1
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Placzek M, Wilton DK, Weïwer M, Manter MA, Reid SE, Meyer CJ, Campbell AJ, Bajrami B, Bigot A, Bricault S, Fayet A, Frouin A, Gergits F, Gupta M, Jiang W, Melanson M, Romano CD, Riley MM, Wang JM, Wey HY, Wagner FF, Stevens B, Hooker JM. A Fast-Binding, Functionally Reversible, COX-2 Radiotracer for CNS PET Imaging. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2024; 10:1105-1114. [PMID: 38799654 PMCID: PMC11117721 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c01564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is an enzyme that plays a pivotal role in peripheral inflammation and pain via the prostaglandin pathway. In the central nervous system (CNS), COX-2 is implicated in neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders as a potential therapeutic target and biomarker. However, clinical studies with COX-2 have yielded inconsistent results, partly due to limited mechanistic understanding of how COX-2 activity relates to CNS pathology. Therefore, developing COX-2 positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracers for human neuroimaging is of interest. This study introduces [11C]BRD1158, which is a potent and uniquely fast-binding, selective COX-2 PET radiotracer. [11C]BRD1158 was developed by prioritizing potency at COX-2, isoform selectivity over COX-1, fast binding kinetics, and free fraction in the brain. Evaluated through in vivo PET neuroimaging in rodent models with human COX-2 overexpression, [11C]BRD1158 demonstrated high brain uptake, fast target-engagement, functional reversibility, and excellent specific binding, which is advantageous for human imaging applications. Lastly, post-mortem samples from Huntington's disease (HD) patients and preclinical HD mouse models showed that COX-2 levels were elevated specifically in disease-affected brain regions, primarily from increased expression in microglia. These findings indicate that COX-2 holds promise as a novel clinical marker of HD onset and progression, one of many potential applications of [11C]BRD1158 human PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael
S. Placzek
- Athinoula
A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Daniel K. Wilton
- Department
of Neurology and F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s
Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Michel Weïwer
- Center
for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad
Institute of MIT and Harvard, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Mariah A. Manter
- Athinoula
A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
- Lurie
Center for Autism, 1
Maguire Road, Lexington, Massachusetts 02421, United States
- Massachusetts
General Hospital, 55
Fruit St., Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Sarah E. Reid
- Athinoula
A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Christopher J. Meyer
- Center
for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad
Institute of MIT and Harvard, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Arthur J. Campbell
- Center
for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad
Institute of MIT and Harvard, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Besnik Bajrami
- Center
for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad
Institute of MIT and Harvard, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Antoine Bigot
- Center
for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad
Institute of MIT and Harvard, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Sarah Bricault
- Athinoula
A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Agathe Fayet
- Center
for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad
Institute of MIT and Harvard, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Arnaud Frouin
- Department
of Neurology and F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s
Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Frederick Gergits
- Department
of Neurology and F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s
Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Mehak Gupta
- Center
for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad
Institute of MIT and Harvard, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Wei Jiang
- Center
for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad
Institute of MIT and Harvard, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Michelle Melanson
- Center
for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad
Institute of MIT and Harvard, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Chiara D. Romano
- Center
for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad
Institute of MIT and Harvard, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Misha M. Riley
- Athinoula
A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Jessica M. Wang
- Athinoula
A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Hsiao-Ying Wey
- Athinoula
A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Florence F. Wagner
- Center
for the Development of Therapeutics, Broad
Institute of MIT and Harvard, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Beth Stevens
- Department
of Neurology and F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children’s
Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Stanley
Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute
of MIT and Harvard, 75 Ames Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United
- Howard
Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jacob M. Hooker
- Athinoula
A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
- Lurie
Center for Autism, 1
Maguire Road, Lexington, Massachusetts 02421, United States
- Massachusetts
General Hospital, 55
Fruit St., Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
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2
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Assis-de-Lemos G, Moura-do-Nascimento R, Amaral-do-Nascimento M, Miceli AC, Vieira TCRG. Interactions between Cytokines and the Pathogenesis of Prion Diseases: Insights and Implications. Brain Sci 2024; 14:413. [PMID: 38790392 PMCID: PMC11117815 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14050413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs), including prion diseases such as Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (Mad Cow Disease) and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, pose unique challenges to the scientific and medical communities due to their infectious nature, neurodegenerative effects, and the absence of a cure. Central to the progression of TSEs is the conversion of the normal cellular prion protein (PrPC) into its infectious scrapie form (PrPSc), leading to neurodegeneration through a complex interplay involving the immune system. This review elucidates the current understanding of the immune response in prion diseases, emphasizing the dual role of the immune system in both propagating and mitigating the disease through mechanisms such as glial activation, cytokine release, and blood-brain barrier dynamics. We highlight the differential cytokine profiles associated with various prion strains and stages of disease, pointing towards the potential for cytokines as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Immunomodulatory strategies are discussed as promising avenues for mitigating neuroinflammation and delaying disease progression. This comprehensive examination of the immune response in TSEs not only advances our understanding of these enigmatic diseases but also sheds light on broader neuroinflammatory processes, offering hope for future therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Tuane C. R. G. Vieira
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis and National Institute of Science and Technology for Structural Biology and Bioimaging, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil; (G.A.-d.-L.); (R.M.-d.-N.); (M.A.-d.-N.); (A.C.M.)
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3
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Lee J, Hong S, Ahn M, Kim J, Moon C, Matsuda H, Tanaka A, Nomura Y, Jung K, Shin T. Eugenol alleviates the symptoms of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice by suppressing inflammatory responses. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 128:111479. [PMID: 38215654 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Eugenol is a principal compound in essential clove oil, known for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. While recent studies have demonstrated its neuroprotective effects on central nervous system (CNS) injuries, such as brain ischemia/reperfusion injuries, but its potential impact on multiple sclerosis (MS), an autoimmune disease of the CNS, has not yet been explored. We evaluated the therapeutic effects of eugenol on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an established animal model of MS. EAE was induced in C57BL/6 mice using the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35-55 peptide. Clinical symptoms, including paralysis, were monitored daily, and levels of pro-inflammatory mediators were evaluated using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Western blot analyses, and immunohistochemistry. Daily oral administration of eugenol to MOG-induced EAE mice led to a notable decline in the severity of clinical symptoms. Eugenol inhibited EAE-related immune cell infiltration and the production of pro-inflammatory mediators. Histological examinations confirmed its ability to mitigate inflammation and demyelination in the spinal cord post-EAE induction. Eugenol alleviates neuroinflammation in the spinal cords of EAE-induced mice, primarily through anti-inflammatory action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Lee
- Functional Biomaterials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 181 Ipsin-gil, Jeongeup-si, Jeonbuk 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungmoo Hong
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Meejung Ahn
- Department of Animal Science, College of Life Science, Sangji University, Wonju 26339, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongtae Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49267, Republic of Korea
| | - Changjong Moon
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Animal Behavior, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 Plus Project Team, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hiroshi Matsuda
- Laboratory of Comparative Animal Medicine, Division of Animal Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Akane Tanaka
- Cooperative Major in Advanced Health Science, Graduate School of Bio-Applications and System Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nomura
- Scleroprotein and Leather Research Institute, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyungsook Jung
- Functional Biomaterials Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 181 Ipsin-gil, Jeongeup-si, Jeonbuk 56212, Republic of Korea.
