1
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Docken SS, McCormick K, Pampena MB, Samer S, Lindemuth E, Pinkevych M, Viox EG, Wu Y, Schlub TE, Cromer D, Keele BF, Paiardini M, Betts MR, Bar KJ, Davenport MP. Preferential selection of viral escape mutants by CD8+ T cell 'sieving' of SIV reactivation from latency. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011755. [PMID: 38032851 PMCID: PMC10688670 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV rapidly rebounds after interruption of antiretroviral therapy (ART). HIV-specific CD8+ T cells may act to prevent early events in viral reactivation. However, the presence of viral immune escape mutations may limit the effect of CD8+ T cells on viral rebound. Here, we studied the impact of CD8 immune pressure on post-treatment rebound of barcoded SIVmac293M in 14 Mamu-A*01 positive rhesus macaques that initiated ART on day 14, and subsequently underwent two analytic treatment interruptions (ATIs). Rebound following the first ATI (seven months after ART initiation) was dominated by virus that retained the wild-type sequence at the Mamu-A*01 restricted Tat-SL8 epitope. By the end of the two-month treatment interruption, the replicating virus was predominantly escaped at the Tat-SL8 epitope. Animals reinitiated ART for 3 months prior to a second treatment interruption. Time-to-rebound and viral reactivation rate were significantly slower during the second treatment interruption compared to the first. Tat-SL8 escape mutants dominated early rebound during the second treatment interruption, despite the dominance of wild-type virus in the proviral reservoir. Furthermore, the escape mutations detected early in the second treatment interruption were well predicted by those replicating at the end of the first, indicating that escape mutant virus in the second interruption originated from the latent reservoir as opposed to evolving de novo post rebound. SL8-specific CD8+ T cell levels in blood prior to the second interruption were marginally, but significantly, higher (median 0.73% vs 0.60%, p = 0.016). CD8+ T cell depletion approximately 95 days after the second treatment interruption led to the reappearance of wild-type virus. This work suggests that CD8+ T cells can actively suppress the rebound of wild-type virus, leading to the dominance of escape mutant virus after treatment interruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen S. Docken
- Infection Analytics Program, Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kevin McCormick
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - M. Betina Pampena
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for AIDS Research and Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sadia Samer
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Emily Lindemuth
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mykola Pinkevych
- Infection Analytics Program, Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Elise G. Viox
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Yuhuang Wu
- Infection Analytics Program, Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Timothy E. Schlub
- Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Deborah Cromer
- Infection Analytics Program, Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Brandon F. Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Michael R. Betts
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for AIDS Research and Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Katharine J. Bar
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Miles P. Davenport
- Infection Analytics Program, Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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2
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Malyshkina A, Bayer W, Podschwadt P, Otto L, Karakoese Z, Sutter K, Bruderek K, Wang B, Lavender KJ, Santiago ML, Leipe PM, Elsner C, Esser S, Brandau S, Gunzer M, Dittmer U. Immunotherapy-induced cytotoxic T follicular helper cells reduce numbers of retrovirus-infected reservoir cells in B cell follicles. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011725. [PMID: 37883584 PMCID: PMC10602292 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) transformed HIV from a life-threatening disease to a chronic condition. However, eliminating the virus remains an elusive therapy goal. For several decades, Friend virus (FV) infection serves as a murine model to study retrovirus immunity. Similar to HIV, FV persists at low levels in lymph nodes B cell follicles avoiding elimination by immune cells. Such immune-privileged reservoirs exclude cytotoxic T cells from entry. However, CXCR5+ T cells are permitted to traffic through germinal centers. This marker is predominantly expressed by CD4+ follicular helper T cells (Tfh). Therefore, we explored immunotherapy to induce cytotoxic Tfh, which are rarely found under physiological conditions. The TNF receptor family member CD137 was first identified as a promising target for cancer immunotherapy. We demonstrated that FV-infected mice treatment with αCD137 antibody resulted in an induction of the cytotoxic program in Tfh. The therapy significantly increased numbers of cytotoxic Tfh within B cell follicles and contributed to viral load reduction. Moreover, αCD137 antibody combined with ART delayed virus rebound upon treatment termination without disturbing the lymph node architecture or antibody responses. Thus, αCD137 antibody therapy might be a novel strategy to target the retroviral reservoir and an interesting approach for HIV cure research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Malyshkina
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Wibke Bayer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Philip Podschwadt
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Lucas Otto
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Zehra Karakoese
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Institute for Translational HIV Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Sutter
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Institute for Translational HIV Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Kirsten Bruderek
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Baoxiao Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Kerry J. Lavender
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Mario L. Santiago
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Pia Madeleine Leipe
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Carina Elsner
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Stefan Esser
- Institute for Translational HIV Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sven Brandau
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Matthias Gunzer
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Institute for Translational HIV Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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3
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Sugawara S, Reeves RK, Jost S. Learning to Be Elite: Lessons From HIV-1 Controllers and Animal Models on Trained Innate Immunity and Virus Suppression. Front Immunol 2022; 13:858383. [PMID: 35572502 PMCID: PMC9094575 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.858383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) has drastically changed the lives of people living with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), long-term treatment has been associated with a vast array of comorbidities. Therefore, a cure for HIV-1 remains the best option to globally eradicate HIV-1/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). However, development of strategies to achieve complete eradication of HIV-1 has been extremely challenging. Thus, the control of HIV-1 replication by the host immune system, namely functional cure, has long been studied as an alternative approach for HIV-1 cure. HIV-1 elite controllers (ECs) are rare individuals who naturally maintain undetectable HIV-1 replication levels in the absence of ART and whose immune repertoire might be a desirable blueprint for a functional cure. While the role(s) played by distinct human leukocyte antigen (HLA) expression and CD8+ T cell responses expressing cognate ligands in controlling HIV-1 has been widely characterized in ECs, the innate immune phenotype has been decidedly understudied. Comparably, in animal models such as HIV-1-infected humanized mice and simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV)-infected non-human primates (NHP), viremic control is known to be associated with specific major histocompatibility complex (MHC) alleles and CD8+ T cell activity, but the innate immune response remains incompletely characterized. Notably, recent work demonstrating the existence of trained innate immunity may provide new complementary approaches to achieve an HIV-1 cure. Herein, we review the known characteristics of innate immune responses in ECs and available animal models, identify gaps of knowledge regarding responses by adaptive or trained innate immune cells, and speculate on potential strategies to induce EC-like responses in HIV-1 non-controllers.
