1
|
Mohammadi M. HBoV-1: virus structure, genomic features, life cycle, pathogenesis, epidemiology, diagnosis and clinical manifestations. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1198127. [PMID: 37265497 PMCID: PMC10229813 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1198127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The single-stranded DNA virus known as human bocavirus 1 (HBoV-1) is an icosahedral, linear member of the Parvoviridae family. In 2005, it was discovered in nasopharyngeal samples taken from kids who had respiratory tract illnesses. The HBoV genome is 4.7-5.7 kb in total length. The HBoV genome comprises three open-reading frames (ORF1, ORF2, and ORF3) that express structural proteins (VP1, VP2, and VP3), viral non-coding RNA, and non-structural proteins (NS1, NS1-70, NS2, NS3, and NP1) (BocaSR). The NS1 and NP1 are crucial for viral DNA replication and are substantially conserved proteins. Replication of the HBoV-1 genome in non-dividing, polarized airway epithelial cells. In vitro, HBoV-1 infects human airway epithelial cells that are strongly differentiated or polarized. Young children who have HBoV-1 are at risk for developing a wide range of respiratory illnesses, such as the common cold, acute otitis media, pneumonia, and bronchiolitis. The most common clinical symptoms are wheezing, coughing, dyspnea, and rhinorrhea. After infection, HBoV-1 DNA can continue to be present in airway secretions for months. The prevalence of coinfections is considerable, and the clinical symptoms can be more severe than those linked to mono-infections. HBoV-1 is frequently detected in combination with other pathogens in various reports. The fecal-oral and respiratory pathways are more likely to be used for HBoV-1 transmission. HBoV-1 is endemic; it tends to peak in the winter and spring. This Review summarizes the knowledge on HBoV-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Mohammadi
- Social Security Organization, Isfahan, Iran
- Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mahmoud NM, Zaki MES, Eid AR, Ahmed ME, Mohamed EH, Fahmy EM. Polymerase Chain Reaction Study of Human Bocavirus in Children with Acute Gastroenteritis. Open Microbiol J 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/18742858-v16-e2201250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim:
The present study aimed to detect Human bocavirus (HBoV) in stool samples from young children below 5 years complaining of acute gastroenteritis (GE) in addition to detection of rotavirus, norovirus, and astrovirus.
Methods:
The study included 90 children below 5 years with acute GE with excluded bacterial pathogens. The determination of the presence of HBoV was performed by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) beside determination of astrovirus and norovirus by multiplex PCR and rotavirus antigen by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
Results:
The most prevalent virus among the studied viruses was rotavirus (33.3%) detected by ELISA for antigen in the stool. The other three viruses detected by molecular methods were bocavirus (14.4%), astrovirus (13.3%), and norovirus (10%). Mixed viral infection with two or more viruses was detected in 16 children (17.8%). The most common was bocavirus and rotavirus in 6 patients (37.5%). In the study of demographic and clinical presentations of the children with HBoV, the affected children were mainly females, i.e., 10 (76.9%), from rural residence i.e., 11 (84.6%) with the mild classification of GE in 7 children (53.8%) and moderate GE in 6 children (46.2%) and none of them had severe GE. Fever was the most common presenting sign in those children (53.8%) followed by vomiting (46.2%).
Conclusion:
The study highlights the existence of HBoV in children with acute GE under the age of five. The infection associated with this virus was either mild or moderate in severity. The combined viral infection was common especially associated with rotavirus. There is a need for further additional study to identify the type of the circulated strain of bocavirus and the confections with other pathogens.
Collapse
|
3
|
Epidemiology of Human Bocavirus in the Middle East and North Africa: Systematic Review. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111456. [PMID: 34832613 PMCID: PMC8620978 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the importance of studying newly emerging viruses that cause respiratory illnesses. Human bocavirus (HBoV) is one of the relatively newly discovered viruses that has been detected worldwide and causes respiratory and gastrointestinal infections, mainly in pediatric patients. However, little is known about the pathogenicity and evolution of HBoV. This systematic review was initiated to clarify the prevalence and circulating genotypes of HBoV in both respiratory and stool samples from patients of all age groups in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) from 2005 to February 2021. We performed an electronic search through Science Direct, Scopus, PubMed, Mendeley and Cochrane Library databases. We included all studies reporting the detection rate of HBoV in the MENA region. Data were extracted, and the quality of the included articles was assessed. We included articles containing data on HBoV only or with other respiratory or gastrointestinal viral infections. Review articles, case studies, and animal and environmental studies were excluded. The final number of articles included in this study was 65 articles. The results showed that the HBoV prevalence in children was the lowest in Iran (0%) and the highest in Egypt (56.8%). In adults, the lowest and the highest prevalence were reported in Iran, with values of 0% and 6.6%, respectively. Regarding the respiratory cases, our findings revealed no significant difference between HBoV prevalence among the tested categories (p-value = 0.998). The present study has shown that HBoV is common in children and adults in the MENA region. This systematic review highlights the need for more data on the role of coinfection of HBoV and other viruses, for instance, SARS-CoV-2 in children with acute bronchiolitis.
