1
|
Spruit CM, Sweet IR, Maliepaard JCL, Bestebroer T, Lexmond P, Qiu B, Damen MJA, Fouchier RAM, Reiding KR, Snijder J, Herfst S, Boons GJ, de Vries RP. Contemporary human H3N2 influenza A viruses require a low threshold of suitable glycan receptors for efficient infection. Glycobiology 2023; 33:784-800. [PMID: 37471650 PMCID: PMC10629718 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwad060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent human H3N2 influenza A viruses have evolved to employ elongated glycans terminating in α2,6-linked sialic acid as their receptors. These glycans are displayed in low abundancies by (humanized) Madin-Darby Canine Kidney cells, which are commonly employed to propagate influenza A virus, resulting in low or no viral propagation. Here, we examined whether the overexpression of the glycosyltransferases β-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase and β-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1, which are responsible for the elongation of poly-N-acetyllactosamines (LacNAcs), would result in improved A/H3N2 propagation. Stable overexpression of β-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase and β-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1 in Madin-Darby Canine Kidney and "humanized" Madin-Darby Canine Kidney cells was achieved by lentiviral integration and subsequent antibiotic selection and confirmed by qPCR and protein mass spectrometry experiments. Flow cytometry and glycan mass spectrometry experiments using the β-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase and/or β-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1 knock-in cells demonstrated increased binding of viral hemagglutinins and the presence of a larger number of LacNAc repeating units, especially on "humanized" Madin-Darby Canine Kidney-β-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase cells. An increase in the number of glycan receptors did, however, not result in a greater infection efficiency of recent human H3N2 viruses. Based on these results, we propose that H3N2 influenza A viruses require a low number of suitable glycan receptors to infect cells and that an increase in the glycan receptor display above this threshold does not result in improved infection efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cindy M Spruit
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Igor R Sweet
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joshua C L Maliepaard
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Theo Bestebroer
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pascal Lexmond
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Boning Qiu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam J A Damen
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karli R Reiding
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Snijder
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Herfst
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Robert P de Vries
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jiang H, Zhang Z. Immune response in influenza virus infection and modulation of immune injury by viral neuraminidase. Virol J 2023; 20:193. [PMID: 37641134 PMCID: PMC10463456 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02164-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses cause severe respiratory illnesses in humans and animals. Overreaction of the innate immune response to influenza virus infection results in hypercytokinemia, which is responsible for mortality and morbidity. The influenza A virus surface glycoprotein neuraminidase (NA) plays a vital role in viral attachment, entry, and virion release from infected cells. NA acts as a sialidase, which cleaves sialic acids from cell surface proteins and carbohydrate side chains on nascent virions. Here, we review progress in understanding the role of NA in modulating host immune response to influenza virus infection. We also discuss recent exciting findings targeting NA protein to interrupt influenza-induced immune injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Jiang
- The People's Hospital of Dayi Country, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Inflammation and Allergic Diseases Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Zongde Zhang
- The People's Hospital of Dayi Country, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
- Inflammation and Allergic Diseases Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu M, Bakker AS, Narimatsu Y, van Kuppeveld FJM, Clausen H, de Haan CAM, de Vries E. H3N2 influenza A virus gradually adapts to human-type receptor binding and entry specificity after the start of the 1968 pandemic. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2304992120. [PMID: 37467282 PMCID: PMC10401031 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2304992120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
To become established upon zoonotic transfer, influenza A viruses (IAV) need to switch binding from "avian-type" α2-3-linked sialic acid receptors (2-3Sia) to "human-type" Siaα2-6-linked sialic acid receptors (2-6Sia). For the 1968 H3N2 pandemic virus, this was accomplished by two canonical amino acid substitutions in its hemagglutinin (HA) although a full specificity shift had not occurred. The receptor repertoire on epithelial cells is highly diverse and simultaneous interaction of a virus particle with a range of low- to very low-affinity receptors results in tight heteromultivalent binding. How this range of affinities determines binding selectivity and virus motility remains largely unknown as the analysis of low-affinity monovalent HA-receptor interactions is technically challenging. Here, a biolayer interferometry assay enabled a comprehensive analysis of receptor-binding kinetics evolution upon host-switching. Virus-binding kinetics of H3N2 virus isolates slowly evolved from 1968 to 1979 from mixed 2-3/2-6Sia specificity to high 2-6Sia specificity, surprisingly followed by a decline in selectivity after 1992. By using genetically tuned HEK293 cells, presenting either a simplified 2-3Sia- or 2-6Sia-specific receptor repertoire, receptor-specific binding was shown to correlate strongly with receptor-specific entry. In conclusion, the slow and continuous evolution of entry and receptor-binding specificity of seasonal H3N2 viruses contrasts with the paradigm that human IAVs need to rapidly acquire and maintain a high specificity for 2-6Sia. Analysis of the kinetic parameters of receptor binding provides a basis for understanding virus-binding specificity, motility, and HA/neuraminidase balance at the molecular level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Liu
- Virology section, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584CLUtrecht, the Netherlands
| | - A. Sophie Bakker
- Virology section, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584CLUtrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Yoshiki Narimatsu
- Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frank J. M. van Kuppeveld
- Virology section, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584CLUtrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Henrik Clausen
- Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cornelis A. M. de Haan
- Virology section, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584CLUtrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Erik de Vries
- Virology section, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584CLUtrecht, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Swanson NJ, Marinho P, Dziedzic A, Jedlicka A, Liu H, Fenstermacher K, Rothman R, Pekosz A. 2019-2020 H1N1 clade A5a.1 viruses have better in vitro fitness compared with the co-circulating A5a.2 clade. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10223. [PMID: 37353648 PMCID: PMC10290074 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37122-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Surveillance for emerging human influenza virus clades is important for identifying changes in viral fitness and assessing antigenic similarity to vaccine strains. While fitness and antigenic structure are both important aspects of virus success, they are distinct characteristics and do not always change in a complementary manner. The 2019-2020 Northern Hemisphere influenza season saw the emergence of two H1N1 clades: A5a.1 and A5a.2. While several studies indicated that A5a.2 showed similar or even increased antigenic drift compared with A5a.1, the A5a.1 clade was still the predominant circulating clade that season. Clinical isolates of representative viruses from these clades were collected in Baltimore, Maryland during the 2019-2020 season and multiple assays were performed to compare both antigenic drift and viral fitness between clades. Neutralization assays performed on serum from healthcare workers pre- and post-vaccination during the 2019-2020 season show a comparable drop in neutralizing titers against both A5a.1 and A5a.2 viruses compared with the vaccine strain, indicating that A5a.1 did not have antigenic advantages over A5a.2 that would explain its predominance in this population. Plaque assays were performed to investigate fitness differences, and the A5a.2 virus produced significantly smaller plaques compared with viruses from A5a.1 or the parental A5a clade. To assess viral replication, low MOI growth curves were performed on both MDCK-SIAT and primary differentiated human nasal epithelial cell cultures. In both cell cultures, A5a.2 yielded significantly reduced viral titers at multiple timepoints post-infection compared with A5a.1 or A5a. Receptor binding was then investigated through glycan array experiments which showed a reduction in receptor binding diversity for A5a.2, with fewer glycans bound and a higher percentage of total binding attributable to the top three highest bound glycans. Together these data indicate that the A5a.2 clade had a reduction in viral fitness, including reductions in receptor binding, that may have contributed to the limited prevalence observed after emergence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Swanson
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, rm W2116, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Paula Marinho
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, rm W2116, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Amanda Dziedzic
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, rm W2116, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Anne Jedlicka
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, rm W2116, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Hsuan Liu
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, rm W2116, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Katherine Fenstermacher
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Richard Rothman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, rm W2116, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu M, van Kuppeveld FJM, de Haan CAM, de Vries E. Gradual adaptation of animal influenza A viruses to human-type sialic acid receptors. Curr Opin Virol 2023; 60:101314. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2023.101314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
|
6
|
Yau E, Yang L, Chen Y, Umstead TM, Atkins H, Katz ZE, Yewdell JW, Gandhi CK, Halstead ES, Chroneos ZC. Surfactant protein A alters endosomal trafficking of influenza A virus in macrophages. Front Immunol 2023; 14:919800. [PMID: 36960051 PMCID: PMC10028185 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.919800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus infection (IAV) often leads to acute lung injury that impairs breathing and can lead to death, with disproportionate mortality in children and the elderly. Surfactant Protein A (SP-A) is a calcium-dependent opsonin that binds a variety of pathogens to help control pulmonary infections by alveolar macrophages. Alveolar macrophages play critical roles in host resistance and susceptibility to IAV infection. The effect of SP-A on IAV infection and antiviral response of macrophages, however, is not understood. Here, we report that SP-A attenuates IAV infection in a dose-dependent manner at the level of endosomal trafficking, resulting in infection delay in a model macrophage cell line. The ability of SP-A to suppress infection was independent of its glycosylation status. Binding of SP-A to hemagglutinin did not rely on the glycosylation status or sugar binding properties of either protein. Incubation of either macrophages or IAV with SP-A slowed endocytic uptake rate of IAV. SP-A interfered with binding to cell membrane and endosomal exit of the viral genome as indicated by experiments using isolated cell membranes, an antibody recognizing a pH-sensitive conformational epitope on hemagglutinin, and microscopy. Lack of SP-A in mice enhanced IFNβ expression, viral clearance and reduced mortality from IAV infection. These findings support the idea that IAV is an opportunistic pathogen that co-opts SP-A to evade host defense by alveolar macrophages. Our study highlights novel aspects of host-pathogen interactions that may lead to better understanding of the local mechanisms that shape activation of antiviral and inflammatory responses to viral infection in the lung.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Yau
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Pulmonary Immunology and Physiology Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Linlin Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Pulmonary Immunology and Physiology Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Pulmonary Immunology and Physiology Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Todd M. Umstead
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Pulmonary Immunology and Physiology Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Hannah Atkins
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, PA, Hershey, United States
| | - Zoe E. Katz
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Pulmonary Immunology and Physiology Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Jonathan W. Yewdell
- Cellular Biology Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Chintan K. Gandhi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Pulmonary Immunology and Physiology Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - E. Scott Halstead
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Pulmonary Immunology and Physiology Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Zissis C. Chroneos
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Pulmonary Immunology and Physiology Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Zissis C. Chroneos,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Min J, Cao Y, Liu H, Liu D, Liu W, Li J. RNA Sequencing Demonstrates That Circular RNA Regulates Avian Influenza Virus Replication in Human Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179901. [PMID: 36077296 PMCID: PMC9456167 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are involved in diverse biological processes. Avian influenza virus (AIV) can cross the species barrier to infect humans. Here, we employed RNA sequencing technology to profile circRNA, microRNA, and mRNA expression in human lung carcinoma cells in response to AIV or human influenza A virus (IAV) infection at viral replication. The analysis revealed that the expression of 475 common circRNAs were significantly regulated. The 381 and 1163 up-regulated circRNAs were induced by AIV at 8 and 16 h, respectively. Subsequently, gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses were also conducted for the AIV-specific up-regulated circRNAs. Moreover, the circRNAs were characterized, of which six were verified by quantitative real-time PCR. We further confirmed that expression of the selected circRNAs only increased following AIV infection. Knocking down the selected circRNAs promoted AIV proliferation, and overexpression of three of the candidate circRNAs restricted AIV replication and proliferation. We further analyzed that AIV-specific up-regulated circRNA mechanisms might function through the ceRNA network to affect the “Endocytosis” pathway and the “Cell cycle process”. These data provide the first expression profile of AIV-specific up-regulated circRNAs and shed new light on the pathogenesis of AIV infection. Our findings also suggest that these circRNAs serve an important role in AIV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Min
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Ying Cao
- National Virus Resource Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources & Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Haizhou Liu
- National Virus Resource Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Di Liu
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