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4
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de Almeida Baptista MV, da Silva LT, Samer S, Oshiro TM, Shytaj IL, Giron LB, Pena NM, Cruz N, Gosuen GC, Ferreira PRA, Cunha-Neto E, Galinskas J, Dias D, Sucupira MCA, de Almeida-Neto C, Salomão R, da Silva Duarte AJ, Janini LM, Hunter JR, Savarino A, Juliano MA, Diaz RS. Immunogenicity of personalized dendritic-cell therapy in HIV-1 infected individuals under suppressive antiretroviral treatment: interim analysis from a phase II clinical trial. AIDS Res Ther 2022; 19:2. [PMID: 35022035 PMCID: PMC8753935 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-021-00426-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We developed a personalized Monocyte-Derived Dendritic-cell Therapy (MDDCT) for HIV-infected individuals on suppressive antiretroviral treatment and evaluated HIV-specific T-cell responses. Methods PBMCs were obtained from 10 HIV+ individuals enrolled in trial NCT02961829. Monocytes were differentiated into DCs using IFN-α and GM-CSF. After sequencing each patient’s HIV-1 Gag and determining HLA profiles, autologous Gag peptides were selected based on the predicted individual immunogenicity and used to pulse MDDCs. Three doses of the MDDCT were administered every 15 days. To assess immunogenicity, patients’ cells were stimulated in vitro with autologous peptides, and intracellular IL-2, TNF, and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) production were measured in CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells. Results The protocol of ex-vivo treatment with IFN-α and GM-CSF was able to induce maturation of MDDCs, as well as to preserve their viability for reinfusion. MDDCT administration was associated with increased expression of IL-2 in CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells at 15 and/or 30 days after the first MDDCT administration. Moreover, intracellular TNF and IFN-γ expression was significantly increased in CD4+ T-cells. The number of candidates that increased in vitro the cytokine levels in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells upon stimulation with Gag peptides from baseline to day 15 and from baseline to day 30 and day 120 after MDDCT was significant as compared to Gag unstimulated response. This was accompanied by an increasing trend in the frequency of polyfunctional T-cells over time, which was visible when considering both cells expressing two and three out of the three cytokines examined. Conclusions MDDC had a mature profile, and this MDDCT promoted in-vitro T-cell immune responses in HIV-infected patients undergoing long-term suppressive antiretroviral treatment. Trial registration NCT02961829: (Multi Interventional Study Exploring HIV-1 Residual Replication: a Step Towards HIV-1 Eradication and Sterilizing Cure, https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02961829, posted November 11th, 2016) Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12981-021-00426-z.
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5
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Hau TTT, Kanno Y, Nishizawa M, Nomura T, Matano T, Yamamoto H. Nef-specific CD107a + CD4 + T-cell responses in a rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) showing partial simian immunodeficiency virus control following passive neutralizing antibody infusion. J Med Primatol 2021; 51:56-61. [PMID: 34750827 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Acute-phase neutralizing antibody (NAb) passive immunization in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) can confer stringent viremia control with T-cell augmentation. In one NAb-infused SIV partial controller, we identify chronic-phase Nef-specific CD107a+ CD4+ T-cell response maintenance, implicating that NAb infusion modulates long-term T-cell responses even within viremic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trang Thi Thu Hau
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.,Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kanno
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.,The Institute of Medical Science/Graduate School of Medicine/Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masako Nishizawa
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takushi Nomura
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Matano
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.,Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,The Institute of Medical Science/Graduate School of Medicine/Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yamamoto
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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6
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Olwenyi OA, Johnson SD, Pandey K, Thurman M, Acharya A, Buch SJ, Fox HS, Podany AT, Fletcher CV, Byrareddy SN. Diminished Peripheral CD29hi Cytotoxic CD4+ T Cells Are Associated With Deleterious Effects During SIV Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:734871. [PMID: 34721397 PMCID: PMC8548621 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.734871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic CD4+ T cells (CD4+ CTLs) limit HIV pathogenesis, as evidenced in elite controllers (a subset of individuals who suppress the virus without the need for therapy). CD4+ CTLs have also been shown to kill HIV-infected macrophages. However, little is known about their contribution towards HIV persistence, how they are affected following exposure to immune modulators like morphine, and what factors maintain their frequencies and function. Further, the lack of robust markers to identify CD4+ CTLs in various animal models limits understanding of their role in HIV pathogenesis. We utilized various PBMC samples obtained from SIV infected and cART treated rhesus macaques exposed to morphine or saline and subjected to flow cytometry evaluations. Thereafter, we compared and correlated the expression of CD4+ CTL-specific markers to viral load and viral reservoir estimations in total CD4+ T cells. We found that CD29 could be reliably used as a marker to identify CD4+ CTLs in rhesus macaques since CD29hi CD4+ T cells secrete higher cytotoxic and proinflammatory cytokines following PMA/ionomycin or gag stimulation. In addition, this immune cell subset was depleted during untreated SIV infection. Strikingly, we also observed that early initiation of cART reconstitutes depleted CD29hi CD4+ T cells and restores their function. Furthermore, we noted that morphine exposure reduced the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines/cytotoxic molecules in CD29hi CD4+ T cells. Lastly, increased functionality of CD29hi CD4+ T cells as depicted by elevated levels of either IL-21 or granzyme B hi T Bet+ gag specific responses were linked to limiting the size of the replication-competent reservoir during cART treatment. Collectively, our data suggest that CD4+ CTLs are crucial in limiting SIV pathogenesis and persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omalla A. Olwenyi
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Samuel D. Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Kabita Pandey
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Michellie Thurman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Arpan Acharya
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Shilpa J. Buch
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Howard S. Fox
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Anthony T. Podany
- Antiviral Pharmacology Laboratory, Center for Drug Discovery, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Courtney V. Fletcher
- Antiviral Pharmacology Laboratory, Center for Drug Discovery, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Siddappa N. Byrareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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7
