1
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Zyla DS, Della Marca R, Niemeyer G, Zipursky G, Stearns K, Leedale C, Sobolik EB, Callaway HM, Hariharan C, Peng W, Parekh D, Marcink TC, Diaz Avalos R, Horvat B, Mathieu C, Snijder J, Greninger AL, Hastie KM, Niewiesk S, Moscona A, Porotto M, Ollmann Saphire E. A neutralizing antibody prevents postfusion transition of measles virus fusion protein. Science 2024; 384:eadm8693. [PMID: 38935733 DOI: 10.1126/science.adm8693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Measles virus (MeV) presents a public health threat that is escalating as vaccine coverage in the general population declines and as populations of immunocompromised individuals, who cannot be vaccinated, increase. There are no approved therapeutics for MeV. Neutralizing antibodies targeting viral fusion are one potential therapeutic approach but have not yet been structurally characterized or advanced to clinical use. We present cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of prefusion F alone [2.1-angstrom (Å) resolution], F complexed with a fusion-inhibitory peptide (2.3-Å resolution), F complexed with the neutralizing and protective monoclonal antibody (mAb) 77 (2.6-Å resolution), and an additional structure of postfusion F (2.7-Å resolution). In vitro assays and examination of additional EM classes show that mAb 77 binds prefusion F, arrests F in an intermediate state, and prevents transition to the postfusion conformation. These structures shed light on antibody-mediated neutralization that involves arrest of fusion proteins in an intermediate state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawid S Zyla
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Roberta Della Marca
- Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Gele Niemeyer
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, University of Luebeck, D-23538 Luebeck, Germany
| | - Gillian Zipursky
- Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Kyle Stearns
- Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Cameron Leedale
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Elizabeth B Sobolik
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology Virology Division, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Heather M Callaway
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Chitra Hariharan
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Weiwei Peng
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Diptiben Parekh
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tara C Marcink
- Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ruben Diaz Avalos
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Branka Horvat
- Immunobiology of Viral Infections, International Center for Infectiology Research-CIRI, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, University Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Cyrille Mathieu
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie équipe Neuro-Invasion, TROpism and VIRal Encephalitis (NITROVIRE), INSERM U1111-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Joost Snijder
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Alexander L Greninger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology Virology Division, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Kathryn M Hastie
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Stefan Niewiesk
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Anne Moscona
- Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Matteo Porotto
- Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Erica Ollmann Saphire
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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2
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Rubalskaia TS, Erokhov DV, Zherdeva PE, Mamaeva TA, Tikhonova NT. Global genetic diversity of measles virus (Paramyxoviridae: Morbillivirus: Morbillivirus hominis): historical aspects and current state. Vopr Virusol 2023; 68:361-371. [PMID: 38156571 DOI: 10.36233/0507-4088-187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring the circulation of the measles virus and studying its genetic diversity is an important component of the measles elimination program. A methodological approach to molecular genetic studies and their interpretation in the measles surveillance was developed in the early 2000s. During its development, clear areas of circulation of each genotype of the virus were identified, therefore, the determination of viruses' genotypes was proposed to monitor circulation and identify transmission pathways. However, in the future, due to a significant decrease in the number of active genotypes, an approach based on sub-genotyping was proposed: determining not only the genotype of the virus, but also its genetic lineage/genetic variant. The Global Measles and Rubella Laboratory Network (GMRLN) systematically monitors the circulation of the measles virus at the sub-genotypic level, depositing the results in a specialized database MeaNS2. It is this database that is the most complete and reliable source of information about the genetic characteristic of measles viruses. This review presents both historical information and the latest data on the global genetic diversity of the measles virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Rubalskaia
- G.N. Gabrichevsky Moscow research institute of epidemiology and microbiology Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing
| | - D V Erokhov
- G.N. Gabrichevsky Moscow research institute of epidemiology and microbiology Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing
| | - P E Zherdeva
- G.N. Gabrichevsky Moscow research institute of epidemiology and microbiology Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing
| | - T A Mamaeva
- G.N. Gabrichevsky Moscow research institute of epidemiology and microbiology Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing
| | - N T Tikhonova
- G.N. Gabrichevsky Moscow research institute of epidemiology and microbiology Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing
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3
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Lu P, Deng X, Hu Y, Guo H. The genotype distribution and phylodynamic of measles viruses circulating in the east of China in postvaccine era, 2005-2017. J Med Virol 2021; 93:5141-5145. [PMID: 33527448 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The increase of the evolutionary pressure will cause phylodynamics changes of viruses. In post-vaccine coverage era, measles viruses face more immune pressure than ever before. Vice versa, the phylodynamic changes may reflect herd immunity level provided by vaccination. In this study, we analyzed phylodynamic characteristics of measles viruses isolated from 2005 to 2017 in Jiangsu province of China using nucleoprotein gene sequences of measles viruses. The phylogenetic tree was constructed with Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm. The mean gene distance within each group was computed with MEGA7.0 software. Our results showed that a decline trend is observed in the gene distance of nucleoprotein gene with time as well as incidence of measles from epidemic surveillance system. Two clusters of H1a genotype show cocirculation of multiple variants in early years and the disappearance of most variants with time. We explore the phylodynamic of measles virus under high immune pressure. Our findings highlight that phylodynamic of measles viruses is a helpful tool to assess the effectiveness of epidemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peishan Lu
- Department of Expand Program on Immunization, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiuying Deng
- Department of Expand Program on Immunization, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Hu
- Department of Expand Program on Immunization, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongxiong Guo
- Department of Expand Program on Immunization, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
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4
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Sanyaolu A, Okorie C, Marinkovic A, Ayodele O, Abbasi AF, Prakash S, Gosse J, Younis S, Mangat J, Chan H. Measles Outbreak in Unvaccinated and Partially Vaccinated Children and Adults in the United States and Canada (2018-2019): A Narrative Review of Cases. INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing 2020; 56:46958019894098. [PMID: 31823676 PMCID: PMC6906342 DOI: 10.1177/0046958019894098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Since 2018 and currently in 2019, the United States and Canada experienced a
rapidly spreading measles virus outbreak. The developing outbreak may be due to
a lack of vaccination, an inadequate dosage of measles (MMR) vaccine, clusters
of intentionally under-vaccinated children, imported measles from global travel,
and from those who are immunocompromised or have other life-threatening
diseases. The infection originated mainly from travelers who acquired measles
abroad and has thus led to a major outbreak and health concern not only in the
United States and Canada but also in other parts of the world. According to
World Health Organization, from January 2019 through September 2019, 1234 cases
of measles have been reported in the United States and 91 reported cases in
Canada, while in 2018, 372 and 28 cases were reported in the United States and
Canada, respectively. A potential driving factor to the increased cases maybe
because fewer children have been vaccinated over the last number of years in
both countries. This article is a narrative review of cases discussing the
measles outbreak among partially vaccinated and unvaccinated children and adults
in the United States and Canada in 2018 and 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jessica Gosse
- All Saints University, Kingstown, Saint Vincent, and the Grenadines
| | - Sadaf Younis
- All Saints University, Kingstown, Saint Vincent, and the Grenadines
| | - Jasmine Mangat
- All Saints University, Kingstown, Saint Vincent, and the Grenadines
| | - Henry Chan
- Medical University of the Americas, Charlestown, Saint Kitts, and Nevis
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5
