Evaluation of Biofilm Production and Antifungal Susceptibility to Fluconazole in Clinical Isolates of Candida spp. in Both Planktonic and Biofilm Form

Candida spp. are an important opportunistic pathogen that can represent a possible cause of severe infections, especially in immunocompromised individuals. The clinical impact of Candida spp. depends, in part, on the ability to form biofilms, communities of nestled cells into the extracellular matrix. In this study, we compared the biofilm formation ability of 83 strains of Candida spp. isolated from blood cultures and other materials, such as respiratory samples, urine, and exudate, and their sensitivity to fluconazole (FLZ). Strains were divided into tertiles to establish cut-offs to classify isolates as low, moderate, or high biofilm producers (<0.26, 0.266-0.839, >0.839) and biofilms with low, moderate, or high metabolic activity (<0.053, 0.053-0.183, >0.183). A non-linear relationship between biofilm production and metabolic activity was found in C. glabrata and C. tropicalis. In addition, the increase in minimum biofilm eradication concentrations (MBEC50) compared to the Minor Inhibitory Concentration (PMIC) of the planktonic form in Candida spp. confirms the role of biofilm in the induction of resistance to FLZ.

Shewanella algae infection in Italy: report of 3 years' evaluation along the coast of the northern Adriatic Sea

Shewanella algae are Gram-negative, nonfermentative, motile bacilli, classified in the genus Shewanella in 1985. These environmental bacteria are occasionally identified in human infections, with a relatively strong association with exposure to seawater during warm seasons. This report describes a case series of 17 patients with infection correlated to S. algae in the coastal area of Romagna, Italy, from 2013 to 2016. The types of infection included otitis, pneumonia, sepsis and soft tissue (wound). Exposure to the marine environment during hot months was confirmed in 12 of 17 patients. An apparent correlation between increased severity of infection and patient age was also observed.

Effect of interfacial slippage on the near-tip fields of an interface crack between a soft elastomer and a rigid substrate

We consider the role of interfacial slippage in the deformation and stress fields near the tip of a plane interface crack occurring between a compressible hyperelastic material and a rigid substrate. Specifically, we draw comparisons between the two limiting cases of ‘no-slip’ (infinitely high friction) and ‘frictionless’ (zero friction) surfaces by performing corresponding asymptotic analyses in the crack-tip region. Our results indicate that for the no-slip case, when the body is subjected to far-field loading, the crack deforms to a wedge-like shape consistent with experimental observations reported in the literature. Moreover, in this case, the wedge angle is shown to be directly related to ratios of various Cauchy stress components on the bonded surface in the near-tip region. Finite-element simulations reveal that the wedge angle also depends on material compressibility and the far-field loading conditions. By contrast, the analysis of the frictionless case reveals that the crack consistently opens into a smooth parabolic shape with a right wedge angle and near-tip stress field dominated by the normal stress at the surface. The results established here can be used as a basis for the understanding of the role of varying degrees of slippage on interfacial cracks.

[Effects of dose of erythropoiesis stimulating agents on cardiovascular outcomes, quality of life and costs of haemodialysis. the clinical evaluation of the DOSe of erythropoietins (C.E. DOSE) Trial]

BACKGROUND

Anaemia is a risk factor for death, adverse cardiovascular outcomes and poor quality of life in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Erythropoietin Stimulating Agents (ESA) are the most used treatment option. In observational studies, higher haemoglobin (Hb) levels (around 11-13 g/dL) are associated with improved survival and quality of life compared to Hb levels around 9-10 g/dL. Randomized studies found that targeting higher Hb levels with ESA causes an increased risk of death, mainly due to adverse cardiovascular outcomes. It is possible that this is mediated by ESA dose rather than haemoglobin concentration, although this hypothesis has never been formally tested.

METHODS

We present the protocol of the Clinical Evaluation of the Dose of Erythropoietins (C.E. DOSE) trial, which will assess the benefits and harms of a high versus a low ESA dose therapeutic strategy for the management of anaemia of end stage kidney disease (ESKD). This is a randomized, prospective open label blinded end-point (PROBE) design trial due to enroll 900 haemodialysis patients. Patients will be randomized 1:1 to 4000 UI/week i. v. versus 18000 UI/week i. v. of epoetin alfa, beta or any other epoetin in equivalent doses. The primary outcome of the trial is a composite of cardiovascular events. In addition, quality of life and costs of these two strategies will be assessed. The study has been approved and funded by the Italian Agency of Drugs (Agenzia Italiana del Farmaco (AIFA)) within the 2006 funding plan for independent research on drugs (registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00827021)).