| | - Taekyun Shin
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Broos JY, van der Burgt RTM, Konings J, Rijnsburger M, Werz O, de Vries HE, Giera M, Kooij G. Arachidonic acid-derived lipid mediators in multiple sclerosis pathogenesis: fueling or dampening disease progression? J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:21. [PMID: 38233951 PMCID: PMC10792915 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02981-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS), characterized by neuroinflammation, demyelination, and neurodegeneration. Considering the increasing prevalence among young adults worldwide and the disabling phenotype of the disease, a deeper understanding of the complexity of the disease pathogenesis is needed to ultimately improve diagnosis and personalize treatment opportunities. Recent findings suggest that bioactive lipid mediators (LM) derived from ω-3/-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), also termed eicosanoids, may contribute to MS pathogenesis. For example, disturbances in LM profiles and especially those derived from the ω-6 PUFA arachidonic acid (AA) have been reported in people with MS (PwMS), where they may contribute to the chronicity of neuroinflammatory processes. Moreover, we have previously shown that certain AA-derived LMs also associated with neurodegenerative processes in PwMS, suggesting that AA-derived LMs are involved in more pathological events than solely neuroinflammation. Yet, to date, a comprehensive overview of the contribution of these LMs to MS-associated pathological processes remains elusive. MAIN BODY This review summarizes and critically evaluates the current body of literature on the eicosanoid biosynthetic pathway and its contribution to key pathological hallmarks of MS during different disease stages. Various parts of the eicosanoid pathway are highlighted, namely, the prostanoid, leukotriene, and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) biochemical routes that include specific enzymes of the cyclooxygenases (COXs) and lipoxygenases (LOX) families. In addition, cellular sources of LMs and their potential target cells based on receptor expression profiles will be discussed in the context of MS. Finally, we propose novel therapeutic approaches based on eicosanoid pathway and/or receptor modulation to ultimately target chronic neuroinflammation, demyelination and neurodegeneration in MS. SHORT CONCLUSION The eicosanoid pathway is intrinsically linked to specific aspects of MS pathogenesis. Therefore, we propose that novel intervention strategies, with the aim of accurately modulating the eicosanoid pathway towards the biosynthesis of beneficial LMs, can potentially contribute to more patient- and MS subtype-specific treatment opportunities to combat MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle Y Broos
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, location VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rianne T M van der Burgt
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, location VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Julia Konings
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, location VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Merel Rijnsburger
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, location VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Helga E de Vries
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Giera
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs Kooij
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- MS Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, location VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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5
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Gudi V, Grieb P, Linker RA, Skripuletz T. CDP-choline to promote remyelination in multiple sclerosis: the need for a clinical trial. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:2599-2605. [PMID: 37449595 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.373671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a multifactorial chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system that leads to demyelination and neuronal cell death, resulting in functional disability. Remyelination is the natural repair process of demyelination, but it is often incomplete or fails in multiple sclerosis. Available therapies reduce the inflammatory state and prevent clinical relapses. However, therapeutic approaches to increase myelin repair in humans are not yet available. The substance cytidine-5'-diphosphocholine, CDP-choline, is ubiquitously present in eukaryotic cells and plays a crucial role in the synthesis of cellular phospholipids. Regenerative properties have been shown in various animal models of diseases of the central nervous system. We have already shown that the compound CDP-choline improves myelin regeneration in two animal models of multiple sclerosis. However, the results from the animal models have not yet been studied in patients with multiple sclerosis. In this review, we summarise the beneficial effects of CDP-choline on biolipid metabolism and turnover with regard to inflammatory and regenerative processes. We also explain changes in phospholipid and sphingolipid homeostasis in multiple sclerosis and suggest a possible therapeutic link to CDP-choline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Gudi
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Paweł Grieb
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ralf A Linker
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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6
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Gorica E, Calderone V. Arachidonic Acid Derivatives and Neuroinflammation. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2021; 21:118-129. [PMID: 33557740 DOI: 10.2174/1871527320666210208130412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is characterized by dysregulated inflammatory responses localized within the brain and spinal cord. Neuroinflammation plays a pivotal role in the onset of several neurodegenerative disorders and is considered a typical feature of these disorders. Microglia perform primary immune surveillance and macrophage-like activities within the central nervous system. Activated microglia are predominant players in the central nervous system response to damage related to stroke, trauma, and infection. Moreover, microglial activation per se leads to a proinflammatory response and oxidative stress. During the release of cytokines and chemokines, cyclooxygenases and phospholipase A2 are stimulated. Elevated levels of these compounds play a significant role in immune cell recruitment into the brain. Cyclic phospholipase A2 plays a fundamental role in the production of prostaglandins by releasing arachidonic acid. In turn, arachidonic acid is biotransformed through different routes into several mediators that are endowed with pivotal roles in the regulation of inflammatory processes. Some experimental models of neuroinflammation exhibit an increase in cyclic phospholipase A2, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins such as prostaglandin E2, prostaglandin D2, or prostacyclin. However, findings on the role of the prostacyclin receptors have revealed that their signalling suppresses Th2-mediated inflammatory responses. In addition, other in vitro evidence suggests that prostaglandin E2 may inhibit the production of some inflammatory cytokines, attenuating inflammatory events such as mast cell degranulation or inflammatory leukotriene production. Based on these conflicting experimental data, the role of arachidonic acid derivatives in neuroinflammation remains a challenging issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Era Gorica
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa. Italy
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7
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Hoxha M, Spahiu E, Prendi E, Zappacosta B. A Systematic Review on the Role of Arachidonic Acid Pathway in Multiple Sclerosis. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2020; 21:160-187. [PMID: 32842948 DOI: 10.2174/1871527319666200825164123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory neurodegenerative disease characterized by destruction of oligodendrocytes, immune cell infiltration and demyelination. Inflammation plays a significant role in MS, and the inflammatory mediators such as eicosanoids, leukotrienes, superoxide radicals are involved in pro-inflammatory responses in MS. In this systematic review we tried to define and discuss all the findings of in vivo animal studies and human clinical trials on the potential association between arachidonic acid (AA) pathway and multiple sclerosis. METHODS A systematic literature search across Pubmed, Scopus, Embase and Cochrane database was conducted. This systematic review was performed according to PRISMA guidelines. RESULTS A total of 146 studies were included, of which 34 were conducted in animals, 58 in humans, and 60 studies reported the role of different compounds that target AA mediators or their corresponding enzymes/ receptors, and can have a therapeutic effect in MS. These results suggest that eicosanoids have significant roles in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and MS. The data from animal and human studies elucidated that PGI2, PGF2α, PGD2, isoprostanes, PGE2, PLA2, LTs are increased in MS. PLA2 inhibition modulates the progression of the disease. PGE1 analogues can be a useful option in the treatment of MS. CONCLUSIONS All studies reported the beneficial effects of COX and LOX inhibitors in MS. The hybrid compounds, such as COX-2 inhibitors/TP antagonists and 5-LOX inhibitors can be an innovative approach for multiple sclerosis treatment. Future work in MS should shed light in synthesizing new compounds targeting arachidonic acid pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malvina Hoxha