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Tran L, Nhu Y M, Le Ba Nghia T, Hendam A, Vuong NL, Alzalal E, Sayed AM, Hussain MM, Sharma A, Tieu T, Mathenge PG, Hirayama K, Alexander N, Huy NT. Frequent inappropriate use of unweighted summary statistics in systematic reviews of pathogen genotypes or genogroups. J Clin Epidemiol 2019; 119:26-35. [PMID: 31740320 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2019.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our study aimed to systematically assess and report the methodological quality used in epidemiological systematic reviews (SRs) and meta-analysis (MA) of pathogen genotypes/genogroups. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING Nine electronic databases and manual search of reference lists were used to identify relevant studies. The method types were divided into three groups: 1) with weighted pooling analysis (which we call MA), (2) unweighted analysis of the study-level measures (which we call summary statistics), and (3) without any data pooling (which we call SR only). Characteristics were evaluated using Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR), Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA), and Risk Of Bias In Systematic reviews (ROBIS) tools. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO with CRD42017078146. RESULTS Among 36 included articles, 5 (14%) studies conducted SR only, 16 (44%) performed MA, and 15 (42%) used summary statistics. The univariable and multivariable linear regression of AMSTAR and PRISMA scores showed that MA had higher quality compared with those with summary statistics. The SR only and summary statistics groups had approximately equal scores among three scales of AMSTAR, PRISMA, and ROBIS. The methodological quality of epidemiological studies has improved from 1999 to 2017. CONCLUSION Despite the frequent use of unweighted summary statistics, MA remains the most suitable method for reaching rational conclusions in epidemiological studies of pathogen genotypes/genogroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linh Tran
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Danang 550000, Vietnam
| | - Mai Nhu Y
- Online Research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org/), Nagasaki, Japan; Faculty of Medicine, Vo Truong Toan University, Hau Giang, Vietnam
| | - Thai Le Ba Nghia
- Online Research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org/), Nagasaki, Japan; Faculty of Medicine, Vo Truong Toan University, Hau Giang, Vietnam
| | - Abdulrahman Hendam
- Online Research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org/), Nagasaki, Japan; Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Nguyen Lam Vuong
- Online Research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org/), Nagasaki, Japan; Department of Medical Statistics and Informatics, Faculty of Public Health, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Ebrahim Alzalal
- Online Research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org/), Nagasaki, Japan; Faculty of Medicine, Menofia University, Shebin Elkom, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Sayed
- Online Research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org/), Nagasaki, Japan; Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mustafa Mushtaq Hussain
- Online Research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org/), Nagasaki, Japan; Department of Neurosurgery, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Akash Sharma
- Online Research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org/), Nagasaki, Japan; University College of Medical Sciences and Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Dilshad Garden, Delhi, India
| | - Thuan Tieu
- Online Research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org/), Nagasaki, Japan; Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Peterson Gitonga Mathenge
- Online Research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org/), Nagasaki, Japan; Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kenji Hirayama
- Department of Immunogenetics, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Neal Alexander
- MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Nguyen Tien Huy
- Evidence Based Medicine Research Group, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, 70000, Vietnam; Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, 70000, Vietnam; Department of Clinical Product Development, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.
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6
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Phylogenetic evidence of the intercontinental circulation of a Canine distemper virus lineage in the Americas. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15747. [PMID: 31673120 PMCID: PMC6823503 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52345-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is the cause of a multisystem disease in domestic dogs and wild animals, infecting more than 20 carnivore and non-carnivore families and even infecting human cell lines in in vitro conditions. Phylogenetic classification based on the hemagglutinin gene shows 17 lineages with a phylogeographic distribution pattern. In Medellín (Colombia), the lineage South America-3 is considered endemic. Phylogenetic studies conducted in Ecuador using fragment coding for the fusion protein signal peptide (Fsp) characterized a new strain belonging to a different lineage. For understanding the distribution of the South America-3 lineage in the north of the South American continent, we characterized CDV from three Colombian cities (Medellín, Bucaramanga, and Bogotá). Using phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin gene and the Fsp region, we confirmed the circulation of CDV South America-3 in different areas of Colombia. We also described, for the first time to our knowledge, the circulation of a new lineage in Medellín that presents a group monophyletic with strains previously characterized in dogs in Ecuador and in wildlife and domestic dogs in the United States, for which we propose the name “South America/North America-4” due its intercontinental distribution. In conclusion, our results indicated that there are at least four different CDV lineages circulating in domestic dogs in South America: the Europe/South America-1 lineage circulating in Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina; the South America-2 lineage restricted to Argentina; the South America-3 lineage, which has only been reported in Colombia; and lastly an intercontinental lineage present in Colombia, Ecuador, and the United States, referred to here as the “South America/North America-4” lineage.
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7
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Zhang R, Jiang H, Li F, Su N, Ding Y, Mao X, Ren D, Wang J. Key genes and pathways in measles and their interaction with environmental chemicals. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:4890-4900. [PMID: 29805511 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to explore key genes that may have a role in the pathology of measles virus infection and to clarify the interaction networks between environmental factors and differentially expressed genes (DEGs). After screening the database of the Gene Expression Omnibus of the National Center for Biotechnology Information, the dataset GSE5808 was downloaded and analyzed. A global normalization method was performed to minimize data inconsistencies and heterogeneity. DEGs during different stages of measles virus infection were explored using R software (v3.4.0). Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis of the DEGs were performed using Cytoscape 3.4.0 software. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of the DEGs was obtained from the STRING database v9.05. A total of 43 DEGs were obtained from four analyzed sample groups, including 10 highly expressed genes and 33 genes with decreased expression. The most enriched pathways based on KEGG analysis were fatty acid elongation, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and RNA degradation. The genes mentioned in the PPI network were mainly associated with protein binding and chemokine activity. A total of 219 chemicals were identified that may, jointly or on their own, interact with the 6 DEGs between the control group and patients with measles (at hospital entry), including benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) and tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD). In conclusion, the present study revealed that chemokines and environmental chemicals, e.g. BaP and TCDD, may affect the development of measles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongqiang Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 712046, P.R. China
| | - Hualin Jiang
- Department of Nursing, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China.,Department of Medical Education, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Fengying Li
- Immunization Department of Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Xianyang, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712046, P.R. China
| | - Ning Su
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Yi Ding
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Mao
- GoDaddy Inc, Sunnyvale, CA 95131, USA
| | - Dan Ren
- Department of Nursing, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 712046, P.R. China
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8
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Molecular characterisation of measles virus strains among refugees from Central African Republic in Cameroon in 2014. Epidemiol Infect 2018; 146:319-323. [PMID: 29310739 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268817002990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles is a highly infectious human viral disease caused by measles virus (MeV). An estimated 114 900 measles deaths occurred worldwide in 2014. There are currently eight clades (A-H) comprised 24 MeV genotypes. We sought to characterise MeVs among Central African Republic (CAR) refugees during the 2014 measles epidemic in Cameroon. Samples were collected from children <15 years with suspected measles infections in two refugee camps in the east region of Cameroon. Viral RNA was extracted directly from urine samples. RNA detection of MeV RNA was performed with real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify a 634 bp nucleotide fragment of the N gene. The sequence of the PCR product was obtained to determine the genotype. MeV RNA was detected in 25 out of 30 samples from suspected cases, and among the 25 positive samples, MeV sequences were obtained from 20. The MeV strains characterised were all genotype B3. The MeV strains from genotype B3 found in this outbreak were more similar to those circulating in Northern Cameroon in 2010-2011 than to MeV strains circulating in the CAR in 2011. Surveillance system should be improved to focus on refugees for early detection of and response to outbreaks.