- National Virus Resource Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources & Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- Correspondence: author: (W.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Jing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
- Correspondence: author: (W.L.); (J.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu M, Huang LZX, Smits AA, Büll C, Narimatsu Y, van Kuppeveld FJM, Clausen H, de Haan CAM, de Vries E. Human-type sialic acid receptors contribute to avian influenza A virus binding and entry by hetero-multivalent interactions. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4054. [PMID: 35831293 PMCID: PMC9279479 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31840-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishment of zoonotic viruses, causing pandemics like the Spanish flu and Covid-19, requires adaptation to human receptors. Pandemic influenza A viruses (IAV) that crossed the avian-human species barrier switched from binding avian-type α2-3-linked sialic acid (2-3Sia) to human-type 2-6Sia receptors. Here, we show that this specificity switch is however less dichotomous as generally assumed. Binding and entry specificity were compared using mixed synthetic glycan gradients of 2-3Sia and 2-6Sia and by employing a genetically remodeled Sia repertoire on the surface of a Sia-free cell line and on a sialoglycoprotein secreted from these cells. Expression of a range of (mixed) 2-3Sia and 2-6Sia densities shows that non-binding human-type receptors efficiently enhanced avian IAV binding and entry provided the presence of a low density of high affinity avian-type receptors, and vice versa. Considering the heterogeneity of sialoglycan receptors encountered in vivo, hetero-multivalent binding is physiologically relevant and will impact evolutionary pathways leading to host adaptation. It is believed that human Influenza HA glycoprotein attaches to alpha2-6 linked sialic acids (SA) on cells, while avian viruses bind to alpha2-3 linked sialic acids, therewith contributing to host tropism. Here, Liu et al. show that mixing low-affinity alpha2-3 SA with low amounts of high-affinity alpha2-6 SA increases binding and entry of human viruses and the converse for avian virus. This shows that receptor recognition is not as strict as currently assumed and provides evidence that heteromultivalent interactions between human/avian HA and SA contributes to host adaptation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Liu
- Virology group, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Liane Z X Huang
- Virology group, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anthony A Smits
- Virology group, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Büll
- Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Odontology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Yoshiki Narimatsu
- Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Odontology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frank J M van Kuppeveld
- Virology group, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Henrik Clausen
- Center for Glycomics, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Odontology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cornelis A M de Haan
- Virology group, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Erik de Vries
- Virology group, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Barnard KN, Wasik BR, Alford BK, Hayward JJ, Weichert WS, Voorhees IEH, Holmes EC, Parrish CR. Sequence dynamics of three influenza A virus strains grown in different MDCK cell lines, including those expressing different sialic acid receptors. J Evol Biol 2021; 34:1878-1900. [PMID: 34114711 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are often cultured in cell lines for research and vaccine development, and those often differ from the natural hosts or tissues. Cell lines can also differ in the presence of virus receptors, such as the sialic acid (Sia) receptors used by influenza A viruses (IAV), which can vary in linkage (α2,3- or α2,6-linkage) and form (N-glycolylneuraminic acid [Neu5Gc] or N-acetylneuraminic acid [Neu5Ac]). The selective pressures resulting from passaging viruses in cell types with host-specific variations in viral receptors are still only partially understood. IAV are commonly cultured in MDCK cells which are both derived from canine kidney tubule epithelium and inherently heterogeneous. MDCK cells naturally present Neu5Ac and α2,3-linked Sia forms. Here, we examine natural MDCK variant lineages, as well as engineered variants that synthesize Neu5Gc and/or α2,6-linkages. We determined how viral genetic variation occurred within human H3N2, H1N1 pandemic and canine H3N2 IAV populations when serially passaged in MDCK cell lines that vary in cell type (MDCK-Type I or MDCK-Type II clones) and in Sia display. Deep sequencing of viral genomes showed small numbers of consensus-level mutations, mostly within the hemagglutinin (HA) gene. Both human IAV showed variants in the HA stem and the HA receptor-binding site of populations passaged in cells displaying Neu5Gc. Canine H3N2 showed variants near the receptor-binding site when passaged in cells displaying Neu5Gc or α2,6-linkages. Viruses replicated to low titres in MDCK-Type II cells, suggesting that not all cell types in heterogeneous MDCK cell populations are equally permissive to infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen N Barnard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.,Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Brian R Wasik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Brynn K Alford
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jessica J Hayward
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Wendy S Weichert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Ian E H Voorhees
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Edward C Holmes
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Biological Sciences and School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Colin R Parrish
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Powell H, Liu H, Pekosz A. Changes in sialic acid binding associated with egg adaptation decrease live attenuated influenza virus replication in human nasal epithelial cell cultures. Vaccine 2021; 39:3225-3235. [PMID: 33985852 PMCID: PMC8184632 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Live Attenuated Influenza Virus (LAIV) is administered to and replicates in the sinonasal epithelium. Candidate LAIV vaccine strains are selected based on their ability to replicate to a high titer in embryonated hen's eggs, a process that can lead to mutations which alter the receptor binding and antigenic structure of the hemagglutinin (HA) protein. In the 2012-2013 northern hemisphere vaccine, the H3N2 HA vaccine strain contained three amino acid changes - H156Q, G186V and S219Y - which altered HA antigenic structure and thus presumably decreased vaccine efficacy. To determine if these mutations also altered LAIV replication, reabcombinant viruses were created that encoded the wild-type (WT) parental HA of A/Victoria/361/2011 (WT HA LAIV), the egg adapted HA (EA HA LAIV) from the A/Victoria/361/2011 vaccine strain and an HA protein with additional amino acid changes to promote α2,3 sialic acid binding (2,3 EA HA LAIV). The WT HA LAIV bound α2,6 sialic compared to the EA HA LAIV and 2,3 EA HA LAIV which both demonstrated an increased preference for α2,3 sialic acid. On MDCKs, the WT HA and EA HA LAIVs showed similar replication at 32 °C but at 37 °C the EA HA LAIV replicated to lower infectious virus titers. The 2,3 EA HA LAIV replicated poorly at both temperatures. This replication phenotype was similar on human nasal epithelial cell (hNEC) cultures, however the WT HA LAIV induced the highest amount of IFN-λ and infected more nasal epithelial cells compared to the other viruses. Together, these data indicate that egg adaption mutations in the HA protein that confer preferential α2,3 sialic acid binding may adversely affect LAIV replication and contribute to reduced vaccine efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harrison Powell
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, United States
| | - Hsuan Liu
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, United States
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ujie M, Takada K, Kiso M, Sakai-Tagawa Y, Ito M, Nakamura K, Watanabe S, Imai M, Kawaoka Y. Long-term culture of human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells enhances the replication of human influenza A viruses. J Gen Virol 2020; 100:1345-1349. [PMID: 31424377 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term culture of the human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549 promotes the differentiation of these cells toward an alveolar type II cell phenotype. Here, we evaluated the susceptibility of long-term cultured A549 cells to human influenza viruses. A549 cells were cultured continuously for 25 days (D25-A549) or 1 day (D1-A549) in Ham's F12K medium. Six human influenza A viruses grew much faster in D25-A549 cells than in D1-A549 cells; however, two influenza B viruses replicated poorly in both cell types. Two avian influenza viruses replicated efficiently in both cell types, with similar titres. Expression levels of human virus receptors were higher in D25-A549 cells than in D1-A549 cells. D25-A549 cells thus more efficiently support the replication of human influenza A viruses compared with D1-A549 cells. Our data suggest that long-term cultured A549 cells will be useful for influenza A virus research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Ujie
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Kosuke Takada
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Maki Kiso
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yuko Sakai-Tagawa
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Mutsumi Ito
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Kazuya Nakamura
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Shinji Watanabe
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Masaki Imai
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53711, USA.,Department of Special Pathogens, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.,Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Park MS, Kim JI, Bae JY, Park MS. Animal models for the risk assessment of viral pandemic potential. Lab Anim Res 2020; 36:11. [PMID: 32337177 PMCID: PMC7175453 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-020-00040-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pandemics affect human lives severely and globally. Experience predicts that there will be a pandemic for sure although the time is unknown. When a viral epidemic breaks out, assessing its pandemic risk is an important part of the process that characterizes genomic property, viral pathogenicity, transmission in animal model, and so forth. In this review, we intend to figure out how a pandemic may occur by looking into the past influenza pandemic events. We discuss interpretations of the experimental evidences resulted from animal model studies and extend implications of viral pandemic potentials and ingredients to emerging viral epidemics. Focusing on the pandemic potential of viral infectious diseases, we suggest what should be assessed to prevent global catastrophes from influenza virus, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, dengue and Zika viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mee Sook Park
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea 02841
| | - Jin Il Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea 02841
| | - Joon-Yong Bae
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea 02841
| | - Man-Seong Park
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea 02841
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Barnard KN, Alford-Lawrence BK, Buchholz DW, Wasik BR, LaClair JR, Yu H, Honce R, Ruhl S, Pajic P, Daugherity EK, Chen X, Schultz-Cherry SL, Aguilar HC, Varki A, Parrish CR. Modified Sialic Acids on Mucus and Erythrocytes Inhibit Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase Functions. J Virol 2020; 94:e01567-19. [PMID: 32051275 PMCID: PMC7163148 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01567-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialic acids (Sia) are the primary receptors for influenza viruses and are widely displayed on cell surfaces and in secreted mucus. Sia may be present in variant forms that include O-acetyl modifications at C-4, C-7, C-8, and C-9 positions and N-acetyl or N-glycolyl at C-5. They can also vary in their linkages, including α2-3 or α2-6 linkages. Here, we analyze the distribution of modified Sia in cells and tissues of wild-type mice or in mice lacking CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) enzyme, which synthesizes N-glycolyl (Neu5Gc) modifications. We also examined the variation of Sia forms on erythrocytes and in saliva from different animals. To determine the effect of Sia modifications on influenza A virus (IAV) infection, we tested for effects on hemagglutinin (HA) binding and neuraminidase (NA) cleavage. We confirmed that 9-O-acetyl, 7,9-O-acetyl, 4-O-acetyl, and Neu5Gc modifications are widely but variably expressed in mouse tissues, with the highest levels detected in the respiratory and gastrointestinal (GI) tracts. Secreted mucins in saliva and surface proteins of erythrocytes showed a high degree of variability in display of modified Sia between different species. IAV HAs from different virus strains showed consistently reduced binding to both Neu5Gc- and O-acetyl-modified Sia; however, while IAV NAs were inhibited by Neu5Gc and O-acetyl modifications, there was significant variability between NA types. The modifications of Sia in mucus may therefore have potent effects on the functions of IAV and may affect both pathogens and the normal flora of different mucosal sites.IMPORTANCE Sialic acids (Sia) are involved in numerous different cellular functions and are receptors for many pathogens. Sia come in chemically modified forms, but we lack a clear understanding of how they alter interactions with microbes. Here, we examine the expression of modified Sia in mouse tissues, on secreted mucus in saliva, and on erythrocytes, including those from IAV host species and animals used in IAV research. These Sia forms varied considerably among different animals, and their inhibitory effects on IAV NA and HA activities and on bacterial sialidases (neuraminidases) suggest a host-variable protective role in secreted mucus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen N Barnard
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Brynn K Alford-Lawrence
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - David W Buchholz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Brian R Wasik
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Justin R LaClair
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Rebekah Honce
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Stefan Ruhl
- Department of Oral Biology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Petar Pajic
- Department of Oral Biology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Erin K Daugherity
- Center for Animal Resources and Education, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Stacey L Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Hector C Aguilar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Ajit Varki
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Colin R Parrish
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Haab BB, Klamer Z. Advances in Tools to Determine the Glycan-Binding Specificities of Lectins and Antibodies. Mol Cell Proteomics 2020; 19:224-232. [PMID: 31848260 PMCID: PMC7000120 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.r119.001836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteins that bind carbohydrate structures can serve as tools to quantify or localize specific glycans in biological specimens. Such proteins, including lectins and glycan-binding antibodies, are particularly valuable if accurate information is available about the glycans that a protein binds. Glycan arrays have been transformational for uncovering rich information about the nuances and complexities of glycan-binding specificity. A challenge, however, has been the analysis of the data. Because protein-glycan interactions are so complex, simplistic modes of analyzing the data and describing glycan-binding specificities have proven inadequate in many cases. This review surveys the methods for handling high-content data on protein-glycan interactions. We contrast the approaches that have been demonstrated and provide an overview of the resources that are available. We also give an outlook on the promising experimental technologies for generating new insights into protein-glycan interactions, as well as a perspective on the limitations that currently face the field.
