose of this study was to analyze IL-6 gene polymorphisms and protein expression and to explore the role of IL-6 in the Chinese CP population. METHODS A total of 753 healthy controls and 713 CP patients were studied to detect the presence of five SNPs (rs1800796, rs2069837, rs2066992, rs2069840, and rs10242595) in the IL-6 locus. Of these, 77 healthy controls and 87 CP patients were selected for measurement of plasma IL-6 by Luminex assay. The SHEsis program was used to analyze the genotyping data. For all comparisons; multiple testing on each individual SNP was corrected by the SNPSpD program. RESULTS There were no differences in allele or genotype frequencies between the overall CP patients and controls among the five genetic polymorphisms. However, subgroup analysis found significant sex-related differences in allele and genotype frequencies. Differences were found between spastic CP and controls in males for rs2069837; between CP with periventricular leukomalacia and controls in males for rs1800796 and rs2066992; and between term CP and controls in males for rs2069837. Plasma IL-6 levels were higher in CP patients than in the controls, and this difference was more robust in full-term male spastic CP patients. Furthermore, the genotype has an effect on IL-6 synthesis. CONCLUSIONS The influence of IL-6 gene polymorphisms on IL-6 synthesis and the susceptibility to CP is related to sex and gestational age.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Qinghe Xing
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 7 Kangfu Street, 450052 Zhengzhou, China.
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Combarros O. Genetic Risk Factors for Alzheimer’s Disease. NEURODEGENER DIS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4471-6380-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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19
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Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Cross JV, Franco-Lira M, Aragón-Flores M, Kavanaugh M, Torres-Jardón R, Chao CK, Thompson C, Chang J, Zhu H, D'Angiulli A. Brain immune interactions and air pollution: macrophage inhibitory factor (MIF), prion cellular protein (PrP(C)), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), and interleukin-2 (IL-2) in cerebrospinal fluid and MIF in serum differentiate urban children exposed to severe vs. low air pollution. Front Neurosci 2013; 7:183. [PMID: 24133408 PMCID: PMC3794301 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mexico City Metropolitan Area children chronically exposed to high concentrations of air pollutants exhibit an early brain imbalance in genes involved in oxidative stress, inflammation, innate and adaptive immune responses along with accumulation of misfolded proteins observed in the early stages of Alzheimer and Parkinson's diseases. A complex modulation of serum cytokines and chemokines influences children's brain structural and gray/white matter volumetric responses to air pollution. The search for biomarkers associating systemic and CNS inflammation to brain growth and cognitive deficits in the short term and neurodegeneration in the long-term is our principal aim. We explored and compared a profile of cytokines, chemokines (Multiplexing LASER Bead Technology) and Cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) in normal cerebro-spinal-fluid (CSF) of urban children with high vs. low air pollution exposures. PrP(C) and macrophage inhibitory factor (MIF) were also measured in serum. Samples from 139 children ages 11.91 ± 4.2 years were measured. Highly exposed children exhibited significant increases in CSF MIF (p = 0.002), IL6 (p = 0.006), IL1ra (p = 0.014), IL-2 (p = 0.04), and PrP(C) (p = 0.039) vs. controls. MIF serum concentrations were higher in exposed children (p = 0.009). Our results suggest CSF as a MIF, IL6, IL1Ra, IL-2, and PrP(C) compartment that can possibly differentiate air pollution exposures in children. MIF, a key neuro-immune mediator, is a potential biomarker bridge to identify children with CNS inflammation. Fine tuning of immune-to-brain communication is crucial to neural networks appropriate functioning, thus the short and long term effects of systemic inflammation and dysregulated neural immune responses are of deep concern for millions of exposed children. Defining the linkage and the health consequences of the brain / immune system interactions in the developing brain chronically exposed to air pollutants ought to be of pressing importance for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Calderón-Garcidueñas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Center for Structural and Functional Neurosciences, The University of Montana Missoula, MT, USA ; Hospital Central Militar, Secretaria de la Defensa Nacional Mexico City, Mexico
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20
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Genetics of Alzheimer's disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:254954. [PMID: 23984328 PMCID: PMC3741956 DOI: 10.1155/2013/254954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia and is the only top 10 cause of death in the United States that lacks disease-altering treatments. It is a complex disorder with environmental and genetic components. There are two major types of Alzheimer's disease, early onset and the more common late onset. The genetics of early-onset Alzheimer's disease are largely understood with variants in three different genes leading to disease. In contrast, while several common alleles associated with late-onset Alzheimer's disease, including APOE, have been identified using association studies, the genetics of late-onset Alzheimer's disease are not fully understood. Here we review the known genetics of early- and late-onset Alzheimer's disease.