In vitro antimicrobial activity of several antimicrobial agents against Escherichia coli isolated from community-acquired uncomplicated urinary tract infections

AIM

For frequency Escherichia (E.) coli is the agent of urinary tract infections (UTIs). The objective of the present study was to evaluate in vitro activity of several antimicrobial agents to guide empirical treatment of uncomplicated UTIs. In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of 429 E. coli strains, isolated in urine specimens from community-acquired uncomplicated UTIs in outpatients, was studied during the 1st semester 2011.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Urine samples were processed with Robobact/Uriset system. E. coli strains were identified with GN card for VITEK-2 system and API 20E gallery, as confirmatory assay. E. coli strains were tested, for antimicrobial susceptibility, using VITEK-2 system and confirmed with disk diffusion method.

RESULTS

Penicillins have exhibited sensitivity percentage of 50.9%, inhibitor-protected penicillins 88.9%, cephalosporins 91.6%, carbapenem 100%, aminoglycosides 91.5%, fluoroquinolones 71.8%, nitrofuran 99.3% and sulfonamide 74.1%.

CONCLUSIONS

In vitro imipenem, nitrofurantoin, cephalosporins and aminoglycosides (>90% of isolates) have the best sensitivity in community-acquired UTIs. In particular nitrofurantoin has showed a low MIC distribution and high sensitivity percentage. Therefore, could be suggested in empirical treatment of these infections.

Effect of surface elasticity on an interface crack in plane deformations

We consider the effect of surface elasticity on an interface crack between two dissimilar linearly elastic isotropic homogeneous materials undergoing plane deformations. The bi-material is subjected to either remote tension (mode-I) or in-plane shear (mode-II) with the faces of the (interface) crack assumed to be traction-free. We incorporate surface mechanics into the model of deformation by employing a version of the continuum-based surface/interface theory of Gurtin & Murdoch. Using complex variable methods, we obtain a semi-analytical solution valid throughout the entire domain of interest (including at the crack tips) by reducing the problem to a system of coupled Cauchy singular integro-differential equations, which is solved numerically using Chebychev polynomials and a collocation method. It is shown that, among other interesting phenomena, our model predicts finite stress at the (sharp) crack tips and the corresponding stress field to be size-dependent. In particular, we note that, in contrast to the results from linear elastic fracture mechanics, when the bi-material is subjected to uniform far-field stresses (either tension or in-plane shear), the incorporation of surface effects effectively eliminates the oscillatory behaviour of the solution so that the resulting stress fields no longer suffer from oscillatory singularities at the crack tips.

Molecularly targeted endocrine therapies for breast cancer

The identification of the estrogen receptor (ER) provided the first target for antiestrogenic therapeutic agents. Endocrine therapies, either by blocking or downregulating the receptor or by suppressing the estrogen production, inhibit the proliferative effect of estradiol on ER. While the activity on ER is considered a real target-mediated therapy, the effect on enzymatic activity involved in estrogen production (mainly inhibition of aromatase by aromatase inhibitors, AIs, and ovarian ablation) could be considered an "indirect" targeted strategy. In addiction to the direct ligand-ER signal, the complexity of endocrine and non endocrine pathways has led to combination therapies against different targets. Tamoxifen is the widely investigated, most used and representative of drugs blocking the ER and has been introduced in the advanced disease, in neoadjuvant and adjuvant setting and for chemo-prevention of high risk women. Its role has been challenged in the last years by the introduction of third generation aromatase inhibitors that have proven a higher activity than tamoxifen and different toxicity. Several other SERMs (selective estrogen receptor modulators) have been investigated, but none of them was clearly superior to tamoxifen. SERDs (selective estrogen receptor downregulators) act as pure estrogen antagonist. They are used in the treatment of advanced breast cancers and their role in other settings still needs further investigation. Here we discuss the well established data with SERMs, SERDs and AIs, mechanisms underlying resistance and rationale for recycling endocrine compounds and for simultaneously targeting different pathways.

Antiretroviral activity of thiosemicarbazone metal complexes

Thiosemicarbazones display a wide antimicrobial activity by targeting bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Here, we report our studies on the antiviral activity of two thiosemicarbazone metal complexes, [bis(citronellalthiosemicarbazonato)nickel(II)] and [aqua(pyridoxalthiosemicarbazonato)copper(II)] chloride monohydrate, against the retroviruses HIV-1 and HTLV-1/-2. Both compounds exhibit antiviral properties against HIV but not against HTLVs . In particular, the copper complex shows the most potent anti-HIV activity by acting at the post-entry steps of the viral cycle.

