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Zhu Y, Chen S, Lurong Q, Qi Z. Recent Advances in Antivirals for Japanese Encephalitis Virus. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051033. [PMID: 37243122 DOI: 10.3390/v15051033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Culex mosquitoes are the primary vectors of the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). Since its discovery in 1935, Japanese encephalitis (JE), caused by JEV, has posed a significant threat to human health. Despite the widespread implementation of several JEV vaccines, the transmission chain of JEV in the natural ecosystem has not changed, and the vector of transmission cannot be eradicated. Therefore, JEV is still the focus of attention for flaviviruses. At present, there is no clinically specific drug for JE treatment. JEV infection is a complex interaction between the virus and the host cell, which is the focus of drug design and development. An overview of antivirals that target JEV elements and host factors is presented in this review. In addition, drugs that balance antiviral effects and host protection by regulating innate immunity, inflammation, apoptosis, or necrosis are reviewed to treat JE effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhe Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shenglin Chen
- Department of Clinic Laboratory Diagnostics, General Hospital of Tibet Military Area Command of PLA, Lhasa 850007, China
| | - Qilin Lurong
- Department of Geriatrics, General Hospital of Tibet Military Area Command of PLA, Lhasa 850007, China
| | - Zhongtian Qi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Srivastava KS, Jeswani V, Pal N, Bohra B, Vishwakarma V, Bapat AA, Patnaik YP, Khanna N, Shukla R. Japanese Encephalitis Virus: An Update on the Potential Antivirals and Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11040742. [PMID: 37112654 PMCID: PMC10146181 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11040742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is the causal agent behind Japanese encephalitis (JE), a potentially severe brain infection that spreads through mosquito bites. JE is predominant over the Asia-Pacific Region and has the potential to spread globally with a higher rate of morbidity and mortality. Efforts have been made to identify and select various target molecules essential in JEV’s progression, but until now, no licensed anti-JEV drug has been available. From a prophylactic point of view, a few licensed JE vaccines are available, but various factors, viz., the high cost and different side effects imposed by them, has narrowed their global use. With an average occurrence of >67,000 cases of JE annually, there is an urgent need to find a suitable antiviral drug to treat patients at the acute phase, as presently only supportive care is available to mitigate infection. This systematic review highlights the current status of efforts put in to develop antivirals against JE and the available vaccines, along with their effectiveness. It also summarizes epidemiology, structure, pathogenesis, and potential drug targets that can be explored to develop a new range of anti-JEV drugs to combat JEV infection globally.
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Synthesis of Novel Aminothiazole Derivatives as Promising Antiviral, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Candidates. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147688. [PMID: 35887038 PMCID: PMC9319503 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well-known that thiazole derivatives are usually found in lead structures, which demonstrate a wide range of pharmacological effects. The aim of this research was to explore the antiviral, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities of novel, substituted thiazole compounds and to find potential agents that could have biological activities in one single biomolecule. A series of novel aminothiazoles were synthesized, and their biological activity was characterized. The obtained results were compared with those of the standard antiviral, antioxidant, antibacterial and anticancer agents. The compound bearing 4-cianophenyl substituent in the thiazole ring demonstrated the highest cytotoxic properties by decreasing the A549 viability to 87.2%. The compound bearing 4-trifluoromethylphenyl substituent in the thiazole ring showed significant antiviral activity against the PR8 influenza A strain, which was comparable to the oseltamivir and amantadine. Novel compounds with 4-chlorophenyl, 4-trifluoromethylphenyl, phenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, and 4-cianophenyl substituents in the thiazole ring demonstrated antioxidant activity by DPPH, reducing power, FRAP methods, and antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis bacteria. These data demonstrate that substituted aminothiazole derivatives are promising scaffolds for further optimization and development of new compounds with potential influenza A-targeted antiviral activity. Study results could demonstrate that structure optimization of novel aminothiazole compounds may be useful in the prevention of reactive oxygen species and developing new specifically targeted antioxidant and antibacterial agents.
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Yadav P, El-Kafrawy SA, El-Day MM, Alghafari WT, Faizo AA, Jha SK, Dwivedi VD, Azhar EI. Discovery of Small Molecules from Echinacea angustifolia Targeting RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase of Japanese Encephalitis Virus. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12070952. [PMID: 35888042 PMCID: PMC9324244 DOI: 10.3390/life12070952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus that causes viral encephalitis leading to neural damage, is a major threat in most Asian countries. The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) present in the viral genome is the key component for genome replication, making it an attractive target for antiviral drug development. In this study, the natural products from Echinacea angustifolia were retrieved for structure-based virtual screening against JEV-RdRp. The top six compounds (Echinacoside, Echinacin, Rutin, Cynaroside, Quercetagetin 7-glucoside, and Kaempferol-3-glucoside) were obtained based on the highest negative docking score, ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity), and molecular interaction. The computational analysis of these selected compounds against the co-crystallized ligands, i.e., ATP and GTP, were performed. Further, 100 ns molecular dynamic simulation and post-free binding energy calculation of all the selected compounds complexed with JEV-RdRP were performed to check the stability of the complexes. The obtained results showed considerable stability and intermolecular interaction with native ligand-binding site residues of JEV-RdRp. Hence, selected natural compounds are admissible inhibitors of JEV-RdRp protein and can be considered for future antiviral drug development studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pardeep Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, India; (P.Y.); (S.K.J.)
- Center for Bioinformatics, Computational and Systems Biology, Pathfinder Research and Training Foundation, Greater Noida 201308, India
| | - Sherif A. El-Kafrawy
- Special Infectious Agents Unit-BSL-3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21362, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.E.-K.); (M.M.E.-D.); (W.T.A.); (A.A.F.)
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21362, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mai M. El-Day
- Special Infectious Agents Unit-BSL-3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21362, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.E.-K.); (M.M.E.-D.); (W.T.A.); (A.A.F.)