Collapse
|
15
|
Byrd-Leotis L, Gao C, Jia N, Mehta AY, Trost J, Cummings SF, Heimburg-Molinaro J, Cummings RD, Steinhauer DA. Antigenic Pressure on H3N2 Influenza Virus Drift Strains Imposes Constraints on Binding to Sialylated Receptors but Not Phosphorylated Glycans. J Virol 2019; 93:e01178-19. [PMID: 31484755 PMCID: PMC6819937 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01178-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
H3N2 strains of influenza A virus emerged in humans in 1968 and have continued to circulate, evolving in response to human immune pressure. During this process of "antigenic drift," viruses have progressively lost the ability to agglutinate erythrocytes of various species and to replicate efficiently under the established conditions for amplifying clinical isolates and generating vaccine candidates. We have determined the glycome profiles of chicken and guinea pig erythrocytes to gain insights into reduced agglutination properties displayed by drifted strains and show that both chicken and guinea pig erythrocytes contain complex sialylated N-glycans but that they differ with respect to the extent of branching, core fucosylation, and the abundance of poly-N-acetyllactosamine (PL) [-3Galβ1-4GlcNAcβ1-]n structures. We also examined binding of the H3N2 viruses using three different glycan microarrays: the synthetic Consortium for Functional Glycomics array; the defined N-glycan array designed to reveal contributions to binding based on sialic acid linkage type, branched structures, and core modifications; and the human lung shotgun glycan microarray. The results demonstrate that H3N2 viruses have progressively lost their capacity to bind nearly all canonical sialylated receptors other than a selection of biantennary structures and PL structures with or without sialic acid. Significantly, all viruses displayed robust binding to nonsialylated high-mannose phosphorylated glycans, even as the recognition of sialylated structures is decreased through antigenic drift.IMPORTANCE Influenza subtype H3N2 viruses have circulated in humans for over 50 years, continuing to cause annual epidemics. Such viruses have undergone antigenic drift in response to immune pressure, reducing the protective effects of preexisting immunity to previously circulating H3N2 strains. The changes in hemagglutinin (HA) affiliated with drift have implications for the receptor binding properties of these viruses, affecting virus replication in the culture systems commonly used to generate and amplify vaccine strains. Therefore, the antigenic properties of the vaccines may not directly reflect those of the circulating strains from which they were derived, compromising vaccine efficacy. In order to reproducibly provide effective vaccines, it will be critical to understand the interrelationships between binding, antigenicity, and replication properties in different growth substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Byrd-Leotis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Surgery and Harvard Medical School Center for Glycoscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Centers for Excellence in Influenza Research and Surveillance, Emory-UGA CEIRS, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Chao Gao
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Surgery and Harvard Medical School Center for Glycoscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Centers for Excellence in Influenza Research and Surveillance, Emory-UGA CEIRS, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Nan Jia
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Surgery and Harvard Medical School Center for Glycoscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Akul Y Mehta
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Surgery and Harvard Medical School Center for Glycoscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jessica Trost
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Centers for Excellence in Influenza Research and Surveillance, Emory-UGA CEIRS, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sandra F Cummings
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Surgery and Harvard Medical School Center for Glycoscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jamie Heimburg-Molinaro
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Surgery and Harvard Medical School Center for Glycoscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Surgery and Harvard Medical School Center for Glycoscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Centers for Excellence in Influenza Research and Surveillance, Emory-UGA CEIRS, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - David A Steinhauer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Centers for Excellence in Influenza Research and Surveillance, Emory-UGA CEIRS, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Post-Glycosylation Modification of Sialic Acid and Its Role in Virus Pathogenesis. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7040171. [PMID: 31683930 PMCID: PMC6963189 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7040171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Sialic acids are a family of nine carbon keto-aldononulosonic acids presented at the terminal ends of glycans on cellular membranes. α-Linked sialoglycoconjugates often undergo post-glycosylation modifications, among which O-acetylation of N-acetyl neuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) is the most common in mammalian cells. Isoforms of sialic acid are critical determinants of virus pathogenesis. To date, the focus of viral receptor-mediated attachment has been on Neu5Ac. O-Acetylated Neu5Acs have been largely ignored as receptor determinants of virus pathogenesis, although it is ubiquitous across species. Significantly, the array of structures resulting from site-specific O-acetylation by sialic acid O-acetyltransferases (SOATs) provides a means to examine specificity of viral binding to host cells. Specifically, C4 O-acetylated Neu5Ac can influence virus pathogenicity. However, the biological implications of only O-acetylated Neu5Ac at C7-9 have been explored extensively. This review will highlight the biological significance, extraction methods, and synthetic modifications of C4 O-acetylated Neu5Ac that may provide value in therapeutic developments and targets to prevent virus related diseases.
Collapse
|
17
|
Bui CHT, Chan RWY, Ng MMT, Cheung MC, Ng KC, Chan MPK, Chan LLY, Fong JHM, Nicholls JM, Peiris JSM, Chan MCW. Tropism of influenza B viruses in human respiratory tract explants and airway organoids. Eur Respir J 2019; 54:13993003.00008-2019. [PMID: 31097520 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00008-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Despite causing regular seasonal epidemics with substantial morbidity, mortality and socioeconomic burden, there is still a lack of research into influenza B viruses (IBVs). In this study, we provide for the first time a systematic investigation on the tropism, replication kinetics and pathogenesis of IBVs in the human respiratory tract.Physiologically relevant ex vivo explant cultures of human bronchus and lung, human airway organoids, and in vitro cultures of differentiated primary human bronchial epithelial cells and type-I-like alveolar epithelial cells were used to study the cellular and tissue tropism, replication competence and induced innate immune response of 16 IBV strains isolated from 1940 to 2012 in comparison with human seasonal influenza A viruses (IAVs), H1N1 and H3N2. IBVs from the diverged Yamagata- and Victoria-like lineages and the earlier undiverged period were included.The majority of IBVs replicated productively in human bronchus and lung with similar competence to seasonal IAVs. IBVs infected a variety of cell types, including ciliated cells, club cells, goblet cells and basal cells, in human airway organoids. Like seasonal IAVs, IBVs are low inducers of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Most results suggested a higher preference for the conducting airway than the lower lung and strain-specific rather than lineage-specific pathogenicity of IBVs.Our results highlighted the non-negligible virulence of IBVs which require more attention and further investigation to alleviate the disease burden, especially when treatment options are limited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine H T Bui
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Joint first authors
| | - Renee W Y Chan
- Dept of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Joint first authors
| | - Mandy M T Ng
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - M-C Cheung
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ka-Chun Ng
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Megan P K Chan
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Louisa L Y Chan
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Dept of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Joanne H M Fong
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - J M Nicholls
- Dept of Pathology, Queen Mary Hospital, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - J S Malik Peiris
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Michael C W Chan
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Szczepanski A, Owczarek K, Bzowska M, Gula K, Drebot I, Ochman M, Maksym B, Rajfur Z, Mitchell JA, Pyrc K. Canine Respiratory Coronavirus, Bovine Coronavirus, and Human Coronavirus OC43: Receptors and Attachment Factors. Viruses 2019; 11:v11040328. [PMID: 30959796 PMCID: PMC6521053 DOI: 10.3390/v11040328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite high similarity of canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV), bovine coronavirus, (BCoV) and human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43), these viruses differ in species specificity. For years it was believed that they share receptor specificity, utilizing sialic acids for cell surface attachment, internalization, and entry. Interestingly, careful literature analysis shows that viruses indeed bind to the cell surface via sialic acids, but there is no solid data that these moieties mediate virus entry. In our study, using a number of techniques, we showed that all three viruses are indeed able to bind to sialic acids to a different extent, but these molecules render the cells permissive only for the clinical strain of HCoV-OC43, while for others they serve only as attachment receptors. CRCoV and BCoV appear to employ human leukocyte antigen class I (HLA-1) as the entry receptor. Furthermore, we identified heparan sulfate as an alternative attachment factor, but this may be related to the cell culture adaptation, as in ex vivo conditions, it does not seem to play a significant role. Summarizing, we delineated early events during CRCoV, BCoV, and HCoV-OC43 entry and systematically studied the attachment and entry receptor utilized by these viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Artur Szczepanski
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
- Virogenetics Laboratory of Virology, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7a, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Owczarek
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
- Virogenetics Laboratory of Virology, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7a, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Monika Bzowska
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Gula
- Virogenetics Laboratory of Virology, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7a, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Inga Drebot
- Virogenetics Laboratory of Virology, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7a, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Marek Ochman
- Department of Cardiac, Vascular and Endovascular Surgery and Transplantology, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Silesian Centre for Heart Diseases, Marii Curie Sklodowskiej 9, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland.