HIV-1 DNA proviral load in treated and untreated HIV-1 seropositive patients

As proviral human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) DNA can replenish and revive viral infection upon activation, its detection might offer significant therapeutic information, complementing the input provided by plasma RNA determination in the follow-up of infected individuals. A selected group of acutely infected subjects was studied to verify both total and 2-long terminal repeat (2-LTR) DNA proviral load during the acute phase of infection and thereafter. Patients were divided in two sex- and age-matched groups: 19 naive individuals who did not receive antiretroviral therapy during the observation period and 20 subjects treated according to current guidelines. Total and 2-LTR HIV-1 DNA proviral load, in addition to RNA viral load and CD4 cell count, were determined in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) at baseline, 6 and 12 months after the first sampling. Total and 2-LTR HIV-1 DNA proviral load exhibited no significant variation at any time in the naive patients (total HIV-1 DNA ranging from 896 + or - 731 to 715 + or - 673 copies/10(5) PBMC and 2-LTR HIV-1 DNA ranging from 94 + or - 105 to 65 + or - 44 copies/10(5) PBMC), whereas a significant reduction in both total HIV-1 DNA (ranging from 997 + or - 676 to 262 + or - 174 copies/10(5) PBMC) and 2-LTR HIV-1 DNA proviral load (ranging from 116 + or - 55 to 26 + or - 35 copies/10(5) PBMC) was detected in highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) patients, together with a CD4(+) T cell count increase and RNA load decrease. HAART negatively affects both the labile HIV burden and the integrated proviral DNA, at least in the initial period of successful treatment, suggesting that quantification of HIV-1 DNA proviral load may be an important parameter in monitoring HIV infection.

Adjuvant endocrine treatment in premenopausal early breast cancer

The impact of endocrine therapies in the adjuvant treatment of premenopausal patients with early breast cancer is well established. However, the right combination and duration of endocrine manipulations currently available (luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogs and tamoxifen) remain unclear. Moreover, the role of chemotherapy in addition to endocrine therapies is not clearly defined. The most recent Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group overview has confirmed the efficacy of five years of tamoxifen in reducing the annual recurrence rate and the annual breast cancer death rate by 41 and 34%, respectively, in an estrogen receptor-positive population. These results are largely irrespective of age, use of chemotherapy or other tumor features. Moreover, the expert panel of the St. Gallen Conference accepted both tamoxifen or tamoxifen plus ovarian suppression as standard endocrine therapy for premenopausal breast cancer patients with endocrine-responsive disease. The use of ovarian suppression or ablation also significantly reduced the risk of breast cancer-related death, mainly in the absence of other systemic therapies. Chemotherapy is widely used in this population; however, its role in endocrine-positive premenopausal women with hormone-positive disease treated with optimal endocrine therapy remains unclear.

A light sterilizable pipette device for the in vivo estimation of human soft tissues constitutive laws

This paper introduces a new light device for the in vivo estimation of human soft tissues constitutive laws. It consists of an aspiration pipette able to meet the very severe sterilization and handling issues imposed during surgery. The simplicity of the device, free of any electronic circuitry, allows using it as an ancillary instrument. The deformation of the aspired tissue is imaged via a mirror using an external camera. The paper describes the experimental setup as well as the protocol that should be used during surgery. First feasibility measurements are shown for human tongue and forearm skin.

[Ultrasound investigation in Apulo-Lucano renal echography study group of the Italian Society of Nephrology: a cognitive report]

The number of ultrasonography expert consultant Nephrologists is more and more increasing thanks to the contribution that this methodology has brought in both clinical and treatment fields. Up to now, a database of the ultrasonography benefits, as well as the main criteria for the interpretation of the urinary tract echographic examination has not been compiled, yet. We have therefore drawn up and distributed a questionnaire to the consultant nephrologists of the urinary tract echography study group (Apulo-Lucano division). This questionnaire is made up of 27 ultrasonography application and interpretation issues; it aims mainly at creating a common 'language' to reduce the variety of 'descriptors' currently employed by all different specialists and centres involved. 60 consultant nephrologists participated in the study, from the 29 Nephrology and Dialysis O.U.s of Puglia and Basilicata regions, where there is an active echographic service. Data collected show the key role of ultrasonography investigation for all nephrology patients, as high quality and cost efficient test procedure. Moreover, despite the fact that there are differences in echographic examination performance and interpretation, literature data show clearly that it is fundamental to follow general shared principles. The responsibility and task of those specializing in this discipline should be to allow reproduction and comparison of ultrasonographies, also among different operators and centres, and meta studies, i.e. 'a series of comparative studies', which are still very few in number.

Discordant resistance interpretations in multi-treated HIV-1 patients

The routine determination of drug resistance has become an important part of the clinical management of HIV-1 infected patients. Plasma samples from 130 individuals treated for at least 1 year with multiple NRTIs and NNRTIs were tested for the presence of mutations correlated to drug resistance. Since interpretation criteria represent a crucial point for virologists and clinicians, often complicated by the presence of novel and/or complex mutations patterns, we analyzed results interpreted by TruGene HIV-1 (Visible Genetics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada) and VirtualPhenotype (Virco, Mechelen, Belgium). A high degree of concordance was found for NNRTIs whereas NRTIs interpretation was highly discrepant. Since different approaches to monitoring resistance reflect different interpretation of results, the prediction of drugs resistance from a given HIV sequence might be contradictory and requires accurate standardization and unique interpretative rules.

