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Minosse C, Salichos L, Taibi C, Luzzitelli I, Nardozi D, Capobianchi MR, D’Offizi G, McPhee F, Garbuglia AR. Phylogenetic and Phylodynamic Analyses of HCV Strains Circulating among Patients Using Injectable Drugs in Central Italy. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9071432. [PMID: 34361868 PMCID: PMC8304011 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9071432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 71 million people worldwide are infected with the hepatitis C virus (HCV). Injectable drug use represents the most common route of transmission in Europe and other developed countries. We studied the molecular characteristics of the HCV infection among mono-infected people who used drugs (PWUD) in Italy. Among 208 PWUD with anti-HCV antibodies, 101 (48.6%) were HCV RNA-positive, the majority (47%) were infected with the HCV genotype (Gt)1a, followed by Gt3a (34.9%), Gt4 (9.1%), Gt1b (4.5%), and Gt2 (4.5%). Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of clustered HCV NS5B sequences from 66 HCV-positive PWUDs with available plasma samples indicated age and neighborhood proximity as the most common characteristics between closely related HCV strains. Population dynamics, as measured by a coalescent Bayesian skyline analysis, revealed an increase in HCV Gt1a infections from the mid-1980s to mid-1990s. While HCV Gt3a infections were first detected in the 1980s, patient numbers with this genotype subtype remained relatively constant. For both Gt1a and Gt3a, Birth–Death Bayesian Skyline analyses produced higher reproduction numbers post 2014. For earlier time intervals, slow growths were observed for both Gt1a and Gt3a with reproduction numbers (Re) of approximately 1. The evolutionary rates for Gt1a and Gt3a were estimated as 2.23 × 10−4 and 3.85 × 10−4, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Minosse
- Laboratory of Virology, “Lazzaro Spallanzani” National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy; (C.M.); (D.N.); (M.R.C.)
| | - Leonidas Salichos
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA;
- Biological and Chemical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, New York, NY 11568, USA
| | - Chiara Taibi
- Hepatology and Infectious Diseases Unit, “Lazzaro Spallanzani” National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy; (C.T.); (I.L.); (G.D.)
| | - Ilaria Luzzitelli
- Hepatology and Infectious Diseases Unit, “Lazzaro Spallanzani” National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy; (C.T.); (I.L.); (G.D.)
| | - Daniela Nardozi
- Laboratory of Virology, “Lazzaro Spallanzani” National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy; (C.M.); (D.N.); (M.R.C.)
| | - Maria Rosaria Capobianchi
- Laboratory of Virology, “Lazzaro Spallanzani” National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy; (C.M.); (D.N.); (M.R.C.)
| | - Gianpiero D’Offizi
- Hepatology and Infectious Diseases Unit, “Lazzaro Spallanzani” National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy; (C.T.); (I.L.); (G.D.)
| | - Fiona McPhee
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA;
| | - Anna Rosa Garbuglia
- Laboratory of Virology, “Lazzaro Spallanzani” National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy; (C.M.); (D.N.); (M.R.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-55170692
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Qureshi N, Tadesse M, Tran N, Henderson S. Establishing an Epidemiologic Profile of Hepatitis C Virus Infection at the Los Angeles County Jail. Public Health Rep 2021; 136:726-735. [PMID: 33602004 DOI: 10.1177/0033354920988610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the most common blood-borne infection in the United States. Although 2% to 3% of the global population is estimated to be infected with HCV, an estimated 18% of the US prison population may be infected. The objective of this study was to establish an epidemiologic profile of HCV infection in the largest urban jail system in the United States. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed 20 years of data on demographic characteristics, risk factors, and HCV positivity among 80 681 individuals incarcerated at the Los Angeles County Jail who were tested for HCV infection from January 1, 2000, through December 31, 2019. We used multivariate logistic regression analysis to determine predictors of HCV positivity. RESULTS Of the 80 681 individuals tested, 27 881 (34.6%) had positive test results for HCV infection. In the multivariate analysis, HCV positivity was most strongly associated with injection drug use (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 34.9; 95% CI, 24.6-49.5) and being born during 1946-1955 (aOR = 13.0; 95% CI, 11.9-14.2). Men were more likely than women to have HCV infection (aOR = 1.4; 95% CI, 1.3-1.5), and Hispanic (aOR = 4.2; 95% CI, 3.9-4.4) and non-Hispanic White (aOR = 3.8; 95% CI, 3.5-4.0) individuals were more likely than non-Hispanic African American individuals to have HCV infection. Noninjection drug use, homelessness, and mental health issues were also significantly associated with HCV positivity. CONCLUSION Even in the absence of resources for universal screening for HCV infection, the creation of a risk profile and its implementation into a screening program may be a beneficial first step toward improving HCV surveillance and establishing an accurate estimate of HCV infection in the incarcerated population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazia Qureshi