Collapse
|
4
|
Abozahra R, Abdelhamid SM, Khairy K, Baraka K. Detection and phylogenetic analysis of Human bocavirus in children diagnosed with acute respiratory tract infection. J Med Microbiol 2020; 69:1197-1202. [PMID: 32812862 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Human bocavirus (HBoV) is a recently discovered parvovirus; it has been shown to be a common cause of respiratory infections and gastroenteritis in children. Since its identification, HBoV has been detected worldwide in nasopharyngeal swabs, serum and stool samples particularly those obtained from young children suffering from respiratory or gastrointestinal tract infections.Aim. The aim of this work was to determine HBoV prevalence among children with acute respiratory tract infection in Egypt, to detect the most prevalent HBoV genotype and to compare PCR and ELISA as diagnostic techniques for HBoV infection.Methods. Nasopharyngeal swabs and blood samples were obtained within the first day of admission from 75 children diagnosed with acute respiratory tract infection in El-Shatby University Hospital for Children in Alexandria, Egypt from October 2018 to March 2019. Conventional PCR was used to detect HBoV DNA, ELISA was used to detect HBoV IgM antibodies and sequencing of the VP1/2 genes was used for genotyping.Results. Seven (9.3%) of the 75 nasopharyngeal swabs obtained from patients with acute respiratory tract infection were positive for HBoV by PCR, while 5 (6.7 %) of the 75 serum samples were positive for HBoV IgM antibodies using ELISA. The correlation between PCR and ELISA results showed a highly significant association between PCR and ELISA techniques (X 2=52.041, P<0.01) and a highly significant agreement between the two methods (Kappa=81.9 %, P<0.01). Phylogenetic analysis showed that all positive samples were related to the HBoV-1 genotype.Conclusion. Human bocavirus was detected at 9.3 % prevalence in nasopharyngeal swabs obtained from children with acute respiratory tract infection. The HBoV-1 genotype was the only genotype detected, suggesting that a single genetic lineage of HBoV is circulating in Egypt. PCR and ELISA are two reliable methods for detection and diagnosis of HBoV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rania Abozahra
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Sarah M Abdelhamid
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Karim Khairy
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy & Drug Manufacturing, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Kholoud Baraka
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nathan AM, Teh CSJ, Jabar KA, Teoh BT, Tangaperumal A, Westerhout C, Zaki R, Eg KP, Thavagnanam S, de Bruyne JA. Bacterial pneumonia and its associated factors in children from a developing country: A prospective cohort study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228056. [PMID: 32059033 PMCID: PMC7021284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pneumonia in children is a common disease yet determining its aetiology remains elusive. Objectives To determine the a) aetiology, b) factors associated with bacterial pneumonia and c) association between co-infections (bacteria + virus) and severity of disease, in children admitted with severe pneumonia. Methods A prospective cohort study involving children aged 1-month to 5-years admitted with very severe pneumonia, as per the WHO definition, over 2 years. Induced sputum and blood obtained within 24 hrs of admission were examined via PCR, immunofluorescence and culture to detect 17 bacteria/viruses. A designated radiologist read the chest radiographs. Results Three hundred patients with a mean (SD) age of 14 (±15) months old were recruited. Significant pathogens were detected in 62% of patients (n = 186). Viruses alone were detected in 23.7% (n = 71) with rhinovirus (31%), human metapneumovirus (HMP) [22.5%] and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) [16.9%] being the commonest. Bacteria alone was detected in 25% (n = 75) with Haemophilus influenzae (29.3%), Staphylococcus aureus (24%) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (22.7%) being the commonest. Co-infections were seen in 13.3% (n = 40) of patients. Male gender (AdjOR 1.84 [95% CI 1.10, 3.05]) and presence of crepitations (AdjOR 2.27 [95% CI 1.12, 4.60]) were associated with bacterial infection. C-reactive protein (CRP) [p = 0.007]) was significantly higher in patients with co-infections but duration of hospitalization (p = 0.77) and requirement for supplemental respiratory support (p = 0.26) were not associated with co-infection. Conclusions Bacteria remain an important cause of very severe pneumonia in developing countries with one in four children admitted isolating bacteria alone. Male gender and presence of crepitations were significantly associated with bacterial aetiology. Co-infection was associated with a higher CRP but no other parameters of severe clinical illness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Marie Nathan