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Govindan AN, Fitzpatrick KS, Manoharan M, Tagge I, Kohama SG, Ferguson B, Peterson SM, Wong GS, Rooney WD, Park B, Axthelm MK, Bourdette DN, Sherman LS, Wong SW. Myelin-specific T cells in animals with Japanese macaque encephalomyelitis. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2021; 8:456-470. [PMID: 33440071 PMCID: PMC7886046 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine whether animals with Japanese macaque encephalomyelitis (JME), a spontaneous demyelinating disease similar to multiple sclerosis (MS), harbor myelin‐specific T cells in their central nervous system (CNS) and periphery. Methods Mononuclear cells (MNCs) from CNS lesions, cervical lymph nodes (LNs) and peripheral blood of Japanese macaques (JMs) with JME, and cervical LN and blood MNCs from healthy controls or animals with non‐JME conditions were analyzed for the presence of myelin‐specific T cells and changes in interleukin 17 (IL‐17) and interferon gamma (IFNγ) expression. Results Demyelinating JME lesions contained CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells specific to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), myelin basic protein (MBP), and/or proteolipid protein (PLP). CD8+ T‐cell responses were absent in JME peripheral blood, and in age‐ and sex‐matched controls. However, CD4+ Th1 and Th17 responses were detected in JME peripheral blood versus controls. Cervical LN MNCs from eight of nine JME animals had CD3+ T cells specific for MOG, MBP, and PLP that were not detected in controls. Mapping myelin epitopes revealed a heterogeneity in responses among JME animals. Comparison of myelin antigen sequences with those of JM rhadinovirus (JMRV), which is found in JME lesions, identified six viral open reading frames (ORFs) with similarities to myelin antigen sequences. Overlapping peptides to these JMRV ORFs did not induce IFNγ responses. Interpretations JME possesses an immune‐mediated component that involves both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells specific for myelin antigens. JME may shed new light on inflammatory demyelinating disease pathogenesis linked to gamma‐herpesvirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna N Govindan
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Kristin S Fitzpatrick
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Minsha Manoharan
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Ian Tagge
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, USA
| | - Steven G Kohama
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Betsy Ferguson
- Division of Genetics, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Samuel M Peterson
- Division of Genetics, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Grayson S Wong
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - William D Rooney
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Byung Park
- Biostatistics Shared Resource, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Michael K Axthelm
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA.,Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Dennis N Bourdette
- Department of Neurology, Multiple Sclerosis Clinic, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Larry S Sherman
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA.,Department of Cell, Developmental, and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Scott W Wong
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA.,Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
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8
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Sanchez-Martinez A, Perdomo-Celis F, Acevedo-Saenz L, Rugeles MT, Velilla PA. Cytotoxic CD4 + T-cells during HIV infection: Targets or weapons? J Clin Virol 2019; 119:17-23. [PMID: 31445411 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Classically, CD4+ T-cells have been referred as cytokine-producing cells and important players in immune responses by providing soluble factors that potentiate several effector immune functions. However, it is now evident that CD4+ T-cells can also elaborate cytotoxic responses, inducing apoptosis of target cells. Cytotoxic CD4+ T cells (CD4+ CTLs), exhibit cytolytic functions that resemble those of CD8+ T-cells; in fact, there is evidence suggesting that they may have a role in the control of viral infections. In this article, we discuss the role of CD4+ CTLs during HIV infection, where CD4+ CTLs have been associated with viral control and slow disease progression. In addition, we address the implication of CD4+ CTLs in the context of antiretroviral therapy and the partial reconstitution of CD8+ T-cells effector function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Federico Perdomo-Celis
- Grupo Inmunovirologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Liliana Acevedo-Saenz
- Grupo Inmunovirologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia; Grupo de Investigación Enfermería-CES, Facultad de Enfermería, Universidad CES, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Maria T Rugeles
- Grupo Inmunovirologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Paula A Velilla
- Grupo Inmunovirologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia.
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9
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Swanstrom AE, Del Prete GQ, Deleage C, Elser SE, Lackner AA, Hoxie JA. The SIV Envelope Glycoprotein, Viral Tropism, and Pathogenesis: Novel Insights from Nonhuman Primate Models of AIDS. Curr HIV Res 2019; 16:29-40. [PMID: 29173176 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x15666171124123116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellular tropism of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) is closely linked to interactions between the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env) with CD4 and chemokine receptor family members, CCR5 and CXCR4. This interaction plays a key role in determining anatomic sites that are infected in vivo and the cascade of early and late events that result in chronic immune activation, immunosuppression and ultimately, AIDS. CD4+ T cells are critical to adaptive immune responses, and their early and rapid infection in gut lamina propria and secondary lymphoid tissues in susceptible hosts likely contributes to viral persistence and progression to disease. CD4+ macrophages are also infected, although their role in HIV-1 pathogenesis is more controversial. METHODS Pathogenic infection by simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV) in Asian macaques as models of HIV-1 infection has enabled the impact of cellular tropism on pathogenesis to be directly probed. This review will highlight examples in which experimental interventions during SIV infection or the introduction of viral mutations have altered cellular tropism and, subsequently, pathogenesis. RESULTS Alterations to the interaction of Env and its cellular receptors has been shown to result in changes to CD4 dependence, coreceptor specificity, and viral tropism for gut CD4+ T cells and macrophages. CONCLUSION Collectively, these findings have yielded novel insights into the critical role of the viral Env and tropism as a driver of pathogenesis and host control and have helped to identify new areas for targeted interventions in therapy and prevention of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne E Swanstrom
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Gregory Q Del Prete
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Claire Deleage
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Samra E Elser
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Andrew A Lackner
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
| | - James A Hoxie
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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10