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21362, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wejdan T. Alghafari
- Special Infectious Agents Unit-BSL-3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21362, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.E.-K.); (M.M.E.-D.); (W.T.A.); (A.A.F.)
- Clinical Nutrition Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21362, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arwa A. Faizo
- Special Infectious Agents Unit-BSL-3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21362, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.E.-K.); (M.M.E.-D.); (W.T.A.); (A.A.F.)
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21362, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saurabh Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, India; (P.Y.); (S.K.J.)
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering and Food Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, India
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied & Life Sciences (SALS), Uttaranchal University, Dehradun 248007, India
| | - Vivek Dhar Dwivedi
- Center for Bioinformatics, Computational and Systems Biology, Pathfinder Research and Training Foundation, Greater Noida 201308, India
- Institute of Advanced Materials, IAAM, 59053 Ulrika, Sweden
| | - Esam I. Azhar
- Special Infectious Agents Unit-BSL-3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21362, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.E.-K.); (M.M.E.-D.); (W.T.A.); (A.A.F.)
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21362, Saudi Arabia
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Antiviral drug research for Japanese encephalitis: an updated review. Pharmacol Rep 2022; 74:273-296. [PMID: 35182390 PMCID: PMC8964565 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-022-00355-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is one of Asia's most common viral encephalitis. JEV is a flavivirus, common in rural and sub-urban regions of Asian countries. Although only 1% of JEV-infected individuals develop JE, there is a 20-30% chance of death among these individuals and possible neurological sequelae post-infection. No licensed anti-JE drugs are currently available, despite extensive efforts to develop them. Literature search was performed using databases such as PubMed Central, Google Scholar, Wiley Online Library, etc. using keywords such as Japanese encephalitis virus, antiviral drugs, antiviral drug screening, antiviral drug targets, etc. From around 230 papers/abstracts and research reviews retrieved and reviewed for this study, approximately 180 most relevant and important ones have been cited. Different approaches in drug testing and various antiviral drug targets explored so far have been thoroughly searched from the literature and compiled, besides addressing the future perspectives of the antiviral drug development strategies. Although the development of effective anti-JE drugs is an urgent issue, only supportive care is currently available. Recent advancements in understanding the biology of infection and new drug targets have been promising improvements. Despite hindrances such as the unavailability of a proper drug delivery system or a treatment regimen irrespective of the stage of infection, several promising anti-JE candidate molecules are in different phases of clinical trials. Nonetheless, efficient therapy against JEV is expected to be achieved with drug combinations and a highly targeted drug delivery system soon.
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Elsaman T, Mohamed MS, Eltayib EM, Abdel-aziz HA, Abdalla AE, Munir MU, Mohamed MA. Isatin derivatives as broad-spectrum antiviral agents: the current landscape. Med Chem Res 2022; 31:244-273. [PMID: 35039740 PMCID: PMC8754539 DOI: 10.1007/s00044-021-02832-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, several viruses have resulted in large outbreaks with serious health, economic and social consequences. The current unprecedented outbreak of the new coronavirus, SARS-COV-2, necessitates intensive efforts for delivering effective therapies to eradicate such a deadly virus. Isatin is an opulent heterocycle that has been proven to provide tremendous opportunities in the area of drug discovery. Over the last fifty years, suitably functionalized isatin has shown remarkable and broad-spectrum antiviral properties. The review herein is an attempt to compile all of the reported information about the antiviral activity of isatin derivatives with an emphasis on their structure-activity relationships (SARs) along with mechanistic and molecular modeling studies. In this regard, we are confident that the review will afford the scientific community a valuable platform to generate more potent and cost-effective antiviral therapies based on isatin templates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilal Elsaman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Malik Suliman Mohamed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eyman Mohamed Eltayib
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hatem A. Abdel-aziz
- Department of Applied Organic Chemistry, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo, 12622 Egypt
| | - Abualgasim Elgaili Abdalla
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Usman Munir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Magdi Awadalla Mohamed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
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Justim JDR, Bohs LMC, Martins BB, Bandeira KCT, Melo APLD, Gervini VC, Bresolin L, Godoi M, Peixoto CRDM. Electrochemical characterization of isatin-thiosemicarbazone derivatives. J CHEM SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-021-01970-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Efimova TP, Ivanova MP, Novikova TА, Makarenko SV. Features of the reaction of 1-amino-2-nitroguanidine with isatins. Synthesis of [1,2,4]triazino[5,6-b]indoles. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-021-03014-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Mechanistic insights into the Japanese encephalitis virus RNA dependent RNA polymerase protein inhibition by bioflavonoids from Azadirachta indica. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18125. [PMID: 34518560 PMCID: PMC8437980 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96917-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus is a flavivirus causing encephalitis causing neurological damage. RNA-dependent-RNA-polymerase (RdRp) is responsible for genome replication making it excellent anti-viral target. In this study, the crystal structure of JE RdRp (jRdRp) and bioflavonoids reported in Azadirachta indica were retrieved from specific databases. Structure-based virtual screening was employed using MTiOpenScreen server and top four compounds selected with the most negative docking scores. Conformations were redocked using AutoDock Vina; these complexes showed mechanistic interactions with Arg474, Gly605, Asp668, and Trp800 residues in the active site of jRdRp, i.e., guanosine-5′-triphosphate. Furthermore, 100 ns classical molecular dynamics simulation and binding free energy calculation showed stability of docked bioflavonoids in the active jRdRp pocket and significant contribution of van-der-Waals interactions for docked complex stability during simulation. Therefore, this study predicted the anti-viral activity of Gedunin, Nimbolide, Ohchinin acetate, and Kulactone against jRdRp and can be considered for further antiviral drug development.