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9
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Zaidi SSZ, Hameed A, Suleman Rana M, Alam MM, Umair M, Aamir UB, Hussain M, Sharif S, Shaukat S, Angez M, Khurshid A. Identification of measles virus genotype B3 associated with outbreaks in Islamabad, Pakistan, 2013-2015. J Infect Public Health 2017; 11:540-545. [PMID: 29129527 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measles virus infection remains a significant cause of childhood mortality and morbidity despite continued global efforts and the availability of a safe and effective vaccine. Molecular analysis of indigenous measles viruses could provide critical information on outbreak linkages and transmission pathways that can aid the implementation of appropriate control programs in Pakistan. METHODS Blood samples and throat swabs were collected from subjects suspected with measles in Islamabad, Pakistan from 2013 to 2015. Serum samples were tested for the presence of measles immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) while throat swabs were used for the isolation (Vero/SLAM cell line) and subsequent characterization and phylogenetic analysis of measles strains. RESULTS Of 373 blood samples, 66% tested positive for measles IgM. Male subjects were more often infected (58%) than female (42%) with the highest frequency of positive cases (63%) in the 0-5-years age group. Among the positive cases, only 13% had received one or two doses of the measles vaccine, while 87% were unvaccinated. Of 80 throat swabs, 29 (36%) showed a measles virus-specific cytopathic effect (CPE) and were characterized as genotype B3 through partial sequencing of the nucleoprotein (N) gene. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the Pakistani B3 strains to be closely related to strains from neighboring countries (Iran and Afghanistan) as well as with B3 viruses from the USA, Germany, and the UK. CONCLUSIONS The study results showed that despite the availability of an effective vaccine, the burden of measles infections is very high in Pakistan due to poor routine immunization coverage even in major cities, including the capital city of Islamabad. It is imperative that national health authorities take urgent strategic steps to improve routine immunization and implement adequate molecular identification methods to tackle future measles outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed S Z Zaidi
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan; Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Park Road, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Abdul Hameed
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan; International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Suleman Rana
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Park Road, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad M Alam
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Park Road, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Massab Umair
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Park Road, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Uzma B Aamir
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Park Road, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Salmaan Sharif
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Park Road, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shahzad Shaukat
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Park Road, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mehar Angez
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Park Road, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Adnan Khurshid
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Park Road, Chak Shahzad, Islamabad, Pakistan
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10
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A measles outbreak in Sindh, Pakistan caused by a genotype B3 virus. Arch Virol 2017; 162:3603-3610. [PMID: 28803415 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3524-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Measles continues to be a major public health issue causing substantial outbreaks worldwide, mostly affecting young children. Molecular analysis of measles viruses provides important information on outbreak linkages and transmission pathways that can be helpful towards implementation of appropriate control programs. In Pakistan, the control of measles is still tenuous, and progress towards elimination has been irregular and challenging. In the 2013 measles outbreak we received 4,682 sera collected from suspected patients in 23 districts across Sindh. A total of 3,283 samples were confirmed measles positive using IgM ELISA with the highest infection rate in children aged 1-12 months. Males were more affected than females and a visible peak was observed from January to April. Among the 3,283 cases, 59.1% were unvaccinated, 29.6% had received 1 dose and 10.3% had received 2 doses of measles vaccine while 0.85% had an unknown vaccination status. For genotype detection and phylogenetic analysis, 60 throat swab samples were collected from suspected patients below 15 years of age in eight districts of Sindh province. Forty four (73%; 44/60) throat swab samples were successfully genotyped using RT-PCR. Phylogenetic analyses based on partial sequences of the nucleocapsid protein gene revealed that all Pakistani measles virus strains belonged to genotype B3 and were closely related to those isolated from neighboring countries such as Iran, Afghanistan (99.1-100%) and India with 98.6 - 99.6% nucleotide homology. This is the first report on the phylogenetic analysis of measles B3 genotype strains from Pakistan and highlights the need for strengthening the surveillance systems and improving immunization coverage across the country.
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Antigenic Drift Defines a New D4 Subgenotype of Measles Virus. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00209-17. [PMID: 28356529 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00209-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The measles virus hemagglutinin (MeV-H) protein is the main target of protective neutralizing antibodies. Using a panel of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that recognize known major antigenic sites in MeV-H, we identified a D4 genotype variant that escapes neutralization by MAbs targeting the neutralizing epitope (NE) antigenic site. By site-directed mutagenesis, L249P was identified as the critical mutation disrupting the NE in this genotype D4 variant. Forty-two available D4 genotype gene sequences were subsequently analyzed and divided into 2 groups according to the presence or absence of the L249P MeV-H mutation. Further analysis of the MeV-N gene sequences of these 2 groups confirmed that they represent clearly definable, sequence-divergent D4 subgenotypes, which we named subgenotypes D4.1 and D4.2. The subgenotype D4.1 MeVs were isolated predominantly in Kenya and Ethiopia, whereas the MAb-resistant subgenotype D4.2 MeVs were isolated predominantly in France and Great Britain, countries with higher vaccine coverage rates. Interestingly, D4.2 subgenotype viruses showed a trend toward diminished susceptibility to neutralization by human sera pooled from approximately 60 to 80 North American donors. Escape from MAb neutralization may be a powerful epidemiological surveillance tool to monitor the evolution of new MeV subgenotypes.IMPORTANCE Measles virus is a paradigmatic RNA virus, as the antigenic composition of the vaccination has not needed to be updated since its discovery. The vaccine confers protection by inducing neutralizing antibodies that interfere with the function of the hemagglutinin protein. Viral strains are indistinguishable serologically, although characteristic nucleotide sequences differentiate 24 genotypes. In this work, we describe a distant evolutionary branch within genotype D4. Designated subgenotype D4.2, this virus is distinguishable by neutralization with vaccine-induced monoclonal antibodies that target the neutralizing epitope (NE). The subgenotype D4.2 viruses have a higher predominance in countries with intermediary levels of vaccine coverage. Our studies demonstrate that subgenotype D4.2 lacks epitopes associated with half of the known antigenic sites, which significantly impacts our understanding of measles virus evolution.
