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Gujar S, Pol JG, Kumar V, Lizarralde-Guerrero M, Konda P, Kroemer G, Bell JC. Tutorial: design, production and testing of oncolytic viruses for cancer immunotherapy. Nat Protoc 2024:10.1038/s41596-024-00985-1. [PMID: 38769145 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-024-00985-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) represent a novel class of cancer immunotherapy agents that preferentially infect and kill cancer cells and promote protective antitumor immunity. Furthermore, OVs can be used in combination with established or upcoming immunotherapeutic agents, especially immune checkpoint inhibitors, to efficiently target a wide range of malignancies. The development of OV-based therapy involves three major steps before clinical evaluation: design, production and preclinical testing. OVs can be designed as natural or engineered strains and subsequently selected for their ability to kill a broad spectrum of cancer cells rather than normal, healthy cells. OV selection is further influenced by multiple factors, such as the availability of a specific viral platform, cancer cell permissivity, the need for genetic engineering to render the virus non-pathogenic and/or more effective and logistical considerations around the use of OVs within the laboratory or clinical setting. Selected OVs are then produced and tested for their anticancer potential by using syngeneic, xenograft or humanized preclinical models wherein immunocompromised and immunocompetent setups are used to elucidate their direct oncolytic ability as well as indirect immunotherapeutic potential in vivo. Finally, OVs demonstrating the desired anticancer potential progress toward translation in patients with cancer. This tutorial provides guidelines for the design, production and preclinical testing of OVs, emphasizing considerations specific to OV technology that determine their clinical utility as cancer immunotherapy agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Gujar
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jonathan G Pol
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, UMS AMICCa, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Vishnupriyan Kumar
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Manuela Lizarralde-Guerrero
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, UMS AMICCa, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Prathyusha Konda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Guido Kroemer
- INSERM, U1138, Paris, France.
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.
- Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, UMS AMICCa, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France.
- Institut du Cancer Paris CARPEM, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France.
| | - John C Bell
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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Vazeh H, Behboudi E, Hashemzadeh-Omran A, Moradi A. Live-attenuated poliovirus-induced extrinsic apoptosis through Caspase 8 within breast cancer cell lines expressing CD155. Breast Cancer 2022; 29:899-907. [PMID: 35641853 DOI: 10.1007/s12282-022-01372-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers among women in the world. Different therapeutic strategies such as radiotherapy, chemotherapy and surgery have been used either individually or in combination. Oncolytic virotherapy is a rising treatment methodology, which utilizes replicating viruses to eliminate tumor cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the oncolytic activity of live-attenuated poliovirus in breast cancer cell lines. MATERIALS AND METHODS The CD155 expression level in two human breast cancer cell lines and a normal breast cell line were evaluated using real-time PCR and flow cytometry. Virus titration was assessed by TCID50. The cytotoxicity of poliovirus on cell line and apoptosis response was investigated by MTT and Caspase 8 and Caspase 9 ELISA kits, respectively. RESULTS This study showed that CD155 gene was expressed significantly (p = 0.001) higher in both human breast cancer cell lines compared to the normal cell line. The protein expression level of CD155 was 98.1%, 96.7%, in MDA_MB231 and MCF_7 cell lines, respectively, whereas the CD155 expression level was 1.3% in MCF_10A. The cytopathic effect of poliovirus in breast cancer cell lines was significantly higher than normal cells (p < 0.05). Extrinsic apoptosis response was more effective than intrinsic apoptosis in both breast cancer cell lines (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION In summary, administration of live-attenuated poliovirus can be a promising treatment to breast cancer. However, in vitro and in vivo studies will be required to evaluate the safety of this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Vazeh
- Department of Microbiology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Emad Behboudi
- Department of Microbiology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | | | - Abdolvahab Moradi
- Department of Microbiology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
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Hietanen E, Koivu MKA, Susi P. Cytolytic Properties and Genome Analysis of Rigvir ® Oncolytic Virotherapy Virus and Other Echovirus 7 Isolates. Viruses 2022; 14:525. [PMID: 35336934 PMCID: PMC8949920 DOI: 10.3390/v14030525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Rigvir® is a cell-adapted, oncolytic virotherapy enterovirus, which derives from an echovirus 7 (E7) isolate. While it is claimed that Rigvir® causes cytolytic infection in several cancer cell lines, there is little molecular evidence for its oncolytic and oncotropic potential. Previously, we genome-sequenced Rigvir® and five echovirus 7 isolates, and those sequences are further analyzed in this paper. A phylogenetic analysis of the full-length data suggested that Rigvir® was most distant from the other E7 isolates used in this study, placing Rigvir® in its own clade at the root of the phylogeny. Rigvir® contained nine unique mutations in the viral capsid proteins VP1-VP4 across the whole data set, with a structural analysis showing six of the mutations concerning residues with surface exposure on the cytoplasmic side of the viral capsid. One of these mutations, E/Q/N162G, was located in the region that forms the contact interface between decay-accelerating factor (DAF) and E7. Rigvir® and five other isolates were also subjected to cell infectivity assays performed on eight different cell lines. The used cell lines contained both cancer and non-cancer cell lines for observing Rigvir®'s claimed properties of being both oncolytic and oncotropic. Infectivity assays showed that Rigvir® had no discernable difference in the viruses' oncolytic effect when compared to the Wallace prototype or the four other E7 isolates. Rigvir® was also seen infecting non-cancer cell lines, bringing its claimed effect of being oncotropic into question. Thus, we conclude that Rigvir®'s claim of being an effective treatment against multiple different cancers is not warranted under the evidence presented here. Bioinformatic analyses do not reveal a clear mechanism that could elucidate Rigvir®'s function at a molecular level, and cell infectivity tests do not show a discernable difference in either the oncolytic or oncotropic effect between Rigvir® and other clinical E7 isolates used in the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eero Hietanen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland; (E.H.); (M.K.A.K.)