- Department of Chemical-Toxicological and Pharmacological Evaluations of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Catholic University Our Lady of Good Counsel, Rruga Dritan Hoxha, Tirana. Albania
| | | | - Emanuela Prendi
- Catholic University Our Lady of Good Counsel, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Rruga Dritan Hoxha, Tirana. Albania
| | - Bruno Zappacosta
- Department of Chemical-Toxicological and Pharmacological Evaluations of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Catholic University Our Lady of Good Counsel, Rruga Dritan Hoxha, Tirana. Albania
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8
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Vo NNQ, Nomura Y, Muranaka T, Fukushima EO. Structure-Activity Relationships of Pentacyclic Triterpenoids as Inhibitors of Cyclooxygenase and Lipoxygenase Enzymes. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 82:3311-3320. [PMID: 31774676 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pentacyclic triterpenes may be active agents and provide a rich natural resource of promising compounds for drug development. The inhibitory activities of 29 natural oleanane and ursane pentacyclic triterpenes were evaluated against four major enzymes involved in the inflammatory process: 5-LOX, 15-LOX-2, COX-1, and COX-2. It was found that 3-O-acetyl-β-boswellic acid potently inhibited human 15-LOX-2 (IC50 = 12.2 ± 0.47 μM). Analysis of the structure-activity relationships revealed that the presence of a hydroxy group at position 24 was beneficial in terms of both 5-LOX and COX-1 inhibition. Notably, the introduction of a carboxylic acid group at position 30 was important for dual 5-LOX/COX inhibitory activity; furthermore, its combination with a carbonyl group at C-11 considerably increased 5-LOX inhibition. Also, the presence of an α-hydroxy group at C-2 or a carboxylic acid group at C-23 markedly suppressed the 5-LOX activity. The present findings reveal that the types and configurations of polar moieties at positions C-2, -3, -11, -24, and -30 are important structural aspects of pentacyclic triterpenes for their potential as anti-inflammatory lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhu Ngoc Quynh Vo
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering , Osaka University , 2-1 Yamadaoka , Suita , Osaka 565-0871 , Japan
| | - Yuhta Nomura
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering , Osaka University , 2-1 Yamadaoka , Suita , Osaka 565-0871 , Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science , 2-1 Hirosawa , Wako , Saitama 351-0198 , Japan
| | - Toshiya Muranaka
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering , Osaka University , 2-1 Yamadaoka , Suita , Osaka 565-0871 , Japan
| | - Ery Odette Fukushima
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering , Osaka University , 2-1 Yamadaoka , Suita , Osaka 565-0871 , Japan
- Center for Open Innovation Research and Education, Graduate School of Engineering , Osaka University , 2-1 Yamadaoka , Suita , Osaka 565-0871 , Japan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences , Universidad Regional Amazónica IKIAM , Vía Muyuna Km 7 , Tena , Ecuador
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9
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Ferrer MD, Busquets-Cortés C, Capó X, Tejada S, Tur JA, Pons A, Sureda A. Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors as a Therapeutic Target in Inflammatory Diseases. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:3225-3241. [PMID: 29756563 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180514112124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation plays a crucial role in the development of many complex diseases and disorders including autoimmune diseases, metabolic syndrome, neurodegenerative diseases, and cardiovascular pathologies. Prostaglandins play a regulatory role in inflammation. Cyclooxygenases are the main mediators of inflammation by catalyzing the initial step of arachidonic acid metabolism and prostaglandin synthesis. The differential expression of the constitutive isoform COX-1 and the inducible isoform COX-2, and the finding that COX-1 is the major form expressed in the gastrointestinal tract, lead to the search for COX-2-selective inhibitors as anti-inflammatory agents that might diminish the gastrointestinal side effects of traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). COX-2 isoform is expressed predominantly in inflammatory cells and decidedly upregulated in chronic and acute inflammations, becoming a critical target for many pharmacological inhibitors. COX-2 selective inhibitors happen to show equivalent efficacy with that of conventional NSAIDs, but they have reduced gastrointestinal side effects. This review would elucidate the most recent findings on selective COX-2 inhibition and their relevance to human pathology, concretely in inflammatory pathologies characterized by a prolonged pro-inflammatory status, including autoimmune diseases, metabolic syndrome, obesity, atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, arthritis, chronic inflammatory bowel disease and cardiovascular pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel D Ferrer
- Laboratory for Physical Activity Sciences and Research Group in Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress. Department of Basic Biology and Health Sciences, IUNICS, University of Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain.,CIBEROBN (Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición CB12/03/30038) Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carla Busquets-Cortés
- Laboratory for Physical Activity Sciences and Research Group in Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress. Department of Basic Biology and Health Sciences, IUNICS, University of Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
| | - Xavier Capó
- Laboratory for Physical Activity Sciences and Research Group in Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress. Department of Basic Biology and Health Sciences, IUNICS, University of Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
| | - Silvia Tejada
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Biology Department, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Josep A Tur
- Laboratory for Physical Activity Sciences and Research Group in Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress. Department of Basic Biology and Health Sciences, IUNICS, University of Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain.,CIBEROBN (Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición CB12/03/30038) Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antoni Pons
- Laboratory for Physical Activity Sciences and Research Group in Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress. Department of Basic Biology and Health Sciences, IUNICS, University of Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain.,CIBEROBN (Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición CB12/03/30038) Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antoni Sureda
- Laboratory for Physical Activity Sciences and Research Group in Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress. Department of Basic Biology and Health Sciences, IUNICS, University of Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain.,CIBEROBN (Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición CB12/03/30038) Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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10
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Jafarzadeh A, Nemati M. Therapeutic potentials of ginger for treatment of Multiple sclerosis: A review with emphasis on its immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 324:54-75. [PMID: 30243185 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by chronic inflammatory response-induced demyelination of the neurons and degeneration of the axons within the central nervous system (CNS). A complex network of immunopathological-, inflammatory- and oxidative parameters involve in the development and advancement of MS. The anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and anti-oxidative characteristics of the ginger and several of its components have been indicated in some of experimental and clinical investigations. The possible therapeutic potentials of ginger and its ingredients in the treatment of MS may exert mainly through the regulation of the Th1-, Th2-, Th9-, Th17-, Th22- and Treg cell-related immune responses, down-regulation of the B cell-related immune responses, modulation of the macrophages-related responses, modulation of the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, down-regulation of the arachidonic acid-derived mediators, interfering with the toll like receptor-related signaling pathways, suppression of the inflammasomes, down-regulation of the oxidative stress, reduction of the adhesion molecules expression, and down-regulation of the expression of the chemokines and chemokine receptors. This review aimed to provide a comprehensive knowledge regarding the immunomodulatory-, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties of ginger and its components, and highlight novel insights into the possible therapeutic potentials of this plant for treatment of MS. The review encourages more investigations to consider the therapeutic potentials of ginger and its effective components for managing of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdollah Jafarzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Molecular Medicine Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
| | - Maryam Nemati