| | - Beata Maksym
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland.
| | - Zenon Rajfur
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Judy A Mitchell
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK.
| | - Krzysztof Pyrc
- Virogenetics Laboratory of Virology, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7a, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Byrd-Leotis L, Jia N, Dutta S, Trost JF, Gao C, Cummings SF, Braulke T, Müller-Loennies S, Heimburg-Molinaro J, Steinhauer DA, Cummings RD. Influenza binds phosphorylated glycans from human lung. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaav2554. [PMID: 30788437 PMCID: PMC6374103 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav2554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses can bind sialic acid-terminating glycan receptors, and species specificity is often correlated with sialic acid linkage with avian strains recognizing α2,3-linked sialylated glycans and mammalian strains preferring α2,6-linked sialylated glycans. These paradigms derive primarily from studies involving erythrocyte agglutination, binding to synthetic receptor analogs or binding to undefined surface markers on cells or tissues. Here, we present the first examination of the N-glycome of the human lung for identifying natural receptors for a range of avian and mammalian influenza viruses. We found that the human lung contains many α2,3- and α2,6-linked sialylated glycan determinants bound by virus, but all viruses also bound to phosphorylated, nonsialylated glycans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Byrd-Leotis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Surgery and Harvard Medical School Center for Glycoscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nan Jia
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Surgery and Harvard Medical School Center for Glycoscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sucharita Dutta
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Surgery and Harvard Medical School Center for Glycoscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica F. Trost
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Chao Gao
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Surgery and Harvard Medical School Center for Glycoscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sandra F. Cummings
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Surgery and Harvard Medical School Center for Glycoscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas Braulke
- Department of Biochemistry, Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sven Müller-Loennies
- Research Center Borstel (RCB), Leibniz Lung Center, Division Biophysics, Parkallee 22, D-23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Jamie Heimburg-Molinaro
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Surgery and Harvard Medical School Center for Glycoscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David A. Steinhauer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Richard D. Cummings
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Surgery and Harvard Medical School Center for Glycoscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Characterization of avian influenza virus attachment patterns to human and pig tissues. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12215. [PMID: 30111851 PMCID: PMC6093914 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29578-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild birds of Anseriformes and Charadriiformes are natural reservoirs of influenza A viruses (IAVs). Occasionally, IAVs transmit and adapt to mammalian hosts, and are maintained as epidemic strains in their new hosts. Viral adaptions to mammalian hosts include altered receptor preference of host epithelial sialylated oligosaccharides from terminal α2,3-linked sialic acid (SA) towards α2,6-linked SA. However, α2,3-linked SA has been found in human respiratory tract epithelium, and human infections by avian IAVs (AIVs) have been reported. To further explore the attachment properties of AIVs, four AIVs of different subtypes were investigated on human and pig tissues using virus histochemistry. Additionally, glycan array analysis was performed for further characterization of IAVs' receptor structure tropism. Generally, AIV attachment was more abundant to human tissues than to pig tissues. The attachment pattern was very strong to human conjunctiva and upper respiratory tract, but variable to the lower respiratory tract. AIVs mainly attached to α2,3-linked SA, but also to combinations of α2,3- and α2,6-linked SA. The low attachment of these AIV isolates to pig tissues, but high attachment to human tissues, addresses the question whether AIVs in general require passage through pigs to obtain adaptions towards mammalian receptor structures.
Collapse
|
21
|
Wang YF, Chang CF, Tsai HP, Chi CY, Su IJ, Wang JR. Glycan-binding preferences and genetic evolution of human seasonal influenza A(H3N2) viruses during 1999-2007 in Taiwan. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196727. [PMID: 29746492 PMCID: PMC5945028 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
It is generally agreed that human influenza virus preferentially binds to α-2,6-linked sialic acid-containing receptors, and mutations that change the binding preference may alter virus infectivity and host tropism. Limited information is available on the glycan-binding specificity of epidemic influenza viruses. In this study, we systemically investigated the glycan-binding preferences of human influenza A(H3N2) viruses isolated from 1999 to 2007 in Taiwan using a high-throughput carbohydrate array. The binding patterns of 37 H3N2 viruses were classified into three groups with significant binding-pattern variations. The results showed that the carbohydrate-binding patterns of H3N2 varied over time. A phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin gene also revealed progressive drift year to year. Of note, the viruses that caused large outbreaks in 1999 and 2003 showed glycan-binding preferences to both α-2,3 and α-2,6 sialylated glycans. Twenty amino acid substitutions were identified primarily at antigenic sites that might contribute to H3N2 virus evolution and the change in the glycan-binding patterns. This study provides not only a systematic analysis of the receptor-binding specificity of influenza clinical isolates but also information that could help to monitor the outbreak potential and virus evolution of influenza viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Fang Wang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Fa Chang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Pin Tsai
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yu Chi
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ih-Jen Su
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Ren Wang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Li H, Bradley KC, Long JS, Frise R, Ashcroft JW, Hartgroves LC, Shelton H, Makris S, Johansson C, Cao B, Barclay WS. Internal genes of a highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus determine high viral replication in myeloid cells and severe outcome of infection in mice. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006821. [PMID: 29300777 PMCID: PMC5771632 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 influenza virus has been a public health concern for more than a decade because of its frequent zoonoses and the high case fatality rate associated with human infections. Severe disease following H5N1 influenza infection is often associated with dysregulated host innate immune response also known as cytokine storm but the virological and cellular basis of these responses has not been clearly described. We rescued a series of 6:2 reassortant viruses that combined a PR8 HA/NA pairing with the internal gene segments from human adapted H1N1, H3N2, or avian H5N1 viruses and found that mice infected with the virus with H5N1 internal genes suffered severe weight loss associated with increased lung cytokines but not high viral load. This phenotype did not map to the NS gene segment, and NS1 protein of H5N1 virus functioned as a type I IFN antagonist as efficient as NS1 of H1N1 or H3N2 viruses. Instead we discovered that the internal genes of H5N1 virus supported a much higher level of replication of viral RNAs in myeloid cells in vitro, but not in epithelial cells and that this was associated with high induction of type I IFN in myeloid cells. We also found that in vivo during H5N1 recombinant virus infection cells of haematopoetic origin were infected and produced type I IFN and proinflammatory cytokines. Taken together our data infer that human and avian influenza viruses are differently controlled by host factors in alternative cell types; internal gene segments of avian H5N1 virus uniquely drove high viral replication in myeloid cells, which triggered an excessive cytokine production, resulting in severe immunopathology. Some avian influenza viruses, including highly pathogenic H5N1 virus, cause severe disease in humans and in experimental animal models associated with excessive cytokine production. We aimed to understand the virological mechanism behind the cytokine storm, and particularly the contribution of internal gene segments that encode the viral polymerase and the non-structural proteins, since these might be retained in a pandemic virus. We found that the internal genes from an H5N1 avian influenza virus allowed virus to replicate to strikingly higher levels in myeloid cells compared to internal genes of human adapted strains. The higher viral RNA levels did not lead to higher viral load but drove excessive cytokine production and more severe outcome in infected mice. The remarkable difference in viral replication in myeloid cells was not observed in lung epithelial cells, suggesting that cell type specific differences in host factors were responsible. Understanding the molecular basis of excessive viral replication in myeloid cells may guide future therapeutic options for viruses that have recently crossed into humans from birds.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- A549 Cells
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Dogs
- Female
- Genes, Viral/physiology
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate/physiology
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/physiology
- Influenza, Human/genetics
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Myeloid Cells/immunology
- Myeloid Cells/metabolism
- Myeloid Cells/virology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/genetics
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/mortality
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology
- Severity of Illness Index
- Virus Replication/genetics
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Konrad C. Bradley
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jason S. Long
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Frise
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan W. Ashcroft
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lorian C. Hartgroves
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Holly Shelton
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Spyridon Makris
- Section of Respiratory Infections, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London
| | - Cecilia Johansson
- Section of Respiratory Infections, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London
| | - Bin Cao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Capital Medical University; Center for Respiratory Diseases, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (WSB); (BC)
| | - Wendy S. Barclay
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (WSB); (BC)
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
The cell surface mucin MUC1 limits the severity of influenza A virus infection. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:1581-1593. [PMID: 28327617 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cell surface mucin (cs-mucin) glycoproteins are constitutively expressed at the surface of respiratory epithelia where pathogens such as influenza A virus (IAV) gain entry into cells. Different members of the cs-mucin family each express a large and heavily glycosylated extracellular domain that towers above other receptors on the epithelial cell surface, a transmembrane domain that enables shedding of the extracellular domain, and a cytoplasmic tail capable of triggering signaling cascades. We hypothesized that IAV can interact with the terminal sialic acids presented on the extracellular domain of cs-mucins, resulting in modulation of infection efficiency. Utilizing human lung epithelial cells, we found that IAV associates with the cs-mucin MUC1 but not MUC13 or MUC16. Overexpression of MUC1 by epithelial cells or the addition of sialylated synthetic MUC1 constructs, reduced IAV infection in vitro. In addition, Muc1-/- mice infected with IAV exhibited enhanced morbidity and mortality, as well as greater inflammatory mediator responses compared to wild type mice. This study implicates the cs-mucin MUC1 as a critical and dynamic component of the innate host response that limits the severity of influenza and provides the foundation for exploration of MUC1 in resolving inflammatory disease.