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Sharma KB, Vrati S, Kalia M. Pathobiology of Japanese encephalitis virus infection. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 81:100994. [PMID: 34274157 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.100994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a flavivirus, spread by the bite of carrier Culex mosquitoes. The subsequent disease caused is Japanese encephalitis (JE), which is the leading global cause of virus-induced encephalitis. The disease is predominant in the entire Asia-Pacific region with the potential of global spread. JEV is highly neuroinvasive with symptoms ranging from mild fever to severe encephalitis and death. One-third of JE infections are fatal, and half of the survivors develop permanent neurological sequelae. Disease prognosis is determined by a series of complex and intertwined signaling events dictated both by the virus and the host. All flaviviruses, including JEV replicate in close association with ER derived membranes by channelizing the protein and lipid components of the ER. This leads to activation of acute stress responses in the infected cell-oxidative stress, ER stress, and autophagy. The host innate immune and inflammatory responses also enter the fray, the components of which are inextricably linked to the cellular stress responses. These are especially crucial in the periphery for dendritic cell maturation and establishment of adaptive immunity. The pathogenesis of JEV is a combination of direct virus induced neuronal cell death and an uncontrolled neuroinflammatory response. Here we provide a comprehensive review of the JEV life cycle and how the cellular stress responses dictate the pathobiology and resulting immune response. We also deliberate on how modulation of these stress pathways could be a potential strategy to develop therapeutic interventions, and define the persisting challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Bala Sharma
- Virology Research Group, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India
| | - Sudhanshu Vrati
- Virology Research Group, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India.
| | - Manjula Kalia
- Virology Research Group, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, India.
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Matesanz AI, Herrero JM, Quiroga AG. Chemical and Biological Evaluation of Thiosemicarbazone-Bearing Heterocyclic Metal Complexes. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 21:59-72. [PMID: 33092510 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666201022144004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Thiosemicarbazones (TSCNs) constitute a broad family of compounds (R1R2C=N-NH-C(S)- NR3R4), particularly attractive because many of them display some biological activity against a wide range of microorganisms and cancer cells. Their activity can be related to their electronic and structural properties, which offer a rich set of donor atoms for metal coordination and a high electronic delocalization providing different binding modes for biomolecules. Heterocycles such as pyrrole, imidazole and triazole are present in biological molecules such as Vitamine B12 and amino acids and could potentially target multiple biological processes. Considering this, we have explored the chemistry and biological properties of thiosemicarbazones series and their complexes bearing heterocycles such as pyrrole, imidazole, thiazole and triazole. We focus at the chemistry and cytotoxicity of those derivatives to find out the structure activity relationships, and particularly we analyzed those examples with the TSCN units in which the mechanism of action information has been profoundly studied and pathways determined, to promote future studies for heterocycle derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Matesanz
- Departamento Quimica Inorganica, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge M Herrero
- Departamento Quimica Inorganica, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adoración G Quiroga
- Departamento Quimica Inorganica, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Moharana AK, Dash RN, Subudhi BB. Thiosemicarbazides: Updates on Antivirals Strategy. Mini Rev Med Chem 2020; 20:2135-2152. [PMID: 32811412 DOI: 10.2174/1389557520666200818212408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The challenges of viral infection have increased in recent decades due to the emergence of resistance, cross-resistance and drying up of antiviral drug discovery. Many neglected tropical viruses including the chikungunya virus, dengue virus & Japanese encephalitis virus have gradually become global pathogens. This has further increased the burden of viral infection which necessitates the continuous development of antiviral therapy. The antiviral chemistry began with the development of thiosemicarbazide derived thiosemicarbazones as antiviral. Although very few thiosemicarbazides have progressed into clinical application, it still inspires antiviral development. During last 3 decades (1990- 2020), several efforts have been made to develop suitable antiviral by using thiosemicarbazide scaffold. Its hybridization with other pharmacophores has been used as a strategy to enhance safety and efficacy. Cyclization and substitution of thiosemicarbazides have also been used to develop potent antiviral. With the ability to form coordinate bonds, thiosemicarbazides have been used either as metal complex or chelator against viruses. This work is an attempt to systematically review the research on the use of thiosemicarbazides as an antiviral scaffold. It also reviews the structure-activity relationship and translational suitability of thiosemicarbazide derived compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Kumar Moharana
- Drug Development and Analysis Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar-751029, Odisha, India
| | - Rudra Narayan Dash
- Drug Development and Analysis Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar-751029, Odisha, India
| | - Bharat Bhusan Subudhi
- Drug Development and Analysis Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar-751029, Odisha, India
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Screening of Natural Extracts for Inhibitors against Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.02373-19. [PMID: 31871089 PMCID: PMC7038234 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02373-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The mosquito-borne Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) causes serious illness worldwide that is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Currently, there are no effective drugs approved for the treatment of JEV infection. Drug-repurposing screening is an alternative approach to discover potential antiviral agents. In this study, high-content screening (HCS) of a natural extracts library was performed, and two hit FDA-approved Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitors, ouabain and digoxin, were identified as having robust efficiency against JEV infection with the selectivity indexes over 1,000. The results indicated that ouabain and digoxin blocked the JEV infection at the replication stage by targeting the Na+/K+-ATPase. Furthermore, it was proven that ouabain significantly reduced the morbidity and mortality caused by JEV in a BALB/c mouse model. This work demonstrated that Na+/K+-ATPase could serve as the target of treatment of JEV infection, and ouabain has the potential to be developed as an effective anti-JEV drug.