- 5141 Correctional Health Services, Los Angeles County Department of Health Services, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Martha Tadesse
- 5141 Correctional Health Services, Los Angeles County Department of Health Services, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - NgocDung Tran
- 5141 Correctional Health Services, Los Angeles County Department of Health Services, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sean Henderson
- 5141 Correctional Health Services, Los Angeles County Department of Health Services, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Distribution of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) and Hepatitis C Co-infection in Bahia, Brazil. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0223087. [PMID: 32692782 PMCID: PMC7373273 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Both Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are endemic in Brazil. In Salvador, the capital of the state of Bahia, 2% and 1.5% of the general population is infected with HTLV-1 or HCV. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and the distribution of HTLV/HCV coinfection in Bahia. This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Central Laboratory of Public Health for the state of Bahia (LACEN-BA). All samples in the LACEN database submitted to serological testing for anti-HCV (chemiluminescence) and anti-HTLV-1/2 (chemiluminescence/ELISA and Western blot) from 2004 to 2013 were included. Infection rate was expressed as the number of infected individuals per 100,000 inhabitants in a given municipality; municipalities were grouped by microregion for further analysis. A total of 120,192 samples originating from 358 of the 417 municipalities in Bahia (85.8%) were evaluated. The overall HCV coinfection rate in HTLV-positive was 14.31% [2.8 (ranging from 0.4 to 8.0) per 100,000 inhabitants.] Twenty-one (5%) of the municipalities reported at least one case of HTLV/HCV coinfection. Most cases (87%) were concentrated in three microregions (Salvador: 79%, Ilhéus/Itabuna: 5%, Porto Seguro: 3%). Coinfection occurred more frequently in males (51%) with a mean age of 59 [(IQR): 46–59] years. HTLV/HCV coinfection in the state of Bahia was more frequently found among males living in the microregions of Salvador, Ilhéus/Itabuna and Porto Seguro, all of which are known to be endemic for HTLV infection.
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Wang CW, Chuang HY, Chiang HC, Huang PC, Yu ML, Dai CY. Risk of hepatitis C virus infection in injecting and noninjecting drug users receiving opioid substitution therapy. J Chin Med Assoc 2020; 83:454-460. [PMID: 32358454 DOI: 10.1097/jcma.0000000000000312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the most common viral infection among illicit drug users in the world. Although intervention of needle and syringe program and opioid substitution therapy had engaged to prevent HCV infection, the prevalence of HCV infection does not seem to decline. The aim of this study was to estimate the risk of HCV infection in injecting drug users (IDUs) and noninjecting drug users (NIDUs) receiving opioid substitution therapy. METHODS We recruited 1179 heroin-dependent patients (age: 20-66 years) under opioid substitution therapy from 2012 to 2015 in a Psychiatric Center, Southern Taiwan. The data of HCV, hepatitis B virus and HIV infection and liver biochemical examination were obtained. We used multivariate logistic regression analysis to predict the risk of HCV infection. RESULTS There were 93.1% of IDUs and 68.1% of NIDUs positive for HCV infection. In IDUs, HIV infection, age of heroin initiation, duration and dose of heroin use, frequency of detoxification, and number of criminal conviction were significantly associated with HCV infection. In NIDUs, snort/sniff heroin exhibited a significantly increased risk of HCV infection. Intravenous injecting (odds ratio [OR] = 23.10, 95% CI = 8.04-66.40, p < 0.001), intravenous injecting combined snort/sniff (OR = 12.95, 95% CI = 3.90-42.97, p < 0.001), and snort/sniff (OR = 4.14, 95% CI = 1.30-13.18, p = 0.016) were significantly associated with increased risk of HCV infection compared with smoking. The trend was significant (p for trend <0.001). CONCLUSION In Taiwan, IDUs had harmful characteristics compared with NIDUs and both had extremely high prevalence of HCV infection. We provided evidence that snort/sniff is a possible way of leak in HCV infection despite needle-syringes supplement program been provided. Opioid substitution therapy program should include HCV assessment and treatment in the new direct-acting antiviral therapy era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Wen Wang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan, ROC