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Para-Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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11
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Bock M, Karber M, Kuhn H. Ketogenic diets attenuate cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase gene expression in multiple sclerosis. EBioMedicine 2018; 36:293-303. [PMID: 30292675 PMCID: PMC6197715 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.08.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adapted ketogenic diet (AKD) and caloric restriction (CR) have been suggested as alternative therapeutic strategies for inflammatory, hyperproliferative and neurodegenerative diseases. Pro-inflammatory eicosanoids have been implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis since they augment vascular permeability and induce leukocyte migration into the brain. We explored the impact of ketogenic diets on gene expression of biosynthetic enzymes for pro- (ALOX5, COX1, COX2) and anti-inflammatory (ALOX15) eicosanoids in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Methods 60 adults were prospectively recruited for this six months randomized controlled trial and the impact of dietary treatment on the Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life-54 index (ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01538355) has previously been published. Here we explored 24 patients (8 controls, 5 on CR and 11 on AKD). For statistical analysis we combined the two diet groups to a single pooled treatment group. Findings Inter-group comparison indicated that expression of the pro-inflammatory ALOX5 in the pooled treatment group was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced when compared with the control group. Moreover, intra-group comparison (same individuals before and after dietary treatment) suggested significantly impaired expression of other pro-inflammatory enzymes, such as COX1 (p < 0.001) and COX2 (p < 0.05). Finally, pretreatment cross-group analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between expression of pro-inflammatory ALOX5 and COX2 and an inverse correlation of ALOX5 and COX1 expression with the MSQoL-54 index. Interpretation Ketogenic diets can reduce the expression of enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids. Pharmacological interference with eicosanoid biosynthesis might constitute a strategy supplementing current therapeutic approaches for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Bock
- Institute of Biochemistry, University Medicine Berlin - Charité, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117, Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Experimental & Clinical Research Center (ECRC) A joint cooperation of Charité Medical Faculty and Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Mirjam Karber
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine,University Medicine Berlin - Charité, Augustenburger Platz 1, D-13353, Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hartmut Kuhn
- Institute of Biochemistry, University Medicine Berlin - Charité, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117, Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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12
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Corwin C, Nikolopoulou A, Pan AL, Nunez-Santos M, Vallabhajosula S, Serrano P, Babich J, Figueiredo-Pereira ME. Prostaglandin D2/J2 signaling pathway in a rat model of neuroinflammation displaying progressive parkinsonian-like pathology: potential novel therapeutic targets. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:272. [PMID: 30236122 PMCID: PMC6146649 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1305-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostaglandins are products of the cyclooxygenase pathway, which is implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD). Limited knowledge is available on mechanisms by which prostaglandins contribute to PD neurodegeneration. To address this gap, we focused on the prostaglandin PGD2/J2 signaling pathway, because PGD2 is the most abundant prostaglandin in the brain, and the one that increases the most under pathological conditions. Moreover, PGJ2 is spontaneously derived from PGD2. METHODS In this study, we determined in rats the impact of unilateral nigral PGJ2-microinfusions on COX-2, lipocalin-type PGD2 synthase (L-PGDS), PGD2/J2 receptor 2 (DP2), and 15 hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH). Nigral dopaminergic (DA) and microglial distribution and expression levels of these key factors of the prostaglandin D2/J2 pathway were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. PGJ2-induced motor deficits were assessed with the cylinder test. We also determined whether oral treatment with ibuprofen improved the PD-like pathology induced by PGJ2. RESULTS PGJ2 treatment induced progressive PD-like pathology in the rats. Concomitant with DA neuronal loss in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), PGJ2-treated rats exhibited microglia and astrocyte activation and motor deficits. In DA neurons, COX-2, L-PGDS, and 15-PGDH levels increased significantly in PGJ2-treated rats compared to controls, while DP2 receptor levels were unchanged. In microglia, DP2 receptors were basically non-detectable, while COX-2 and L-PGDS levels increased upon PGJ2-treatment, and 15-PGDH remained unchanged. 15-PGDH was also detected in oligodendrocytes. Notably, ibuprofen prevented most PGJ2-induced PD-like pathology. CONCLUSIONS The PGJ2-induced rat model develops progressive PD pathology, which is a hard-to-mimic aspect of this disorder. Moreover, prevention of most PGJ2-induced PD-like pathology with ibuprofen suggests a positive feedback mechanism between PGJ2 and COX-2 that could lead to chronic neuroinflammation. Notably, this is the first study that analyzes the nigral dopaminergic and microglial distribution and levels of factors of the PGD2/J2 signaling pathway in rodents. Our findings support the notions that upregulation of COX-2 and L-PGDS may be important in the PGJ2 evoked PD-like pathology, and that neuronal DP2 receptor antagonists and L-PGDS inhibitors may be novel pharmacotherapeutics to relieve neuroinflammation-mediated neurodegeneration in PD, circumventing the adverse side effects of cyclooxygenase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuhyon Corwin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, Neuroscience Collaborative Program, Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 695 Park Ave., New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | | | - Allen L Pan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, Neuroscience Collaborative Program, Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 695 Park Ave., New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Mariela Nunez-Santos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, Neuroscience Collaborative Program, Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 695 Park Ave., New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | | | - Peter Serrano
- Department of Psychology, Hunter College, The City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - John Babich
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria E Figueiredo-Pereira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, Neuroscience Collaborative Program, Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 695 Park Ave., New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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13
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Lam MA, Maghzal GJ, Khademi M, Piehl F, Ratzer R, Romme Christensen J, Sellebjerg FT, Olsson T, Stocker R. Absence of systemic oxidative stress and increased CSF prostaglandin F2α in progressive MS. NEUROLOGY(R) NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2016; 3:e256. [PMID: 27386506 PMCID: PMC4929888 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the role of oxidative stress in the progression of multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS We determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry nonenzymatic (F2-isoprostanes) and enzymatic oxidation products of arachidonic acid (prostaglandin F2α [PGF2α]) in plasma and CSF of 45 controls (other neurologic disease [OND] with no signs of inflammation) and 62 patients with MS. Oxidation products were correlated with disease severity and validated biomarkers of inflammation (chemokine ligand 13; matrix metalloproteinase-9; osteopontin) and axonal damage (neurofilament light protein). RESULTS Compared with OND controls, plasma concentrations of F2-isoprostanes and PGF2α were significantly lower in patients with progressive disease, and decreased with increasing disability score (Expanded Disability Status Scale). In contrast, CSF concentrations of PGF2α, but not F2-isoprostanes, were significantly higher in patients with progressive disease than OND controls (p < 0.01). The content of PGF2α in CSF increased with disease severity (p = 0.044) and patient age (p = 0.022), although this increase could not be explained by age. CSF PGF2α decreased with natalizumab and methylprednisolone treatment and was unaffected by the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug in secondary progressive MS. CSF PGF2α did not associate with validated CSF markers of inflammation and axonal damage that themselves did not associate with the Expanded Disability Status Scale. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that MS progression is associated with low systemic oxidative activity. This may contribute to immune dysregulation with CNS inflammation accompanied by increased local cyclooxygenase-dependent lipid oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda A Lam