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Namiecińska E, Sobiesiak M, Małecka M, Guga P, Rozalska B, Budzisz E. Antimicrobial and Structural Properties of Metal Ions Complexes with Thiosemicarbazide Motif and Related Heterocyclic Compounds. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:664-693. [PMID: 29493443 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180228164656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance acquired by various bacterial fungal and viral pathogens poses therapeutic problems of increasing severity. Among the infections that are very difficult to treat, biofilm-associated cases are one of the most hazardous. Complex structure of a biofilm and unique physiology of the biofilm cells contribute to their extremely high resistance to environmental conditions, antimicrobial agents and the mechanisms of host immune response. Therefore, the biofilm formation, especially by multidrugresistant pathogens, is a serious medical problem, playing a pivotal role in the development of chronic and recurrent infections. These factors create a limitation for using traditional chemiotherapeutics and contribute to a request for development of new approaches for treatment of infectious diseases. Therefore, early reports on antimicrobial activity of several complexes of metal ions, bearing thiosemicarbazide or thiosemicarbazones as the ligands, gave a boost to worldwide search for new, more efficient compounds of this class, to be used as alternatives to commonly known drugs. In general, depending on the presence of other heteroatoms, these ligands may function in a di-, tri- or tetradentate forms (e.g., of N,S,-, N,N,S-, N,N,N,S-, N,N,S,S-, or N,S,O-type), which impose different coordination geometries to the resultant complexes. In the first part of this review, we describe the ways of synthesis and the structures of the ligands based on the thiosemicarbazone motif, while the second part deals with the antimicrobial activity of their complexes with selected metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Namiecińska
- Department of Cosmetic Raw Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
| | - Marta Sobiesiak
- Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Małecka
- Department of Theoretical and Structural Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Pomorska 163/165, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Piotr Guga
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Barbara Rozalska
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Budzisz
- Department of Cosmetic Raw Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland
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De Moraes Gomes PAT, Pena LJ, Leite ACL. Isatin Derivatives and Their Antiviral Properties Against Arboviruses: A Review. Mini Rev Med Chem 2019; 19:56-62. [PMID: 29692243 DOI: 10.2174/1389557518666180424093305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Arboviruses have been spreading rapidly throughout the Western Hemisphere in recent decades. Among the arboviruses with high morbidity and mortality are the members of the Alphavirus and Flavivirus genera. Within the first genus, Chikungunya Virus (CHIKV) is considered one of the most challenging human arboviral infection worldwide, against which there is no specific antivirals. Flaviviruses are some of the main viruses responsible for encephalitis, haemorrhagic disease and developmental defects. Dengue virus (DENV), Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV), West Nile Virus (WNV) and Zika Virus (ZIKV) are examples of flaviviruses without clinically approved antiviral agents. Thus, the search for new antivirals becomes highly important. One of the strategies that can be employed to obtain new drugs is the identification and utilization of privileged structures. Isatin is an example of a privileged molecular framework, displaying a broad spectrum of biological activities, including antiviral action. Obtaining and studying the antiviral properties of isatin derivatives have helped to identify important agents with potential activity against different arboviruses. This article reviews some of these isatin derivatives, their structures and antiviral properties reported against this important group of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo André Teixeira De Moraes Gomes
- Medicinal Chemistry Planning Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife-PE, Brazil.,Department of Virology and of Experimental Therapeutics, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Recife-PE, Brazil
| | - Lindomar J Pena
- Department of Virology and of Experimental Therapeutics, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Recife-PE, Brazil
| | - Ana C Lima Leite
- Medicinal Chemistry Planning Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife-PE, Brazil
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Sens L, de Souza ACA, Pacheco LA, Menegatti ACO, Mori M, Mascarello A, Nunes RJ, Terenzi H. Synthetic thiosemicarbazones as a new class of Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein tyrosine phosphatase A inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:5742-5750. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Kulkarni R, Sapkal GN, Kaushal H, Mourya DT. Japanese Encephalitis: A Brief Review on Indian Perspectives. Open Virol J 2018; 12:121-130. [PMID: 30288200 PMCID: PMC6142657 DOI: 10.2174/1874357901812010121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Japanese encephalitis (JE) is recently declared as a notifiable disease in India due to its expanding geographical distribution. The disease notification facilitates effective implementation of preventive measures and case management. Expalantion: JE is a vector-borne disease that can be prevented by vaccine administration. It is caused by Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), belonging to family Flaviviridae. Amongst the known etiological viral encephalitis agents, it is one of the leading viral agents of acute encephalitis syndrome in many Asian countries where it is identified to cause substantial morbidity and mortality as well as disability. Globally, it is responsible for approximately 68,000 clinical cases every year. Conclusion: In the absence of antivirals, patients are given supportive treatment to relieve and stabilize. Amongst available control strategies; vector control is resource intensive while animal and human vaccination are the most effective tool against the disease. This review highlights recent progress focusing challenges with diagnosis and prophylactic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshma Kulkarni
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune-411001, India
| | - Gajanan N Sapkal
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune-411001, India
| | - Himanshu Kaushal
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune-411001, India
| | - Devendra T Mourya
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune-411001, India
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Mishra P, Kumar A, Mamidi P, Kumar S, Basantray I, Saswat T, Das I, Nayak TK, Chattopadhyay S, Subudhi BB, Chattopadhyay S. Inhibition of Chikungunya Virus Replication by 1-[(2-Methylbenzimidazol-1-yl) Methyl]-2-Oxo-Indolin-3-ylidene] Amino] Thiourea(MBZM-N-IBT). Sci Rep 2016; 6:20122. [PMID: 26843462 PMCID: PMC4740769 DOI: 10.1038/srep20122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection is one of the most challenging human Arboviral infections with global significance and without any specific antiviral. In this investigation, 1-[(2-methylbenzimidazol-1-yl) methyl]-2-oxo-indolin-3-ylidene] amino] thiourea (MBZM-N-IBT) was synthesised as a molecular hybrid of 2-methyl benzimidazole and isatin-β-thiosemicarbazone and its anti-CHIKV property was evaluated. The release of infectious virus particles was calculated by plaque assay, expression profile of viral RNA was estimated by RT-PCR and viral protein profiles were assessed by Western blot and FACS analyses. The safety index of MBZM-N-IBT was found to be >21. The CHIKV infectious viral particle formation was abrogated around 76.02% by MBZM-N-IBT during infection in mammalian system and the viral RNA synthesis was reduced by 65.53% and 23.71% for nsP2 and E1 respectively. Surprisingly, the viral protein levels were reduced by 97% for both nsP2 and E2. In the time-of-addition experiment it abrogated viral infection at early as well as late phase of viral life cycle, which indicates about multiple mechanisms for its anti-CHIKV action. In silico analysis justified development of MBZM-N-IBT with good affinities for potential target proteins of CHIKV and related virus. With predictions of good drug-likeness property, it shows potential of a drug candidate which needs further experimental validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyadarsee Mishra
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha O Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Indrani Das
- Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Tapas Kumar Nayak
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education & Research, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Subhasis Chattopadhyay
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education & Research, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Bharat Bhusan Subudhi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha O Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar, India
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Pharmacodynamics of aminoglycosides and tetracycline derivatives against Japanese encephalitis virus. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2016; 9:241-6. [PMID: 26972394 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2016.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the antiviral activity of antibiotic compounds, mainly aminoglycosides and tetracyclines against Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) induced infection in vitro. METHODS Antiviral activity were evaluated against JEV using cytopathic effect inhibition assay, virus yield reduction assay, caspase 3 level, extracellular viral detection by antigen capture ELISA and viral RNA levels. RESULTS JEV induced cytopathic effect along with reduction of viral progeny plaque formation indicated antiviral potential of the compounds suggesting that antibiotics had broad spectrum activity. Doxycycline and kanamycin administration in dose dependent manner declined viral RNA replication. CONCLUSIONS The present study shows kanamycin and doxycycline can affect virion structure and alter replication causing inhibition of JEV induced pathogenesis in vitro.