Collapse
|
24
|
The Interplay between the Host Receptor and Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071541. [PMID: 28714909 PMCID: PMC5536029 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) glycoproteins of influenza A virus are responsible for the surface interactions of the virion with the host. Entry of the virus is mediated by functions of the HA: binding to cellular receptors and facilitating fusion of the virion membrane with the endosomal membrane. The HA structure contains receptor binding sites in the globular membrane distal head domains of the trimer, and the fusion machinery resides in the stem region. These sites have specific characteristics associated with subtype and host, and the differences often define species barriers. For example, avian viruses preferentially recognize α2,3-Sialic acid terminating glycans as receptors and mammalian viruses recognize α2,6-Sialic acid. The neuraminidase, or the receptor-destroying protein, cleaves the sialic acid from cellular membrane constituents and viral glycoproteins allowing for egress of nascent virions. A functional balance of activity has been demonstrated between the two glycoproteins, resulting in an optimum level of HA affinity and NA enzymatic cleavage to allow for productive infection. As more is understood about both HA and NA, the relevance for functional balance between HA and NA continues to expand, with potential implications for interspecies transmission, host adaptation, and pathogenicity.
Collapse
|
25
|
Ji Y, White YJ, Hadden JA, Grant OC, Woods RJ. New insights into influenza A specificity: an evolution of paradigms. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2017; 44:219-231. [PMID: 28675835 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the molecular origin of influenza receptor specificity is complicated by the paucity of quantitative affinity measurements, and the qualitative and variable nature of glycan array data. Further obstacles arise from the varied impact of viral glycosylation and the relatively narrow spectrum of biologically relevant receptors present on glycan arrays. A survey of receptor conformational properties is presented, leading to the conclusion that conformational entropy plays a key role in defining specificity, as does the newly reported ability of biantennary receptors that terminate in Siaα2-6Gal sequences to form bidentate interactions to two binding sites in a hemagglutinin trimer. Bidentate binding provides a functional explanation for the observation that Siaα2-6 receptors adopt an open-umbrella topology when bound to hemagglutinins from human-infective viruses, and calls for a reassessment of virus avidity and tissue tropism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Ji
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Yohanna Jb White
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Jodi A Hadden
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Oliver C Grant
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Robert J Woods
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd, Athens, GA 30602, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Mögling R, Richard MJ, Vliet SVD, Beek RV, Schrauwen EJA, Spronken MI, Rimmelzwaan GF, Fouchier RAM. Neuraminidase-mediated haemagglutination of recent human influenza A(H3N2) viruses is determined by arginine 150 flanking the neuraminidase catalytic site. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:1274-1281. [PMID: 28612701 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, an increasing proportion of circulating human influenza A(H3N2) viruses exhibited haemagglutination activity that was sensitive to neuraminidase inhibitors. This change in haemagglutination as compared to older circulating A(H3N2) viruses prompted an investigation of the underlying molecular basis. Recent human influenza A(H3N2) viruses were found to agglutinate turkey erythrocytes in a manner that could be blocked with either oseltamivir or neuraminidase-specific antisera, indicating that agglutination was driven by neuraminidase, with a low or negligible contribution of haemagglutinin. Using representative virus recombinants it was shown that the haemagglutinin of a recent A(H3N2) virus indeed had decreased activity to agglutinate turkey erythrocytes, while its neuraminidase displayed increased haemagglutinating activity. Viruses with chimeric and mutant neuraminidases were used to identify the amino acid substitution histidine to arginine at position 150 flanking the neuraminidase catalytic site as the determinant of this neuraminidase-mediated haemagglutination. An analysis of publicly available neuraminidase gene sequences showed that viruses with histidine at position 150 were rapidly replaced by viruses with arginine at this position between 2005 and 2008, in agreement with the phenotypic data. As a consequence of neuraminidase-mediated haemagglutination of recent A(H3N2) viruses and poor haemagglutination via haemagglutinin, haemagglutination inhibition assays with A(H3N2) antisera are no longer useful to characterize the antigenic properties of the haemagglutinin of these viruses for vaccine strain selection purposes. Continuous monitoring of the evolution of these viruses and potential consequences for vaccine strain selection remains important.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Mögling
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Ruud van Beek
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eefje J A Schrauwen
- Laboratory for Microbiology and Infection Control, Amphia Hospital, Breda, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Pathogenicity and transmission of a swine influenza A(H6N6) virus. Emerg Microbes Infect 2017; 6:e17. [PMID: 28400591 PMCID: PMC5457681 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2017.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Subtype H6 influenza A viruses (IAVs) are commonly detected in wild birds and domestic poultry and can infect humans. In 2010, a H6N6 virus emerged in southern China, and since then, it has caused sporadic infections among swine. We show that this virus binds to α2,6-linked and α2,3-linked sialic acids. Mutations at residues 222 (alanine to valine) and 228 (glycine to serine) of the virus hemagglutinin (HA) affected its receptor-binding properties. Experiments showed that the virus has limited transmissibility between ferrets through direct contact or through inhalation of infectious aerosolized droplets. The internal genes of the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus, which is prevalent in swine worldwide, increases the replication efficiency of H6N6 IAV in the lower respiratory tract of ferrets but not its transmissibility between ferrets. These findings suggest H6N6 swine IAV (SIV) currently poses a moderate risk to public health, but its evolution and spread should be closely monitored.
Collapse
|
28
|
Ettensohn DB, Frampton MW, Nichols JE, Roberts NJ. Human Alveolar Macrophages May Not Be Susceptible to Direct Infection by a Human Influenza Virus. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:1658-1665. [PMID: 27601618 PMCID: PMC5144727 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The current studies were undertaken to determine the susceptibility of human alveolar macrophages (AMs) to influenza A virus (IAV) infection in comparison with autologous peripheral blood-derived monocytes-macrophages (PBMs). AMs and PBMs were exposed to IAV in vitro and examined for their ability to bind and internalize IAV, and synthesize viral proteins and RNA. PBMs but not AMs demonstrated binding and internalization of the virus, synthesizing viral proteins and RNA. Exposure of AMs in the presence of a sialidase inhibitor or anti-IAV antibody resulted in viral protein synthesis by the cells. Exposure of AMs to fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled IAV in the presence of anti-fluorescein isothiocyanate antibody also resulted in viral protein synthesis. Thus, human AMs are apparently not susceptible to direct infection by a human IAV but are likely to be infected indirectly in the setting of exposure in the presence of antibody that binds the challenging strain of IAV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David B Ettensohn
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, University of Rochester School of Medicine
| | - Mark W Frampton
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, University of Rochester School of Medicine
| | - Joan E Nichols
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Norbert J Roberts
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Rauff D, Strydom C, Abolnik C. Evolutionary consequences of a decade of vaccination against subtype H6N2 influenza. Virology 2016; 498:226-239. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
30
|
Anderson CS, DeDiego ML, Thakar J, Topham DJ. Novel Sequence-Based Mapping of Recently Emerging H5NX Influenza Viruses Reveals Pandemic Vaccine Candidates. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160510. [PMID: 27494186 PMCID: PMC4975393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, an avian influenza virus, H5NX subclade 2.3.4.4, emerged and spread to North America. This subclade has frequently reassorted, leading to multiple novel viruses capable of human infection. Four cases of human infections, three leading to death, have already occurred. Existing vaccine strains do not protect against these new viruses, raising a need to identify new vaccine candidate strains. We have developed a novel sequence-based mapping (SBM) tool capable of visualizing complex protein sequence data sets using a single intuitive map. We applied SBM on the complete set of avian H5 viruses in order to better understand hemagglutinin protein variance amongst H5 viruses and identify any patterns associated with this variation. The analysis successfully identified the original reassortments that lead to the emergence of this new subclade of H5 viruses, as well as their known unusual ability to re-assort among neuraminidase subtypes. In addition, our analysis revealed distinct clusters of 2.3.4.4 variants that would not be covered by existing strains in the H5 vaccine stockpile. The results suggest that our method may be useful for pandemic candidate vaccine virus selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S. Anderson
- New York Influenza Center of Excellence, David Smith Center for Immunology and Vaccine Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Marta L. DeDiego
- New York Influenza Center of Excellence, David Smith Center for Immunology and Vaccine Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Juilee Thakar
- New York Influenza Center of Excellence, David Smith Center for Immunology and Vaccine Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - David J. Topham
- New York Influenza Center of Excellence, David Smith Center for Immunology and Vaccine Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Petrie JG, Ohmit SE, Truscon R, Johnson E, Braun TM, Levine MZ, Eichelberger MC, Monto AS. Modest Waning of Influenza Vaccine Efficacy and Antibody Titers During the 2007-2008 Influenza Season. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:1142-9. [PMID: 27095420 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibody titers decrease with time following influenza vaccination, raising concerns that vaccine efficacy might wane. However, the relationship between time since vaccination and protection is unclear. METHODS Time-varying vaccine efficacy (VE[t]) was examined in healthy adult participants (age range, 18-49 years) in a placebo-controlled trial of inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) and live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) performed during the 2007-2008 influenza season. Symptomatic respiratory illnesses were laboratory-confirmed as influenza. VE(t) was estimated by fitting a smooth function based on residuals from Cox proportional hazards models. Subjects had blood samples collected immediately prior to vaccination, 30 days after vaccination, and at the end of the influenza season for testing by hemagglutination inhibition and neuraminidase inhibition assays. RESULTS Overall efficacy was 70% (95% confidence interval [CI], 50%-82%) for IIV and 38% (95% CI, 5%-59%) for LAIV. Statistically significant waning was detected for IIV (P = .03) but not LAIV (P = .37); however, IIV remained significantly efficacious until data became sparse at the end of the season. Similarly, antibody titers against influenza virus hemagglutinin and neuraminidase significantly decreased over the season among IIV recipients. CONCLUSIONS Both vaccines were efficacious but LAIV less so. IIV efficacy decreased slowly over time, but the vaccine remained significantly efficacious for the majority of the season.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Thomas M Braun
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor
| | - Min Z Levine
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Maryna C Eichelberger
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Avian influenza viruses that cause highly virulent infections in humans exhibit distinct replicative properties in contrast to human H1N1 viruses. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24154. [PMID: 27080193 PMCID: PMC4832183 DOI: 10.1038/srep24154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses present an emerging epidemiological concern as some strains of H5N1 avian influenza can cause severe infections in humans with lethality rates of up to 60%. These have been in circulation since 1997 and recently a novel H7N9-subtyped virus has been causing epizootics in China with lethality rates around 20%. To better understand the replication kinetics of these viruses, we combined several extensive viral kinetics experiments with mathematical modelling of in vitro infections in human A549 cells. We extracted fundamental replication parameters revealing that, while both the H5N1 and H7N9 viruses replicate faster and to higher titers than two low-pathogenicity H1N1 strains, they accomplish this via different mechanisms. While the H7N9 virions exhibit a faster rate of infection, the H5N1 virions are produced at a higher rate. Of the two H1N1 strains studied, the 2009 pandemic H1N1 strain exhibits the longest eclipse phase, possibly indicative of a less effective neuraminidase activity, but causes infection more rapidly than the seasonal strain. This explains, in part, the pandemic strain’s generally slower growth kinetics and permissiveness to accept mutations causing neuraminidase inhibitor resistance without significant loss in fitness. Our results highlight differential growth properties of H1N1, H5N1 and H7N9 influenza viruses.