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Rosás-Umbert M, Llano A, Bellido R, Olvera A, Ruiz-Riol M, Rocafort M, Fernández MA, Cobarsi P, Crespo M, Dorrell L, Del Romero J, Alcami J, Paredes R, Brander C, Mothe B. Mechanisms of Abrupt Loss of Virus Control in a Cohort of Previous HIV Controllers. J Virol 2019; 93:e01436-18. [PMID: 30487276 PMCID: PMC6363998 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01436-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Elite and viremic HIV controllers are able to control their HIV infection and maintain undetectable or low-level viremia in the absence of antiretroviral treatment. Despite extensive studies, the immune factors responsible for such exclusive control remain poorly defined. We identified a cohort of 14 HIV controllers that suffered an abrupt loss of HIV control (LoC) to investigate possible mechanisms and virological and immunological events related to the sudden loss of control. The in-depth analysis of these subjects involved the study of cell tropism of circulating virus, evidence for HIV superinfection, cellular immune responses to HIV, as well as an examination of viral adaptation to host immunity by Gag sequencing. Our data demonstrate that a poor capacity of T cells to mediate in vitro viral suppression, even in the context of protective HLA alleles, predicts a loss of viral control. In addition, the data suggest that inefficient viral control may be explained by an increase of CD8 T-cell activation and exhaustion before LoC. Furthermore, we detected a switch from C5- to X4-tropic viruses in 4 individuals after loss of control, suggesting that tropism shift might also contribute to disease progression in HIV controllers. The significantly reduced inhibition of in vitro viral replication and increased expression of activation and exhaustion markers preceding the abrupt loss of viral control may help identify untreated HIV controllers that are at risk of losing control and may offer a useful tool for monitoring individuals during treatment interruption phases in therapeutic vaccine trials.IMPORTANCE A few individuals can control HIV infection without the need for antiretroviral treatment and are referred to as HIV controllers. We have studied HIV controllers who suddenly lose this ability and present with high in vivo viral replication and decays in their CD4+ T-cell counts to identify potential immune and virological factors that were responsible for initial virus control. We identify in vitro-determined reductions in the ability of CD8 T cells to suppress viral control and the presence of PD-1-expressing CD8+ T cells with a naive immune phenotype as potential predictors of in vivo loss of virus control. The findings could be important for the clinical management of HIV controller individuals, and it may offer an important tool to anticipate viral rebound in individuals in clinical studies that include combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) treatment interruptions and which, if not treated quickly, could pose a significant risk to the trial participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Rosás-Umbert
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anuska Llano
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Rocío Bellido
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Alex Olvera
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Marta Ruiz-Riol
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Muntsa Rocafort
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Marco A Fernández
- Flow Cytometry Facility, Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Patricia Cobarsi
- HIV Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Manel Crespo
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, IIS Galicia Sur, Spain
| | - Lucy Dorrell
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - José Alcami
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roger Paredes
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- HIV Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- University of Vic and Central Catalonia, UVIC-UCC, Vic, Spain
| | - Christian Brander
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- University of Vic and Central Catalonia, UVIC-UCC, Vic, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- AELIX Therapeutics, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Mothe
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute-HIVACAT, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- HIV Unit, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
- University of Vic and Central Catalonia, UVIC-UCC, Vic, Spain
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11
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Acute-Phase CD4 + T Cell Responses Targeting Invariant Viral Regions Are Associated with Control of Live Attenuated Simian Immunodeficiency Virus. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00830-18. [PMID: 30111562 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00830-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We manipulated SIVmac239Δnef, a model of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-independent viral control, to evaluate characteristics of effective cellular responses mounted by Mauritian cynomolgus macaques (MCMs) that express the M3 MHC haplotype, which has been associated with poor control of pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). We created SIVΔnef-8x to test the hypothesis that effective SIV-specific T cell responses targeting invariant viral regions can emerge in the absence of immunodominant CD8+ T cell responses targeting variable epitopes and that control is achievable in individuals lacking known "protective" MHC alleles. Full-proteome gamma interferon (IFN-γ) enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assays identified six newly targeted immunogenic regions following SIVΔnef-8x infection of M3/M3 MCMs. We deep sequenced circulating virus and found that four of the six newly targeted regions rarely accumulated mutations. Six animals infected with SIVΔnef-8x had T cell responses that targeted at least one of the four invariant regions and had a lower set point viral load than two animals that did not have T cell responses that targeted any invariant regions. We found that MHC class II molecules restricted all four of the invariant peptide regions, while the two variable regions were restricted by MHC class I molecules. Therefore, in the absence of immunodominant CD8+ T cell responses that target variable regions during SIVmac239Δnef infection, individuals without protective MHC alleles developed predominantly CD4+ T cell responses specific for invariant regions that may improve control of virus replication. Our results provide some evidence that antiviral CD4+ T cells during acute SIV infection can contribute to effective viral control and should be considered in strategies to combat HIV infection.IMPORTANCE Studies defining effective cellular immune responses to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and SIV have largely focused on a rare population that express specific MHC class I alleles and control virus replication in the absence of antiretroviral treatment. This leaves in question whether similar effective immune responses can be achieved in the larger population. The majority of HIV-infected individuals mount CD8+ T cell responses that target variable viral regions that accumulate high-frequency escape mutations. Limiting T cell responses to these variable regions and targeting invariant viral regions, similar to observations in rare "elite controllers," may provide an ideal strategy for the development of effective T cell responses in individuals with diverse MHC genetics. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to determine whether T cell responses can be redirected toward invariant viral regions in individuals without protective MHC alleles and if these responses improve control of virus replication.