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The sex-specific associations of the aromatase gene with Alzheimer's disease and its interaction with IL10 in the Epistasis Project. Eur J Hum Genet 2013; 22:216-20. [PMID: 23736221 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2013.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Epistasis between interleukin-10 (IL10) and aromatase gene polymorphisms has previously been reported to modify the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, although the main effects of aromatase variants suggest a sex-specific effect in AD, there has been insufficient power to detect sex-specific epistasis between these genes to date. Here we used the cohort of 1757 AD patients and 6294 controls in the Epistasis Project. We replicated the previously reported main effects of aromatase polymorphisms in AD risk in women, for example, adjusted odds ratio of disease for rs1065778 GG=1.22 (95% confidence interval: 1.01-1.48, P=0.03). We also confirmed a reported epistatic interaction between IL10 rs1800896 and aromatase (CYP19A1) rs1062033, again only in women: adjusted synergy factor=1.94 (1.16-3.25, 0.01). Aromatase, a rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of estrogens, is expressed in AD-relevant brain regions ,and is downregulated during the disease. IL-10 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine. Given that estrogens have neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory activities and regulate microglial cytokine production, epistasis is biologically plausible. Diminishing serum estrogen in postmenopausal women, coupled with suboptimal brain estrogen synthesis, may contribute to the inflammatory state, that is a pathological hallmark of AD.
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Guerreiro R, Besson AA, Bellenger J, Ragot K, Lizard G, Faivre B, Sorci G. Correlational selection on pro- and anti-inflammatory effectors. Evolution 2013; 66:3615-23. [PMID: 23002997 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01708.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Parasites impose a permanent threat for hosts. As a consequence, immune defenses are important for host fitness. However, the immune response can also produce self-damage and impair host fitness if not properly regulated. Effectors that up- and downregulate the immune response should, therefore, evolve in concert, and be under the action of correlational selection. To address this issue, we assessed the shape of the selection operating on pro- and anti-inflammatory effectors following an inflammatory challenge in laboratory mice.We found that selection acts on the combination of these two traits as individuals that produced large amount of pro-inflammatory cytokines could achieve relatively high fitness (survival) only if also producing a large amount of anti-inflammatory effectors. To our knowledge, this is the first study providing evidence for correlational selection on immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Guerreiro
- Biogéosciences, CNRS UMR 6282, Universite´ de Bourgogne, 6 Bd Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France.
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Shi TY, Zhu ML, He J, Wang MY, Li QX, Zhou XY, Sun MH, Shao ZM, Yu KD, Cheng X, Wu X, Wei Q. Polymorphisms of the Interleukin 6 gene contribute to cervical cancer susceptibility in Eastern Chinese women. Hum Genet 2013. [PMID: 23180271 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-012-1245-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin 6 (IL6) encodes a cytokine protein, which functions in inflammation, maintains immune homeostasis and plays important roles in cervical carcinogenesis. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in IL6 that cause variations in host immune response may contribute to cervical cancer risk. In this two-stage case-control study with a total of 1,584 cervical cancer cases and 1,768 cancer-free female controls, we investigated associations between two IL6 SNPs and cervical cancer risk in Eastern Chinese women. In both Study 1 and Study 2, we found a significant association of the IL6-rs2069837 SNP with an increased risk of cervical cancer as well as in their combined data (OR 1.27 and 1.19, 95% CI 1.08-1.49 and 1.04-1.36, P = 0.004 and 0.014 for dominant and additive genetic models, respectively). Furthermore, rs2069837 variant AG/GG carriers showed significantly higher levels of IL6 protein than did rs2069837 AA carriers in the target tissues. Using multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) and classification and regression tree (CART) analyses, we observed some evidence of interactions of the IL6 rs2069837 SNP with age at primiparity and menopausal status in cervical cancer risk. We concluded that the IL6-rs2069837 SNP may be a marker for susceptibility to cervical cancer in Eastern Chinese women by a possible mechanism of altering the IL6 protein expression. Although lacked information on human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, our study also suggested possible interactions between IL6 genotypes and age at primiparity or menopausal status in cervical carcinogenesis. However, larger, independent studies with detailed HPV infection data are warranted to validate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Yan Shi
- Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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Bullock JM, Medway C, Cortina-Borja M, Turton JC, Prince JA, Ibrahim-Verbaas CA, Schuur M, Breteler MM, van Duijn CM, Kehoe PG, Barber R, Coto E, Alvarez V, Deloukas P, Hammond N, Combarros O, Mateo I, Warden DR, Lehmann MG, Belbin O, Brown K, Wilcock GK, Heun R, Kölsch H, Smith AD, Lehmann DJ, Morgan K. Discovery by the Epistasis Project of an epistatic interaction between the GSTM3 gene and the HHEX/IDE/KIF11 locus in the risk of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 34:1309.e1-7. [PMID: 23036584 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite recent discoveries in the genetics of sporadic Alzheimer's disease, there remains substantial "hidden heritability." It is thought that some of this missing heritability may be because of gene-gene, i.e., epistatic, interactions. We examined potential epistasis between 110 candidate polymorphisms in 1757 cases of Alzheimer's disease and 6294 control subjects of the Epistasis Project, divided between a discovery and a replication dataset. We found an epistatic interaction, between rs7483 in GSTM3 and rs1111875 in the HHEX/IDE/KIF11 gene cluster, with a closely similar, significant result in both datasets. The synergy factor (SF) in the combined dataset was 1.79, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.35-2.36; p = 0.00004. Consistent interaction was also found in 7 out of the 8 additional subsets that we examined post hoc: i.e., it was shown in both North Europe and North Spain, in both men and women, in both those with and without the ε4 allele of apolipoprotein E, and in people older than 75 years (SF, 2.27; 95% CI, 1.60-3.20; p < 0.00001), but not in those younger than 75 years (SF, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.59-1.91; p = 0.84). The association with Alzheimer's disease was purely epistatic with neither polymorphism showing an independent effect: odds ratio, 1.0; p ≥ 0.7. Indeed, each factor was associated with protection in the absence of the other factor, but with risk in its presence. In conclusion, this epistatic interaction showed a high degree of consistency when stratifying by sex, the ε4 allele of apolipoprotein E genotype, and geographic region.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Bullock
- Human Genetics, School of Molecular Medical Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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25
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Heun R, Kölsch H, Ibrahim-Verbaas CA, Combarros O, Aulchenko YS, Breteler M, Schuur M, van Duijn CM, Hammond N, Belbin O, Cortina-Borja M, Wilcock GK, Brown K, Barber R, Kehoe PG, Coto E, Alvarez V, Lehmann MG, Deloukas P, Mateo I, Morgan K, Warden DR, Smith AD, Lehmann DJ. Interactions between PPAR-α and inflammation-related cytokine genes on the development of Alzheimer's disease, observed by the Epistasis Project. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GENETICS 2012; 3:39-47. [PMID: 22493750 PMCID: PMC3316448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neuroinflammation contributes to the pathogenesis of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD). Variations in genes relevant to inflammation may be candidate genes for AD risk. Whole-genome association studies have identified relevant new and known genes. Their combined effects do not explain 100% of the risk, genetic interactions may contribute. We investigated whether genes involved in inflammation, i.e. PPAR-α, interleukins (IL) IL- 1α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 may interact to increase AD risk. METHODS The Epistasis Project identifies interactions that affect the risk of AD. Genotyping of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in PPARA, IL1A, IL1B, IL6 and IL10 was performed. Possible associations were analyzed by fitting logistic regression models with AD as outcome, controlling for centre, age, sex and presence of apolipoprotein ε4 allele (APOEε4). Adjusted synergy factors were derived from interaction terms (p<0.05 two-sided). RESULTS We observed four significant interactions between different SNPs in PPARA and in interleukins IL1A, IL1B, IL10 that may affect AD risk. There were no significant interactions between PPARA and IL6. CONCLUSIONS In addition to an association of the PPARA L162V polymorphism with the AD risk, we observed four significant interactions between SNPs in PPARA and SNPs in IL1A, IL1B and IL10 affecting AD risk. We prove that gene-gene interactions explain part of the heritability of AD and are to be considered when assessing the genetic risk. Necessary replications will require between 1450 and 2950 of both cases and controls, depending on the prevalence of the SNP, to have 80% power to detect the observed synergy factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Heun