Collapse
|
33
|
Walther E, Xu Z, Richter M, Kirchmair J, Grienke U, Rollinger JM, Krumbholz A, Saluz HP, Pfister W, Sauerbrei A, Schmidtke M. Dual Acting Neuraminidase Inhibitors Open New Opportunities to Disrupt the Lethal Synergism between Streptococcus pneumoniae and Influenza Virus. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:357. [PMID: 27047471 PMCID: PMC4800182 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Secondary infections with Streptococcus pneumoniae cause severe pneumonia and enhance lethality during influenza epidemics and pandemics. Structural and functional similarities with viral neuraminidase (NA) suggest that the highly prevalent pneumococcal NAs, NanA and NanB, might contribute to this lethal synergism by supporting viral replication and that dual acting NA inhibitors (NAIs) will disrupt it. To verify this hypothesis, NanA and NanB were expressed in E. coli. After confirming their activity in enzyme assays, in vitro models with influenza virus A/Jena/8178/09 (Jena/8178) and the recombinant NanA or NanB (rNanA and rNanB) were established in A549 and MDCK cells to mimic the role of these pneumococcal NAs during co-infection. Studies on the influence of both NAs on viral receptor expression, spread, and yield revealed a distinct effect of NanA and NanB on viral replication in these in vitro models. Both enzymes were able to support Jena/8178 replication at certain concentrations. This synergism was disrupted by the NAIs oseltamivir, DANA, katsumadain A, and artocarpin exerting an inhibitory effect on viral NA and NanA. Interestingly, katsumadain A and artocarpin inhibited rNanA and rNanB similarly. Zanamivir did not show activity. These results demonstrate a key role of pneumococcal NAs in the lethal synergism with influenza viruses and reveal opportunities for its effective disruption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Walther
- Department of Virology and Antiviral Therapy, Jena University HospitalJena, Germany
| | - Zhongli Xu
- Department of Virology and Antiviral Therapy, Jena University HospitalJena, Germany
| | - Martina Richter
- Department of Virology and Antiviral Therapy, Jena University HospitalJena, Germany
| | | | - Ulrike Grienke
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of ViennaVienna, Austria
| | | | - Andi Krumbholz
- Institute for Infection Medicine, Christian-Albrecht University of Kiel–University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus KielKiel, Germany
| | - Hans P. Saluz
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knöll InstituteJena, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Pfister
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Jena University HospitalJena, Germany
| | - Andreas Sauerbrei
- Department of Virology and Antiviral Therapy, Jena University HospitalJena, Germany
| | - Michaela Schmidtke
- Department of Virology and Antiviral Therapy, Jena University HospitalJena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Nishioka R, Satomura A, Yamada J, Kuroda K, Ueda M. Rapid preparation of mutated influenza hemagglutinins for influenza virus pandemic prevention. AMB Express 2016; 6:8. [PMID: 26797882 PMCID: PMC4722048 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-016-0179-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses have periodically caused pandemic due to frequent mutation of viral proteins. Influenza viruses have two major membrane glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Hemagglutinin plays a crucial role in viral entry, while NA is involved in the process of a viral escape. In terms of developing antiviral drugs, HA is a more important target than NA in the prevention of pandemic, since HA is likely to change the host specificity of a virus by acquiring mutations, thereby to increase the risk of pandemic. To characterize mutated HA functions, current approaches require immobilization of purified HA on plastic wells and carriers. These troublesome methods make it difficult to respond to emerging mutations. In order to address this problem, a yeast cell surface engineering approach was investigated. Using this technology, human HAs derived from various H1N1 subtypes were successfully and rapidly displayed on the yeast cell surface. The yeast-displayed HAs exhibited similar abilities to native influenza virus HAs. Using this system, human HAs with 190E and 225G mutations were shown to exhibit altered recognition specificities from human to avian erythrocytes. This system furthermore allowed direct measurement of HA binding abilities without protein purification and immobilization. Coupled with the ease of genetic manipulation, this system allows the simple and comprehensive construction of mutant protein libraries on yeast cell surface, thereby contributing to influenza virus pandemic prevention.
Collapse
|
35
|
Ng WC, Londrigan SL, Nasr N, Cunningham AL, Turville S, Brooks AG, Reading PC. The C-type Lectin Langerin Functions as a Receptor for Attachment and Infectious Entry of Influenza A Virus. J Virol 2016; 90:206-21. [PMID: 26468543 PMCID: PMC4702526 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01447-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED It is well established that influenza A virus (IAV) attachment to and infection of epithelial cells is dependent on sialic acid (SIA) at the cell surface, although the specific receptors that mediate IAV entry have not been defined and multiple receptors may exist. Lec2 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are SIA deficient and resistant to IAV infection. Here we demonstrate that the expression of the C-type lectin receptor langerin in Lec2 cells (Lec2-Lg) rendered them permissive to IAV infection, as measured by replication of the viral genome, transcription of viral mRNA, and synthesis of viral proteins. Unlike SIA-dependent infection of parental CHO cells, IAV attachment and infection of Lec2-Lg cells was mediated via lectin-mediated recognition of mannose-rich glycans expressed by the viral hemagglutinin glycoprotein. Lec2 cells expressing endocytosis-defective langerin bound IAV efficiently but remained resistant to IAV infection, confirming that internalization via langerin was essential for infectious entry. Langerin-mediated infection of Lec2-Lg cells was pH and dynamin dependent, occurred via clathrin- and caveolin-mediated endocytic pathways, and utilized early (Rab5(+)) but not late (Rab7(+)) endosomes. This study is the first to demonstrate that langerin represents an authentic receptor that binds and internalizes IAV to facilitate infection. Moreover, it describes a unique experimental system to probe specific pathways and compartments involved in infectious entry following recognition of IAV by a single cell surface receptor. IMPORTANCE On the surface of host cells, sialic acid (SIA) functions as the major attachment factor for influenza A viruses (IAV). However, few studies have identified specific transmembrane receptors that bind and internalize IAV to facilitate infection. Here we identify human langerin as a transmembrane glycoprotein that can act as an attachment factor and a bone fide endocytic receptor for IAV infection. Expression of langerin by an SIA-deficient cell line resistant to IAV rendered cells permissive to infection. As langerin represented the sole receptor for IAV infection in this system, we have defined the pathways and compartments involved in infectious entry of IAV into cells following recognition by langerin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wy Ching Ng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah L Londrigan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Najla Nasr
- Westmead Millennium Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anthony L Cunningham
- Westmead Millennium Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stuart Turville
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew G Brooks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrick C Reading
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Zhao N, Martin BE, Yang CK, Luo F, Wan XF. Association analyses of large-scale glycan microarray data reveal novel host-specific substructures in influenza A virus binding glycans. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15778. [PMID: 26508590 PMCID: PMC4623813 DOI: 10.1038/srep15778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses can infect a wide variety of animal species and, occasionally, humans. Infection occurs through the binding formed by viral surface glycoprotein hemagglutinin and certain types of glycan receptors on host cell membranes. Studies have shown that the α2,3-linked sialic acid motif (SA2,3Gal) in avian, equine, and canine species; the α2,6-linked sialic acid motif (SA2,6Gal) in humans; and SA2,3Gal and SA2,6Gal in swine are responsible for the corresponding host tropisms. However, more detailed and refined substructures that determine host tropisms are still not clear. Thus, in this study, we applied association mining on a set of glycan microarray data for 211 influenza viruses from five host groups: humans, swine, canine, migratory waterfowl, and terrestrial birds. The results suggest that besides Neu5Acα2-6Galβ, human-origin viruses could bind glycans with Neu5Acα2-8Neu5Acα2-8Neu5Ac and Neu5Gcα2-6Galβ1-4GlcNAc substructures; Galβ and GlcNAcβ terminal substructures, without sialic acid branches, were associated with the binding of human-, swine-, and avian-origin viruses; sulfated Neu5Acα2-3 substructures were associated with the binding of human- and swine-origin viruses. Finally, through three-dimensional structure characterization, we revealed that the role of glycan chain shapes is more important than that of torsion angles or of overall structural similarities in virus host tropisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhao
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, USA.,Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing &Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, MS, USA
| | - Brigitte E Martin
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, USA
| | - Chun-Kai Yang
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, USA
| | - Feng Luo
- School of Computing, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Xiu-Feng Wan
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, USA.,Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing &Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, MS, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Li YT, Ko HY, Lee CCD, Lai CY, Kao CL, Yang C, Wang WB, King CC. Phenotypic and Genetic Characterization of Avian Influenza H5N2 Viruses with Intra- and Inter-Duck Variations in Taiwan. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133910. [PMID: 26263554 PMCID: PMC4532476 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human infections with avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have frequently raised global concerns of emerging, interspecies-transmissible viruses with pandemic potential. Waterfowl, the predominant reservoir of influenza viruses in nature, harbor precursors of different genetic lineages that have contributed to novel pandemic influenza viruses in the past. Methods Two duck influenza H5N2 viruses, DV518 and DV413, isolated through virological surveillance at a live-poultry market in Taiwan, showed phylogenetic relatedness but exhibited different replication capabilities in mammalian Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells. This study characterizes the replication properties of the two duck H5N2 viruses and the determinants involved. Results The DV518 virus replicated more efficiently than DV413 in both MDCK and chicken DF1 cells. Interestingly, the infection of MDCK cells by DV518 formed heterogeneous plaques with great differences in size [large (L) and small (S)], and the two viral strains (p518-L and p518-S) obtained from plaque purification exhibited distinguishable replication kinetics in MDCK cells. Nonetheless, both plaque-purified DV518 strains still maintained their growth advantages over the plaque-purified p413 strain. Moreover, three amino acid substitutions in PA (P224S), PB2 (E72D), and M1 (A128T) were identified in intra-duck variations (p518-L vs p518-S), whereas other changes in HA (N170D), NA (I56T), and NP (Y289H) were present in inter-duck variations (DV518 vs DV413). Both p518-L and p518-S strains had the N170D substitution in HA, which might be related to their greater binding to MDCK cells. Additionally, polymerase activity assays on 293T cells demonstrated the role of vRNP in modulating the replication capability of the duck p518-L viruses in mammalian cells. Conclusion These results demonstrate that intra-host phenotypic variation occurs even within an individual duck. In view of recent human infections by low pathogenic AIVs, this study suggests possible determinants involved in the stepwise selection of virus variants from the duck influenza virus population which may facilitate inter-species transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Tsun Li
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University (NTU), Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China (R.O.C)
| | - Hui-Ying Ko
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University (NTU), Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China (R.O.C)
| | - Chang-Chun David Lee
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University (NTU), Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China (R.O.C)
| | - Ching-Yu Lai
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, NTU, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chuan-Liang Kao
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University (NTU), Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China (R.O.C)
| | - Chinglai Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, United States of America
| | - Won-Bo Wang
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, NTU, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chwan-Chuen King
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University (NTU), Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China (R.O.C)
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Fei Y, Sun YS, Li Y, Yu H, Lau K, Landry JP, Luo Z, Baumgarth N, Chen X, Zhu X. Characterization of Receptor Binding Profiles of Influenza A Viruses Using An Ellipsometry-Based Label-Free Glycan Microarray Assay Platform. Biomolecules 2015; 5:1480-98. [PMID: 26193329 PMCID: PMC4598760 DOI: 10.3390/biom5031480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A key step leading to influenza viral infection is the highly specific binding of a viral spike protein, hemagglutinin (HA), with an extracellular glycan receptor of a host cell. Detailed and timely characterization of virus-receptor binding profiles may be used to evaluate and track the pandemic potential of an influenza virus strain. We demonstrate a label-free glycan microarray assay platform for acquiring influenza virus binding profiles against a wide variety of glycan receptors. By immobilizing biotinylated receptors on a streptavidin-functionalized solid surface, we measured binding curves of five influenza A virus strains with 24 glycans of diverse structures and used the apparent equilibrium dissociation constants (avidity constants, 10–100 pM) as characterizing parameters of viral receptor profiles. Furthermore by measuring binding kinetic constants of solution-phase glycans to immobilized viruses, we confirmed that the glycan-HA affinity constant is in the range of 10 mM and the reaction is enthalpy-driven.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiyan Fei
- Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Department of Optical Science and Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultra-Precision Optical Manufacturing, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
- Department of Physics, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Yung-Shin Sun
- Department of Physics, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
- Department of Physics, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan.