- Turku Doctoral Programme of Molecular Medicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Marika K. A. Koivu
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland; (E.H.); (M.K.A.K.)
- Turku Doctoral Programme of Molecular Medicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Petri Susi
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland; (E.H.); (M.K.A.K.)
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Kronemberger GS, Carneiro FA, Rezende DF, Baptista LS. Spheroids and organoids as humanized 3D scaffold-free engineered tissues for SARS-CoV-2 viral infection and drug screening. Artif Organs 2021; 45:548-558. [PMID: 33264436 PMCID: PMC7753831 DOI: 10.1111/aor.13880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The new coronavirus (2019‐nCoV) or the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) was officially declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a pandemic in March 2020. To date, there are no specific antiviral drugs proven to be effective in treating SARS‐CoV‐2, requiring joint efforts from different research fronts to discover the best route of treatment. The first decisions in drug discovery are based on 2D cell culture using high‐throughput screening. In this context, spheroids and organoids emerge as a reliable alternative. Both are scaffold‐free 3D engineered constructs that recapitulate key cellular and molecular events of tissue physiology. Different studies have already shown their advantages as a model for different infectious diseases, including SARS‐CoV‐2 and for drug screening. The use of these 3D engineered tissues as an in vitro model can fill the gap between 2D cell culture and in vivo preclinical assays (animal models) as they could recapitulate the entire viral life cycle. The main objective of this review is to understand spheroid and organoid biology, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages, and how these scaffold‐free engineered tissues can contribute to a better comprehension of viral infection by SARS‐CoV‐2 and to the development of in vitro high‐throughput models for drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela S Kronemberger
- Nucleus of Multidisciplinary Research in Biology (Numpex-Bio), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Campus Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Postgraduation Program of Translational Biomedicine (Biotrans), Unigranrio, Campus I, Duque de Caxias, Brazil
| | - Fabiana A Carneiro
- Nucleus of Multidisciplinary Research in Biology (Numpex-Bio), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Campus Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Leandra S Baptista
- Nucleus of Multidisciplinary Research in Biology (Numpex-Bio), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Campus Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Postgraduation Program of Translational Biomedicine (Biotrans), Unigranrio, Campus I, Duque de Caxias, Brazil
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Deng S, Iscaro A, Zambito G, Mijiti Y, Minicucci M, Essand M, Lowik C, Muthana M, Censi R, Mezzanotte L, Di Martino P. Development of a New Hyaluronic Acid Based Redox-Responsive Nanohydrogel for the Encapsulation of Oncolytic Viruses for Cancer Immunotherapy. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11010144. [PMID: 33435600 PMCID: PMC7827853 DOI: 10.3390/nano11010144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are emerging as promising and potential anti-cancer therapeutic agents, not only able to kill cancer cells directly by selective intracellular viral replication, but also to promote an immune response against tumor. Unfortunately, the bioavailability under systemic administration of OVs is limited because of undesired inactivation caused by host immune system and neutralizing antibodies in the bloodstream. To address this issue, a novel hyaluronic acid based redox responsive nanohydrogel was developed in this study as delivery system for OVs, with the aim to protect the OVs following systemic administration. The nanohydrogel was formulated by water in oil (W/O) nanoemulsion method and cross-linked by disulfide bonds derived from the thiol groups of synthesized thiolated hyaluronic acid. One DNA OV Ad[I/PPT-E1A] and one RNA OV Rigvir® ECHO-7 were encapsulated into the developed nanohydrogel, respectively, in view of their potential of immunovirotherapy to treat cancers. The nanohydrogels showed particle size of approximately 300–400 nm and negative zeta potential of around −13 mV by dynamic light scattering (DLS). A uniform spherical shape of the nanohydrogel was observed under the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM), especially, the successfully loading of OV into nanohydrogel was revealed by TEM. The crosslinking between the hyaluronic acid chains was confirmed by the appearance of new peak assigned to disulfide bond in Raman spectrum. Furthermore, the redox responsive ability of the nanohydrogel was determined by incubating the nanohydrogel into phosphate buffered saline (PBS) pH 7.4 with 10 μM or 10 mM glutathione at 37 °C which stimulate the normal physiological environment (extracellular) or reductive environment (intracellular or tumoral). The relative turbidity of the sample was real time monitored by DLS which indicated that the nanohydrogel could rapidly degrade within 10 h in the reductive environment due to the cleavage of disulfide bonds, while maintaining the stability in the normal physiological environment after 5 days. Additionally, in vitro cytotoxicity assays demonstrated a good oncolytic activity of OVs-loaded nanohydrogel against the specific cancer cell lines. Overall, the results indicated that the developed nanohydrogel is a delivery system appropriate for viral drugs, due to its hydrophilic and porous nature, and also thanks to its capacity to maintain the stability and activity of encapsulated viruses. Thus, nanohydrogel can be considered as a promising candidate carrier for systemic administration of oncolytic immunovirotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Deng
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (S.D.); (R.C.)