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
- PhD Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University and National Health Research Institutes, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hung-Yi Chuang
- Department of Public Health, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hung-Che Chiang
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Po-Chin Huang
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan, ROC
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ming-Lung Yu
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Community Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chia-Yen Dai
- Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
- PhD Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University and National Health Research Institutes, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Community Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC
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Del-Rios NHA, de Araujo LA, Martins RMB, Guimarães RA, de Matos MAD, Caetano KAA, Pinheiro RS, da Silva França DD, da Silva LN, Teles SA, Dos Santos Carneiro MA. Molecular and epidemiological aspects of hepatitis C virus infection among crack cocaine users. J Med Virol 2019; 92:1239-1245. [PMID: 31746475 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The aim is to investigate the prevalence, risk factors, and hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes/subtypes among crack users in-treatment in Central Brazil. A cross-sectional survey in which 600 in-treatment crack users were interviewed and tested for anti-HCV Ab by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was conducted between August 2012 and April 2013. Anti-HCV-positive samples were also submitted for HCV RNA detection by polymerase chain reaction. Positive HCV RNA samples were genotyped by direct sequencing analysis of the NS5B region of the viral genome, followed by phylogenetic analysis. Of the total, 3.7% (95.0% CI, 2.4%-5.6%) were anti-HCV positive. Age over 40 years and history of injecting drugs were risk factors for HCV, while snorting cocaine was a protector variable. HCV RNA was detected in 14 of 22 anti-HCV-positive samples, and the genotypes 1 (n = 10) and 3 (n = 2), subtypes 1a (n = 7), 1b (n = 3), and 3a (n = 2) were identified. The HCV prevalence found among crack users is almost threefold that observed in the general population in Brazil supporting that this population is at higher risk for HCV. The findings of cocaine insufflation as a protective behavior for HCV infection in this population should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rafael Alves Guimarães
- Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Goiás, Brazil
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Hepatitis C Virus among Female Sex Workers: A Cross-Sectional Study Conducted along Rivers and Highways in the Amazon Region. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040236. [PMID: 31739623 PMCID: PMC6963267 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Previous studies found a high prevalence of pathogens among female sex workers (FSWs) in the Amazon region, and established their parenteral and sexual transmission. This study estimated the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and associated risk factors, and the frequency of HCV genotypes and resistance-associated substitutions (RASs) in this vulnerable group. Methods: Distinct sampling methods were used to access 412 FSWs in cities and riverside communities in the Amazon region from 2015 to 2018. Three methods for HCV diagnosis were used to determine infection status. HCV genotypes and RASs were identified by sequencing and nucleotide fragment analysis. An association between HCV infection and exposure factors was determined by bivariate and multivariate analysis. Results: In total, 44 (10.7%) FSWs were exposed to HCV, and 32 (7.8%) of them had active infection. Nine socioeconomic characteristics and risky sexual behaviors were associated with HCV exposure, particularly unprotected sex and condom exemption for the clients who paid extra money. Genotype 1 (81.3%) and 3 (18.7%) were detected. The frequency of FSWs with RASs was 23.1% (6/26) for grazoprevir related to the occurrence of substitutions Y56F and S122G. Conclusions: HCV infection among FSWs is highly prevalent and dominated by genotype I. Urgent preventive and treatment measures are required to reduce HCV infection in FSWs and the general population.