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James SH. Measles, Mumps and Rubella Viruses. Infect Dis (Lond) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-6285-8.00163-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Kulkarni RD, Ajantha G, Kiran AR, Pravinchandra K. Global Eradication of Measles: Are We Poised? Indian J Med Microbiol 2017; 35:10-16. [PMID: 28303812 DOI: 10.4103/ijmm.ijmm_16_233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Nic Lochlainn L, Mandal S, de Sousa R, Paranthaman K, van Binnendijk R, Ramsay M, Hahné S, Brown KE. A unique measles B3 cluster in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands linked to air travel and transit at a large international airport, February to April 2014. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 21:30177. [PMID: 27074646 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2016.21.13.30177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This report describes a joint measles outbreak investigation between public health officials in the United Kingdom (UK) and the Netherlands following detection of a measles cluster with a unique measles virus strain. From 1 February to 30 April 2014, 33 measles cases with a unique measles virus strain of genotype B3 were detected in the UK and the Netherlands, of which nine secondary cases were epidemiologically linked to an infectious measles case travelling from the Philippines. Through a combination of epidemiological investigation and sequence analysis, we found that measles transmission occurred in flight, airport and household settings. The secondary measles cases included airport workers, passengers in transit at the same airport or travelling on the same flight as the infectious case and also household contacts. This investigation highlighted the particular importance of measles genotyping in identifying transmission networks and the need to improve vaccination, public health follow-up and management of travellers and airport staff exposed to measles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Nic Lochlainn
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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Jiang Y, Qin Y, Chen M. Host-Pathogen Interactions in Measles Virus Replication and Anti-Viral Immunity. Viruses 2016; 8:v8110308. [PMID: 27854326 PMCID: PMC5127022 DOI: 10.3390/v8110308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The measles virus (MeV) is a contagious pathogenic RNA virus of the family Paramyxoviridae, genus Morbillivirus, that can cause serious symptoms and even fetal complications. Here, we summarize current molecular advances in MeV research, and emphasize the connection between host cells and MeV replication. Although measles has reemerged recently, the potential for its eradication is promising with significant progress in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of its replication and host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanliang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Yali Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Mingzhou Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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Beaty SM, Lee B. Constraints on the Genetic and Antigenic Variability of Measles Virus. Viruses 2016; 8:109. [PMID: 27110809 PMCID: PMC4848602 DOI: 10.3390/v8040109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigenic drift and genetic variation are significantly constrained in measles virus (MeV). Genetic stability of MeV is exceptionally high, both in the lab and in the field, and few regions of the genome allow for rapid genetic change. The regions of the genome that are more tolerant of mutations (i.e., the untranslated regions and certain domains within the N, C, V, P, and M proteins) indicate genetic plasticity or structural flexibility in the encoded proteins. Our analysis reveals that strong constraints in the envelope proteins (F and H) allow for a single serotype despite known antigenic differences among its 24 genotypes. This review describes some of the many variables that limit the evolutionary rate of MeV. The high genomic stability of MeV appears to be a shared property of the Paramyxovirinae, suggesting a common mechanism that biologically restricts the rate of mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M Beaty
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Benhur Lee
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Greenwood KP, Hafiz R, Ware RS, Lambert SB. A systematic review of human-to-human transmission of measles vaccine virus. Vaccine 2016; 34:2531-6. [PMID: 27083423 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.03.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Measles is one of the most contagious human diseases. Administration of the live attenuated measles vaccine has substantially reduced childhood mortality and morbidity since its licensure in 1963. The live but attenuated form of the vaccine describes a virus poorly adapted to replicating in human tissue, but with a replication yield sufficient to elicit an immune response for long-term protection. Given the high transmissibility of the wild-type virus and that transmission of other live vaccine viruses has been documented, we conducted a systematic review to establish if there is any evidence of human-to-human transmission of the live attenuated measles vaccine virus. We reviewed 773 articles for genotypic confirmation of a vaccine virus transmitted from a recently vaccinated individual to a susceptible close contact. No evidence of human-to-human transmission of the measles vaccine virus has been reported amongst the thousands of clinical samples genotyped during outbreaks or endemic transmission and individual case studies worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn P Greenwood
- UQ Child Health Research Centre, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Radwan Hafiz
- Drug Department, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Saudi Arabia
| | - Robert S Ware
- UQ Child Health Research Centre, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephen B Lambert
- UQ Child Health Research Centre, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Communicable Diseases Branch, Queensland Health, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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Centeno R, Fuji N, Okamoto M, Dapat C, Saito M, Tandoc A, Lupisan S, Oshitani H. Genetic characterization of measles virus in the Philippines, 2008-2011. BMC Res Notes 2015; 8:211. [PMID: 26036942 PMCID: PMC4467837 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1201-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Large outbreaks of measles occurred in the Philippines in 2010 and 2011. Genetic analysis was performed to identify the genotype of measles virus (MeV) that was responsible for the large outbreaks. Methods A total of 114 representative MeVs that were detected in the Philippines from 2008 to 2011 were analyzed by sequencing the C-terminal region of nucleocapsid (N) gene and partial hemagglutinin (H) gene and by inferring the phylogenetic trees. Results Genetic analysis showed that genotype D9 was the predominant circulating strain during the 4-year study period. Genotype D9 was detected in 23 samples (92%) by N gene sequencing and 93 samples (94%) by H gene analysis. Sporadic cases of genotype G3 MeV were identified in 2 samples (8%) by N gene sequencing and 6 samples (6%) by H gene analysis. Genotype G3 MeV was detected mainly in Panay Island in 2009 and 2010. Molecular clock analysis of N gene showed that the recent genotype D9 viruses that caused the big outbreaks in 2010 and 2011 diverged from a common ancestor in 2005 in one of the neighboring Southeast Asian countries, where D9 was endemic. These big outbreaks of measles resulted in a spillover and were associated with genotype D9 MeV importation to Japan and the USA. Conclusion Genotype D9 MeV became endemic and caused two big outbreaks in the Philippines in 2010 and 2011. Genotype G3 MeV was detected sporadically with limited geographic distribution. This study highlights the importance of genetic analysis not only in helping with the assessment of measles elimination program in the country but also in elucidating the transmission dynamics of measles virus. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13104-015-1201-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rex Centeno
- Research Institute for Tropical Medicine (RITM), Alabang, Muntinlupa City, Philippines.
| | - Naoko Fuji
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture, 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Michiko Okamoto
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture, 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Clyde Dapat
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture, 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Mariko Saito
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture, 980-8575, Japan. .,Tohoku-RITM Collaborating Research Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Alabang, Muntinlupa City, Philippines.
| | - Amado Tandoc
- Research Institute for Tropical Medicine (RITM), Alabang, Muntinlupa City, Philippines.
| | - Socorro Lupisan
- Research Institute for Tropical Medicine (RITM), Alabang, Muntinlupa City, Philippines.
| | - Hitoshi Oshitani
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture, 980-8575, Japan. .,Tohoku-RITM Collaborating Research Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Alabang, Muntinlupa City, Philippines.
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Dia N, Fall A, Ka R, Fall A, Kiori DE, Goudiaby DG, Fall AD, Faye EHA, Dosseh A, Ndiaye K, Diop OM, Niang MN. Epidemiology and genetic characterization of measles strains in Senegal, 2004-2013. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121704. [PMID: 26000828 PMCID: PMC4441473 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Senegal, with the variable routine vaccination coverage, the risk for illness and death from measles still exists as evidenced by the measles epidemic episode in 2009. Since 2002 a laboratory-based surveillance system of measles was established by the Ministry of Health and the Institut Pasteur de Dakar. The present study analysed the data collected over the 10 years inclusive between 2004-2013 in order to define a measles epidemiological profile in Senegal, and we carried out a phylogenetic analysis of measles virus circulating in Senegal over the period 2009-2012. METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS A total number of 4580 samples were collected from suspected cases, with the most cases between 2008 and 2010 (2219/4580; 48.4%). The majority of suspected cases are found in children from 4-6 years old (29%). 981 (21.4%) were measles laboratory-confirmed by IgM ELISA. The measles confirmation rate per year is very high during 2009-2010 periods (48.5% for each year). Regarding age groups, the highest measles IgM-positivity rate occurred among persons aged over 15 years with 39.4% (115/292) followed by 2-3 years old age group with 30.4% (323/1062) and 30% (148/494) in children under one year old group. The majority of suspected cases were collected between February and June and paradoxically confirmed cases rates increased from July (77/270; 28.6%) and reached a peak in November with 60% (93/155). Phylogenetic analysis showed that all the 29 sequences from strains that circulated in Senegal between 2009 and 2012 belong to the B3 genotype and they are clustered in B3.1 (2011-2012) and B3.3 (2009-2011) sub-genotypes according to a temporal parameter. CONCLUSION Improvements in the measles surveillance in Senegal are required and the introduction of oral fluid and FTA cards as an alternative to transportation of sera should be investigated to improve surveillance. The introduction of a national vaccine database including number of doses of measles-containing vaccine will greatly improve efforts to interrupt and ultimately eliminate measles virus transmission in Senegal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ndongo Dia
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Unité de Virologie Médicale, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Ameth Fall
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Unité de Virologie Médicale, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Rouguiyatou Ka
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Centre Hospitalier National Universitaire de Fann, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Amary Fall
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Unité de Virologie Médicale, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - David E. Kiori
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Unité de Virologie Médicale, Dakar, Sénégal
| | | | - Aichatou D. Fall
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Unité de Virologie Médicale, Dakar, Sénégal
| | | | - Annick Dosseh
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Unité de Virologie Médicale, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Kader Ndiaye
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Unité de Virologie Médicale, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Ousmane M. Diop
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Unité de Virologie Médicale, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Mbayame Nd. Niang
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Unité de Virologie Médicale, Dakar, Sénégal
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Li S, Qian X, Yuan Z, Sun X, Li C, Tang X, Yang Y, Gong X, Cao G. Molecular epidemiology of measles virus infection in Shanghai in 2000-2012: the first appearance of genotype D8. Braz J Infect Dis 2014; 18:581-90. [PMID: 25281832 PMCID: PMC9425214 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2014.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to identify measles virus in Shanghai in 2012 and study the genotype trend of measles virus epidemic strains during 2000–2012. Methods Nose and throat swab specimens were collected from 34 suspected measles cases in Shanghai. Measles virus was isolated using Vero-SLAM cells (African green monkey kidney cells/lymphoid signal activating factor-transfected African green monkey kidney cells). The 450 bp of C terminus of the N gene and the entire hemagglutinin gene sequence was amplified using RT-PCR. Phylogenetic analysis was performed by comparing the seven measles strains in Shanghai with the reference strains for H1a, H1b and D8 genotypes, as well as the Chinese measles virus vaccine strain. Results Seven measles viruses strains were isolated from the 34 throat swap specimens. Six strains were genotype H1a, which is the predominant strain in China and one strain was genotype D8, which is the first imported strain since 2000. All these seven strains maintained most of the glycosylation sites except subtype H1a, which lost one glycosylation site. Conclusion Since 2000, measles virus strains in Shanghai are consistent with measles virus from other provinces in China with H1a being the predominant genotype. This study is also the first report of genotype D8 strain in Shanghai. All strains maintained their glycosylation sites except H1a that lost one glycosylation site. These strains could still be neutralized by the Chinese measles vaccine. We suggest that Shanghai Center for Disease Control laboratories should strengthen their approaches to monitor measles cases to prevent further spread of imported strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhua Li
- Hongkou Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohua Qian
- Hongkou Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengan Yuan
- Shanghai Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Shanghai Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Chongshan Li
- Shanghai Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Xian Tang
- Hongkou Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanji Yang
- Hongkou Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangzhen Gong
- Hongkou Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China.