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Cihan-Üstündağ G, Gürsoy E, Naesens L, Ulusoy-Güzeldemirci N, Çapan G. Synthesis and antiviral properties of novel indole-based thiosemicarbazides and 4-thiazolidinones. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 24:240-6. [PMID: 26707844 PMCID: PMC7127696 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A novel series of indolylthiosemicarbazides (6a–6g) and their cyclization products, 4-thiazolidinones (7a–7g), have been designed, synthesized and evaluated, in vitro, for their antiviral activity against a wide range of DNA and RNA viruses. Compounds 6a, 6b, 6c and 6d exhibited notable antiviral activity against Coxsackie B4 virus, at EC50 values ranging from 0.4 to 2.1 μg/mL. The selectivity index (ratio of cytotoxic to antivirally effective concentration) values of these compounds were between 9 and 56. Besides, 6b, 6c and 6d also inhibited the replication of two other RNA viruses, Sindbis virus and respiratory syncytial virus, although these EC50 values were higher compared to those noted for Coxsackie B4 virus. The SAR analysis indicated that keeping the free thiosemicarbazide moiety is crucial to obtain this antiviral activity, since the cyclization products (7a–7g) did not produce any antiviral effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gökçe Cihan-Üstündağ
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34116, Turkey.
| | - Elif Gürsoy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34116, Turkey
| | - Lieve Naesens
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nuray Ulusoy-Güzeldemirci
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34116, Turkey
| | - Gültaze Çapan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34116, Turkey
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Karthikeyan S, Bharanidharan G, Kesherwani M, Mani KA, Srinivasan N, Velmurugan D, Aruna P, Ganesan S. Insights into the binding of thiosemicarbazone derivatives with human serum albumin: spectroscopy and molecular modelling studies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2015; 34:1264-81. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2015.1075905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Ishikawa T, Konishi E. Potential chemotherapeutic targets for Japanese encephalitis: current status of antiviral drug development and future challenges. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 19:1379-95. [PMID: 26156208 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2015.1065817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Japanese encephalitis (JE) remains a public health threat in Asia. Although several vaccines have been licensed, ∼ 67,900 cases of the disease are estimated to occur annually, probably because the vaccine coverage is low. Therefore, effective antiviral drugs are required to control JE. However, no licensed anti-JE drugs are available, despite extensive efforts to develop them. AREAS COVERED We provide a general overview of JE and JE virus, including its transmission cycle, distribution, structure, replication machinery, immune evasion mechanisms and vaccines. The current situation in antiviral drug development is then reviewed and future perspectives are discussed. EXPERT OPINION Although the development of effective anti-JE drugs is an urgent issue, only supportive care is currently available. Recent progress in our understanding of the viral replication machinery and immune evasion strategies has identified new targets for anti-JE drug development. To date, most candidate drugs have only been evaluated in single-drug formulations, and efficient drug delivery to the CNS has virtually not been considered. However, an effective anti-JE treatment is expected to be achieved with multiple-drug formulations and a targeted drug delivery system in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Ishikawa
- a 1 Dokkyo Medical University, School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology , 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
| | - Eiji Konishi
- b 2 Mahidol University, BIKEN Endowed Department of Dengue Vaccine Development, Faculty of Tropical Medicine , 420/6 Ratchawithi Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.,c 3 Osaka University, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, BIKEN Endowed Department of Dengue Vaccine Development , 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan +66 2 354 5981 ;
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Roman G. Mannich bases in medicinal chemistry and drug design. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 89:743-816. [PMID: 25462280 PMCID: PMC7115492 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.10.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The biological activity of Mannich bases, a structurally heterogeneous class of chemical compounds that are generated from various substrates through the introduction of an aminomethyl function by means of the Mannich reaction, is surveyed, with emphasis on the relationship between structure and biological activity. The review covers extensively the literature reports that have disclosed Mannich bases as anticancer and cytotoxic agents, or compounds with potential antibacterial and antifungal activity in the last decade. The most relevant studies on the activity of Mannich bases as antimycobacterial agents, antimalarials, or antiviral candidates have been included as well. The review contains also a thorough coverage of anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antioxidant activities of Mannich bases. In addition, several minor biological activities of Mannich bases, such as their ability to regulate blood pressure or inhibit platelet aggregation, their antiparasitic and anti-ulcer effects, as well as their use as agents for the treatment of mental disorders have been presented. The review gives in the end a brief overview of the potential of Mannich bases as inhibitors of various enzymes or ligands for several receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gheorghe Roman
- Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Inorganic Polymers, 41A Aleea Gr. Ghica Vodă, Iaşi 700487, Romania.