Mutation patterns of the reverse transcriptase genes in HIV-1 infected patients receiving combinations of nucleoside and non nucleoside inhibitors

A genotyping assay was used to define human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase codons in plasma samples from 80 HIV-1 patients extensively treated with two nucleoside reverse transcriptase (zidovudine and lamivudine) and one non nucleoside reverse transcriptase (nevirapine) inhibitor. The frequencies of T215S/Y/F, M41L, D67N, L210W K70R, K219Q mutations, detectable in plasma samples, conferring resistance to zidovudine were 61.2, 56.2, 36.2, 31.5, 27.5 and 17.5%, respectively. Mutations (M184V or M184I) conferring resistance to lamivudine were detected in an extremely high percentage of patients (61%). Among mutations correlated to high (K103N, V106A, Y181C/I, Y188C/H/L, G190A/C/E/Q/S/T) or moderate (V108I, V118I) levels of nevirapine resistance, the predominant amino acid change was a substitution at 103 codon, present in 24 of 80 samples tested. Finally Q151M, the marker mutation able to confer resistance to all nucleoside analogues, was detected in seven patients with a viral load of between 1 x 10(4) and 9 x 10(4) HIV-1 RNA copies/ml. The relationship between the genotype and the viral load showed that the incidence of some specific mutations [M41L, T215Y (correlated to zidovudine resistance) and K103N (correlated to all NNRTIs drugs)] significantly (P=0.001) increased with higher viral load. Our results, albeit limited to a small cohort, showed a high frequency of mutations correlated to drugs in use, suggesting a need for therapeutic change in the near future and demonstrating that the development of genotyping tests helps to guide the therapeutic management of HIV-1 infected people. Our data highlight the dangers of selecting antiretroviral therapy without previous antiretroviral drug testing. Although the cost of these assays is a concern, prescribing inefficacious drugs could create serious problems for HIV-1 patients.

Drug failure during HIV-1 treatment. New perspectives in monitoring drug resistance

Since the discovery of 3'-azido-3'deoxthymidine (zidovudine) as an effective antiretroviral agent against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), drug therapy has been widely used in the treatment of AIDS. To date, new combination therapies have significantly altered the longterm prognosis for HIV-infected patients showing a reduction of plasma viral load, associated with clinical and immunological recovery. Nevertheless, in various circumstances treatment can fail for several reasons, such as patient noncompliance with the therapeutic regimen, suboptimal antiviral drug concentrations, drug pharmacokinetics, and virus resistance to one or more drugs. Virus drug resistance is the most important factor contributing to the failure of antiretroviral therapy. Since some evidence indicates that viral resistance and treatment failure are closely linked, this brief review explores the routine determination of drug resistance and its importance to shed more light on the meaning of mutations correlated to drug resistance.

Development of drug resistance in HIV-1 patients receiving a combination of stavudine, lamivudine and efavirenz

The study evaluated the development of drug resistance in a group of HIV-1 patients. After failure to respond to previous therapy with two non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), as assessed by the presence of a rebound in viral load or a constant high level of HIV plasma viraemia, the patients were treated with a combination of stavudine, lamivudine and efavirenz (EFV). Results showed that viruses carrying primary mutations, usually K103N, T215Y and M41L, presented higher levels of HIV-1 RNA, suggesting an association between a precise mutation pattern and treatment failure.

Maxillary brown tumor in secondary hyperparathyroidism requiring urgent parathyroidectomy

Brown tumors are unusual but serious complications of renal osteodystrophy, and can be successfully treated by parathyroidectomy or by pharmacological treatment of hyperparathyroidism. Brown tumors in patients with severe hyperparathyroidism (HPT) secondary to renal failure have been increasingly reported. We describe an unusual case of brown tumors at the maxillary bone and the seventh right rib, in a 57-year old man with a long history of hemodialysis. The maxillary lesion caused serious local discomfort due to its rapid growth. In this setting, surgical total parathyroidectomy was chosen as the most adequate therapeutic approach, given the previous unsatisfactory response to calcitriol. After successful parathyroidectomy, rapid healing was achieved with sclerosis of both brown tumors, as documented by serial computerized tomograms. In conclusion, although vitamin D therapy has been beneficial in several cases of secondary hyperparathyroidism complicated by brown tumors, we propose that whenever regression of the tumor bulk is urgently needed, as in our case, parathyroidectomy should be the first treatment choice.

Spectrophotometric determination of thiols in human lymphocytes

A spectroscopic method for thiol analysis, based on the complexation reaction with Pd(II), is described. The proposed method is simple and sensitive and can be used for a rapid analysis of thiols in human lymphocytes.