- Department of Paediatrics, University Malaya Paediatric, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Child Health Research Group, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
| | - Cindy Shuan Ju Teh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kartini Abdul Jabar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Boon Teong Teoh
- Department of Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre (TIDREC), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Anithaa Tangaperumal
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, University Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Caroline Westerhout
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, University Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rafdzah Zaki
- Centre for Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Practice, Department of Social & Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kah Peng Eg
- Department of Paediatrics, University Malaya Paediatric, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Child Health Research Group, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Surendran Thavagnanam
- Department of Paediatrics, University Malaya Paediatric, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Child Health Research Group, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jessie Anne de Bruyne
- Department of Paediatrics, University Malaya Paediatric, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Child Health Research Group, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Guido M, Tumolo MR, Verri T, Romano A, Serio F, De Giorgi M, De Donno A, Bagordo F, Zizza A. Human bocavirus: Current knowledge and future challenges. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:8684-8697. [PMID: 27818586 PMCID: PMC5075545 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i39.8684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human bocavirus (HBoV) is a parvovirus isolated about a decade ago and found worldwide in both respiratory samples, mainly from early life and children of 6-24 mo of age with acute respiratory infection, and in stool samples, from patients with gastroenteritis. Since then, other viruses related to the first HBoV isolate (HBoV1), namely HBoV2, HBoV3 and HBoV4, have been detected principally in human faeces. HBoVs are small non-enveloped single-stranded DNA viruses of about 5300 nucleotides, consisting of three open reading frames encoding the first two the non-structural protein 1 (NS1) and nuclear phosphoprotein (NP1) and the third the viral capsid proteins 1 and 2 (VP1 and VP2). HBoV pathogenicity remains to be fully clarified mainly due to the lack of animal models for the difficulties in replicating the virus in in vitro cell cultures, and the fact that HBoV infection is frequently accompanied by at least another viral and/or bacterial respiratory and/or gastroenteric pathogen infection. Current diagnostic methods to support HBoV detection include polymerase chain reaction, real-time PCR, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and enzyme immunoassay using recombinant VP2 or virus-like particle capsid proteins, although sequence-independent amplification techniques combined with next-generation sequencing platforms promise rapid and simultaneous detection of the pathogens in the future. This review presents the current knowledge on HBoV genotypes with emphasis on taxonomy, phylogenetic relationship and genomic analysis, biology, epidemiology, pathogenesis and diagnostic methods. The emerging discussion on HBoVs as true pathogen or innocent bystander is also emphasized.
Collapse
|
7
|
A novel primer set for improved direct gene sequencing of human bocavirus genotype-1 from clinical samples. J Virol Methods 2015; 228:108-13. [PMID: 26658621 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human bocavirus genotype (HBoV-1) is a parvovirus associated with respiratory tract infections in children with different degrees of severity. The current study intended to improve the direct gene sequencing of the HBoV-1 using a newly developed primer set. Screening the presence of human bocavirus infection among in-patients children suffering from lower respiratory tract infections was another aim of the current study. Nasopharyngeal swab samples from in-patients children suffering from lower respiratory tract infections were examined. The real-time polymerase chain reaction was used for the initial screening as a highly sensitive method to detect the HBoV. Genotyping of real-time positive samples was attempted by direct sequencing of PCR amplicons using NP, VP1/2 and the newly developed VP/NC primers. HBoV-1 was present in 56.8% of the examined children. The newly developed primer set successfully amplified all real-time PCR positive samples, however, the other primer pairs did not reliably detect real-time PCR positive samples. The gene sequences of the detected HBoV-1 showed conserved sequences to each other with a low rate of discrepancies. The high rate of infection and the similarity between the detected strains strongly suggest nosocomial infections.