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Pakravan P, Masoudian S. Study on the Interaction between Isatin-β-Thiosemicarbazone and Calf Thymus DNA by Spectroscopic Techniques. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2015; 14:111-23. [PMID: 25561917 PMCID: PMC4277624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between isatin-β-thiosemicarbazone (IBT) and calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) was investigated in physiological buffer (pH 7.4) using Neutral Red (NR) dye as a spectral probe by UV-Vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, as well as viscosity measurements. The IBT is stabilized by intercalation in the DNA (K [IBT -DNA] = 1.03×10(5) M(-1)), and displaces the NR dye from the NR-DNA complex. The binding constants Kf and number of binding sites (n≈1) of IBT with DNA were obtained by fluorescence quenching method at different temperatures. Furthermore, the enthalpy and entropy of the reaction between IBT and CT-DNA showed that the reaction is enthalpy-favored and entropy-disfavored. The changes in the base stacking of CT-DNA upon the binding of IBT are reflected in the circular dichroic (CD) spectral studies. The viscosity increase of CT-DNA solution is another evidence to indicate that, IBT is able to be intercalated in the DNA base pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvaneh Pakravan
- Department of Chemistry, Zanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan, Iran.,
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Li C, Ge LL, Yu YL, Huang L, Wang Y, Sun MX, Ishag H, Ma LX, Li XH, Shen ZQ, Mao X. A tripeptide (NSK) inhibits Japanese encephalitis virus infection in vitro and in vivo. Arch Virol 2013; 159:1045-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1925-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Fang J, Sun L, Peng G, Xu J, Zhou R, Cao S, Chen H, Song Y. Identification of three antiviral inhibitors against Japanese encephalitis virus from library of pharmacologically active compounds 1280. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78425. [PMID: 24348901 PMCID: PMC3857149 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) can cause severe central nervous disease with a high mortality rate. There is no antiviral drug available for JEV-specific treatment. In this study, a cytopathic-effect-based, high-throughput screening assay was developed and applied to screen JEV inhibitors from Library of Pharmacologically Active Compounds 1280. The antiviral effects of three hit compounds including FGIN-1-27, cilnidipine, and niclosamide were evaluated in cells by western blotting, indirect immunofluorescence assay, and plaque reduction assay. A time-of-addition assay proved that all three compounds inhibited JEV at the stage of replication. The EC50s of FGIN-1-27, cilnidipine, and niclosamide were 3.21, 6.52, and 5.80 µM, respectively, while the selectivity indexes were 38.79, 30.67, and 7.49. FGIN-1-27 and cilnidipine have high efficiency and selectivity against JEV. This study provided two JEV antiviral inhibitors as candidates for treatment of JEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin'e Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Leqiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guiqing Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shengbo Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunfeng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail:
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Gangarapu K, Manda S, Jallapally A, Thota S, Karki SS, Balzarini J, De Clercq E, Tokuda H. Synthesis of thiocarbohydrazide and carbohydrazide derivatives as possible biologically active agents. Med Chem Res 2013; 23:1046-1056. [PMID: 32214764 PMCID: PMC7080202 DOI: 10.1007/s00044-013-0684-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Abstract A series of new β-isatin aldehyde-N,N′-thiocarbohydrazone, bis-β-isatin thiocarbohydrazones, bis-β-isatin carbohydrazones was synthesized by condensation of 5-substituted isatin with thiocarbohydrazide or carbohydrazide. The chemical structures of the newly synthesized compounds were confirmed by FT-IR, 1H NMR, and mass spectral analysis. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for in vitro antiviral activity against various strains of DNA and RNA viruses, but exhibited moderate antiviral activity compared with the reference compounds. Among all the compounds 6c exhibited the highest chemoprevention activity in a two-stage mouse-skin carcinogenesis test. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Gangarapu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kakatiya Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pembarthy (V), Hasanparthy (M), Warangal, 506 371 AP India
- Center for Pharmaceutical Sciences, IST, JNTU, Kukatpally, Hyderabad, 500085 India
| | - Sarangapani Manda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kakatiya University, Warangal, 506 009 AP India
| | - Anvesh Jallapally
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Acharya and BM Reddy College of Pharmacy, Soldevanahalli, Bangalore, KN India
| | - Sreekanth Thota
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, 80523 CO USA
| | - Subhas S. Karki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, KLE University’s College of Pharmacy, Rajajinagar, Bangalore, KN India
| | - Jan Balzarini
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Harukuni Tokuda
- Department of Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Clinical R&D, Graduate School of Medical Science Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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Ishag HZ, Li C, Huang L, Sun MX, Ni B, Guo CX, Mao X. Inhibition of Japanese encephalitis virus infection in vitro and in vivo by pokeweed antiviral protein. Virus Res 2013; 171:89-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Tiwari S, Singh RK, Tiwari R, Dhole TN. Japanese encephalitis: a review of the Indian perspective. Braz J Infect Dis 2012; 16:564-73. [PMID: 23141974 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) causes Japanese encephalitis, which is a leading form of viral encephalitis in Asia, with around 50,000 cases and 10,000 deaths per year in children below 15 years of age. The JEV has shown a tendency to extend to other geographic regions. Case fatality averages 30% and a high percentage of the survivors are left with permanent neuropsychiatric sequelae. Currently, there is no cure for JEV, and treatment is mainly supportive. Patients are not infectious, but should avoid further mosquito bites. A number of antiviral agents have been investigated; however, none of these have convincingly been shown to improve the outcome of JEV. In this review, the current knowledge of the epidemiology and the pathogenesis of this deadly disease have been summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarika Tiwari
- Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Griffithsin inhibits Japanese encephalitis virus infection in vitro and in vivo. Arch Virol 2012; 158:349-58. [PMID: 23053519 PMCID: PMC7087312 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-012-1489-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Griffithsin (GRFT) is a broad-spectrum antiviral protein that is effective against several glycosylated viruses. Here, we have evaluated the in vitro and in vivo antiviral activities of GRFT against Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection. In vitro experiments showed that treatment of JEV with GRFT before inoculation of BHK-21 cells inhibited infection in a dose-dependent manner, with 99 % inhibition at 100 μg/ml and a 50 % inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 265 ng/ml (20 nM). Binding assays suggested that binding of GRFT to JEV virions inhibited JEV infection. In vivo experiment showed that GRFT (5 mg/kg) administered intraperitoneally before virus infection could completely prevent mortality in mice challenged intraperitoneally with a lethal dose of JEV. Our study also suggested that GRFT prevents JEV infection at the entry phase by targeting the virus. Collectively, our data demonstrate that GRFT is an antiviral agent with potential application in the development of therapeutics against JEV or other flavivirus infections.
