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Chen Y, Wang X, Zhang M, Li J, Gao X, Nan Y, Zhao Q, Zhou EM, Liu B. Identification of two novel neutralizing nanobodies against swine hepatitis E virus. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1048180. [PMID: 36504801 PMCID: PMC9727072 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1048180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is thought to be a zoonotic pathogen that causes serious economic loss and threatens human health. However, there is a lack of efficient antiviral strategies. As a more promising tool for antiviral therapy, nanobodies (also named single-domain antibodies, sdAbs) exhibit higher specificity and affinity than traditional antibodies. In this study, nanobody anti-genotype four HEV open reading frame 2 (ORF2) was screened using phage display technology, and two nanobodies (nb14 and nb53) with high affinity were prokaryotically expressed. They were identified to block HEV ORF2 virus like particle (VLP) sp239 (aa 368-606) absorbing HepG2 cells in vitro. With the previously built animal model, the detection indicators of fecal shedding, viremia, seroconversion, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, and liver lesions showed that nb14 could completely protect rabbits from swine HEV infection, and nb53 partially blocked swine HEV infection in rabbits. Collectively, these results revealed that nb14, with its anti-HEV neutralizing activity, may be developed as an antiviral drug for HEV.
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Verma J, Subbarao N. A comparative study of human betacoronavirus spike proteins: structure, function and therapeutics. Arch Virol 2021; 166:697-714. [PMID: 33483791 PMCID: PMC7821988 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-04961-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Coronaviruses are the paradigm of emerging 21st century zoonotic viruses, triggering numerous outbreaks and a severe global health crisis. The current COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has affected more than 51 million people across the globe as of 12 November 2020. The crown-like spikes on the surface of the virion are the unique structural feature of viruses in the family Coronaviridae. The spike (S) protein adopts distinct conformations while mediating entry of the virus into the host. This multifunctional protein mediates the entry process by recognizing its receptor on the host cell, followed by the fusion of the viral membrane with the host cell membrane. This review article focuses on the structural and functional comparison of S proteins of the human betacoronaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Here, we review the current state of knowledge about receptor recognition, the membrane fusion mechanism, structural epitopes, and glycosylation sites of the S proteins of these viruses. We further discuss various vaccines and other therapeutics such as monoclonal antibodies, peptides, and small molecules based on the S protein of these three viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Verma
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Naidu Subbarao
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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Meester M, Tobias TJ, Bouwknegt M, Kusters NE, Stegeman JA, van der Poel WHM. Infection dynamics and persistence of hepatitis E virus on pig farms - a review. Porcine Health Manag 2021; 7:16. [PMID: 33546777 PMCID: PMC7863251 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-021-00189-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotype 3 and 4 is a zoonosis that causes hepatitis in humans. Humans can become infected by consumption of pork or contact with pigs. Pigs are the main reservoir of the virus worldwide and the virus is present on most pig farms. Main body Though HEV is present on most farms, the proportion of infected pigs at slaughter and thus the level of exposure to consumers differs between farms and countries. Understanding the cause of that difference is necessary to install effective measures to lower HEV in pigs at slaughter. Here, HEV studies are reviewed that include infection dynamics of HEV in pigs and on farms, risk factors for HEV farm