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12
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Lucas M, Deshpande P, James I, Rauch A, Pfafferott K, Gaylard E, Merani S, Plauzolles A, Lucas A, McDonnell W, Kalams S, Pilkinton M, Chastain C, Barnett L, Prosser A, Mallal S, Fitzmaurice K, Drummer H, Ansari MA, Pedergnana V, Barnes E, John M, Kelleher D, Klenerman P, Gaudieri S. Evidence of CD4 + T cell-mediated immune pressure on the Hepatitis C virus genome. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7224. [PMID: 29740042 PMCID: PMC5940905 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25559-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV)-specific T cell responses are critical for immune control of infection. Viral adaptation to these responses, via mutations within regions of the virus targeted by CD8+ T cells, is associated with viral persistence. However, identifying viral adaptation to HCV-specific CD4+ T cell responses has been difficult although key to understanding anti-HCV immunity. In this context, HCV sequence and host genotype from a single source HCV genotype 1B cohort (n = 63) were analyzed to identify viral changes associated with specific human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class II alleles, as these variable host molecules determine the set of viral peptides presented to CD4+ T cells. Eight sites across the HCV genome were associated with HLA class II alleles implicated in infection outcome in this cohort (p ≤ 0.01; Fisher’s exact test). We extended this analysis to chronic HCV infection (n = 351) for the common genotypes 1A and 3A. Variation at 38 sites across the HCV genome were associated with specific HLA class II alleles with no overlap between genotypes, suggestive of genotype-specific T cell targets, which has important implications for vaccine design. Here we show evidence of HCV adaptation to HLA class II-restricted CD4+ T cell pressure across the HCV genome in chronic HCV infection without a priori knowledge of CD4+ T cell epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Lucas
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Harry Perkins Institute and School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Immunology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital and Pathwest, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Pooja Deshpande
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ian James
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Andri Rauch
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Bern and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Katja Pfafferott
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia.,Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Elouise Gaylard
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Shahzma Merani
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - Anne Plauzolles
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew Lucas
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia.,Harry Perkins Institute, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Wyatt McDonnell
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Spyros Kalams
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Mark Pilkinton
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Cody Chastain
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Louise Barnett
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Amy Prosser
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia.,Harry Perkins Institute, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Simon Mallal
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia.,Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Karen Fitzmaurice
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Heidi Drummer
- Department of Immunology and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Victoria, Australia
| | - M Azim Ansari
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Ellie Barnes
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mina John
- Department of Immunology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital and Pathwest, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Clinical Immunology, Royal Perth Hospital and Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Dermot Kelleher
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Silvana Gaudieri
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia. .,School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia. .,Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
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13
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Pernas M, Tarancón-Diez L, Rodríguez-Gallego E, Gómez J, Prado JG, Casado C, Dominguez-Molina B, Olivares I, Coiras M, León A, Rodriguez C, Benito JM, Rallón N, Plana M, Martinez-Madrid O, Dapena M, Iribarren JA, Del Romero J, García F, Alcamí J, Muñoz-Fernández M, Vidal F, Leal M, Lopez-Galindez C, Ruiz-Mateos E. Factors Leading to the Loss of Natural Elite Control of HIV-1 Infection. J Virol 2018; 92:e01805-17. [PMID: 29212942 PMCID: PMC5809746 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01805-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 elite controllers (EC) maintain undetectable viral loads (VL) in the absence of antiretroviral treatment. However, these subjects have heterogeneous clinical outcomes, including a proportion that loses HIV-1 control over time. In this work, we compared, in a longitudinal design, transient EC, analyzed before and after the loss of virological control, with persistent EC. The aim was to identify factors leading to the loss of natural virological control of HIV-1 infection with a longitudinal retrospective study design. Gag-specific T-cell responses were assessed by in vitro intracellular polycytokine production quantified by flow cytometry. Viral diversity determinations and sequence dating were performed in proviral DNA by PCR amplification at limiting dilution of env and gag genes. The expression profile of 70 serum cytokines and chemokines was assessed by multiplex immunoassays. We identified transient EC as subjects with low Gag-specific T-cell polyfunctionality, high viral diversity, and high proinflammatory cytokine levels before the loss of control. Gag-specific T-cell polyfunctionality was inversely associated with viral diversity in transient controllers before the loss of control (r = -0.8; P = 0.02). RANTES was a potential biomarker of transient control. This study identified virological and immunological factors, including inflammatory biomarkers associated with two different phenotypes within EC. These results may allow a more accurate definition of EC, which could help in better clinical management of these individuals and in the development of future curative approaches.IMPORTANCE There is a rare group of HIV-infected patients who have the extraordinary capacity to maintain undetectable viral load levels in the absence of antiretroviral treatment, the so-called HIV-1 elite controllers (EC). However, there is a proportion within these subjects that eventually loses this capability. In this work, we found differences in virological and immune factors, including soluble inflammatory biomarkers, between subjects with persistent control of viral replication and EC that will lose virological control. The identification of these factors could be a key point for a right medical care of those EC who are going to lose natural control of viral replication and for the design of future immunotherapeutic strategies using as a model the natural persistent control of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Pernas
- Virologia Molecular Unit, Laboratory of Research and Reference in Retrovirus, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid
| | - Laura Tarancón-Diez
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Esther Rodríguez-Gallego
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Josep Gómez
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Julia G Prado
- AIDS Research Institute-IrsiCaixa, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Concepción Casado
- Virologia Molecular Unit, Laboratory of Research and Reference in Retrovirus, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid
| | - Beatriz Dominguez-Molina
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Isabel Olivares
- Virologia Molecular Unit, Laboratory of Research and Reference in Retrovirus, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid
| | - Maite Coiras
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, Laboratory of Research and Reference in Retrovirus, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Agathe León