| | - Guangwen Cao
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
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Navarro E, Mochón MM, Galicia MD, Marín I, Laguna J. Study of a measles outbreak in Granada with preventive measures applied by the courts, Spain, 2010 to 2011. Euro Surveill 2013; 18. [DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2013.18.43.20612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Binary file ES_Abstracts_Final_ECDC.txt matches
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Affiliation(s)
- E Navarro
- UGC Medicina Preventiva, Vigilancia y Promoción de la Salud, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital, Granada, Spain
| | - M M Mochón
- Epidemiology Section, Provincial Health Office, Ministry of Health, Granada , Spain
| | - M D Galicia
- Epidemiology Section, Provincial Health Office, Ministry of Health, Granada , Spain
| | - I Marín
- Epidemiology Section, Provincial Health Office, Ministry of Health, Granada , Spain
| | - J Laguna
- Epidemiology Section, Provincial Health Office, Ministry of Health, Granada , Spain
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Saitoh M, Takeda M, Gotoh K, Takeuchi F, Sekizuka T, Kuroda M, Mizuta K, Ryo A, Tanaka R, Ishii H, Takada H, Kozawa K, Yoshida A, Noda M, Okabe N, Kimura H. Molecular evolution of hemagglutinin (H) gene in measles virus genotypes D3, D5, D9, and H1. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50660. [PMID: 23209804 PMCID: PMC3510160 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the molecular evolution of H gene in four prevalent Asian genotypes (D3, D5, D9, and H1) of measles virus (MeV). We estimated the evolutionary time scale of the gene by the bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method. In addition, we predicted the changes in structure of H protein due to selective pressures. The phylogenetic tree showed that the first division of these genotypes occurred around 1931, and further division of each type in the 1960-1970s resulted in four genotypes. The rate of molecular evolution was relatively slow (5.57×10(-4) substitutions per site per year). Only two positively selected sites (F476L and Q575K) were identified in H protein, although these substitutions might not have imparted significant changes to the structure of the protein or the epitopes for phylactic antibodies. The results suggested that the prevalent Asian MeV genotypes were generated over approximately 30-40 years and H protein was well conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Saitoh
- Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Maebashi-shi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Makoto Takeda
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Gotoh
- Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Maebashi-shi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Takeuchi
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Sekizuka
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Kuroda
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsumi Mizuta
- Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Yamagata-shi, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Akihide Ryo
- Department of Molecular Biodefence Research, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ryota Tanaka
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Kyorin University, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruyuki Ishii
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kyorin University, School of Medicine, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hayato Takada
- Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Maebashi-shi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Kunihisa Kozawa
- Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Maebashi-shi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Ayako Yoshida
- Aomori Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environment, Aomori-shi, Aomori, Japan
| | - Masahiro Noda
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Okabe
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kimura
- Gunma Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Maebashi-shi, Gunma, Japan
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, Japan
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Magurano F, Fortuna C, Marchi A, Benedetti E, Bucci P, Baggieri M, Nicoletti L. Molecular epidemiology of measles virus in Italy, 2002-2007. Virol J 2012; 9:284. [PMID: 23173726 PMCID: PMC3568056 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The European Regional Office of the World Health Organization (WHO/Europe) developed a strategic approach to halt the indigenous transmission of measles in its 53 Member States by 2015. In view of the goal of measles elimination, it is of great importance to assess the circulation of wild-type measles virus (MV). Genetic analysis is indispensable to understand the epidemiology of measles. Methods Urine and saliva samples were collected between May 2002 and December 2007, in order to find the origins and routes of wild type measles virus circulation. RT-PCR was performed on a total of 414 clinical samples of patients from different Italian regions. The results confirmed the genome presence in 199 samples, out of which 179 were sequenced. The sequences were genotyped by comparing the fragment coding for the carboxyl terminus of the nucleoprotein (450 nucleotides) with that one of the WHO reference strains. Results From the year 2002 to the year 2007 phylogenetic analysis of measles sequences showed a predominant circulation of the D7 genotype in the Italian territory for the years 2002–2004. This genotype was replaced by D4 and B3 genotypes in the biennium 2006–2007. During the same period C2, A, D5 and D8 genotypes were also detected. Conclusions Genetic characterization of wild-type MV provides a means to study the transmission pathways of the virus, and is an essential component of laboratory-based surveillance. Knowledge of currently circulating measles virus genotype in Italy will help in monitoring the success of the measles elimination programme and will contribute to evaluate the effectiveness of future vaccination campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Magurano
- Viral Diseases and Attenuated Vaccines Unit National Institute of Health (Istituto Superiore di Sanità, ISS), Rome, Italy.
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Identification of different lineages of measles virus strains circulating in Uttar Pradesh, North India. Virol J 2012; 9:237. [PMID: 23072489 PMCID: PMC3544691 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genetic analysis of measles viruses associated with recent cases and outbreaks has proven to bridge information gaps in routine outbreak investigations and has made a substantial contribution to measles control efforts by helping to identify the transmission pathways of the virus. Materials and methods The present study describes the genetic characterization of wild type measles viruses from Uttar Pradesh, India isolated between January 2008 and January 2011. In the study, 526 suspected measles cases from 15 outbreaks were investigated. Blood samples were collected from suspected measles outbreaks and tested for the presence of measles specific IgM; throat swab and urine samples were collected for virus isolation and RT-PCR. Genotyping of circulating measles viruses in Uttar Pradesh was performed by sequencing a 450-bp region encompassing the nucleoprotein hypervariable region and phylogenetic analysis. Results and conclusion Based on serological results, all the outbreaks were confirmed as measles. Thirty eight strains were obtained. Genetic analysis of circulating measles strains (n = 38) in Uttar Pradesh from 235 cases of laboratory-confirmed cases from 526 suspected measles cases between 2008 and 2011 showed that all viruses responsible for outbreaks were within clade D and all were genotype D8. Analysis of this region showed that it is highly divergent (up to 3.4% divergence in the nucleotide sequence and 4.1% divergence in the amino acid sequence between most distant strains). Considerable genetic heterogeneity was observed in the MV genotype D8 viruses in North India and underscores the need for continued surveillance and in particular increases in vaccination levels to decrease morbidity and mortality attributable to measles.