- Vascular Biology Division (M.A.L., G.J.M., R.S.), Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney; School of Medical Sciences (G.J.M., R.S.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Neuroimmunology Unit (M.K., F.P., T.O.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; and Department of Neurology (R.R., J.R.C., F.T.S.), Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ghassan J Maghzal
- Vascular Biology Division (M.A.L., G.J.M., R.S.), Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney; School of Medical Sciences (G.J.M., R.S.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Neuroimmunology Unit (M.K., F.P., T.O.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; and Department of Neurology (R.R., J.R.C., F.T.S.), Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mohsen Khademi
- Vascular Biology Division (M.A.L., G.J.M., R.S.), Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney; School of Medical Sciences (G.J.M., R.S.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Neuroimmunology Unit (M.K., F.P., T.O.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; and Department of Neurology (R.R., J.R.C., F.T.S.), Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fredik Piehl
- Vascular Biology Division (M.A.L., G.J.M., R.S.), Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney; School of Medical Sciences (G.J.M., R.S.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Neuroimmunology Unit (M.K., F.P., T.O.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; and Department of Neurology (R.R., J.R.C., F.T.S.), Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rikke Ratzer
- Vascular Biology Division (M.A.L., G.J.M., R.S.), Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney; School of Medical Sciences (G.J.M., R.S.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Neuroimmunology Unit (M.K., F.P., T.O.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; and Department of Neurology (R.R., J.R.C., F.T.S.), Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jeppe Romme Christensen
- Vascular Biology Division (M.A.L., G.J.M., R.S.), Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney; School of Medical Sciences (G.J.M., R.S.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Neuroimmunology Unit (M.K., F.P., T.O.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; and Department of Neurology (R.R., J.R.C., F.T.S.), Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Finn Thorup Sellebjerg
- Vascular Biology Division (M.A.L., G.J.M., R.S.), Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney; School of Medical Sciences (G.J.M., R.S.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Neuroimmunology Unit (M.K., F.P., T.O.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; and Department of Neurology (R.R., J.R.C., F.T.S.), Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tomas Olsson
- Vascular Biology Division (M.A.L., G.J.M., R.S.), Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney; School of Medical Sciences (G.J.M., R.S.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Neuroimmunology Unit (M.K., F.P., T.O.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; and Department of Neurology (R.R., J.R.C., F.T.S.), Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Roland Stocker
- Vascular Biology Division (M.A.L., G.J.M., R.S.), Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney; School of Medical Sciences (G.J.M., R.S.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Neuroimmunology Unit (M.K., F.P., T.O.), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; and Department of Neurology (R.R., J.R.C., F.T.S.), Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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14
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Marinelli C, Bertalot T, Zusso M, Skaper SD, Giusti P. Systematic Review of Pharmacological Properties of the Oligodendrocyte Lineage. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:27. [PMID: 26903812 PMCID: PMC4751280 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrogenesis and oligodendrocyte precursor maturation are essential processes during the course of central nervous system development, and lead to the myelination of axons. Cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage are generated in the germinal zone from migratory bipolar oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), and acquire cell surface markers as they mature and respond specifically to factors which regulate proliferation, migration, differentiation, and survival. Loss of myelin underlies a wide range of neurological disorders, some of an autoimmune nature—multiple sclerosis probably being the most prominent. Current therapies are based on the use of immunomodulatory agents which are likely to promote myelin repair (remyelination) indirectly by subverting the inflammatory response, aspects of which impair the differentiation of OPCs. Cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage express and are capable of responding to a diverse array of ligand-receptor pairs, including neurotransmitters and nuclear receptors such as γ-aminobutyric acid, glutamate, adenosine triphosphate, serotonin, acetylcholine, nitric oxide, opioids, prostaglandins, prolactin, and cannabinoids. The intent of this review is to provide the reader with a synopsis of our present state of knowledge concerning the pharmacological properties of the oligodendrocyte lineage, with particular attention to these receptor-ligand (i.e., neurotransmitters and nuclear receptor) interactions that can influence oligodendrocyte migration, proliferation, differentiation, and myelination, and an appraisal of their therapeutic potential. For example, many promising mediators work through Ca2+ signaling, and the balance between Ca2+ influx and efflux can determine the temporal and spatial properties of oligodendrocytes (OLs). Moreover, Ca2+ signaling in OPCs can influence not only differentiation and myelination, but also process extension and migration, as well as cell death in mature mouse OLs. There is also evidence that oligodendroglia exhibit Ca2+ transients in response to electrical activity of axons for activity-dependent myelination. Cholinergic antagonists, as well as endocannabinoid-related lipid-signaling molecules target OLs. An understanding of such pharmacological pathways may thus lay the foundation to allow its leverage for therapeutic benefit in diseases of demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Marinelli
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua Padua, Italy
| | - Thomas Bertalot
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua Padua, Italy
| | - Morena Zusso
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua Padua, Italy
| | - Stephen D Skaper
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua Padua, Italy
| | - Pietro Giusti
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua Padua, Italy
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15
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Carlson NG, Bellamkonda S, Schmidt L, Redd J, Huecksteadt T, Weber LM, Davis E, Wood B, Maruyama T, Rose JW. The role of the prostaglandin E2 receptors in vulnerability of oligodendrocyte precursor cells to death. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:101. [PMID: 25997851 PMCID: PMC4449524 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0323-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Activity of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) in mouse oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) modulates vulnerability to excitotoxic challenge. The mechanism by which COX-2 renders OPCs more sensitive to excitotoxicity is not known. In the present study, we examined the hypothesis that OPC excitotoxic death is augmented by COX-2-generated prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) acting on specific prostanoid receptors which could contribute to OPC death. Methods Dispersed OPC cultures prepared from mice brains were examined for expression of PGE2 receptors and the ability to generate PGE2 following activation of glutamate receptors with kainic acid (KA). OPC death in cultures was induced by either KA, 3′-O-(Benzoyl) benzoyl ATP (BzATP) (which stimulates the purinergic receptor P2X7), or TNFα, and the effects of EP3 receptor agonists and antagonists on OPC viability were examined. Results Stimulation of OPC cultures with KA resulted in nearly a twofold increase in PGE2. OPCs expressed all four PGE receptors (EP1–EP4) as indicated by immunofluorescence and Western blot analyses; however, EP3 was the most abundantly expressed. The EP3 receptor was identified as a candidate contributing to OPC excitotoxic death based on pharmacological evidence. Treatment of OPCs with an EP1/EP3 agonist 17 phenyl-trinor PGE2 reversed protection from a COX-2 inhibitor while inhibition of EP3 receptor protected OPCs from excitotoxicity. Inhibition with an EP1 antagonist had no effect on OPC excitotoxic death. Moreover, inhibition of EP3 was protective against toxic stimulation with KA, BzATP, or TNFα. Conclusion Therefore, inhibitors of the EP3 receptor appear to enhance survival of OPCs following toxic challenge and may help facilitate remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel G Carlson
- Geriatric Research, Education Clinical Center (GRECC), Salt Lake City, USA. .,Neurovirology Laboratory, VASLCHCS, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. .,Center on Aging, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. .,Brain Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. .,Departments of Neurobiology & Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. .,Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology Division, Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. .,Neurovirology Research Laboratory, (151B), VA SLCHCS, 500 Foothill Dr., Salt Lake City, UT, 84148, USA.