- Hospital Clinic-Fundació Clinic, IDIBAPS, HIVACAT, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Rodriguez
- Centro Sanitario Sandoval, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Miguel Benito
- IIS-Fundación Jiménez Diaz, UAM, Madrid, Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
| | - Norma Rallón
- IIS-Fundación Jiménez Diaz, UAM, Madrid, Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
| | - Montserrat Plana
- Hospital Clinic-Fundació Clinic, IDIBAPS, HIVACAT, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Onofre Martinez-Madrid
- Unidad Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Gral Universitario Santa Lucía, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Marta Dapena
- Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital General de Castellón, Castellón, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Iribarren
- Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Jorge Del Romero
- Centro Sanitario Sandoval, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Felipe García
- Hospital Clinic-Fundació Clinic, IDIBAPS, HIVACAT, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Alcamí
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, Laboratory of Research and Reference in Retrovirus, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - MaÁngeles Muñoz-Fernández
- Laboratory of Molecular Immuno-Biology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, CIBER BBN, Spanish HIV HGM BioBank, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Vidal
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Manuel Leal
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Cecilio Lopez-Galindez
- Virologia Molecular Unit, Laboratory of Research and Reference in Retrovirus, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid
| | - Ezequiel Ruiz-Mateos
- Clinic Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, IBiS, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville, Seville, Spain
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14
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Yaseen MM, Abuharfeil NM, Alqudah MA, Yaseen MM. Mechanisms and Factors That Drive Extensive Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 Hypervariability: An Overview. Viral Immunol 2017; 30:708-726. [PMID: 29064351 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2017.0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The extensive hypervariability of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) populations represents a major barrier against the success of currently available antiretroviral therapy. Moreover, it is still the most important obstacle that faces the development of an effective preventive vaccine against this infectious virus. Indeed, several factors can drive such hypervariability within and between HIV-1 patients. These factors include: first, the very low fidelity nature of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase; second, the extremely high HIV-1 replication rate; and third, the high genomic recombination rate that the virus has. All these factors together with the APOBEC3 proteins family and the immune and antiviral drugs pressures drive the extensive hypervariability of HIV-1 populations. Studying these factors and the mechanisms that drive such hypervariability will provide valuable insights that may guide the development of effective therapeutic and preventive strategies against HIV-1 infection in the near future. To this end, in this review, we summarized recent advances in this area of HIV-1 research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Mohammad Yaseen
- 1 Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology , Irbid, Jordan
| | - Nizar Mohammad Abuharfeil
- 2 Department of Applied Biological Sciences, College of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology , Irbid, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Ali Alqudah
- 3 Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology , Irbid, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Mahmoud Yaseen
- 4 Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology , Irbid, Jordan
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15
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW T cells can efficaciously control HIV replication, and it has been hypothesized that inducing those responses before exposure occurs may prevent HIV infection. However, conventional attempts to generate protective CD8 T-cell responses against HIV have generally failed. Based on current knowledge from chronic HIV infection and previous vaccine trials, this review details optimal CD8 and CD4 T-cell response design that may confer protection from HIV infection. RECENT FINDINGS The failure of two vaccines geared toward inducing T-cell response (STEP trial and HVTN505/Phambili) as well as the modest protection of the RV144 that mainly demonstrated nonneutralizing antibodies to be a correlate of protection have rattled the idea that a pure T-cell-based vaccine may induce protection. Moreover, in the recent years, CD4 T cells, and in particular the T follicular helper cell subset, received attention as a critical component for T-cell-inducing and antibody-inducing vaccines. SUMMARY It is apparent that all vaccines depend for their efficacy on a cellular component either to directly kill virally infected cells or to provide important helper signals for the development of efficacious B-cell responses. Recent vaccine trials have had a major impact on the field and are guiding new approaches for HIV vaccine design.
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16
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MR1-restricted mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells respond to mycobacterial vaccination and infection in nonhuman primates. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:802-813. [PMID: 27759023 PMCID: PMC5397382 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Studies on mucosal-associated invariant T cells (MAITs) in nonhuman primates (NHP), a physiologically relevant model of human immunity, are handicapped due to a lack of macaque MAIT-specific reagents. Here we show that while MR1 ligand-contact residues are conserved between human and multiple NHP species, three T-cell receptor contact-residue mutations in NHP MR1 diminish binding of human MR1 tetramers to macaque MAITs. Construction of naturally loaded macaque MR1 tetramers facilitated identification and characterization of macaque MR1-binding ligands and MAITs, both of which mirrored their human counterparts. Using the macaque MR1 tetramer we show that NHP MAITs activated in vivo in response to both Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccination and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. These results demonstrate that NHP and human MR1 and MAITs function analogously, and establish a preclinical animal model to test MAIT-targeted vaccines and therapeutics for human infectious and autoimmune disease.
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17
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Laher F, Ranasinghe S, Porichis F, Mewalal N, Pretorius K, Ismail N, Buus S, Stryhn A, Carrington M, Walker BD, Ndung'u T, Ndhlovu ZM. HIV Controllers Exhibit Enhanced Frequencies of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Tetramer + Gag-Specific CD4 + T Cells in Chronic Clade C HIV-1 Infection. J Virol 2017; 91:e02477-16. [PMID: 28077659 PMCID: PMC5355603 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02477-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune control of viral infections is heavily dependent on helper CD4+ T cell function. However, the understanding of the contribution of HIV-specific CD4+ T cell responses to immune protection against HIV-1, particularly in clade C infection, remains incomplete. Recently, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II tetramers have emerged as a powerful tool for interrogating antigen-specific CD4+ T cells without relying on effector functions. Here, we defined the MHC class II alleles for immunodominant Gag CD4+ T cell epitopes in clade C virus infection, constructed MHC class II tetramers, and then used these to define the magnitude, function, and relation to the viral load of HIV-specific CD4+ T cell responses in a cohort of untreated HIV clade C-infected persons. We observed significantly higher frequencies of MHC class II tetramer-positive CD4+ T cells in HIV controllers than progressors (P = 0.0001), and these expanded Gag-specific CD4+ T cells in HIV controllers showed higher levels of expression of the cytolytic proteins granzymes A and B. Importantly, targeting of the immunodominant