prevalence, and that describe mechanisms and sources that could generate persistence on farms. Most pigs become infected after maternal immunity has waned, at the end of the nursing or beginning of the fattening phase. Risk factors increasing the likelihood of a high farm prevalence or proportion of actively infected slaughter pigs comprise of factors such as farm demographics, internal and external biosecurity and immunomodulating coinfections. On-farm persistence of HEV is plausible, because of a high transmission rate and a constant influx of susceptible pigs. Environmental sources of HEV that enhance persistence are contaminated manure storages, water and fomites. Conclusion As HEV is persistently present on most pig farms, current risk mitigation should focus on lowering transmission within farms, especially between farm compartments. Yet, one should be aware of the paradox of increasing the proportion of actively infected pigs at slaughter by reducing transmission insufficiently. Vaccination of pigs may aid HEV control in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Meester
- Farm Animal Health unit, Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - T J Tobias
- Farm Animal Health unit, Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - N E Kusters
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - J A Stegeman
- Farm Animal Health unit, Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Sotomayor-González A, Trujillo-Ortega ME, Taboada-Ramírez BI, Sandoval-Jaime C, Sarmiento-Silva RE. Phylogenetic Analysis and Characterization of the Complete Hepatitis E Virus Genome (Zoonotic Genotype 3) in Swine Samples from Mexico. Viruses 2018; 10:v10080391. [PMID: 30049969 PMCID: PMC6115897 DOI: 10.3390/v10080391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an emerging public health problem with an estimated 20 million infections each year. In Mexico, Orthohepevirus A, genotype 2, has been reported in humans, but genotype 3 has only been reported in swine (zoonotic). No diagnostic tests are publicly available in Mexico, and only partial sequences have been reported from swine samples. Hence, research is necessary to determine circulating strains, understand the features and dynamics of infection on pig farms, determine how to implement surveillance programs, and to assess public health risks. In this study, a next-generation sequencing (NGS) approach was applied to obtain a complete genome of swine HEV. Liver, feces, and bile samples were taken at slaughterhouses and a farm in Mexico. RT-PCR was used to determine positive samples and confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Of the 64 slaughterhouse samples, one bile sample was positive (B1r) (1.56%). Of 21 sample pools from farm animals, 14 were positive (66.66%), representing all stages of production. A complete sequence strain MXCDg3_B1c|_2016 was obtained from the bile of a domestic swine in the fattening stage. In addition, two partial sequences—MXCDg3_H2cons|_2016 (1473 nt) and MXCDg3_C3Acons|_2016 (4777 nt)—were obtained from sampled farm animals. Comparison with all reported genome HEV sequences showed similarity to genotype 3 subgenotype a (G3a), which has been previously reported in acute cases of human hepatitis in the US, Colombia, China, and Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Sotomayor-González
- Laboratory of Virology, Microbiology and Immunology Department, Veterinary Medicine and Husbandry Faculty, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico.
| | - María E Trujillo-Ortega
- Academic Council of the Biological, Chemical and Medical Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico.
- Swine Medicine and Husbandry Department, Veterinary Medicine and Husbandry Faculty, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico.
| | - Blanca I Taboada-Ramírez
- Biotechnology Institute (IBT), National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Carlos Sandoval-Jaime
- Biotechnology Institute (IBT), National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Cuernavaca 62209, Morelos, Mexico.
| | - Rosa E Sarmiento-Silva
- Laboratory of Virology, Microbiology and Immunology Department, Veterinary Medicine and Husbandry Faculty, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico.