| | | | - Linda Schmidt
- Neurovirology Laboratory, VASLCHCS, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Jonathan Redd
- Neurovirology Laboratory, VASLCHCS, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | | | | | - Ethan Davis
- Neurovirology Laboratory, VASLCHCS, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Blair Wood
- Neurovirology Laboratory, VASLCHCS, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | | | - John W Rose
- Neurovirology Laboratory, VASLCHCS, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. .,Brain Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA. .,Neuroimmunology and Neurovirology Division, Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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16
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Peixoto CA, Nunes AKS, Garcia-Osta A. Phosphodiesterase-5 Inhibitors: Action on the Signaling Pathways of Neuroinflammation, Neurodegeneration, and Cognition. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:940207. [PMID: 26770022 PMCID: PMC4681825 DOI: 10.1155/2015/940207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5-Is) have recently emerged as a potential therapeutic strategy for neuroinflammatory, neurodegenerative, and memory loss diseases. Mechanistically, PDE5-Is produce an anti-inflammatory and neuroprotection effect by increasing expression of nitric oxide synthases and accumulation of cGMP and activating protein kinase G (PKG), the signaling pathway of which is thought to play an important role in the development of several neurodiseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). The aim of this paper was to review present knowledge of the signaling pathways that underlie the use of PDE5-Is in neuroinflammation, neurogenesis, learning, and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Alves Peixoto
- 1Laboratório de Ultraestrutura, Centro de Pesquisa Aggeu Magalhães (FIOCRUZ), 50.740-465 Recife, PE, Brazil
- *Christina Alves Peixoto:
| | - Ana Karolina Santana Nunes
- 1Laboratório de Ultraestrutura, Centro de Pesquisa Aggeu Magalhães (FIOCRUZ), 50.740-465 Recife, PE, Brazil
- 2Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50.670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Ana Garcia-Osta
- 3Neurobiology of Alzheimer's disease, Neurosciences Division, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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17
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Peferoen L, Kipp M, van der Valk P, van Noort JM, Amor S. Oligodendrocyte-microglia cross-talk in the central nervous system. Immunology 2014; 141:302-13. [PMID: 23981039 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Communication between the immune system and the central nervous system (CNS) is exemplified by cross-talk between glia and neurons shown to be essential for maintaining homeostasis. While microglia are actively modulated by neurons in the healthy brain, little is known about the cross-talk between oligodendrocytes and microglia. Oligodendrocytes, the myelin-forming cells in the CNS, are essential for the propagation of action potentials along axons, and additionally serve to support neurons by producing neurotrophic factors. In demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis, oligodendrocytes are thought to be the victims. Here, we review evidence that oligodendrocytes also have strong immune functions, express a wide variety of innate immune receptors, and produce and respond to chemokines and cytokines that modulate immune responses in the CNS. We also review evidence that during stress events in the brain, oligodendrocytes can trigger a cascade of protective and regenerative responses, in addition to responses that elicit progressive neurodegeneration. Knowledge of the cross-talk between microglia and oligodendrocytes may continue to uncover novel pathways of immune regulation in the brain that could be further exploited to control neuroinflammation and degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Peferoen
- Pathology Department, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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18
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Faria DDP, Copray S, Buchpiguel C, Dierckx R, de Vries E. PET imaging in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2014; 9:468-82. [PMID: 24809810 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-014-9544-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a non-invasive technique for quantitative imaging of biochemical and physiological processes in animals and humans. PET uses probes labeled with a radioactive isotope, called PET tracers, which can bind to or be converted by a specific biological target and thus can be applied to detect and monitor different aspects of diseases. The number of applications of PET imaging in multiple sclerosis is still limited. Clinical studies using PET are basically focused on monitoring changes in glucose metabolism and the presence of activated microglia/macrophages in sclerotic lesions. In preclinical studies, PET imaging of targets for other processes, like demyelination and remyelination, has been investigated and may soon be translated to clinical applications. Moreover, more PET tracers that could be relevant for MS are available now, but have not been studied in this context yet. In this review, we summarize the PET imaging studies performed in multiple sclerosis up to now. In addition, we will identify potential applications of PET imaging of processes or targets that are of interest to MS research, but have yet remained largely unexplored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele de Paula Faria
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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19
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Weaver-Mikaere L, Gunn AJ, Mitchell MD, Bennet L, Fraser M. LPS and TNF alpha modulate AMPA/NMDA receptor subunit expression and induce PGE2 and glutamate release in preterm fetal ovine mixed glial cultures. J Neuroinflammation 2013; 10:153. [PMID: 24344780 PMCID: PMC3878505 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background White matter injury (WMI) is the major antecedent of cerebral palsy in premature infants, and is often associated with maternal infection and the fetal inflammatory response. The current study explores the therapeutic potential of glutamate receptor blockade or cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibition for inflammatory WMI. Methods Using fetal ovine derived mixed glia cultures exposed to tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the expression of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionate (AMPA) and N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors and their contribution to inflammation mediated pre-oligodendrocyte (OL) death was evaluated. The functional significance of TNF-α and COX-2 signalling in glutamate release in association with TNF-α and LPS exposure was also assessed. Results AMPA and NMDA receptors were expressed in primary mixed glial cultures on developing OLs, the main cell-type present in fetal white matter at a period of high risk for WMI. We show that glutamate receptor expression and configuration are regulated by TNF-α and LPS exposure, but AMPA and NMDA blockade, either alone or in combination, did not reduce pre-OL death. Furthermore, we demonstrate that glutamate and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release following TNF-α or LPS are mediated by a TNF-α-COX-2 dependent mechanism. Conclusions Overall, these findings suggest that glial-localised glutamate receptors likely play a limited role in OL demise associated with chronic inflammation, but supports the COX-2 pathway as a potential therapeutic target for infection/inflammatory-mediated WMI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mhoyra Fraser