Gag41 peptide in the context of HLA class II DRB1*1101 was associated with HIV control (r = -0.5, P = 0.02). These data identify an association between HIV-specific CD4+ T cell targeting of immunodominant Gag epitopes and immune control, particularly the contribution of a single class II MHC-peptide complex to the immune response against HIV-1 infection. Furthermore, these results highlight the advantage of the use of class II tetramers in evaluating HIV-specific CD4+ T cell responses in natural infections.IMPORTANCE Increasing evidence suggests that virus-specific CD4+ T cells contribute to the immune-mediated control of clade B HIV-1 infection, yet there remains a relative paucity of data regarding the role of HIV-specific CD4+ T cells in shaping adaptive immune responses in individuals infected with clade C, which is responsible for the majority of HIV infections worldwide. Understanding the contribution of HIV-specific CD4+ T cell responses in clade C infection is particularly important for developing vaccines that would be efficacious in sub-Saharan Africa, where clade C infection is dominant. Here, we employed MHC class II tetramers designed to immunodominant Gag epitopes and used them to characterize CD4+ T cell responses in HIV-1 clade C infection. Our results demonstrate an association between the frequency of HIV-specific CD4+ T cell responses targeting an immunodominant DRB1*11-Gag41 complex and HIV control, highlighting the important contribution of a single class II MHC-peptide complex to the immune response against HIV-1 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faatima Laher
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Srinika Ranasinghe
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Filippos Porichis
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Nikoshia Mewalal
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Karyn Pretorius
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Nasreen Ismail
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Søren Buus
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Anette Stryhn
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Mary Carrington
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Bruce D Walker
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, USA
| | - Thumbi Ndung'u
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV (K-RITH), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Zaza M Ndhlovu
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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18
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Juno JA, van Bockel D, Kent SJ, Kelleher AD, Zaunders JJ, Munier CML. Cytotoxic CD4 T Cells-Friend or Foe during Viral Infection? Front Immunol 2017; 8:19. [PMID: 28167943 PMCID: PMC5253382 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4 T cells with cytotoxic function were once thought to be an artifact due to long-term in vitro cultures but have in more recent years become accepted and reported in the literature in response to a number of viral infections. In this review, we focus on cytotoxic CD4 T cells in the context of human viral infections and in some infections that affect mice and non-human primates. We examine the effector mechanisms used by cytotoxic CD4 cells, the phenotypes that describe this population, and the transcription factors and pathways that lead to their induction following infection. We further consider the cells that are the predominant targets of this effector subset and describe the viral infections in which CD4 cytotoxic T lymphocytes have been shown to play a protective or pathologic role. Cytotoxic CD4 T cells are detected in the circulation at much higher levels than previously realized and are now recognized to have an important role in the immune response to viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Juno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | - David van Bockel
- Immunovirology and Pathogenesis Program, The Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, University of New South Wales Australia , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Anthony D Kelleher
- Immunovirology and Pathogenesis Program, The Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - John J Zaunders
- Immunovirology and Pathogenesis Program, The Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - C Mee Ling Munier
- Immunovirology and Pathogenesis Program, The Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, University of New South Wales Australia , Sydney, NSW , Australia
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19
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HLA Class-II Associated HIV Polymorphisms Predict Escape from CD4+ T Cell Responses. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005111. [PMID: 26302050 PMCID: PMC4547780 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy, antibody and CD8+ T cell-mediated responses targeting human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) exert selection pressure on the virus necessitating escape; however, the ability of CD4+ T cells to exert selective pressure remains unclear. Using a computational approach on HIV gag/pol/nef sequences and HLA-II allelic data, we identified 29 HLA-II associated HIV sequence polymorphisms or adaptations (HLA-AP) in an African cohort of chronically HIV-infected individuals. Epitopes encompassing the predicted adaptation (AE) or its non-adapted (NAE) version were evaluated for immunogenicity. Using a CD8-depleted IFN-γ ELISpot assay, we determined that the magnitude of CD4+ T cell responses to the predicted epitopes in controllers was higher compared to non-controllers (p<0.0001). However, regardless of the group, the magnitude of responses to AE was lower as compared to NAE (p<0.0001). CD4+ T cell responses in patients with acute HIV infection (AHI) demonstrated poor immunogenicity towards AE as compared to NAE encoded by their transmitted founder virus. Longitudinal data in AHI off antiretroviral therapy demonstrated sequence changes that were biologically confirmed to represent CD4+ escape mutations. These data demonstrate an innovative application of HLA-associated polymorphisms to identify biologically relevant CD4+ epitopes and suggests CD4+ T cells are active participants in driving HIV evolution. In HIV, CD4+ T cells are best known as the primary targets of infection. Although emerging data has suggested a more active role in viral pathogenesis, the CD4+ T cell population remains relatively understudied. Using a novel computational approach, we predicted 29 different epitopes with mutations that potentially represent escape from CD4+ T cell responses. The predicted escaped epitopes were found to be less immunogenic than the wild type forms, suggesting that the identified escapes allow HIV to reduce its visibility to the immune system. Using longitudinal samples, we were able to show CD4+ T cells driving viral escape following acute infection. Overall, these findings significantly expand our knowledge of how CD4+ T cells can exert HIV control and influence HIV evolution, providing important implications to future vaccine development strategies.
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20
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Shytaj IL, Savarino A. Cell-mediated anti-Gag immunity in pharmacologically induced functional cure of simian AIDS: a 'bottleneck effect'? J Med Primatol 2015; 44:227-40. [PMID: 26058990 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Administration of antiretroviral therapy and two experimental drugs, auranofin and buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), was previously shown to be followed by drug-free control of chronic SIVmac251 infection, decreased immune activation and increased cell-mediated anti-Gag responses. METHODS Phylogeny was analysed with Phylogeny.fr. Entropy was calculated with the specific tool of the HIV Sequence Database. The capsid Gag structure was computed using SPDBV. The bottleneck effect was simulated through an appropriate online tool. RESULTS The region of Gag predominantly targeted during control of SIVmac251 infection is highly conserved in primate lentiviruses and plays an important role in capsid architecture. Computer-aided simulations support the view that the preferential development of immune responses against this region is derived from a 'bottleneck effect' after restriction, by auranofin and BSO, of the activated lymphocyte pool. CONCLUSIONS Restriction of immune activation through auranofin/BSO may result in stochastic selection of cell clones targeting conserved epitopes leading to a functional cure-like condition.