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Soomro MH, Shi R, She R, Yang Y, Wang T, Wu Q, Li H, Hao W. Molecular and structural changes related to hepatitis E virus antigen and its expression in testis inducing apoptosis in Mongolian gerbil model. J Viral Hepat 2017; 24:696-707. [PMID: 28182318 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection has been associated with a wide range of extrahepatic manifestations, so this study was designed to examine the effect and role of HEV on structural and molecular changes in the testicular tissues of Mongolian gerbils experimentally infected with swine HEV. HEV RNA was first detected in testis at 14 days post-inoculation and reached a peak between 28 and 42 days later with viral load between 3.12 and 6.23 logs/g by PCR assays. Changes including vacuolation, sloughing of germ cells, formation of multinuclear giant cells, degeneration, necrosis of tubules and damaged blood-testis barrier were observed through transmission electron microscopy. HEV ORF2 antigen was detected in the sperm cell cytoplasm along with decrease in relative protein of zonula occludens-1 through immunohistochemistry. HEV ORF3 antigen and ZO-1 protein were detectable by Western blotting. Lower (P<.05) serum testosterone and higher (P<.05) blood urea nitrogen level was observed in inoculated Mongolian gerbils. Likewise, increased (P<.05) germ cell apoptosis rate was detected with significant increased expression of Fas-L and Fas in HEV-inoculated groups at each time points. Up-regulation (P<.05 or P<.01) in mRNA level of Fas-L, Fas, Bax, Bcl-2 and caspase-3 was observed in HEV RNA-positive testes. Our study demonstrated that after experimental inoculation, HEV can be detected in testis tissues and viral proteins produce structural and molecular changes that in turn disrupt the blood-testis barrier and induce germ cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Soomro
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agriculture University, Beijing, China.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Sakrand, Pakistan
| | - R Shi
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agriculture University, Beijing, China
| | - R She
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agriculture University, Beijing, China
| | - Y Yang
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agriculture University, Beijing, China
| | - T Wang
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agriculture University, Beijing, China
| | - Q Wu
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agriculture University, Beijing, China
| | - H Li
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agriculture University, Beijing, China
| | - W Hao
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agriculture University, Beijing, China
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A Novel Capillary Electrophoresis-Based High-Throughput Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction System for the Simultaneous Detection of Nine Pathogens in Swine. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:7243909. [PMID: 28691030 PMCID: PMC5485272 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7243909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Here we aimed to develop a capillary electrophoresis-based high-throughput multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) system for the simultaneous detection of nine pathogens in swine. Nine pairs of specific primers and a set of universal primers were designed; the multiplex PCR was established. The specificity and cross-reactivity of this assay were examined, and the detection limit was determined using serial 10-fold dilutions of plasmids containing the target sequences. The assay was further tested using 144 clinical samples. We found that the nine specific amplification peaks were observed, and the assay had a high degree of specificity, without nonspecific amplification. The simultaneous detection limit for the nine viruses reached 10000 copies μL-1 when all of the premixed viral targets were present. Seventy-seven of the clinical samples tested positive for at least one of the viruses; the principal viral infections in the clinical samples were porcine circovirus type 2 and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. This approach has much potential for further development of high-throughput detection tools for the diagnosis of diseases in animals.
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Frossard JP, Grierson S, Cheney T, Steinbach F, Choudhury B, Williamson S. UK Pigs at the Time of Slaughter: Investigation into the Correlation of Infection with PRRSV and HEV. Viruses 2017; 9:v9060110. [PMID: 28598352 PMCID: PMC5490802 DOI: 10.3390/v9060110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and are both globally prevalent in the pig population. While HEV does not cause clinical disease in pigs, its zoonotic potential has raised concerns in the food safety sector. PRRS has become endemic in the United Kingdom (UK) since its introduction in 1991, and continues to cause considerable economic losses to the swine industry. A better understanding of the current prevalence and diversity of PRRSV and HEV in the UK, and their potential association, is needed to assess risks and target control measures appropriately. This study used plasma, tonsil, and cecal content samples previously collected from pigs in 14 abattoirs in England and Northern Ireland to study the prevalence of several pathogens including PRRSV and HEV. The diversity of PRRSV strains detected in these samples was analyzed by sequencing open reading frame 5 (ORF5), revealing no substantial difference in PRRSV strains from these clinically unaffected pigs relative to those from clinical cases of disease in the UK. Despite the potential immuno-modulatory effect of PRRSV infection, previously demonstrated to affect Salmonella and HEV shedding profiles, no significant association was found between positive PRRSV status and positive HEV status.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sylvia Grierson
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Tanya Cheney
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Falko Steinbach
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Bhudipa Choudhury
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Susanna Williamson
- Surveillance Intelligence Unit, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Rougham Hill, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk IP33 2RX, UK.