- The Liggins Institute, The University of Auckland, 85 Park Rd, Grafton, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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Palumbo S, Bosetti F. Alterations of brain eicosanoid synthetic pathway in multiple sclerosis and in animal models of demyelination: role of cyclooxygenase-2. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2013; 89:273-8. [PMID: 24095587 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a physiological response to exogenous and endogenous stimuli and, together with demyelination and immune system activation, is one of the key features of multiple sclerosis (MS). Arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism by cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LO) enzymes leads to the production of proinflammatory eicosanoids, and stimulates cytokine production and activation of microglia and astrocytes, thereby contributing to MS pathology. Current therapies target the immune system but do not specifically target AA-related inflammatory pathway. Corticosteroids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are frequently associated with immunomodulatory therapies to treat flu-like adverse effects. Few clinical and mounting preclinical data in MS show that AA metabolism contributes to immune system activation, demyelination and motor disabilities, and administration of NSAIDs reduces these symptoms. The beneficial effect of NSAIDs seems to be a prerogative of COX-2 selective inhibitors and suggests that NSAIDs selective for COX-2 may be more effective than mixed COX-1/2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Palumbo
- Molecular Neuroscience Unit, Brain Physiology and Metabolism Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, 20892 Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Morris G, Maes M. Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome and encephalomyelitis disseminata/multiple sclerosis show remarkable levels of similarity in phenomenology and neuroimmune characteristics. BMC Med 2013; 11:205. [PMID: 24229326 PMCID: PMC3847236 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-11-205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 'Encephalomyelitis disseminata' (multiple sclerosis) and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) are both classified as diseases of the central nervous system by the World Health Organization. This review aims to compare the phenomenological and neuroimmune characteristics of MS with those of ME/CFS. DISCUSSION There are remarkable phenomenological and neuroimmune overlaps between both disorders. Patients with ME/CFS and MS both experience severe levels of disabling fatigue and a worsening of symptoms following exercise and resort to energy conservation strategies in an attempt to meet the energy demands of day-to-day living. Debilitating autonomic symptoms, diminished cardiac responses to exercise, orthostatic intolerance and postural hypotension are experienced by patients with both illnesses. Both disorders show a relapsing-remitting or progressive course, while infections and psychosocial stress play a large part in worsening of fatigue symptoms. Activated immunoinflammatory, oxidative and nitrosative (O+NS) pathways and autoimmunity occur in both illnesses. The consequences of O+NS damage to self-epitopes is evidenced by the almost bewildering and almost identical array of autoantibodies formed against damaged epitopes seen in both illnesses. Mitochondrial dysfunctions, including lowered levels of ATP, decreased phosphocreatine synthesis and impaired oxidative phosphorylation, are heavily involved in the pathophysiology of both MS and ME/CFS. The findings produced by neuroimaging techniques are quite similar in both illnesses and show decreased cerebral blood flow, atrophy, gray matter reduction, white matter hyperintensities, increased cerebral lactate and choline signaling and lowered acetyl-aspartate levels. SUMMARY This review shows that there are neuroimmune similarities between MS and ME/CFS. This further substantiates the view that ME/CFS is a neuroimmune illness and that patients with MS are immunologically primed to develop symptoms of ME/CFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerwyn Morris
- Tir Na Nog, Pembrey, Llanelli, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Michael Maes
- Department of Psychiatry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Psychiatry, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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Carlson NG, Rose JW. Vitamin D as a clinical biomarker in multiple sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 7:231-42. [DOI: 10.1517/17530059.2013.772978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Mecha M, Carrillo-Salinas FJ, Mestre L, Feliú A, Guaza C. Viral models of multiple sclerosis: neurodegeneration and demyelination in mice infected with Theiler's virus. Prog Neurobiol 2013; 101-102:46-64. [PMID: 23201558 PMCID: PMC7117056 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex inflammatory disease of unknown etiology that affects the central nervous system (CNS) white matter, and for which no effective cure exists. Indeed, whether the primary event in MS pathology affects myelin or axons of the CNS remains unclear. Animal models are necessary to identify the immunopathological mechanisms involved in MS and to develop novel therapeutic and reparative approaches. Specifically, viral models of chronic demyelination and axonal damage have been used to study the contribution of viruses in human MS, and they have led to important breakthroughs in our understanding of MS pathology. The Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) model is one of the most commonly used MS models, although other viral models are also used, including neurotropic strains of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) that induce chronic inflammatory demyelination with similar histological features to those observed in MS. This review will discuss the immunopathological mechanisms involved in TMEV-induced demyelinating disease (TMEV-IDD). The TMEV model reproduces a chronic progressive disease due to the persistence of the virus for the entire lifespan in susceptible mice. The evolution and significance of the axonal damage and neuroinflammation, the importance of epitope spread from viral to myelin epitopes, the presence of abortive remyelination and the existence of a brain pathology in addition to the classical spinal cord demyelination, are some of the findings that will be discussed in the context of this TMEV-IDD model. Despite their limitations, viral models remain an important tool to study the etiology of MS, and to understand the clinical and pathological variability associated with this disease.