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21
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Mahiti M, Brumme ZL, Jessen H, Brockman MA, Ueno T. Dynamic range of Nef-mediated evasion of HLA class II-restricted immune responses in early HIV-1 infection. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 463:248-54. [PMID: 25998395 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
HLA class II-restricted CD4(+) T lymphocytes play an important role in controlling HIV-1 replication, especially in the acute/early infection stage. But, HIV-1 Nef counteracts this immune response by down-regulating HLA-DR and up-regulating the invariant chain associated with immature HLA-II (Ii). Although functional heterogeneity of various Nef activities, including down-regulation of HLA class I (HLA-I), is well documented, our understanding of Nef-mediated evasion of HLA-II-restricted immune responses during acute/early infection remains limited. Here, we examined the ability of Nef clones from 47 subjects with acute/early progressive infection and 46 subjects with chronic progressive infection to up-regulate Ii and down-regulate HLA-DR and HLA-I from the surface of HIV-infected cells. HLA-I down-regulation function was preserved among acute/early Nef clones, whereas both HLA-DR down-regulation and Ii up-regulation functions displayed relatively broad dynamic ranges. Nef's ability to down-regulate HLA-DR and up-regulate Ii correlated positively at this stage, suggesting they are functionally linked in vivo. Acute/early Nef clones also exhibited higher HLA-DR down-regulation and lower Ii up-regulation functions compared to chronic Nef clones. Taken together, our results support enhanced Nef-mediated HLA class II immune evasion activities in acute/early compared to chronic infection, highlighting the potential importance of these functions following transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zabrina L Brumme
- Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada; British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Mark A Brockman
- Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada; British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Takamasa Ueno
- Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
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22
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Two-Year Follow-Up of Macaques Developing Intermittent Control of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Homolog Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIVmac251 in the Chronic Phase of Infection. J Virol 2015; 89:7521-35. [PMID: 25972547 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00396-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Off-therapy control of viremia by HIV-infected individuals has been associated with two likely players: a restricted viral reservoir and an efficient cell-mediated immune response. We previously showed that a combination of highly suppressive antiretroviral therapy and two experimental drugs, i.e., auranofin and buthionine sulfoximine, was able to reduce the viral reservoir, elicit efficient cell-mediated antiviral responses, and induce intermittent posttherapy viral load control in chronically SIVmac251-infected macaques. We here show that the macaques that had received this drug combination and then stopped antiretroviral therapy were also able to maintain low numbers of activated CD4+ T cells at viral rebound. Moreover, these macaques consistently displayed low-level simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) diversity, which was in line with the strong and broadly reactive cell-mediated immune responses against conserved Gag antigens. Extended follow-up showed that the two macaques that had received the complete drug combination remained healthy and did not develop AIDS in 2 years of follow-up after therapy suspension. This disease-free survival is longer than twice the average time of progression to AIDS in SIVmac251-infected rhesus macaques. These results suggest that limited numbers of activated T cells at viral rebound and subsequent development of broadly reactive cell-mediated responses may be interrelated in reducing the viral reservoir. IMPORTANCE The HIV reservoir in CD4+ T cells represents one main obstacle to HIV eradication. Recent studies, however, show that a drastic reduction of this reservoir is insufficient for inducing a functional cure of AIDS. In the present work, we thoroughly studied and subjected to long-term follow-up two macaques showing intermittent control of the virus following suspension of antiretroviral therapy plus an experimental antireservoir treatment, i.e., the gold salt auranofin and the investigational chemotherapeutic agent buthionione sulfoximine (BSO). We found that these drugs were able to decrease the number of activated CD4+ T cells, which are preferential targets for HIV infection. Then, efficient immune responses against the virus were developed in the macaques, which remained healthy during 2 years of follow-up. This result may furnish another building block for future attempts to cure HIV/AIDS.
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23
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Cooperativity of HIV-Specific Cytolytic CD4 T Cells and CD8 T Cells in Control of HIV Viremia. J Virol 2015; 89:7494-505. [PMID: 25972560 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00438-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED CD4+ T cells play a pivotal role in the control of chronic viral infections. Recently, nontraditional CD4+ T cell functions beyond helper effects have been described, and a role for cytolytic CD4+ T cells in the control of HIV infection has been suggested. We define here the transcriptional, phenotypic, and functional profiles of HIV-specific cytolytic CD4+ T cells. Fluidigm BioMark and multiparameter flow cytometric analysis of HIV-specific cytolytic CD4+ T cells revealed a distinct transcriptional signature compared to Th1 CD4+ cells but shared similar features with HIV-specific cytolytic CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, HIV-specific cytolytic CD4+ T cells showed comparable killing activity relative to HIV-specific CD8+ T cells and worked cooperatively in the elimination of virally infected cells. Interestingly, we found that cytolytic CD4+ T cells emerge early during acute HIV infection and tightly follow acute viral load trajectory. This emergence was associated to the early viral set point, suggesting an involvement in early control, in spite of CD4 T cell susceptibility to HIV infection. Our data suggest cytolytic CD4+ T cells as an independent subset distinct from Th1 cells that show combined activity with CD8+ T cells in the long-term control of HIV infection. IMPORTANCE The ability of the immune system to control chronic HIV infection is of critical interest to both vaccine design and therapeutic approaches. Much research has focused on the effect of the ability of CD8+ T cells to control the virus, while CD4+ T cells have been overlooked as effectors in HIV control due to the fact that they are preferentially infected. We show here that a subset of HIV-specific CD4+ T cells cooperate in the cytolytic control of HIV replication. Moreover, these cells represent a distinct subset of CD4+ T cells showing significant transcriptional and phenotypic differences compared to HIV-specific Th1 cells but with similarities to CD8+ T cells. These findings are important for our understanding of HIV immunopathology.
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Zaunders J, van Bockel D. Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Long-Term Non-Progression in HIV Disease. Front Immunol 2013; 4:95. [PMID: 23630526 PMCID: PMC3633949 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term non-progressors (LTNP) were identified after 10-15 years of the epidemic, and have been the subject of intense investigation ever since. In a small minority of cases, infection with nef/3'LTR deleted attenuated viral strains allowed control over viral replication. A common feature of LTNP is the readily detected proliferation of CD4 T-cells in vitro, in response to p24. In some cases, the responding CD4 T-cells have cytotoxic effector function and may target conserved p24 epitopes, similar to the CD8 T-cells described below. LTNP may also carry much lower HIV DNA burden in key CD4 subsets, presumably resulting from lower viral replication during primary infection. Some studies, but not others, suggest that LTNP have CD4 T-cells that are relatively resistant to HIV infection in vitro. One possible mechanism may involve up-regulation of the cell cycle regulator p21/waf in CD4 T-cells from LTNP. Delayed progression in Caucasian LTNP is also partly associated with heterozygosity of the Δ32 CCR5 allele, probably through decreased expression of CCR5 co-receptor on CD4 T-cells. However, in approximately half of Caucasian LTNP, two host genotypes, namely HLA-B57 and HLA-B27, are associated with viral control. Immunodominant CD8 T-cells from these individuals target epitopes in p24 that are highly conserved, and escape mutations have significant fitness costs to the virus. Furthermore, recent studies have suggested that these CD8 T-cells from LTNP, but not from HLA-B27 or HLA-B57 progressors, can cross-react with intermediate escape mutations, preventing full escape via compensatory mutations. Humoral immunity appears to play little part in LTNP subjects, since broadly neutralizing antibodies are rare, even amongst slow progressors. Recent genome-wide comparisons between LTNP and progressors have confirmed the HLA-B57, HLA-B27, and delta32 CCR5 allelic associations, plus indicated a role for HLA-C/KIR interactions, but have not revealed any new genotypes so far. Nevertheless, it is hoped that studying the mechanisms of intracellular restriction factors, such as the recently identified SAMHD1, will lead to a better understanding of non-progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Zaunders
- Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
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