| | - Yanhong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Kam Lau
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - James P Landry
- Department of Physics, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Zeng Luo
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Nicole Baumgarth
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Xiangdong Zhu
- Department of Physics, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Mohr PG, Deng YM, McKimm-Breschkin JL. The neuraminidases of MDCK grown human influenza A(H3N2) viruses isolated since 1994 can demonstrate receptor binding. Virol J 2015; 12:67. [PMID: 25896455 PMCID: PMC4409758 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0295-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The neuraminidases (NAs) of MDCK passaged human influenza A(H3N2) strains isolated since 2005 are reported to have dual functions of cleavage of sialic acid and receptor binding. NA agglutination of red blood cells (RBCs) can be inhibited by neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs), thus distinguishing it from haemagglutinin (HA) binding. We wanted to know if viruses prior to 2005 can demonstrate this property. Methods Pairs of influenza A(H3N2) isolates ranging from 1993–2008 passaged in parallel only in eggs or in MDCK cells were tested for inhibition of haemagglutination by various NAIs. Results Only viruses isolated since 1994 and cultured in MDCK cells bound chicken RBCs solely through their NA. NAI inhibition of agglutination of turkey RBCs was seen for some, but not all of these same MDCK grown viruses. Efficacy of inhibition of enzyme activity and haemagglutination differed between NAIs. For many viruses lower concentrations of oseltamivir could inhibit agglutination compared to zanamivir, although they could both inhibit enzyme activity at comparable concentrations. An E119V mutation reduced sensitivity to oseltamivir and 4-aminoDANA for both the enzyme assay and inhibition of agglutination. Sequence analysis of the NAs and HAs of some paired viruses revealed mutations in the haemagglutinin of all egg passaged viruses. For many of the paired egg and MDCK cultured viruses we found no differences in their NA sequences by Sanger sequencing. However, deep sequencing of MDCK grown isolates revealed low levels of variant populations with mutations at either D151 or T148 in the NA, suggesting mutations at either site may be able to confer this property. Conclusions The NA active site of MDCK cultured human influenza A(H3N2) viruses isolated since 1994 can express dual enzyme and receptor binding functions. Binding correlated with either D151 or T148 mutations. The catalytic and receptor binding sites do not appear to be structurally identical since relative concentrations of the NAIs to inhibit enzyme activity and agglutination differ. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12985-015-0295-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Mohr
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Portarlington Road, Geelong, VIC, 3219, Australia.
| | - Yi-Mo Deng
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Yang H, Carney PJ, Chang JC, Guo Z, Villanueva JM, Stevens J. Structure and receptor binding preferences of recombinant human A(H3N2) virus hemagglutinins. Virology 2015; 477:18-31. [PMID: 25617824 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A(H3N2) influenza viruses have circulated in humans since 1968, and antigenic drift of the hemagglutinin (HA) protein continues to be a driving force that allows the virus to escape the human immune response. Since the major antigenic sites of the HA overlap into the receptor binding site (RBS) of the molecule, the virus constantly struggles to effectively adapt to host immune responses, without compromising its functionality. Here, we have structurally assessed the evolution of the A(H3N2) virus HA RBS, using an established recombinant expression system. Glycan binding specificities of nineteen A(H3N2) influenza virus HAs, each a component of the seasonal influenza vaccine between 1968 and 2012, were analyzed. Results suggest that while its receptor-binding site has evolved from one that can bind a broad range of human receptor analogs to one with a more restricted binding profile for longer glycans, the virus continues to circulate and transmit efficiently among humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yang
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Paul J Carney
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Jessie C Chang
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Zhu Guo
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Julie M Villanueva
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - James Stevens
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Gulati S, Lasanajak Y, Smith DF, Cummings RD, Air GM. Glycan array analysis of influenza H1N1 binding and release. Cancer Biomark 2015; 14:43-53. [PMID: 24643041 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-130376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Influenza viruses initiate infection by attaching to sialic acid receptors on the surface of host cells. It has been recognized for some time that avian influenza viruses usually bind to terminal sialic acid that is linked in the α2-3 configuration to the next sugar while human viruses show preference for α2-6 linked sialic acid. With developments in synthetic chemistry and chemo-enzymatic methods of synthesizing quite complex glycans, it has become clear that the binding specificity extends beyond the sialic acid, and this has led to considerable interest in developing glycan reagents that could be used either as a diagnostic tool for particular influenza viruses, or to identify cells that are susceptible to infection by certain influenza viruses. Here we describe the use of the Consortium for Functional Glycomics Glycan Array to investigate binding specificity of influenza hemagglutinin and cleavage by neuraminidase, using seasonal and pandemic H1N1 influenza viruses as examples, and compare the results with published data using other array methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shelly Gulati
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, OK, USA
| | - Yi Lasanajak
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, OK, USA
| | - David F Smith
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, OK, USA
| | | | - Gillian M Air
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, OK, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Reemann P, Reimann E, Ilmjärv S, Porosaar O, Silm H, Jaks V, Vasar E, Kingo K, Kõks S. Melanocytes in the skin--comparative whole transcriptome analysis of main skin cell types. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115717. [PMID: 25545474 PMCID: PMC4278762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanocytes possess several functions besides a role in pigment synthesis, but detailed characteristics of the cells are still unclear. We used whole transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) to assess differential gene expression of cultivated normal human melanocytes with respect to keratinocytes, fibroblasts and whole skin. The present results reveal cultivated melanocytes as highly proliferative cells with possible stem cell-like properties. The enhanced readiness to regenerate makes melanocytes the most vulnerable cells in the skin and explains their high risk of developing into malignant melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Reemann
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- * E-mail:
| | - Ene Reimann
- Core Facility of Clinical Genomics, Department of Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- The Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences of the Estonian University of Life Sciences, Competence Centre on Reproductive Medicine and Biology, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sten Ilmjärv
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu and Quretec Ltd (private limited company), Tartu, Estonia
| | - Orm Porosaar
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Tallinn Children's Hospital, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Helgi Silm
- Clinic of Dermatology, Tartu University Hospital, Department of Dermatology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Viljar Jaks
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eero Vasar
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu and Centre of Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Külli Kingo
- Clinic of Dermatology, Tartu University Hospital, Department of Dermatology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sulev Kõks
- The Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences of the Estonian University of Life Sciences, Competence Centre on Reproductive Medicine and Biology, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu and Centre of Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
A combination of HA and PA mutations enhances virulence in a mouse-adapted H6N6 influenza A virus. J Virol 2014; 88:14116-25. [PMID: 25275121 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01736-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED H6N6 viruses are commonly isolated from domestic ducks, and avian-to-swine transmissions of H6N6 viruses have been detected in China. Whether subsequent adaptation of H6N6 viruses in mammals would increase their pathogenicity toward humans is not known. To address this, we generated a mouse-adapted (MA) swine influenza H6N6 virus (A/swine/Guangdong/K6/2010 [GDK6-MA]) which exhibited greater virulence than the wild-type virus (GDK6). Amino acid substitutions in PB2 (E627K), PA (I38M), and hemagglutinin ([HA] L111F, H156N, and S263R) occurred in GDK6-MA. HA with the H156N mutation [HA(H156N)] resulted in enlarged plaque sizes on MDCK cells and enhanced early-stage viral replication in mammalian cells. PA(I38M) raised polymerase activity in vitro but did not change virus replication in either mammalian cells or mice. These single substitutions had only limited effects on virulence; however, a combination of HA(H156N S263R) with PA(I38M) in the GDK6 backbone led to a significantly more virulent variant. This suggests that these substitutions can compensate for the lack of PB2(627K) and modulate virulence, revealing a new determinant of pathogenicity for H6N6 viruses in mice, which might also pose a threat to human health. IMPORTANCE Avian H6N6 influenza viruses are enzootic in domestic ducks and have been detected in swine in China. Infections of mammals by H6N6 viruses raise the possibility of viral adaptation and increasing pathogenicity in the new hosts. To examine the molecular mechanisms of adaptation, a mouse-adapted avian-origin swine influenza H6N6 virus (GDK6-MA), which had higher virulence than its parental virus, was generated. Specific mutations were found in PB2 (E627K), PA (I38M), and HA (L111F, H156N, and S263R) and were assessed for their virulence in mice. The combination of HA(H156N S263R) and PA(I38M) compensated for the lack of PB2(627K) and showed increased pathogenicity in mice, revealing a novel mechanism that can affect the virulence of influenza viruses. H6N6 viruses should be monitored in the field for more virulent forms that could threaten human health.