- Department of Psychiatry, University of BonnBonn, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal Derby HospitalUttoxeter Road, Derby DE22 3WQ, UK
| | - Heike Kölsch
- Department of Psychiatry, University of BonnBonn, Germany
| | - Carla A Ibrahim-Verbaas
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC University Medical CenterRotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical CenterRotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Onofre Combarros
- Neurology Service and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital (University of Cantabria)39008 Santander, Spain
| | - Yurii S Aulchenko
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical CenterRotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Monique Breteler
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical CenterRotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maaike Schuur
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC University Medical CenterRotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical CenterRotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical CenterRotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Naomi Hammond
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger InstituteHinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Olivia Belbin
- School of Molecular Medical Sciences, Institute of Genetics, University of Nottingham, Queens Medical CentreNottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Mario Cortina-Borja
- MRC Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, Institute of Child Health, University College London30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Gordon K Wilcock
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Level 4, John Radcliffe HospitalOxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Kristelle Brown
- School of Molecular Medical Sciences, Institute of Genetics, University of Nottingham, Queens Medical CentreNottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Rachel Barber
- Dementia Research Group, Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Bristol, Frenchay HospitalFrenchay Bristol, BS16 1LE, UK
| | - Patrick G Kehoe
- Dementia Research Group, Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Bristol, Frenchay HospitalFrenchay Bristol, BS16 1LE, UK
| | - Eliecer Coto
- Genética Molecular, Hospital Central de AsturiasOviedo, Spain
| | | | - Michael G Lehmann
- Oxford Project to Investigate Memory and Ageing (OPTIMA), University Department of PharmacologyMansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Panos Deloukas
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger InstituteHinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Ignacio Mateo
- Neurology Service and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital (University of Cantabria)39008 Santander, Spain
| | - Kevin Morgan
- School of Molecular Medical Sciences, Institute of Genetics, University of Nottingham, Queens Medical CentreNottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Donald R Warden
- Oxford Project to Investigate Memory and Ageing (OPTIMA), University Department of PharmacologyMansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - A David Smith
- Oxford Project to Investigate Memory and Ageing (OPTIMA), University Department of PharmacologyMansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Donald J Lehmann
- Oxford Project to Investigate Memory and Ageing (OPTIMA), University Department of PharmacologyMansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
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Donev RM, Howell OW. Polymorphisms in neuropsychiatric and neuroinflammatory disorders and the role of next generation sequencing in early diagnosis and treatment. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2012; 89:85-116. [PMID: 23046883 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394287-6.00004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A number of polymorphisms have been implicated in different neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders. Polymorphisms in neurological disorders with a central immune component are well described, mainly due to their role in increasing neurodegeneration. For example, the role of polymorphisms in Alzheimer's disease in accumulation of amyloid plaques is now well established. In contrast, polymorphisms resulting in or affecting psychiatric disorders are less well studied and frequently are not replicated by meta-analysis. Furthermore, even if a significant association has been confirmed, the role of the identified polymorphism in causing and/or augmenting the disorder is often difficult to rationalize. Here, we review polymorphisms found associated with different neuroinflammatory and neuropsychiatric disorders and discuss the role of next generation sequencing in early diagnosis and treatment and as a tool in studying their functional consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossen M Donev
- Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.