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Key Words
- ab, antibody
- ag, antigen
- apc, antigen presenting cell
- bbb, blood–brain barrier
- cns, central nervous system
- cox-2, cyclooxygenase-2
- ctl, cytotoxic t lymphocytes
- dpi, days post-infection
- da, daniels strain of theiler's virus
- eae, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
- galc, galactocerebroside
- mbp, myelin basic protein
- mnc, mononuclear cells
- mhc, major histocompatibility complex
- mhv, mouse hepatitis virus
- mog, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein
- ms, multiple sclerosis
- naa, n-acetylaspartate
- no, nitric oxide
- pcr, polymerase chain reaction
- plp, myelin proteolipid protein
- pprs, pattern recognition receptors
- sfv, semliki forest virus
- sv, sindbis virus
- tmev, theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus
- tmev-idd, theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced demyelinating disease
- tregs, regulatory t cells
- theiler's virus
- multiple sclerosis
- demyelination
- axonal damage
- neuroinflammation
- spinal cord pathology
- brain pathology
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Carmen Guaza
- Neuroimmunology Group, Functional and System Neurobiology Department, Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avda Dr Arce 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain
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Ryu HH, Kang BJ, Park SS, Kim Y, Sung GJ, Woo HM, Kim WH, Kweon OK. Comparison of mesenchymal stem cells derived from fat, bone marrow, Wharton's jelly, and umbilical cord blood for treating spinal cord injuries in dogs. J Vet Med Sci 2012; 74:1617-30. [PMID: 22878503 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.12-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous animal studies have shown that transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into spinal cord lesions enhances axonal regeneration and promotes functional recovery. We isolated the MSCs derived from fat, bone marrow, Wharton's jelly and umbilical cord blood (UCB) positive for MSC markers and negative for hematopoietic cell markers. Their effects on the regeneration of injured canine spinal cords were compared. Spinal cord injury was induced by balloon catheter compression. Dogs with injured spinal cords were treated with only matrigel or matrigel mixed with each type of MSCs. Olby and modified Tarlov scores, immunohistochemistry, ELISA and Western blot analysis were used to evaluate the therapeutic effects. The different MSC groups showed significant improvements in locomotion at 8 weeks after transplantation (P<0.05). This recovery was accompanied by increased numbers of surviving neuron and neurofilament-positive fibers in the lesion site. Compared to the control, the lesion sizes were smaller, and fewer microglia and reactive astrocytes were found in the spinal cord epicenter of all MSC groups. Although there were no significant differences in functional recovery among the MSCs groups, UCB-derived MSCs (UCSCs) induced more nerve regeneration and anti-inflammation activity (P<0.05). Transplanted MSCs survived for 8 weeks and reduced IL-6 and COX-2 levels, which may have promoted neuronal regeneration in the spinal cord. Our data suggest that transplantation of MSCs promotes functional recovery after SCI. Furthermore, application of UCSCs led to more nerve regeneration, neuroprotection and less inflammation compared to other MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hak-Hyun Ryu
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Daehak-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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Bertin J, Barat C, Méthot S, Tremblay MJ. Interactions between prostaglandins, leukotrienes and HIV-1: possible implications for the central nervous system. Retrovirology 2012; 9:4. [PMID: 22236409 PMCID: PMC3268096 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-9-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In HIV-1-infected individuals, there is often discordance between viremia in peripheral blood and viral load found in the central nervous system (CNS). Although the viral burden is often lower in the CNS compartment than in the plasma, neuroinflammation is present in most infected individuals, albeit attenuated by the current combined antiretroviral therapy. The HIV-1-associated neurological complications are thought to result not only from direct viral replication, but also from the subsequent neuroinflammatory processes. The eicosanoids - prostanoids and leukotrienes - are known as potent inflammatory lipid mediators. They are often present in neuroinflammatory diseases, notably HIV-1 infection. Their exact modulatory role in HIV-1 infection is, however, still poorly understood, especially in the CNS compartment. Nonetheless, a handful of studies have provided evidence as to how these lipid mediators can modulate HIV-1 infection. This review summarizes findings indicating how eicosanoids may influence the progression of neuroAIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Bertin
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec - CHUL, 2705 boul, Laurier, Québec (QC), Canada, G1V 4G2
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Palumbo S, Toscano CD, Parente L, Weigert R, Bosetti F. The cyclooxygenase-2 pathway via the PGE₂ EP2 receptor contributes to oligodendrocytes apoptosis in cuprizone-induced demyelination. J Neurochem 2011; 121:418-27. [PMID: 21699540 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07363.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenases (COX)-1 and -2 are key enzymes required for the conversion of arachidonic acid to eicosanoids, potent mediators of inflammation. In patients with multiple sclerosis, COX-2 derived prostaglandins (PGs) are elevated in the CSF and COX-2 is up-regulated in demyelinating plaques. However, it is not known whether COX-2 activity contributes to oligodendrocyte death. In cuprizone-induced demyelination, oligodendrocyte apoptosis and a concomitant increase in the gene expression of COX-2 and PGE₂-EP2 receptor precede histological demyelination. COX-2 and EP2 receptor were expressed by oligodendrocytes, suggesting a causative role for the COX-2/EP2 pathway in the initiation of oligodendrocyte death and demyelination. COX-2 gene deletion, chronic treatment with the COX-2 selective inhibitor celecoxib, or with the EP2 receptor antagonist AH6809 reduced cuprizone-induced oligodendrocyte apoptosis, the degree of demyelination and motor dysfunction. These data indicate that the PGE₂ EP2 receptor contributes to oligodendrocyte apoptosis and open possible new therapeutic approaches for multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Palumbo
- Molecular Neuroscience Unit, Brain Physiology and Metabolism Section, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Christophi GP, Christophi JA, Gruber RC, Mihai C, Mejico LJ, Massa PT, Jubelt B. Quantitative differences in the immunomodulatory effects of Rebif and Avonex in IFN-β 1a treated multiple sclerosis patients. J Neurol Sci 2011; 307:41-5. [PMID: 21658727 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2011.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2011] [Revised: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Interferon-β (IFN-β) is a current effective treatment for multiple sclerosis (MS) and exerts its therapeutic effects by down-modulating the systemic immune response and cytokine signaling. In clinical practice there are several formulations of interferon including a low dose of IFN-β 1a formulation of 30 μg IM once weekly (Avonex) and a high dose formulation of 44 μg SC three times weekly (Rebif). Recent studies suggest that Rebif is more efficacious compared to Avonex in preventing relapses and decreasing MRI activity in relapsing remitting MS (RRMS) patients. This study examines whether there are quantitative gene expression changes in interferon-treated RRMS patients that can explain the difference in efficacy and side effects between Rebif and Avonex. Herein, RRMS patients were treated for three months with IFN-β 1a and the levels of plasma cytokines and gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were examined. Thirty-two normal subjects were compared to thirty-two RRMS patients, of which ten were treated with Rebif and ten with Avonex. Rebif and Avonex both significantly and equally suppressed plasma TNF-α and IL-6 levels. Rebif suppressed IL-13 significantly more than Avonex. Rebif also significantly suppressed the levels of the chemokines CCL17 and RANTES, the protease ADAM8, and COX-2 at a higher degree compared to Avonex. The STAT1-inducible genes IP-10 and caspase 1 were significantly increased with Rebif compared to Avonex. In conclusion, the higher dosed, more frequently administered IFN-β 1a Rebif when compared to IFN-β 1a Avonex has more potent immunomodulatory effects. These quantitative results might relate to efficacy and side-effect profile of the two IFN-β 1a formulations and provide prospective practical clinical tools to monitor treatment and adjust dosage.
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Affiliation(s)
- George P Christophi
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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