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Li H, Li W, She R, Yu L, Wu Q, Yang J, Hu F, Soomro MH, Shi R, Hao W, Zhao Y, Mao J. Hepatitis E Virus Genotype 4 Sequences Detected in Sewage from Treatment Plants of China. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2017; 9:230-233. [PMID: 28110375 PMCID: PMC5429376 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-016-9276-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) in sewage samples in Shen Zhen, China. Sewage samples were collected from 152 sewage plants including livestock sewage, domestic sewage and treated sewage from May to July of 2015. Two of 152 samples were HEV positive (1.32%) from the livestock sewage plants. Partial ORF2 fragments of HEV were sequenced and a phylogenetic tree was constructed using MEGA5.1. Blast and phylogenetic analyses showed that both of these two sequences belonged to HEV Genotype 4. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on the molecular characterization of HEV in wastewater in China and the first time to detect Genotype 4 in the sewage. Results from this study indicate that the possibilities of sporadic infections of HEV should be emphasized because virus still has the possibility to be circulating in the sewage in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Li
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan WestRoad 2#, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Wei Li
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan WestRoad 2#, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Ruiping She
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan WestRoad 2#, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 China
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology & Public Health, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Liang Yu
- Shenzhen Urban Wastes Disposal & Recycling Center, Yuyuan Road 1#, Longgang District, Shenzhen, 518000 China
| | - Qiaoxing Wu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan WestRoad 2#, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Jingling Yang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan WestRoad 2#, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Fengjiao Hu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan WestRoad 2#, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Majid Hussain Soomro
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan WestRoad 2#, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Ruihan Shi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan WestRoad 2#, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Wenzhuo Hao
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan WestRoad 2#, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan WestRoad 2#, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Jingjing Mao
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan WestRoad 2#, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193 China
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UK Pigs at the Time of Slaughter: Investigation into the Correlation of Infection with PRRSV and HEV. Viruses 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/v9050110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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11
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Case Report Associated with Aspergillosis and Hepatitis E Virus Coinfection in Himalayan Griffons. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:287315. [PMID: 26605326 PMCID: PMC4641181 DOI: 10.1155/2015/287315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study involved a death which occurred in four Himalayan griffons housed in Beijing zoo, China. Based on pathogen identification and the pathological changes observed, we did characterize the fungi and Hepatitis E virus (HEV) in four dead Himalayan griffons. Pathological changes were severe. Membranous-like material was observed on the surface of the internal organs. Spleen was necrotic. Focal lymphocyte infiltration in the liver and many sunflower-like fungi nodules were evident in the tissues, especially in the kidney. PCR was used to identify the pathogen. Based on the 18SrRNA genomic sequence of known fungi, the results confirmed that all four dead Himalayan griffons were infected with Aspergillus. At the same time the detection of HEV also showed positive results. To the best of our knowledge, this work appears to be the first report of concurrent presence of Aspergillosis and Hepatitis E virus in rare avian species.
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Salines M, Barnaud E, Andraud M, Eono F, Renson P, Bourry O, Pavio N, Rose N. Hepatitis E virus chronic infection of swine co-infected with Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus. Vet Res 2015; 46:55. [PMID: 26048774 PMCID: PMC4456777 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0207-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In developed countries, most of hepatitis E human cases are of zoonotic origin. Swine is a major hepatitis E virus (HEV) reservoir and foodborne transmissions after pork product consumption have been described. The risk for HEV-containing pig livers at slaughter time is related to the age at infection and to the virus shedding duration. Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) is a virus that impairs the immune response; it is highly prevalent in pig production areas and suspected to influence HEV infection dynamics. The impact of PRRSV on the features of HEV infections was studied through an experimental HEV/PRRSV co-infection of specific-pathogen-free (SPF) pigs. The follow-up of the co-infected animals showed that HEV shedding was delayed by a factor of 1.9 in co-infected pigs compared to HEV-only infected pigs and specific immune response was delayed by a factor of 1.6. HEV shedding was significantly increased with co-infection and dramatically extended (48.6 versus 9.7 days for HEV only). The long-term HEV shedding was significantly correlated with the delayed humoral response in co-infected pigs. Direct transmission rate was estimated to be 4.7 times higher in case of co-infection than in HEV only infected pigs (0.70 and 0.15 per day respectively). HEV infection susceptibility was increased by a factor of 3.3, showing the major impact of PRRSV infection on HEV dynamics. Finally, HEV/PRRSV co-infection – frequently observed in pig herds – may lead to chronic HEV infection which may dramatically increase the risk of pig livers containing HEV at slaughter time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Salines
- ANSES, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané, BP 53, 22440, Ploufragan, France. .,Université européenne de Bretagne, 35000, Rennes, France.