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Kölsch H, Lehmann DJ, Ibrahim-Verbaas CA, Combarros O, van Duijn CM, Hammond N, Belbin O, Cortina-Borja M, Lehmann MG, Aulchenko YS, Schuur M, Breteler M, Wilcock GK, Brown K, Kehoe PG, Barber R, Coto E, Alvarez V, Deloukas P, Mateo I, Maier W, Morgan K, Warden DR, Smith AD, Heun R. Interaction of insulin and PPAR-α genes in Alzheimer's disease: the Epistasis Project. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2011; 119:473-9. [PMID: 22065208 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-011-0732-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Altered glucose metabolism has been described in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We re-investigated the interaction of the insulin (INS) and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARA) genes in AD risk in the Epistasis Project, including 1,757 AD cases and 6,294 controls. Allele frequencies of both SNPs (PPARA L162V, INS intron 0 A/T) differed between Northern Europeans and Northern Spanish. The PPARA 162LL genotype increased AD risk in Northern Europeans (p = 0.04), but not in Northern Spanish (p = 0.2). There was no association of the INS intron 0 TT genotype with AD. We observed an interaction on AD risk between PPARA 162LL and INS intron 0 TT genotypes in Northern Europeans (Synergy factor 2.5, p = 0.016), but not in Northern Spanish. We suggest that dysregulation of glucose metabolism contributes to the development of AD and might be due in part to genetic variations in INS and PPARA and their interaction especially in Northern Europeans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Kölsch
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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Capurso C. Has dysregulated interleukin-6 gene a role in the development of Alzheimer's disease? Neurosci Lett 2011; 504:1-3. [PMID: 21889969 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano Capurso
- Department of Geriatrics, University of Foggia, Ospedali Riuniti Viale L. Pinto, 71100 Foggia, Italy.
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29
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Oxidative Stress and β-Amyloid Protein in Alzheimer’s Disease. Neuromolecular Med 2011; 13:223-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s12017-011-8155-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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30
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Lehmann DJ, Refsum H, Warden DR, Medway C, Wilcock GK, Smith AD. The vitamin D receptor gene is associated with Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 2011; 504:79-82. [PMID: 21911036 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.08.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D may have a role in brain function. Low levels have been frequently associated with cognitive decline and may contribute to diseases of the nervous system. The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is widely expressed in human brain. Vitamin D appears to be neuroprotective and may regulate inflammation in the brain. We examined two VDR polymorphisms, Apa1 and Taq1. We used DNA from 255 Alzheimer's disease (AD) cases and 260 cognitively screened elderly controls from the longitudinal cohort of the Oxford Project to Investigate Memory and Ageing (OPTIMA). The presence of each of the linked alleles, Apa1 T and Taq1 G, was associated with the risk of AD, particularly in people <75 years old: odds ratios ≥3.0 and p≤0.005. We also found preliminary evidence of interactions associated with AD between these polymorphisms and two other genes involved in the regulation of inflammation, interleukin-10 (IL10) and dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH): synergy factors ≥3.4, uncorrected p<0.05. These associations are biologically plausible and are consistent with a role for vitamin D in AD. Nevertheless, we consider this to be a hypothesis-generating study, which needs to be replicated in a larger dataset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald J Lehmann
- Oxford Project to Investigate Memory and Ageing (OPTIMA), University Department of Pharmacology, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK.
| | - Helga Refsum
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway; University Department of Pharmacology, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK.
| | - Donald R Warden
- Oxford Project to Investigate Memory and Ageing (OPTIMA), University Department of Pharmacology, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK.
| | - Christopher Medway
- School of Molecular Medical Sciences, Institute of Genetics, University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
| | - Gordon K Wilcock
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Level 4, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
| | - A David Smith
- Oxford Project to Investigate Memory and Ageing (OPTIMA), University Department of Pharmacology, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK.