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Oliveira-Filho AB, Santos FJA, Silva FQ, Raiol NC, Costa CCS, Piauiense JNF, Martins LC, Cardoso YMN, Di Miceli JFF, Resque RL, Silva-Oliveira GC, Pinheiro LML, Machado LFA, Pinho JRR, Lemos JAR, Kupek E, Fischer B. Hepatitis C virus infection status and associated factors among a multi-site sample of people who used illicit drugs in the Amazon region. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:634. [PMID: 31315569 PMCID: PMC6637600 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4270-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated rates of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection have been reported in epidemiological studies with people who used illicit drugs (PWUIDs) in different Brazilian regions. In Brazil's Amazon region, studies have already identified the common use of illicit drugs among adolescents and the high prevalence of HCV infections among PWUIDs. However, all studies done with PWUIDs were conducted with small samples and within limited geographic coverage. This study determined the prevalence and risk factors for HCV infection in PWUIDs in the Amazon region, northern Brazil, as well as estimating the prevalence and factors associated with the HCV spontaneous clearance (HSC). METHODS This cross-sectional study accessed 1666 PWUIDs from multiple municipalities of the Amazon region. Socio-demographic, economic, drug use and health-related information were collected through interviews. Blood samples collected were tested for the presence of anti-HCV antibodies and RNA-HCV. HCV genotypes were identified by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Logistic regressions were run to identify factors independently associated with HCV infection status and HSC. RESULTS In total, 577 (34.6%) featured HCV antibodies, of which 384 (23.1%) had active HCV infection and 193 (11.6%) indicated HSC. Genotypes 1 (80.2%) and 3 (18.8%) were detected. HCV infection status was associated with the length of illicit drug use history, factors related to parenteral and sexual transmission, and factors of socio-economic marginalization leading to potential risk activities for HCV. HSC was associated with the ethnic (including indigenous) background of participants. CONCLUSIONS High levels of HCV infection were detected in PWUIDs. Genotype 1 was predominant. Intense use of illicit drugs, unprotected sexual intercourse, high number of sexual partners and social marginalization were associated with all HCV infection. HSC was associated with origin (Amazonian-born) and non-white (e.g., Black or Indigenous) of PWUIDs. These findings emphasize the need for improve HCV prevention and control services and care for PWUIDs in the Brazilian Amazon region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldemir B. Oliveira-Filho
- Laboratório de Células e Patógenos, Grupo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Populações Vulneráveis (GEPPOV), Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Campus de Bragança, Universidade Federal do Pará, Alameda Leandro Ribeiro, s/n. Aldeia, Bragança, PA Brazil
| | - Francisco Junior A. Santos
- Laboratório de Células e Patógenos, Grupo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Populações Vulneráveis (GEPPOV), Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Campus de Bragança, Universidade Federal do Pará, Alameda Leandro Ribeiro, s/n. Aldeia, Bragança, PA Brazil
| | - Fabricio Quaresma Silva
- Laboratório de Células e Patógenos, Grupo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Populações Vulneráveis (GEPPOV), Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Campus de Bragança, Universidade Federal do Pará, Alameda Leandro Ribeiro, s/n. Aldeia, Bragança, PA Brazil
| | - Nairis Costa Raiol
- Laboratório de Células e Patógenos, Grupo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Populações Vulneráveis (GEPPOV), Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Campus de Bragança, Universidade Federal do Pará, Alameda Leandro Ribeiro, s/n. Aldeia, Bragança, PA Brazil
| | - Camila Carla S. Costa
- Laboratório de Células e Patógenos, Grupo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Populações Vulneráveis (GEPPOV), Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Campus de Bragança, Universidade Federal do Pará, Alameda Leandro Ribeiro, s/n. Aldeia, Bragança, PA Brazil
- Laboratório de Patologia Clínica de Doenças Tropicais, Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA Brazil
| | - Juliana Nadia F. Piauiense
- Laboratório de Células e Patógenos, Grupo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Populações Vulneráveis (GEPPOV), Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Campus de Bragança, Universidade Federal do Pará, Alameda Leandro Ribeiro, s/n. Aldeia, Bragança, PA Brazil
- Laboratório de Patologia Clínica de Doenças Tropicais, Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA Brazil
| | - Luisa Caricio Martins