Collapse
|
8
|
Li L, Zhu T, Chen ZR, Yan YD, He LP, Xu HM, Shao XJ, Yin F, Ji W. Detection of human bocavirus in nasopharyngeal aspirates versus in broncho-alveolar lavage fluids in children with lower respiratory tract infections. J Med Virol 2015; 88:211-5. [PMID: 26240959 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
To compare the presence of human bocavirus (HBoV) in nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPA) versus broncho-alveolar lavage fluids (BAL) in children with lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs), as revealed by real-time PCR, in order to confirm the diagnostic validity of NPA samples. A retrospective 5-year study was performed from 2009 to 2014 in 1,194 patients under the age of 17 years (mean age of 3 years) that were diagnosed with LRTIs and from whom both NPA and BAL were obtained. Clinical and demographic data were recorded, and NPA and BAL samples were analyzed for HBoV-positivity by real-time PCR. Of the 1,194 patients enrolled, 65 (5.4%) patients had HBoV detected from NPA, and 61 (5.1%) had HBoV detected from BAL. For HBoV, there was a significant association between the NPA and BAL samples (P < 0.001), but the diagnostic validity was relatively low (kappa = 0.414). When real-time PCR-positivity for HBoV in BAL was used as a reference for diagnosis, NPA had a good specificity and better positive predictive validity in male patients or those younger than 3 years of age. NPA has a similar yield and a good specificity for diagnosis of LRTIs with HBoV compared to BAL. The best diagnostic validity for NPA was detected in male patients or those younger than 3 years old.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Tian Zhu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zheng-Rong Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yong-Dong Yan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Li-Ping He
- Department of Pediatrics, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Hong-Mei Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Xue-Jun Shao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Fang Yin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wei Ji
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Broccolo F, Falcone V, Esposito S, Toniolo A. Human bocaviruses: Possible etiologic role in respiratory infection. J Clin Virol 2015; 72:75-81. [PMID: 26441386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Four species of human bocaviruses (HBoV) are currently included in the Bocavirus genus. There is satisfactory evidence demonstrating an association between HBoV1 and respiratory disease in children, and there is evidence that HBoV2 (and possibly the HBoV3 and HBoV4 species) are associated with gastroenteritis. In particular, HBoV1 has been associated with a prolonged period of persistence in the mucosa of the respiratory tract. Virus persistence does play a role in the high frequency of co-infections with proper pathogens of the upper and lower respiratory tracts. The high detection rate of multiple respiratory viruses in up to 83% of respiratory specimens and the presence of asymptomatic HBoV1 infections complicate the elucidation of the pathogenic role of the agent. Overall, a large amount of data are available concerning HBoV1, whereas little information is available about other bocavirus species. High viral loads are often associated with symptoms, and viremia may be associated with systemic manifestations such as encephalopathy. The effects and mechanisms of latency, persistence, reactivation, and reinfection are poorly understood. Thus, particularly in co-infections, the pathogenic contribution of the detected bocavirus species cannot be accurately stated. This review summarizes the current knowledge of HBoV species and provides perspectives for future clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Broccolo
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy.
| | - Valeria Falcone
- Department of Virology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 11, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Susanna Esposito
- Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Toniolo
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chen ZR, Mize M, Wang YQ, Yan YD, Zhu CH, Wang Y, Ji W. Clinical and epidemiological profiles of lower respiratory tract infection in hospitalized children due to human bocavirus in a subtropical area of China. J Med Virol 2014; 86:2154-62. [PMID: 24782248 PMCID: PMC7166550 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Lower respiratory tract infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children. Human bocavirus (HBoV) is confirmed to have an association with pediatric lower respiratory tract infection. Seasonal and meteorological factors may play a key role in the epidemiology of HBoV. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the frequency, season, and clinical characteristics of hospitalized children with HBoV infection. In addition, an evaluation of the effects of meteorological factors on the incidence of HBoV in a subtropical area in China will be conducted. Children were <14 years in age and hospitalized for lower respiratory tract infection between January 1, 2009 and December 31, 2012 in the Respiratory Disease Department at the Children's Hospital affiliated to Soochow University. Multi‐pathogens were detected in nasopharyngeal aspirate samples. The association between HBoV activity and regional meteorological conditions was analyzed. The average incidence of HBoV infection was 6.6% (502/7,626). Of the 502 HBoV positive children, the median age was 13 months (range 1–156 months). The HBoV infection rate was highest among the 7–12 months groups (12.9%, 163/1,267). Seasonal distribution of HBoV was noted during June to November, especially during the summer season (June to August). HBoV activity was associated with temperature and humidity although the lag effect between temperature and HBoV activity observed. HBoV is one of the most common viral pathogens in children with lower respiratory tract infection. HBoV infection occurs throughout the year with a peak during the summer. Temperature and humidity may affect the incidence of HBoV. J. Med. Virol. 86:2154–2162, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Rong Chen
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Soochow University Affiliated Children's Hospital, Suzhou, 215003, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Li J, Yang Y, Dong Y, Li Y, Huang Y, Yi Q, Liu K, Li Y. Key elements of the human bocavirus type 1 (HBoV1) promoter and its trans-activation by NS1 protein. Virol J 2013; 10:315. [PMID: 24161033 PMCID: PMC3874741 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human bocavirus (HBoV), a parvovirus, is suspected to be an etiologic agent of respiratory disease and gastrointestinal disease in humans. All mRNAs of HBoV1 are transcribed from a single promoter. Methods In this study, we constructed EGFP and luciferase reporter gene vectors under the control of the HBoV1 full promoter (nt 1–252) and its mutated variants, respectively. Fluorescence microscopy was used to observe expression activities of the EGFP. Dual-luciferase reporter vectors were employed in order to evaluate critical promoter elements and the effect of NS1 protein on promoter activity. Results The HBoV1 promoter activity was about 2.2-fold and 1.9-fold higher than that of the CMV promoter in 293 T and HeLa cells, respectively. The putative transcription factor binding region of the promoter was identified to be located between nt 96 and nt 145. Mutations introduced in the CAAT box of the HBoV1 promoter reduced promoter activity by 34%, whereas nucleotide substitutions in the TATA box had no effect on promoter activity. The HBoV1 promoter activities in 293 T and HeLa cells, in the presence of NS1 protein, were 2- to 2.5-fold higher than those in the absence of NS1 protein. Conclusion The HBoV1 promoter was highly active in 293 T and HeLa cell lines, and the sequence from nt 96 to nt 145 was critical for the activity of HBoV1 promoter. The CAAT box, in contrast to the TATA-box, was important for optimum promoter activity. In addition, the transcriptional activity of this promoter could be trans-activated by the viral nonstructural protein NS1 in these cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Kaiyu Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, Wuhan Engineering Institute, Wuhan, Hubei 430415, China.
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rheem I, Park J, Kim TH, Kim JW. Evaluation of a multiplex real-time PCR assay for the detection of respiratory viruses in clinical specimens. Ann Lab Med 2012; 32:399-406. [PMID: 23130338 PMCID: PMC3486933 DOI: 10.3343/alm.2012.32.6.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, we evaluated the analytical performance and clinical potential of a one-step multiplex real-time PCR assay for the simultaneous detection of 14 types of respiratory viruses using the AdvanSure RV real-time PCR Kit (LG Life Sciences, Korea). METHODS Three hundred and twenty clinical specimens were tested with the AdvanSure RV real-time PCR Kit and conventional multiplex reverse transcription (RT)-PCR assay. The assay results were analyzed and the one-step AdvanSure RV real-time PCR Kit was compared with the conventional multiplex RT-PCR assay with respect to the sensitivity and specificity of the detection of respiratory viruses. RESULTS The limit of detection (LOD) was 1.31 plaque-forming units (PFU)/mL for human rhinoviruses (hRVs), 4.93 PFU/mL for human coronavirus HCoV-229E/NL63, 2.67 PFU/mL for human coronavirus HCoV-OC43, 18.20 PFU/mL for parainfluenza virus 1 (PIV)-1, 24.57 PFU/mL for PIV-2, 1.73 PFU/mL for PIV-3, 1.79 PFU/mL for influenza virus group (Flu) A, 59.51 PFU/mL for FluB, 5.46 PFU/mL for human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV)-A, 17.23 PFU/mL for hRSV-B, 9.99 PFU/mL for human adenovirus (ADVs). The cross-reactivity test for this assay against 23 types of non-respiratory viruses showed negative results for all viruses tested. The agreement between the one-step AdvanSure multiplex real-time PCR assay and the conventional multiplex RT-PCR assay was 98%. CONCLUSIONS The one-step AdvanSure RV multiplex real-time PCR assay is a simple assay with high potential for specific, rapid and sensitive laboratory diagnosis of respiratory viruses compared to conventional multiplex RT-PCR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Insoo Rheem
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|