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Ma SL, Lam LCW. Panel of Genetic Variations as a Potential Non-invasive Biomarker for Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2011; 9:54-66. [PMID: 23429712 PMCID: PMC3569084 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2011.9.2.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia. Biomarkers such as levels of amyloid beta (Aβ) in cerebrospinal fluid and ApoE genotyping were suggested for the diagnosis of AD, however, the result is either non-conclusive or with invasive procedure. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) for AD suggested single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in many genes are associated with the risk of AD, but each only contributed with small effect to the disease. By incorporating a panel of established genetic susceptibility factors, the risk of an individual in getting AD could be better estimated. Further research will be required to reveal if adding to the current well-developed clinical diagnosis protocol, the accuracy and specificity of diagnosis of AD would be greatly improved and if this might also be beneficial in identifying pre-symptomatic AD patients for early diagnosis and intervention of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk Ling Ma
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. ; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Sárvári M, Hrabovszky E, Kalló I, Solymosi N, Tóth K, Likó I, Széles J, Mahó S, Molnár B, Liposits Z. Estrogens regulate neuroinflammatory genes via estrogen receptors α and β in the frontal cortex of middle-aged female rats. J Neuroinflammation 2011; 8:82. [PMID: 21774811 PMCID: PMC3161870 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Estrogens exert anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in the brain mainly via estrogen receptors α (ERα) and β (ERβ). These receptors are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily of ligand-dependent transcription factors. This study was aimed at the elucidation of the effects of ERα and ERβ agonists on the expression of neuroinflammatory genes in the frontal cortex of aging female rats. Methods To identify estrogen-responsive immunity/inflammation genes, we treated middle-aged, ovariectomized rats with 17β-estradiol (E2), ERα agonist 16α-lactone-estradiol (16α-LE2) and ERβ agonist diarylpropionitrile (DPN), or vehicle by Alzet minipump delivery for 29 days. Then we compared the transcriptomes of the frontal cortex of estrogen-deprived versus ER agonist-treated animals using Affymetrix Rat230 2.0 expression arrays and TaqMan-based quantitative real-time PCR. Microarray and PCR data were evaluated by using Bioconductor packages and the RealTime StatMiner software, respectively. Results Microarray analysis revealed the transcriptional regulation of 21 immunity/inflammation genes by 16α-LE2. The subsequent comparative real-time PCR study analyzed the isotype specific effects of ER agonists on neuroinflammatory genes of primarily glial origin. E2 regulated the expression of sixteen genes, including down-regulation of complement C3 and C4b, Ccl2, Tgfb1, macrophage expressed gene Mpeg1, RT1-Aw2, Cx3cr1, Fcgr2b, Cd11b, Tlr4 and Tlr9, and up-regulation of defensin Np4 and RatNP-3b, IgG-2a, Il6 and ER gene Esr1. Similar to E2, both 16α-LE2 and DPN evoked up-regulation of defensins, IgG-2a and Il6, and down-regulation of C3 and its receptor Cd11b, Ccl2, RT1-Aw2 and Fcgr2b. Conclusions These findings provide evidence that E2, 16α-LE2 and DPN modulate the expression of neuroinflammatory genes in the frontal cortex of middle-aged female rats via both ERα and ERβ. We propose that ERβ is a promising target to suppress regulatory functions of glial cells in the E2-deprived female brain and in various neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miklós Sárvári
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szigony utca 43, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
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Piguet O. Eating disturbance in behavioural-variant frontotemporal dementia. J Mol Neurosci 2011; 45:589-93. [PMID: 21584651 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-011-9547-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Behavioural-variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) is a progressive neurodegenerative brain disorder, clinically characterised by changes in cognition, personality and behaviour. Marked disturbances in eating behaviour, such as overeating and preference for sweet foods, are also commonly reported. This paper reviews the current literature on eating abnormalities in bvFTD, their clinical characteristics and biological correlates, and the contribution of hypothalamus to eating regulation. Existing literature shows that disturbance in an orbitofrontal-insular-striatal brain network underlies the emergence of eating disturbance in bvFTD. In addition, recent evidence indicates that degeneration and consequent dysregulation within the hypothalamus relates to significant feeding disturbance in this disease. These findings could provide a basis for the development of therapeutic models in bvFTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Piguet
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Barker St, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia.