| | - Elodie Barnaud
- UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, 94706, Maisons-Alfort, France. .,UMR 1161 Virology, INRA, 94706, Maisons-Alfort, France. .,UMR 1161 Virology, Paris Est University, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 94706, Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Mathieu Andraud
- ANSES, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané, BP 53, 22440, Ploufragan, France. .,Université européenne de Bretagne, 35000, Rennes, France.
| | - Florent Eono
- ANSES, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané, BP 53, 22440, Ploufragan, France. .,Université européenne de Bretagne, 35000, Rennes, France.
| | - Patricia Renson
- ANSES, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané, BP 53, 22440, Ploufragan, France. .,Université européenne de Bretagne, 35000, Rennes, France.
| | - Olivier Bourry
- ANSES, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané, BP 53, 22440, Ploufragan, France. .,Université européenne de Bretagne, 35000, Rennes, France.
| | - Nicole Pavio
- UMR 1161 Virology, ANSES, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, 94706, Maisons-Alfort, France. .,UMR 1161 Virology, INRA, 94706, Maisons-Alfort, France. .,UMR 1161 Virology, Paris Est University, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 94706, Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Nicolas Rose
- ANSES, Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané, BP 53, 22440, Ploufragan, France. .,Université européenne de Bretagne, 35000, Rennes, France.
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Yang Y, Shi R, She R, Mao J, Zhao Y, Du F, Liu C, Liu J, Cheng M, Zhu R, Li W, Wang X, Soomro MH. Fatal disease associated with Swine Hepatitis E virus and Porcine circovirus 2 co-infection in four weaned pigs in China. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:77. [PMID: 25889526 PMCID: PMC4379595 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0375-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent decades, Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) infection has been recognized as the causative agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome, and has become a threat to the swine industry. Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is another high prevalent pathogen in swine in many regions of the world. PCV2 and HEV are both highly prevalent in pig farms in China. CASE PRESENTATION In this study, we characterized the HEV and PCV2 co-infection in 2-3 month-old piglets, based on pathogen identification and the pathological changes observed, in Hebei Province, China. The pathological changes were severe, and general hyperemia, hemorrhage, inflammatory cell infiltration, and necrosis were evident in the tissues of dead swine. PCR was used to identify the pathogen and we tested for eight viruses (HEV, Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, PCV2, Classical swine fever virus, Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, Transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus, Porcine parvovirus and Pseudorabies virus) that are prevalent in Chinese pig farms. The livers, kidneys, spleens, and other organs of the necropsied swine were positive for HEV and/or PCV2. Immunohistochemical staining showed HEV- and PCV2-antigen-positive signals in the livers, kidneys, lungs, lymph nodes, and intestine. CONCLUSION HEV and PCV2 co-infection in piglets was detected in four out of seven dead pigs from two pig farms in Hebei, China, producing severe pathological changes. The natural co-infection of HEV and PCV2 in pigs in China has rarely been reported. We speculate that co-infection with PCV2 and HEV may bring some negative effect on pig production and recommend that more attention should be paid to this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Yang
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Ruihan Shi
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Ruiping She
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Jingjing Mao
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Yue Zhao
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Fang Du
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Can Liu
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Jianchai Liu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Animal Histology and Anatomy, College of Agriculture, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, 056021, China.
| | - Minheng Cheng
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Rining Zhu
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Wei Li
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Majid Hussain Soomro
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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