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Sebastian L, Desai A, Yogeeswari P, Sriram D, Madhusudana SN, Ravi V. Combination of N-methylisatin-β-thiosemicarbazone derivative (SCH16) with ribavirin and mycophenolic acid potentiates the antiviral activity of SCH16 against Japanese encephalitis virus in vitro. Lett Appl Microbiol 2012; 55:234-9. [PMID: 22738253 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2012.03282.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the drug to drug interaction of N-methylisatin-β-thiosemicarbazone (MIBT) derivative (SCH16) with ribavirin, mycophenolic acid and pentoxifylline against Japanese encephalitis virus in vitro. Our earlier studies have reported significant antiviral activity of these compounds against Japanese encephalitis virus in vitro and in vivo. METHODS AND RESULTS An in vitro drug to drug combination analysis was carried out to investigate whether or not the direct antiviral effect shown by the individual MIBT derivative could be effectively increased when lower concentrations of two compounds in combination were used. The results of this study showed that the combination of MIBT derivative (SCH16) with ribavirin or mycophenolic acid significantly enhanced the antiviral activity of SCH16 against JEV in vitro. In contrast, the combination of SCH16 and pentoxifylline resulted in antagonism. CONCLUSION The antiviral activity showed by SCH16 was enhanced in the presence of ribavirin and mycophenolic acid. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Studying the synergistic/additive interaction of the compounds in combination would help in lowering the effective concentration so as to overcome the concern of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sebastian
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
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Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a significant human health concern in Asia, Indonesia and parts of Australia with more than 3 billion people potentially at risk of infection with Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), the causative agent of JE. Given the risk to human health and the theoretical potential for JEV use as a bioweapon, the development of safe and effective vaccines to prevent JEV infection is vital for preserving human health. The development of vaccines for JE began in the 1940s with formalin-inactivated mouse brain-derived vaccines. These vaccines have been shown to induce a protective immune response and to be very effective. Mouse brain-derived vaccines were still in use until May 2011 when the last lots of the BIKEN(®) JE-VAX(®) expired. Development of modern JE vaccines utilizes cell culture-derived viruses and improvements in manufacturing processes as well as removal of potential allergens or toxins have significantly improved vaccine safety. China has developed a live-attenuated vaccine that has proven to induce protective immunity following a single inoculation. In addition, a chimeric vaccine virus incorporating the prM and E structural proteins derived from the live-attenuated JE vaccine into the live-attenuated yellow fever 17D vaccine virus backbone is currently in clinical trials. In this article, we provide a summary of JE vaccine development and on-going clinical trials. We also discuss the potential risk of JEV as a bioweapon with a focus on virus sustainability if used as a weapon.
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Inhibition of bovine viral diarrhea virus RNA synthesis by thiosemicarbazone derived from 5,6-dimethoxy-1-indanone. J Virol 2011; 85:5436-45. [PMID: 21430053 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00859-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present work, we described the activity of the thiosemicarbazone derived from 5,6-dimethoxy-1-indanone (TSC), which we previously characterized as a new compound that inhibits bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection. We showed that TSC acts at a point of time that coincides with the onset of viral RNA synthesis and that it inhibits the activity of BVDV replication complexes (RCs). Moreover, we have selected five BVDV mutants that turned out to be highly resistant to TSC but still susceptible to ribavirin (RBV). Four of these resistant mutants carried an N264D mutation in the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). The remaining mutant showed an A392E mutation within the same protein. Some of these mutants replicated slower than the wild-type (wt) virus in the absence of TSC, whereas others showed a partial reversion to the wt phenotype over several passages in the absence of the compound. The docking of TSC in the crystal structure of the BVDV RdRp revealed a close contact between the indane ring of the compound and several residues within the fingers domain of the enzyme, some hydrophobic contacts, and hydrogen bonds with the thiosemicarbazone group. Finally, in the mutated RdRp from resistant BVDV, these interactions with TSC could not be achieved. Interestingly, TSC inhibited BVDV replication in cell culture synergistically with RBV. In conclusion, TSC emerges as a new nonnucleoside inhibitor of BVDV RdRp that is synergistic with RBV, a feature that turns it into a potential compound to be evaluated against hepatitis C virus (HCV).