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25
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Pattamadilok S, Incomserb P, Primsirikunawut A, Lukebua A, Rota PA, Sawanpanyalert P. Genetic characterization of measles viruses that circulated in Thailand from 1998 to 2008. J Med Virol 2012; 84:804-13. [PMID: 22431030 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
During the period between 1998 and 2008, 48 representative measles viruses (MeVs) circulating in Thailand were subjected to genetic characterization. Three genotypes, G2, D5, and D9 were detected. The results suggested that measles genotype D5, which has been circulating since at least 1998, is the endemic genotype in Thailand. Genotype G2 was detected between 1998 and 2001. In addition, almost all of the MeVs detected throughout the country in 2008 were genotype D9. This is the first report of genotype D9 in Thailand. This report provides important baseline data about measles genotypes in Thailand and this information will be needed to help verify measles elimination in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirima Pattamadilok
- National Institute of Health, Department of Medical Sciences, Nonthaburi, Thailand.
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Salimi V, Mokhtari-Azad T, Abbasi S, Noroozbabaei Z, Soltan-Shahi R, Zahraie M, Bont L, Gouya MM. Molecular epidemiology of measles virus in Iran 2009-2010: first detection of measles genotype H1. J Med Virol 2012; 83:2200-7. [PMID: 22012729 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.22220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Measles virus (MV) genotyping is an important component of measles surveillance in the context of monitoring immunization program effectiveness and documenting MV elimination. The molecular epidemiology and genetic variability of circulating MV strains in Iran during the 2009-2010 were studied in consecutive MV isolates from throat swab and urine. Sequence information obtained from 41 cases based on the 456 nucleotides of the most variable region of the C-terminal part of the N-protein revealed that these sequences belonged to two different genotypes. This is the first description of the genetic characterization of sporadic MV genotype H1 cases in northern Iran. Cases were probably linked to MV importation from distant parts of Asia. The genotype H1 has not been detected in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. In addition, both sequence analysis and epidemiologic data indicated that the more recently detected genotype D4 viruses in Iran were related very closely to viruses that were detected in Pakistan, suggesting that these viruses may have been imported from Pakistan. J. Med. Virol. 83:2200-2207, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Salimi
- Department of Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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27
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No evidence for an association between persistent measles virus infection and otosclerosis among patients with otosclerosis in Japan. J Clin Microbiol 2012; 50:626-32. [PMID: 22205799 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.06163-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Otosclerosis, which is characterized by disordered bone remodeling, occurs exclusively in the human temporal bone. The etiology of the disease is unknown, but a popular hypothesis is that it is caused by persistent measles virus (MV) infection. Paramyxovirus-like filamentous structures were found in otosclerotic lesions of stapes footplates from patients with otosclerosis. Although MV RNAs have been detected in otosclerotic samples by using reverse transcription-PCR, no complete MV mRNA sequence has been reported, nor has infectious virus been isolated from clinical samples. Furthermore, one study failed to obtain evidence of MV infection in otosclerotic bone samples. In this study, we tested, by three different protocols, for the presence of MV in clinical samples from patients with otosclerosis in Japan. We used a highly sensitive reverse transcription-quantitative PCR method which is able to detect viral mRNA in cells infected with MV at around one infectious unit per well. We obtained no evidence of MV infection in bone samples, primary cell cultures derived from stapes bones, or MV-susceptible cell lines (Vero/hSLAM and II-18 cells) cocultured with bone samples or primary cell cultures derived from them. Thus, our results do not support the hypothesis that persistent MV infection is involved in the pathoetiology of otosclerosis.
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28
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Numazaki K. A Study on the Clinical Application of a Rapid
Diagnostic Reagent for Measles. ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF GENERAL MEDICINE 2012. [DOI: 10.29333/ejgm/82553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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Duraisamy R, Rota PA, Palani G, Elango V, Sambasivam M, Lowe L, Lopareva E, Ramamurty N. Molecular characterization of wild-type measles viruses in Tamil Nadu, India, during 2005-2006: Relationship of genotype D8 strains from Tamil Nadu to global strains. J Med Virol 2011; 84:348-57. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.22244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Biological feasibility of measles eradication. Virus Res 2011; 162:72-9. [PMID: 21963661 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Because of the success of global measles control programs, the World Health Organization (WHO), along with its partner agencies, is once again considering the possibility of setting a target date for measles eradication. Measles would be the fourth viral agent to be eradicated joining the successful programs to eradicate smallpox and rinderpest virus, and the continuing effort to eradicate polio virus. A description of the recent progress toward measles eradication was recently published as a supplement in the Journal of Infectious Diseases (15 July, 2011, 204 (Suppl. 1)) and the reader is referred to this document for a detailed summary of the global status of measles control. This review will focus on the biologic and virologic aspects of measles eradication.
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31
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Biswas D, Yadav K, Borkakoty B, Mahanta J. Simultaneous infection of measles and varicella-zoster virus in a child in India. J Med Virol 2011; 83:2004-7. [PMID: 21915877 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.22206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Simultaneous occurrence of measles and chickenpox in a single individual is a rare event despite the fact that each of these infections alone is very common. The clinical presentation and molecular characterization of a dual infection caused by measles and Varicella-Zoster virus (VZV) in a 3-year female child is reported for the first time from India. The child presented with high fever, cough, cervical lymphadenopathy, and maculopapular rash followed by vesicular skin rash. The child was not immunized against measles and chickenpox. The viral nucleic acids extracted from the clinical specimen were subjected to PCR-Sequencing for confirmation of a dual infection with measles and VZV. The PCR and sequence analysis from the throat swab samples confirmed the coinfection of wild-type measles (genotype D4) and Varicella-Zoster virus (PstI(+) BglI(+)). The measles virus RNA and VZV DNA could be detected successfully from a single specimen of a throat swab. The case recovered uneventfully. Dual infection with measles and VZV does occur but may be underreported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipankar Biswas
- Regional Medical Research Centre, NE Region (Indian Council of Medical Research), Dibrugarh, Assam, India.