- Laboratório de Patologia Clínica de Doenças Tropicais, Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA Brazil
| | - Yasmin Maria N. Cardoso
- Laboratório de Toxicologia e Química Farmacêutica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá, AP Brazil
| | - Jeruza Ferraz F. Di Miceli
- Laboratório de Toxicologia e Química Farmacêutica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá, AP Brazil
| | - Rafael Lima Resque
- Laboratório de Toxicologia e Química Farmacêutica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá, AP Brazil
| | - Gláucia C. Silva-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Células e Patógenos, Grupo de Estudo e Pesquisa em Populações Vulneráveis (GEPPOV), Instituto de Estudos Costeiros, Campus de Bragança, Universidade Federal do Pará, Alameda Leandro Ribeiro, s/n. Aldeia, Bragança, PA Brazil
| | - Luiz Marcelo L. Pinheiro
- Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas, Campus do Marajó – Soure, Universidade Federal do Pará, Soure, PA Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando A. Machado
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA Brazil
| | - João Renato R. Pinho
- Laboratório de Gastroenterologia e Hepatologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - José Alexandre R. Lemos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Profissional em Análises Clínicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA Brazil
| | - Emil Kupek
- Departamento de Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC Brazil
| | - Benedikt Fischer
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Grafton, AK New Zealand
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Zhou B, Cai GFF, Lv HKK, Xu SFF, Wang ZTT, Jiang ZGG, Hu CGG, Chen YDD. Factors Correlating to the Development of Hepatitis C Virus Infection among Drug Users-Findings from a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E2345. [PMID: 31269774 PMCID: PMC6651123 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16132345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C remains a significant public health threat. However, the main routes of transmission have changed since the early 1990s. Currently, drug use is the main source of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, and some measures have been successively implemented and additional studies have been published. However, the factors correlating with HCV infection failed to clearly define. Our study pooled the odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and analyzed sensitivity by searching data in the PubMed, Elsevier, Springer, Wiley, and EBSCO databases. Publication bias was determined by Egger's test. In our meta-analysis, HCV-infected and non-HCV-infected patients from 49 studies were analyzed. The pooled ORs with 95% CIs for study factors were as follows: Injecting drug use 10.11 (8.54, 11.97); sharing needles and syringes 2.24 (1.78, 2.83); duration of drug use >5 years 2.39 (1.54, 3.71); unemployment 1.50 (1.22, 1.85); commercial sexual behavior 1.00 (0.73, 1.38); married or cohabiting with a regular partner 0.88 (0.79, 0.98), and sexual behavior without a condom 1.72 (1.07, 2.78). This study found that drug users with histories of injecting drug use, sharing needles and syringes, drug use duration of >5 years, and unemployment, were at increased risk of HCV infection. Our findings indicate that sterile needles and syringes should be made available to ensure safe injection. In view of that, methadone maintenance treatment can reduce or put an end to risky drug-use behaviors, and should be scaled up further, thereby reducing HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Zhou
- Department of Scientific Research and Information Management, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Gao Feng Feng Cai
- Department of Scientific Research and Information Management, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Hua Kun Kun Lv
- Department of Scientific Research and Information Management, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou 310051, China
- Department of Immunization planning, Zhejiang provincial key laboratory of infectious disease vaccine and prevention and control. 3399 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Shuang Fei Fei Xu
- Department of Scientific Research and Information Management, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Zheng Ting Ting Wang
- Department of Scientific Research and Information Management, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Zheng Gang Gang Jiang
- Department of Scientific Research and Information Management, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou 310051, China
| | - Chong Gao Gao Hu
- Department of Scientific Research and Information Management, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou 310051, China.
| | - Yong Di Di Chen
- Department of Scientific Research and Information Management, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou 310051, China.