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The dopamine β-hydroxylase -1021C/T polymorphism is associated with the risk of Alzheimer's disease in the Epistasis Project. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2010; 11:162. [PMID: 21070631 PMCID: PMC2994840 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-11-162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background The loss of noradrenergic neurones of the locus coeruleus is a major feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH) catalyses the conversion of dopamine to noradrenaline. Interactions have been reported between the low-activity -1021T allele (rs1611115) of DBH and polymorphisms of the pro-inflammatory cytokine genes, IL1A and IL6, contributing to the risk of AD. We therefore examined the associations with AD of the DBH -1021T allele and of the above interactions in the Epistasis Project, with 1757 cases of AD and 6294 elderly controls. Methods We genotyped eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the three genes, DBH, IL1A and IL6. We used logistic regression models and synergy factor analysis to examine potential interactions and associations with AD. Results We found that the presence of the -1021T allele was associated with AD: odds ratio = 1.2 (95% confidence interval: 1.06-1.4, p = 0.005). This association was nearly restricted to men < 75 years old: odds ratio = 2.2 (1.4-3.3, 0.0004). We also found an interaction between the presence of DBH -1021T and the -889TT genotype (rs1800587) of IL1A: synergy factor = 1.9 (1.2-3.1, 0.005). All these results were consistent between North Europe and North Spain. Conclusions Extensive, previous evidence (reviewed here) indicates an important role for noradrenaline in the control of inflammation in the brain. Thus, the -1021T allele with presumed low activity may be associated with misregulation of inflammation, which could contribute to the onset of AD. We suggest that such misregulation is the predominant mechanism of the association we report here.
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Lehmann DJ, Schuur M, Warden DR, Hammond N, Belbin O, Kölsch H, Lehmann MG, Wilcock GK, Brown K, Kehoe PG, Morris CM, Barker R, Coto E, Alvarez V, Deloukas P, Mateo I, Gwilliam R, Combarros O, Arias-Vásquez A, Aulchenko YS, Ikram MA, Breteler MM, van Duijn CM, Oulhaj A, Heun R, Cortina-Borja M, Morgan K, Robson K, Smith AD. Transferrin and HFE genes interact in Alzheimer's disease risk: the Epistasis Project. Neurobiol Aging 2010; 33:202.e1-13. [PMID: 20817350 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2010] [Revised: 07/09/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Iron overload may contribute to the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the Epistasis Project, with 1757 cases of AD and 6295 controls, we studied 4 variants in 2 genes of iron metabolism: hemochromatosis (HFE) C282Y and H63D, and transferrin (TF) C2 and -2G/A. We replicated the reported interaction between HFE 282Y and TF C2 in the risk of AD: synergy factor, 1.75 (95% confidence interval, 1.1-2.8, p = 0.02) in Northern Europeans. The synergy factor was 3.1 (1.4-6.9; 0.007) in subjects with the APOEε4 allele. We found another interaction, between HFE 63HH and TF -2AA, markedly modified by age. Both interactions were found mainly or only in Northern Europeans. The interaction between HFE 282Y and TF C2 has now been replicated twice, in altogether 2313 cases of AD and 7065 controls, and has also been associated with increased iron load. We therefore suggest that iron overload may be a causative factor in the development of AD. Treatment for iron overload might thus be protective in some cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald J Lehmann
- Oxford Project to Investigate Memory and Ageing, University Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Oxford, UK.
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Abstract
Motivation: The sequencing of the human genome has made it possible to identify an informative set of >1 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across the genome that can be used to carry out genome-wide association studies (GWASs). The availability of massive amounts of GWAS data has necessitated the development of new biostatistical methods for quality control, imputation and analysis issues including multiple testing. This work has been successful and has enabled the discovery of new associations that have been replicated in multiple studies. However, it is now recognized that most SNPs discovered via GWAS have small effects on disease susceptibility and thus may not be suitable for improving health care through genetic testing. One likely explanation for the mixed results of GWAS is that the current biostatistical analysis paradigm is by design agnostic or unbiased in that it ignores all prior knowledge about disease pathobiology. Further, the linear modeling framework that is employed in GWAS often considers only one SNP at a time thus ignoring their genomic and environmental context. There is now a shift away from the biostatistical approach toward a more holistic approach that recognizes the complexity of the genotype–phenotype relationship that is characterized by significant heterogeneity and gene–gene and gene–environment interaction. We argue here that bioinformatics has an important role to play in addressing the complexity of the underlying genetic basis of common human diseases. The goal of this review is to identify and discuss those GWAS challenges that will require computational methods. Contact:jason.h.moore@dartmouth.edu
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason H Moore
- Department of Genetics, Department of Community and Family Medicine, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
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Association of the aromatase gene with Alzheimer's disease in women. Neurosci Lett 2010; 468:202-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.10.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2009] [Revised: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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