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32
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Bankamp B, Takeda M, Zhang Y, Xu W, Rota PA. Genetic characterization of measles vaccine strains. J Infect Dis 2011; 204 Suppl 1:S533-48. [PMID: 21666210 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The complete genomic sequences of 9 measles vaccine strains were compared with the sequence of the Edmonston wild-type virus. AIK-C, Moraten, Rubeovax, Schwarz, and Zagreb are vaccine strains of the Edmonston lineage, whereas CAM-70, Changchun-47, Leningrad-4 and Shanghai-191 were derived from 4 different wild-type isolates. Nucleotide substitutions were found in the noncoding regions of the genomes as well as in all coding regions, leading to deduced amino acid substitutions in all 8 viral proteins. Although the precise mechanisms involved in the attenuation of individual measles vaccines remain to be elucidated, in vitro assays of viral protein functions and recombinant viruses with defined genetic modifications have been used to characterize the differences between vaccine and wild-type strains. Although almost every protein contributes to an attenuated phenotype, substitutions affecting host cell tropism, virus assembly, and the ability to inhibit cellular antiviral defense mechanisms play an especially important role in attenuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Bankamp
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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33
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Moulin E, Beal V, Jeantet D, Horvat B, Wild TF, Waku-Kouomou D. Molecular characterization of measles virus strains causing subactute sclerosing panencephalitis in France in 1977 and 2007. J Med Virol 2011; 83:1614-23. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.22152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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34
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Rota PA, Brown KE, Hübschen JM, Muller CP, Icenogle J, Chen MH, Bankamp B, Kessler JR, Brown DW, Bellini WJ, Featherstone D. Improving Global Virologic Surveillance for Measles and Rubella. J Infect Dis 2011; 204 Suppl 1:S506-13. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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35
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Rota PA, Brown K, Mankertz A, Santibanez S, Shulga S, Muller CP, Hübschen JM, Siqueira M, Beirnes J, Ahmed H, Triki H, Al-Busaidy S, Dosseh A, Byabamazima C, Smit S, Akoua-Koffi C, Bwogi J, Bukenya H, Wairagkar N, Ramamurty N, Incomserb P, Pattamadilok S, Jee Y, Lim W, Xu W, Komase K, Takeda M, Tran T, Castillo-Solorzano C, Chenoweth P, Brown D, Mulders MN, Bellini WJ, Featherstone D. Global Distribution of Measles Genotypes and Measles Molecular Epidemiology. J Infect Dis 2011; 204 Suppl 1:S514-23. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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36
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37
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Kremer JR, Nkwembe E, Bola Oyefolu AO, Smit SB, Pukuta E, Omilabu SA, Adu FD, Muyembe Tamfum JJ, Muller CP. Measles virus strain diversity, Nigeria and Democratic Republic of the Congo. Emerg Infect Dis 2011; 16:1724-30. [PMID: 21029530 PMCID: PMC3294530 DOI: 10.3201/eid1611.100777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Differences in epidemiologic patterns are only partially explained by vaccination practices. We investigated the genetic diversity of measles virus (MV) in Nigeria (2004–2005) and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) (2002–2006). Genotype B3 strains circulating in Kinshasa, DRC, in 2002–2003 were fully replaced by genotype B2 in 2004 at the end of the second Congo war. In Nigeria (2004–2005), two genetic clusters of genotype B3, both of which were most closely related to 1 variant from 1998, were identified. Longitudinal analysis of MV strain diversity in Nigeria suggested that only a few of the previously described 1997–1998 variants had continued to circulate, but this finding was concomitant with a rapid restoration of genetic diversity, probably caused by low vaccination coverage and high birth rates. In contrast, the relatively low genetic diversity of MV in DRC and the genotype replacement in Kinshasa reflect a notable improvement in local measles control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques R Kremer
- Centre de Recherche Publique-Sante/Laboratoire National de Sante, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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38
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Kessler JR, Kremer JR, Shulga SV, Tikhonova NT, Santibanez S, Mankertz A, Semeiko GV, Samoilovich EO, Tamfum JJM, Pukuta E, Muller CP. Revealing new measles virus transmission routes by use of sequence analysis of phosphoprotein and hemagglutinin genes. J Clin Microbiol 2011; 49:677-83. [PMID: 21106790 PMCID: PMC3043479 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01703-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
With improved measles virus (MV) control, the genetic variability of the MV-nucleoprotein hypervariable region (NP-HVR) decreases. Thus, it becomes increasingly difficult to determine the origin of a virus using only this part of the genome. During outbreaks in Europe and Africa, we found MV strains with identical NP-HVR sequences. However, these strains showed considerable diversity within a larger sequencing window based on concatenated MV phosphoprotein and hemagglutinin genes (P/H pseudogenes). In Belarus, Germany, Russia, and the Democratic Republic of Congo, the P/H pseudogenes provided insights into chains of transmission, whereas identical NP-HVR provided none. In Russia, for instance, the P/H pseudogene identified temporal clusters rather than geographical clusters, demonstrating the circulation and importation of independent variants rather than large local outbreaks lasting for several years, as suggested by NP-HVR. Thus, by extending the sequencing window for molecular epidemiology, a more refined picture of MV circulation was obtained with more clearly defined links between outbreaks and transmission chains. Our results also suggested that in contrast to the P gene, the H gene acquired fixed substitutions that continued to be found in subsequent outbreaks, possibly with consequences for its antigenicity. Thus, a longer sequencing window has true benefits both for the epidemiological surveillance of measles and for the better monitoring of viral evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia R. Kessler
- Institute of Immunology, Centre de Recherche Public-Santé/Laboratoire National de Santé, WHO Regional Reference Laboratory for Measles and Rubella and WHO Collaboration Centre for Measles Research, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Jacques R. Kremer
- Institute of Immunology, Centre de Recherche Public-Santé/Laboratoire National de Santé, WHO Regional Reference Laboratory for Measles and Rubella and WHO Collaboration Centre for Measles Research, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Sergey V. Shulga
- WHO Regional Reference Laboratory for Measles and Rubella, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Nina T. Tikhonova
- WHO Regional Reference Laboratory for Measles and Rubella, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Sabine Santibanez
- WHO Regional Reference Laboratory for Measles and Rubella, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annette Mankertz
- WHO Regional Reference Laboratory for Measles and Rubella, Berlin, Germany
| | - Galina V. Semeiko
- The Republican Research and Practical Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, WHO National Measles and Rubella Laboratory, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Elena O. Samoilovich
- The Republican Research and Practical Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, WHO National Measles and Rubella Laboratory, Minsk, Belarus
| | | | - Elisabeth Pukuta
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Claude P. Muller
- Institute of Immunology, Centre de Recherche Public-Santé/Laboratoire National de Santé, WHO Regional Reference Laboratory for Measles and Rubella and WHO Collaboration Centre for Measles Research, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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39
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Woo GKS, Wong AH, Lee WY, Lau CS, Cheng PKC, Leung PCK, Lim WWL. Comparison of laboratory diagnostic methods for measles infection and identification of measles virus genotypes in Hong Kong. J Med Virol 2010; 82:1773-81. [PMID: 20827776 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The sensitivities of IgM detection, virus isolation, and RT-PCR for the diagnosis of measles infection were assessed using samples collected from confirmed measles cases from 2006 to 2009. The optimal timing of specimen collection and the preferred specimen type(s) for these tests were also determined. IgM detection showed highest sensitivity when serum samples were collected >or=5 days after rash onset. Virus isolation gave the highest sensitivity when samples were collected <or=3 days after rash onset, with nasopharyngeal aspirate being the best specimen type, followed by urine and throat/combined throat and nasal swab. The highest RT-PCR positive rate (81.0%) was obtained with serum samples collected <or=3 days after rash onset. RT-PCR positive rate of 100% was observed with throat/combined throat and nasal swab, urine and nasopharyngeal aspirate collected <or=16, 4-16, and 4-7 days after rash onset, respectively. The genotype of each measles case was confirmed by sequencing. It was shown that the predominant measles viruses detected in Hong Kong during 2006-2009 belonged to genotype H1 (subtype a) and these strains were related closely to those detected in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gibson K S Woo
- Virology Division, Department of Health, Public Health Laboratory Services Branch, Centre for Health Protection, Hong Kong SAR, China
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40
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Waku-Kouomou D, Freymuth F, du Châtelet IP, Wild TF, Horvat B. Co-circulation of multiple measles virus genotypes during an epidemic in France in 2008. J Med Virol 2010; 82:1033-43. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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41
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Schaffer K, Morgan-Capner P. Measles, mumps and rubella viruses. Infect Dis (Lond) 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-04579-7.00152-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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42
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Abstract
Most cases of measles in Australia are associated with travel or acquired from travellers from overseas. This study presents a series of three secondary cases of measles acquired through contact with a case of infectious measles acquired in China. Two of the cases were fully immunized siblings sitting eight rows behind the index case on a 4(1/2)-h flight from Singapore. The third case was acquired in the airport where the index case was in transit. The report highlights the travel-associated risk of measles and discusses the heredity of vaccine-induced measles immunity.