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Daw MA, Buktir Ali LA, Daw AM, Sifennasr NEM, Dau AA, Agnan MM, El-Bouzedi A. The geographic variation and spatiotemporal distribution of hepatitis C virus infection in Libya: 2007-2016. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:594. [PMID: 30466399 PMCID: PMC6251168 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3471-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C Virus infection has been considered an important hidden pandemic in developing countries, particularly in Africa. It varies greatly from one region to another and even within districts of the same region. Macroscopic geospatial analysis has become an important scientific tool for identifying the density and clustering of HCV infection and provides epidemiological information for planning interventions and control strategies. The application of these parameters provides a better knowledge of the hepatitis C virus infection prevalence at the national level and can help to implement pertinent strategies to address the HCV-related burdens. This study aims to determine the geographical variability of HCV infection in Libya and to identify the hot spots within regions and districts of the country, and to analyze the population-based demographic determinants involved and outline the intervention programs needed. METHODS Disease mapping and spatial analysis were conducted using geographic information data available on all documented cases of HCV infections in Libya between 2007 and 2016. Spatial autocorrelation was tested using Moran's Index, which determines and measures the degree of clustering and dispersion of HCV infection in a country. RESULTS A total 114,928 HCV infection cases during a ten-year period with accurate geographic information were studied. Ages ranged between 16 and 50 years and the male to female ratio was 2:1. HCV infection was unevenly distributed in Libya, and its incidence increased steadily over the study period. Several hot spots and cold spots were found mainly in the southern and eastern regions of the country. CONCLUSION HCV infection in Libya was geographically variable, with several hot spots particularly in eastern and southern Libya associated with different demographic determinants. Future intervention planning should consider the geospatial variability and risk factors involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Daw
- Department of Medical Microbiology &Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, CC 82668 Tripoli, Libya
| | - Lutfi A. Buktir Ali
- Department of Infectious Disease, Tripoli Medical Centre, Tripoli, CC 82668 Tripoli, Libya
| | - Amina M. Daw
- Department of General Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, CC 82668 Tripoli, Libya
| | - Nadia E. M. Sifennasr
- Department of Medical Microbiology &Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, CC 82668 Tripoli, Libya
| | - Aghnyia A. Dau
- Department of Surgery, Tripoli Medical Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, CC 82668 Tripoli, Libya
| | - Mohamed M. Agnan
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Technology, AlgabalAl-garbi University, Nalut, Libya
| | - Abdallah El-Bouzedi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Biotechnology, Tripoli University, CC 82668 Tripoli, Libya
| | - In association with the Libyan Study Group of Hepatitis & HIV
- Department of Medical Microbiology &Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, CC 82668 Tripoli, Libya
- Department of Infectious Disease, Tripoli Medical Centre, Tripoli, CC 82668 Tripoli, Libya
- Department of General Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, CC 82668 Tripoli, Libya
- Department of Surgery, Tripoli Medical Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, CC 82668 Tripoli, Libya
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Technology, AlgabalAl-garbi University, Nalut, Libya
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Biotechnology, Tripoli University, CC 82668 Tripoli, Libya
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10
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Schuch-Goi SB, Scherer JN, Kessler FHP, Sordi AO, Pechansky F, von Diemen L. Hepatitis C: clinical and biological features related to different forms of cocaine use. TRENDS IN PSYCHIATRY AND PSYCHOTHERAPY 2018; 39:285-292. [PMID: 29267513 DOI: 10.1590/2237-6089-2016-0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is related with several liver diseases such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinomas, leading to more than 0.5 million deaths every year and to a great global burden. It is known that injection drug users show a high prevalence of HCV infection, being considered a risk group for this disease. Cocaine users seem to be in greater risk than other drug users, and several hypotheses for this association are being studied. AIM To review data on HCV infection in cocaine users, taking into consideration the relevance of the different routes of drug administration and other risk behaviors. METHODS This was a narrative review performed in the main scientific databases. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Data suggest that cocaine use could be associated with HCV infection due to the specificities of cocaine consumption pattern, even in those subjects who do not inject drugs, in addition to other risky behaviors, such as tattooing and unprotected sex. Injectable cocaine users seem to be more susceptible to contamination than users who do not inject drugs. However, evidence is pointing to the possibility of infection by sharing drug paraphernalia other than syringes. Moreover, specific immune system impairments caused by cocaine use are also being linked with HCV infection susceptibility, persistence and increased pathological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Bassani Schuch-Goi
- Centro de Pesquisas em Álcool e Drogas, Centro Colaborador em Álcool e Drogas HCPA/SENAD, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliana Nichterwitz Scherer