Collapse
|
44
|
Yoo E. Conformation and Linkage Studies of Specific Oligosaccharides Related to H1N1, H5N1, and Human Flu for Developing the Second Tamiflu. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2014; 22:93-9. [PMID: 24753813 PMCID: PMC3975476 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2014.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between viral HA (hemagglutinin) and oligosaccharide of the host plays an important role in the infection and transmission of avian and human flu viruses. Until now, this interaction has been classified by sialyl(α2-3) or sialyl(α2-6) linkage specificity of oligosaccharide moieties for avian or human virus, respectively. In the case of H5N1 and newly mutated flu viruses, classification based on the linkage type does not correlate with human infection and human-to-human transmission of these viruses. It is newly suggested that flu infection and transmission to humans require high affinity binding to the extended conformation with long length sialyl(α2-6)galactose containing oligosaccharides. On the other hand, the avian flu virus requires folded conformation with sialyl(α2-3) or short length sialyl(α2-6) containing trisaccharides. This suggests a potential future direction for the development of new species-specific antiviral drugs to prevent and treat pandemic flu.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eunsun Yoo
- College of Health Science, Honam University, Gwangju 506-714, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
|
46
|
Detection of nonhemagglutinating influenza a(h3) viruses by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in quantitative influenza virus culture. J Clin Microbiol 2014; 52:1672-7. [PMID: 24622097 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.03575-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess the efficacy of novel antiviral drugs against influenza virus in clinical trials, it is necessary to quantify infectious virus titers in respiratory tract samples from patients. Typically, this is achieved by inoculating virus-susceptible cells with serial dilutions of clinical specimens and detecting the production of progeny virus by hemagglutination, since influenza viruses generally have the capacity to bind and agglutinate erythrocytes of various species through their hemagglutinin (HA). This readout method is no longer adequate, since an increasing number of currently circulating influenza A virus H3 subtype (A[H3]) viruses display a reduced capacity to agglutinate erythrocytes. Here, we report the magnitude of this problem by analyzing the frequency of HA-deficient A(H3) viruses detected in The Netherlands from 1999 to 2012. Furthermore, we report the development and validation of an alternative method for monitoring the production of progeny influenza virus in quantitative virus cultures, which is independent of the capacity to agglutinate erythrocytes. This method is based on the detection of viral nucleoprotein (NP) in virus culture plates by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and it produced results similar to those of the hemagglutination assay using strains with good HA activity, including A/Brisbane/059/07 (H1N1), A/Victoria/210/09 (H3N2), other seasonal A(H1N1), A(H1N1)pdm09, and the majority of A(H3) virus strains isolated in 2009. In contrast, many A(H3) viruses that have circulated since 2010 failed to display HA activity, and infectious virus titers were determined only by detecting NP. The virus culture ELISA described here will enable efficacy testing of new antiviral compounds in clinical trials during seasons in which nonhemagglutinating influenza A viruses circulate.
Collapse
|
47
|
Durviaux S, Treanor J, Beran J, Duval X, Esen M, Feldman G, Frey SE, Launay O, Leroux-Roels G, McElhaney JE, Nowakowski A, Ruiz-Palacios GM, van Essen GA, Oostvogels L, Devaster JM, Walravens K. Genetic and antigenic typing of seasonal influenza virus breakthrough cases from a 2008-2009 vaccine efficacy trial. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2014; 21:271-9. [PMID: 24371255 PMCID: PMC3957665 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00544-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Estimations of the effectiveness of vaccines against seasonal influenza virus are guided by comparisons of the antigenicities between influenza virus isolates from clinical breakthrough cases with strains included in a vaccine. This study examined whether the prediction of antigenicity using a sequence analysis of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene-encoded HA1 domain is a simpler alternative to using the conventional hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay, which requires influenza virus culturing. Specimens were taken from breakthrough cases that occurred in a trivalent influenza virus vaccine efficacy trial involving >43,000 participants during the 2008-2009 season. A total of 498 influenza viruses were successfully subtyped as A(H3N2) (380 viruses), A(H1N1) (29 viruses), B(Yamagata) (23 viruses), and B(Victoria) (66 viruses) from 603 PCR- or culture-confirmed specimens. Unlike the B strains, most A(H3N2) (377 viruses) and all A(H1N1) viruses were classified as homologous to the respective vaccine strains based on their HA1 domain nucleic acid sequence. HI titers relative to the respective vaccine strains and PCR subtyping were determined for 48% (182/380) of A(H3N2) and 86% (25/29) of A(H1N1) viruses. Eighty-four percent of the A(H3N2) and A(H1N1) viruses classified as homologous by sequence were matched to the respective vaccine strains by HI testing. However, these homologous A(H3N2) and A(H1N1) viruses displayed a wide range of relative HI titers. Therefore, although PCR is a sensitive diagnostic method for confirming influenza virus cases, HA1 sequence analysis appeared to be of limited value in accurately predicting antigenicity; hence, it may be inappropriate to classify clinical specimens as homologous or heterologous to the vaccine strain for estimating vaccine efficacy in a prospective clinical trial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - John Treanor
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Jiri Beran
- Vaccination and Travel Medicine Centre, Poliklinika 2, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Xavier Duval
- Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, C.I.C. Bichat GH BICHAT, Paris, France
| | - Meral Esen
- Institut für Tropenmedizin, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gregory Feldman
- S. Carolina Pharmaceutical Research, Spartanburg, South Carolina, USA
| | - Sharon E. Frey
- Saint Louis University Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Odile Launay
- Université Paris-Descartes, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, CIC de Vaccinologie Cochin-Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Geert Leroux-Roels
- Centre for Vaccinology, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Janet E. McElhaney
- Health Sciences North and Advanced Medical Research Institute of Canada, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrzej Nowakowski
- Family Medicine Centre, Lubartów, Poland
- Department of Gynaecology and Oncologic Gynaecology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Guillermo M. Ruiz-Palacios
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gerrit A. van Essen
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lidia Oostvogels
- GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, Parc de la Noire Epine, Wavre, Belgium
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Goodell CK, Prickett J, Kittawornrat A, Johnson J, Zhang J, Wang C, Zimmerman JJ. Evaluation of Screening Assays for the Detection of Influenza A Virus Serum Antibodies in Swine. Transbound Emerg Dis 2014; 63:24-35. [PMID: 24571447 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Increased surveillance of influenza A virus (IAV) infections in human and swine populations is mandated by public health and animal health concerns. Antibody assays have proven useful in previous surveillance programmes because antibodies provide a record of prior exposure and the technology is inexpensive. The objective of this research was to compare the performance of influenza serum antibody assays using samples collected from pigs (vaccinated or unvaccinated) inoculated with either A/Swine/OH/511445/2007 γ H1N1 virus or A/Swine/Illinois/02907/2009 Cluster IV H3N2 virus and followed for 42 days. Weekly serum samples were tested for anti-IAV antibodies using homologous and heterologous haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) assays, commercial swine influenza H1N1 and H3N2 indirect ELISAs, and a commercial influenza nucleoprotein (NP)-blocking ELISA. The homologous HIs showed 100% diagnostic sensitivity, but largely failed to detect infection with the heterologous virus. With diagnostic sensitivities of 1.4% and 4.9%, respectively, the H1N1 and H3N2 indirect ELISAs were ineffective at detecting IAV antibodies in swine infected with the contemporary influenza viruses used in the study. At a cut-off of S/N ≤ 0.60, the sensitivity and specificity of the NP-blocking ELISA were estimated at 95.5% and 99.6%, respectively. Statistically significant factors which affected S/N results include vaccination status, inoculum (virus subtype), day post-inoculation and the interactions between those factors (P < 0.0001). Serum antibodies against NP provide an ideal universal diagnostic screening target and could provide a cost-effective approach for the detection and surveillance of IAV infections in swine populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C K Goodell
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostics and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - J Prickett
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostics and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - A Kittawornrat
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostics and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - J Johnson
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostics and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - J Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostics and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - C Wang
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostics and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - J J Zimmerman
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostics and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
UNLABELLED The noncovalent interactions that mediate trimerization of the influenza hemagglutinin (HA) are important determinants of its biological activities. Recent studies have demonstrated that mutations in the HA trimer interface affect the thermal and pH sensitivities of HA, suggesting a possible impact on vaccine stability (). We used size exclusion chromatography analysis of recombinant HA ectodomain to compare the differences among recombinant trimeric HA proteins from early 2009 pandemic H1N1 viruses, which dissociate to monomers, with those of more recent virus HAs that can be expressed as trimers. We analyzed differences among the HA sequences and identified intermolecular interactions mediated by the residue at position 374 (HA0 numbering) of the HA2 subdomain as critical for HA trimer stability. Crystallographic analyses of HA from the recent H1N1 virus A/Washington/5/2011 highlight the structural basis for this observed phenotype. It remains to be seen whether more recent viruses with this mutation will yield more stable vaccines in the future. IMPORTANCE Hemagglutinins from the early 2009 H1N1 pandemic viruses are unable to maintain a trimeric complex when expressed in a recombinant system. However, HAs from 2010 and 2011 strains are more stable, and our work highlights that the improvement in stability can be attributed to an E374K substitution in the HA2 subunit of the stalk that emerged naturally in the circulating viruses.
Collapse
|
50
|
Huang J, Lee H, Zivkovic AM, Smilowitz JT, Rivera N, German JB, Lebrilla CB. Glycomic analysis of high density lipoprotein shows a highly sialylated particle. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:681-91. [PMID: 24417605 PMCID: PMC3975653 DOI: 10.1021/pr4012393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Many
of the functional proteins and lipids in high density lipoprotein
(HDL) particles are potentially glycosylated, yet very little is known
about the glycoconjugates of HDL. In this study, HDL was isolated
from plasma by sequential micro-ultracentrifugation, followed by glycoprotein
and glycolipid analysis. N-Glycans, glycopeptides, and gangliosides
were extracted and purified followed by analysis with nano-HPLC Chip
quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry and MS/MS. HDL particles
were found to be highly sialylated. Most of the N-glycans (∼90%)
from HDL glycoproteins were sialylated with one or two neuraminic
acids (Neu5Ac). The most abundant N-glycan was a biantennary complex
type glycan with two sialic acids (Hexose5HexNAc4Neu5Ac2) and was found in multiple glycoproteins using
site-specific glycosylation analysis. The observed O-glycans were
all sialylated, and most contained a core 1 structure with two Neu5Acs,
including those that were associated with apolipoprotein CIII (ApoC-III)
and fetuin A. GM3 (monosialoganglioside, NeuAc2–3Gal1–4Glc–Cer)
and GD3 (disialoganglioside, NeuAc2–8NeuAc2–3Gal1–4Glc–Cer)
were the major gangliosides in HDL. A 60% GM3 and 40% GD3 distribution
was observed. Both GM3 and GD3 were composed of heterogeneous ceramide
lipid tails, including d18:1/16:0 and d18:1/23:0. This report describes
for the first time a glycomic approach for analyzing HDL, highlighting
that HDL are highly sialylated particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jincui Huang
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Food Science and Technology, and §Foods for Health Institute, University of California , Davis, California 95616, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|