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Lee YH, Wei CW, Wang JJ, Chiou CT. Rana catesbeiana ribonuclease inhibits Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) replication and enhances apoptosis of JEV-infected BHK-21 cells. Antiviral Res 2011; 89:193-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Sebastian L, Madhusudana SN, Ravi V, Desai A. Mycophenolic acid inhibits replication of Japanese encephalitis virus. Chemotherapy 2011; 57:56-61. [PMID: 21282947 DOI: 10.1159/000321483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Japanese encephalitis is a major public health problem in several parts of Asia, particularly India, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Myanmar (Burma). Despite its public health implications, there are no effective antiviral drugs available. METHODS The present study evaluated the effect of mycophenolic acid on Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) using an in vitro cytopathic effect inhibition assay, plaque reduction assay and virus yield reduction assay, and its therapeutic potential was also assessed in vivo in a mouse model. RESULTS Analysis of the results obtained in the in vitro and in vivo experiments suggests that mycophenolic acid has significant antiviral activity against JEV, with an IC(50) of 3.1 μg/ml, a therapeutic index of 16 and a 75% protection against lethal challenge of JEV. CONCLUSION The study concludes that this compound significantly inhibited the replication of JEV in vitro and protected mice in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liba Sebastian
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India
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Goncharova EP, Koroleva LS, Silnikov VN, Ternovoy VA, Vlassov VV, Zenkova MA. Inactivation of the tick-borne encephalitis virus by RNA-cleaving compounds. J Mol Genet Med 2011; 5:266-72. [PMID: 22872801 PMCID: PMC3410376 DOI: 10.4172/1747-0862.1000048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is an RNA-containing enveloped virus, which poses a major threat to the well-being and health of humans. In this study, we describe an approach to the inactivation of TBEV, which involves the degradation of viral RNA by artificial ribonucleases (aRNases, small organic compounds that exhibit ribonuclease activity in vitro). We demonstrate that the incubation of TBEV with aRNases lead to the total inactivation of the virus as indicated by the plaque formation assay data, but retain the viral immunogenic properties, as shown by the ELISA data. We propose that a possible mechanism of TBEV inactivation with aRNase, which includes: i) formation of local breaks in the lipid membrane of the virus caused by aRNase, ii) penetration of aRNase into the viral capsid, iii) degradation of genomic RNA by aRNase. These data suggest that the proposed approach can be used in the production of killed-virus vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena P Goncharova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 8, Lavrentiev Ave, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
- State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR Rospotrebnadzor, 630559, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk region, Russian Federation
| | - Ludmila S Koroleva
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 8, Lavrentiev Ave, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
- Novosibirsk State University, 2, Pirogov St, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir N Silnikov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 8, Lavrentiev Ave, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir A Ternovoy
- State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR Rospotrebnadzor, 630559, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk region, Russian Federation
| | - Valentin V Vlassov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 8, Lavrentiev Ave, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Marina A Zenkova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 8, Lavrentiev Ave, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
- Correspondence to: Marina Zenkova, , Tel: +7 383 3635160, Fax: +7 383 3635153
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Pelosi G, Bisceglie F, Bignami F, Ronzi P, Schiavone P, Re MC, Casoli C, Pilotti E. Antiretroviral activity of thiosemicarbazone metal complexes. J Med Chem 2010; 53:8765-9. [PMID: 21121632 DOI: 10.1021/jm1007616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Thiosemicarbazones display a wide antimicrobial activity by targeting bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Here, we report our studies on the antiviral activity of two thiosemicarbazone metal complexes, [bis(citronellalthiosemicarbazonato)nickel(II)] and [aqua(pyridoxalthiosemicarbazonato)copper(II)] chloride monohydrate, against the retroviruses HIV-1 and HTLV-1/-2. Both compounds exhibit antiviral properties against HIV but not against HTLVs . In particular, the copper complex shows the most potent anti-HIV activity by acting at the post-entry steps of the viral cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Pelosi
- Dipartimento di Chimica GIAF, Università di Parma, Viale G.P. Usberti 17A, 43124 Parma, Italy
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Ishikawa T, Konishi E. Combating Japanese encephalitis: Vero-cell derived inactivated vaccines and the situation in Japan. Future Virol 2010. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.10.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a major public health threat in Asia, because of its high mortality and high incidence of psychoneurological sequelae in survivors. It is caused by JE virus (JEV) infection, transmitted by vector mosquitoes. The disease is vaccine preventable and has been well controlled in some countries. Since no specific antivirals have been approved, prevention with vaccine is important in this disease. This article provides a general overview of JE and JEV, but special focus has been put on recently developed Vero cell-derived formalin-inactivated JE vaccines, and the situation in Japan relating to these vaccines. In Japan, where JE has been well controlled, the strong governmental recommendation of the mouse brain-derived vaccine for routine immunization was suspended in 2005, owing to a patient suffering severe postvaccination events. In 2010, the recommendation was reinstated, targeting a limited population utilizing a Vero cell-derived vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Ishikawa
- Department of International Health, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 7-10-2 Tomogaoka, Suma-ku, Kobe 654-0142, Japan
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Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is the leading form of viral encephalitis in Asia. It is caused by the JE virus (JEV), which belongs to the family Flaviviridae. JEV is endemic to many parts of Asia, where periodic outbreaks take hundreds of lives. Despite the catastrophes it causes, JE has remained a tropical disease uncommon in the West. With rapid globalization and climatic shift, JEV has started to emerge in areas where the threat was previously unknown. Scientific evidence predicts that JEV will soon become a global pathogen and cause of worldwide pandemics. Although some research documents JEV pathogenesis and drug discovery, worldwide awareness of the need for extensive research to deal with JE is still lacking. This review focuses on the exigency of developing a worldwide effort to acknowledge the prime importance of performing an extensive study of this thus far neglected tropical viral disease. This review also outlines the pathogenesis, the scientific efforts channeled into develop a therapy, and the outlook for a possible future breakthrough addressing this killer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anirban Basu
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana, India
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Pentoxifylline inhibits replication of Japanese encephalitis virus: a comparative study with ribavirin. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2008; 33:168-73. [PMID: 18804347 PMCID: PMC7126905 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2008.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2008] [Revised: 07/08/2008] [Accepted: 07/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Several investigations have shown that pentoxifylline possesses broad-spectrum antiviral activity against a range of RNA and DNA viruses. However, its ability to inhibit Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) replication has not yet been studied. The present study was designed to investigate the antiviral activity of pentoxifylline against JEV in vitro and in vivo. The activity of pentoxifylline against JEV was evaluated in vitro using cytopathic effect inhibition and plaque reduction assays. Pentoxifylline was able to inhibit JEV replication in a dose-dependent manner at a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 50.3 μg/mL (0.00018 μM) and a therapeutic index (TI) of 10. Experiments to study the mechanism of antiviral action of pentoxifylline using in vitro translation of viral mRNA suggested that the drug did not interfere either with early or late protein synthesis but most likely exerted its action on virus assembly and/or release. Furthermore, the in vivo study showed that pentoxifylline at a concentration of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg body weight was able to protect completely mice challenged with 50 × 50% lethal dose (LD50) of JEV.
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