- Centro de Pesquisas em Álcool e Drogas, Centro Colaborador em Álcool e Drogas HCPA/SENAD, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Felix Henrique Paim Kessler
- Centro de Pesquisas em Álcool e Drogas, Centro Colaborador em Álcool e Drogas HCPA/SENAD, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Anne Orgler Sordi
- Centro de Pesquisas em Álcool e Drogas, Centro Colaborador em Álcool e Drogas HCPA/SENAD, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Flavio Pechansky
- Centro de Pesquisas em Álcool e Drogas, Centro Colaborador em Álcool e Drogas HCPA/SENAD, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lisia von Diemen
- Centro de Pesquisas em Álcool e Drogas, Centro Colaborador em Álcool e Drogas HCPA/SENAD, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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11
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Hepatitis C virus infection among illicit drug users in an archipelago of the Amazon. Arch Virol 2017; 163:617-622. [PMID: 29164400 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3656-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection causes acute and chronic liver disease and may lead to cirrhosis, liver failure or hepatocellular carcinoma. The behavior of illicit drug users (DUs) typically exposes them to risks of viral infection. In the Brazilian Amazon region, a number of studies have identified high rates of drug use among adolescents, and a high prevalence of HBV infection in DUs, disseminated by sexual and parenteral activities. However, the epidemiological scenario of HCV infection in the region is still poorly understood. This study determined the prevalence, genotypes, and risk factors for HCV infection among DUs of the Marajó Archipelago. This cross-sectional study collected samples and epidemiological information from DUs in 11 municipalities. The diagnosis was established by EIA and real-time PCR, and the samples were genotyped by multiplex real time PCR. The data were analyzed by simple and multiple logistical regression. In 466 DUs, 28.3% had anti-HCV antibodies, and 25.5% had HCV-RNA. In 92 injecting drug users, 88.0% had anti-HCV antibodies, and 80.4% had HCV-RNA. Genotypes 1 and 3 were detected, with three cases of mixed infections. The multivariate analysis indicated associations of HCV infection with age (≥ 35 years), tattoos, intravenous drug use, shared use of injection equipment, and the daily and long-term (> 3 years) use of illicit drugs. These findings will contribute to the development of effective measures for the prevention of HCV infection among Brazilian DUs, as well as its general population.
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12
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Cortes VF, Taveira A, Cruz HM, Reis AA, Cezar JS, Silva BS, D'Assunção CF, Lampe E, Villar LM. Prevalence of Hepatitis B and C virus infection among alcoholic individuals: importance of screening and vaccination. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2017; 59:e47. [PMID: 28793018 PMCID: PMC5626222 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201759047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug users have been reported to have an increased risk for acquisition of viral
hepatitis. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of HBV and HCV infection and
usefulness of saliva for HBsAg and anti-HCV detection in alcoholic patients.A total
of 90 alcoholic patients were recruited in 2013. HBsAg and anti-HCV were tested in
serum and saliva, anti-HBc and anti-HBs were tested in serum using commercial enzyme
immunoassays (EIA).Using serum samples, anti-HCV, HBsAg, anti-HBc and anti-HBs
prevalences were 5.6%, 0%, 15.7%, and 29.2%. HBsAg detection in saliva showed 100% of
specificity and anti-HCV detection demonstrated 100% of sensitivity and 94.7% of
specificity. Low prevalence of HBV and high prevalence of anti-HCV were found and
reinforced the recommendation of HBV vaccination to avoid the acute and chronic cases
and HCV screening in this group to identify cases for antiviral therapy. Saliva
samples could be used for anti-HCV detection in this population, what could increase
the diagnosis access.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Faria Cortes
- Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, São João del Rei, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Laboratório de Hepatites Virais, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Angela Taveira
- Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, São João del Rei, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Helena Medina Cruz
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Laboratório de Hepatites Virais, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Amanda Alves Reis
- Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, São João del Rei, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Silva Cezar
- Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, São João del Rei, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Brener Santos Silva
- Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, São João del Rei, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Cintia Feliciano D'Assunção
- Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, São João del Rei, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Elisabeth Lampe
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Laboratório de Hepatites Virais, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Livia Melo Villar
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Laboratório de Hepatites Virais, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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13
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Characterization of hepatitis B virus infection in illicit drug users in the Marajó Archipelago, northern Brazil. Arch Virol 2016; 162:227-233. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3060-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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14