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43
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Zhang Y, Zhou J, Bellini WJ, Xu W, Rota PA. Genetic characterization of Chinese measles vaccines by analysis of complete genomic sequences. J Med Virol 2009; 81:1477-83. [PMID: 19551837 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The complete genomic sequences of two Chinese measles vaccine viruses, Shanghai-191 (S-191) and Changchun-47 (C-47), were determined and compared to the sequences of other measles vaccine strains as well as the prototype measles strain, Edmonston wild-type (Edwt). Compared to Edwt, S-191 and C-47 had 49 and 43 nucleotide changes, respectively. These differences were found at 52 nucleotide positions that were not found in other vaccine strains. Phylogenetic analysis of the all of the available genomic sequences for measles vaccines showed that S-191 and C-47 were most closely related to the Leningrad-4 strain. S-191 and C-47 shared conserved vaccine virus-specific amino acid changes in the phosphoprotein (P), V, C, matrix (M), and hemagglutinin (H) that could represent important targets for future studies aimed at understanding the molecular basis of attenuation. In addition, S-191 and C-47 had several unique amino acid changes including 13 positions that differed from Edwt. This is the first comparison of the complete genomic sequences of Chinese measles vaccines to the sequences of other vaccine strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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44
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Hasegawa T, Asaeda A, Hamaguchi Y, Numazaki K. Development of Rapid Diagnostic Reagents for Measles. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 2009; 28:241-9. [DOI: 10.1089/hyb.2009.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Hasegawa
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Tokyo, Japan
- Sysmex Corporation, Technology and Product Development Division, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ayumi Asaeda
- Sysmex Corporation, Technology and Product Development Division, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yukio Hamaguchi
- Sysmex Corporation, Technology and Product Development Division, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kei Numazaki
- Department of Virology III, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Tokyo, Japan
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45
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Rota PA, Featherstone DA, Bellini WJ. Molecular epidemiology of measles virus. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2009; 330:129-50. [PMID: 19203108 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-70617-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Genetic characterization of wild-type measles viruses provides a means to study the transmission pathways of the virus and is an essential component of laboratory-based surveillance. Laboratory-based surveillance for measles and rubella, including genetic characterization of wild-type viruses, is performed throughout the world by the WHO Measles and Rubella Laboratory Network, which serves 166 countries in all WHO regions. In particular, the genetic data can help confirm the sources of virus or suggest a source for unknown-source cases as well as to establish links, or lack thereof, between various cases and outbreaks. Virologic surveillance has helped to document the interruption of transmission of endemic measles in some regions. Thus, molecular characterization of measles viruses has provided a valuable tool for measuring the effectiveness of measles control programs, and virologic surveillance needs to be expanded in all areas of the world and conducted during all phases of measles control.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Rota
- Measles, Mumps, Rubella and Herpesvirus Laboratory Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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46
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Abstract
SUMMARYIn 2004, concurrent measles and rubella outbreaks occurred in four camps hosting 2767 Liberian refugees in Côte d'Ivoire. Sixty rash and fever cases were identified. From 19 January to 23 February 2004 (weeks 8–13), measles IgM testing showed that 61·1% were positive. The highest incidence rate (18·5%) of measles was observed in children aged <9 months. Ninety-three percent of children aged between 6 months and 15 years received a measles vaccine during week 13, but the rash and fever cases continued to occur. This prompted a systematic test for both measles and rubella IgM antibodies. Rubella IgM testing revealed 74·0% positive cases between 14 February and 25 April (weeks 11–21). The highest incidence rate (3·88%) of rubella was found in children aged between 5 and 15 years. Supplemental immunization with a measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine was conducted during week 20. This study illustrates the importance of testing for both measles and rubella in outbreaks of rash and fever in refugee settings.
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47
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van Binnendijk RS, Hahné S, Timen A, van Kempen G, Kohl RH, Boot HJ, Wolthers KC, Wetsteijn JC, de Vries A, Westert K, Brown KE, de Swart RL. Air travel as a risk factor for introduction of measles in a highly vaccinated population. Vaccine 2008; 26:5775-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2008] [Revised: 07/23/2008] [Accepted: 08/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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48
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Kokotas SN, Bolanaki E, Sgouras D, Pogka V, Logotheti M, Kossivakis A, Horefti E, Papadakos K, Mentis A. Cocirculation of genotypes D4 and D6 in Greece during the 2005 to 2006 measles epidemic. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2008; 62:58-66. [PMID: 18621499 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2008.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2008] [Revised: 05/25/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
One of World Health Organization's proposed methods for the establishment of measles surveillance worldwide, to achieve the elimination of measles virus by 2010, is the genetic characterization of measles wild-type virus strains. In this study, 34 measles virus strains, isolated from clinical samples during the 2005 to 2006 measles outbreak in Greece, were genotyped and studied in terms of nucleotide variation and phylogeny. Interestingly, the cocirculation of 2 different genotypes, namely, D6 and D4, was revealed. In fact, the D4 genotype has never been previously reported in Greece. Finally, although the D4 Greek strains possessed identical nucleotide sequences, the D6 isolates segregated into 3 distinct subgroups, 2 of which differed genetically and phenotypically from all GenBank deposited measles sequences. It is, thus, important to continue the epidemiologic surveillance of measles in Greece to aid future studies of measles transmission, monitor the effectiveness of measles immunization, and eventually document the elimination of the virus in our country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavros N Kokotas
- Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Measles National Reference Centre of Southern Greece, Vasilissis Sofias 127, Athens, Greece.
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49
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Bankamp B, Lopareva EN, Kremer JR, Tian Y, Clemens MS, Patel R, Fowlkes AL, Kessler JR, Muller CP, Bellini WJ, Rota PA. Genetic variability and mRNA editing frequencies of the phosphoprotein genes of wild-type measles viruses. Virus Res 2008; 135:298-306. [PMID: 18490071 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2008.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2008] [Revised: 04/01/2008] [Accepted: 04/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The sequences of the nucleoprotein (N) and hemagglutinin (H) genes are routinely used for molecular epidemiologic studies of measles virus (MV). However, the amount of genetic diversity contained in other genes of MV has not been thoroughly evaluated. In this report, the nucleotide sequences of the phosphoprotein (P) genes from 34 wild-type strains representing 15 genotypes of MV were analyzed and found to be almost as variable as the H genes but less variable than the N genes. Deduced amino acid sequences of the three proteins encoded by the P gene, P, V and C, demonstrated considerably higher variability than the H proteins. Phylogenetic analysis showed the same tree topography for the P gene sequences as previously seen for the N and H genes. RNA editing of P gene transcripts affects the relative ratios of P and V proteins, which may have consequences for pathogenicity. Wild-type isolates produced more transcripts with more than one G insertion; however, there was no significant difference in the use of P and V open reading frames, suggesting that the relative amounts of P and V proteins in infected cells would be similar for both vaccine and wild-type strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bankamp
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Measles, Mumps, Rubella and Herpesvirus Laboratory Branch, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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Nojiri S, Vynnycky E, Gay N. Interpreting changes in measles genotype: the contribution of chance, migration and vaccine coverage. BMC Infect Dis 2008; 8:44. [PMID: 18405360 PMCID: PMC2346460 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-8-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2007] [Accepted: 04/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In some populations, complete shifts in the genotype of the strain of measles circulating in the population have been observed, with given genotypes being replaced by new genotypes. Studies have postulated that such shifts may be attributable to differences between the fitness of the new and the old genotypes. Methods We developed a stochastic model of the transmission dynamics of measles, simulating the effects of different levels of migration, vaccination coverage and importation of new genotypes on patterns in the persistence and replacement of indigenous genotypes. Results The analyses illustrate that complete replacement in the genotype of the strain circulating in populations may occur because of chance. This occurred in >50% of model simulations, for levels of vaccination coverage and numbers of imported cases per year which are compatible with those observed in several Western European populations (>80% and >3 per million per year respectively) and for the given assumptions in the model. Conclusion The interpretation of genotypic data, which are increasingly being collected in surveillance programmes, needs to take account of the underlying vaccination coverage and the level of the importation rate of measles cases into the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuko Nojiri
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
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