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Samimi-Rad K, Rahimnia R, Sadeghi M, Malekpour SA, Marzban M, Keshvari M, Kiani SJ, Alavian SM. Epidemic History of Hepatitis C Virus among Patients with Inherited Bleeding Disorders in Iran. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162492. [PMID: 27611688 PMCID: PMC5017697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The high rate of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among transfusion related risk groups such as patients with inherited bleeding disorders highlighting the investigation on prevalent subtypes and their epidemic history among this group. In this study, 166 new HCV NS5B sequences isolated from patients with inherited bleeding disorders together with 29 sequences related to hemophiliacs obtained from a previous study on diversity of HCV in Iran were analyzed. The most prevalent subtype was 1a (65%), followed by 3a (18.7%),1b (14.5%),4(1.2%) and 2k (0.6%). Subtypes 1a and 3a showed exponential expansion during the 20th century. Whereas expansion of 3a started around 20 years earlier than 1a among the study patients, the epidemic growth of 1a revealed a delay of about 10 years compared with that found for this subtype in developed countries. Our results supported the view that the spread of 3a reached the plateau 10 years prior to the screening of blood donors for HCV. Rather, 1a reached the plateau when screening program was implemented. The differences observed in the epidemic behavior of HCV-1a and 3a may be associated with different transmission routes of two subtypes. Indeed, expansion of 1a was more commonly linked to blood transfusion, while 3a was more strongly associated to drug use and specially IDU after 1960. Our findings also showed HCV transmission through blood products has effectively been controlled from late 1990s. In conclusion, the implementation of strategies such as standard surveillance programs and subsiding antiviral treatments seems to be essential to both prevent new HCV infections and to decline the current and future HCV disease among Iranian patients with inherited bleeding disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katayoun Samimi-Rad
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
- * E-mail:
| | - Ramin Rahimnia
- Department of Nano medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, TUMS, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Sadeghi
- National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Amir Malekpour
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mona Marzban
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Keshvari
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Jalal Kiani
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed-Moayed Alavian
- Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Baqiatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Perlman DC, Jordan AE. Using qualitative data, people's perceptions, and the science of decision making to inform policy and improve hepatitis C care for people who use drugs. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2014; 26:217-9. [PMID: 25465345 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David C Perlman
- Mount Sinai Beth Israel, 120 East 16th Street, Floor 12, New York, NY 10003, USA; Center for Drug Use and HIV Research, 726 Broadway, Floor 10, New York, NY 10003, USA.
| | - Ashly E Jordan
- Center for Drug Use and HIV Research, 726 Broadway, Floor 10, New York, NY 10003, USA; New York University, 726 Broadway, Floor 10, New York, NY 10003, USA
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16
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Mao XR, Zhang LT, Chen H, Xiao P, Zhang YC. Possible factors affecting thyroid dysfunction in hepatitis C virus-infected untreated patients. Exp Ther Med 2014; 8:133-140. [PMID: 24944611 PMCID: PMC4061218 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the association of thyroid dysfunction (TD) with the distribution of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in untreated patients. A total of 1,012 cases of HCV-infected patients were collected from different regions, of which 209 patients demonstrated a type of TD (chronic thyroiditis complicated with hyperthyroidism, chronic thyroiditis complicated with hypothyroidism, subclinical hyperthyroidism, subclinical hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism or chronic thyroiditis). The results showed the existence of geographical differences in the types of TD present with HCV infection. The female patients had a higher incidence of autoimmune-related TD than the male patients. High levels of HCV RNA expression were most common in all HCV-infected patients, regardless of the presence of TD. High and medium expression levels of HCV RNA were more prevalent in the patients with autoimmune-related TD. Relative analysis of the HCV RNA levels showed that the pathogenesis of TD was not correlated with the HCV RNA expression levels; however, it may have been associated with autoimmunity. The HCV-infected patients with TD were most commonly middle-aged, whereas young adults were the largest group of patients with HCV and normal thyroid function. Among all HCV genotypes, type 1b was the most common HCV genotype and type 2 was the second most common. Types 3 and 6 were scarce in this study population. No associations were identified between HCV genotypes and thyroid disease. The data of liver function showed that HCV-infected patients with TD had a higher liver dysfunction rate compared with that of the patients with normal thyroid function. Therefore, liver dysfunction may be associated with thyroid disease. This study supports the potential of individualized treatment for HCV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Rong Mao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China ; Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Li-Ting Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Ping Xiao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - You-Cheng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
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