| | - Alessandra Iscaro
- Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; (A.I.); (M.M.)
| | - Giorgia Zambito
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (G.Z.); (C.L.); (L.M.)
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yimin Mijiti
- Physics Division, School of Science and Technology, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri 9, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (Y.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Marco Minicucci
- Physics Division, School of Science and Technology, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri 9, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (Y.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Magnus Essand
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Clemens Lowik
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (G.Z.); (C.L.); (L.M.)
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Munitta Muthana
- Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; (A.I.); (M.M.)
| | - Roberta Censi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (S.D.); (R.C.)
| | - Laura Mezzanotte
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (G.Z.); (C.L.); (L.M.)
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Piera Di Martino
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (S.D.); (R.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0737-40-2215
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6
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Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej P, Grywalska E, Hrynkiewicz R, Wołącewicz M, Becht R, Roliński J. The Double-Edged Sword Role of Viruses in Gastric Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061680. [PMID: 32599870 PMCID: PMC7352989 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to its high morbidity and mortality, gastric cancer is a topic of a great concern throughout the world. Major ways of treatment are gastrectomy and chemotherapy, unfortunately they are not always successful. In a search for more efficient therapy strategies, viruses and their potential seem to be an important issue. On one hand, several oncogenic viruses have been noticed in the case of gastric cancer, making the positive treatment even more advantageous, but on the other, viruses exist with a potential therapeutic role in this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Felczaka 3c, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland; (R.H.); (M.W.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ewelina Grywalska
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (E.G.); (J.R.)
| | - Rafał Hrynkiewicz
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Felczaka 3c, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland; (R.H.); (M.W.)
| | - Mikołaj Wołącewicz
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Felczaka 3c, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland; (R.H.); (M.W.)
| | - Rafał Becht
- Clinical Department of Oncology, Chemotherapy and Cancer Immunotherapy, Pomeranian Medical University of Szczecin, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Jacek Roliński
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (E.G.); (J.R.)
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Lee CL, Veeramani S, Molouki A, Lim SHE, Thomas W, Chia SL, Yusoff K. Virotherapy: Current Trends and Future Prospects for Treatment of Colon and Rectal Malignancies. Cancer Invest 2019; 37:393-414. [PMID: 31502477 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2019.1660887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies. In recent decades, early diagnosis and conventional therapies have resulted in a significant reduction in mortality. However, late stage metastatic disease still has very limited effective treatment options. There is a growing interest in using viruses to help target therapies to tumour sites. In recent years the evolution of immunotherapy has emphasised the importance of directing the immune system to eliminate tumour cells; we aim to give a state-of-the-art over-view of the diverse viruses that have been investigated as potential oncolytic agents for the treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Liang Lee
- Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland School of Medicine (PU-RCSI) , Serdang , Malaysia
| | - Sanggeetha Veeramani
- Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland School of Medicine (PU-RCSI) , Serdang , Malaysia
| | - Aidin Molouki
- Department of Avian Disease Research and Diagnostics, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO) , Karaj , Iran
| | - Swee Hua Erin Lim
- Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland School of Medicine (PU-RCSI) , Serdang , Malaysia.,Health Sciences Division, Abu Dhabi Women's College, Higher Colleges of Technology , Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates
| | - Warren Thomas
- Perdana University-Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland School of Medicine (PU-RCSI) , Serdang , Malaysia
| | - Suet Lin Chia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universit Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Malaysia.,Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Malaysia
| | - Khatijah Yusoff
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universit Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Malaysia.,Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia , Serdang , Malaysia
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8
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Zhao X, Zhang G, Liu S, Chen X, Peng R, Dai L, Qu X, Li S, Song H, Gao Z, Yuan P, Liu Z, Li C, Shang Z, Li Y, Zhang M, Qi J, Wang H, Du N, Wu Y, Bi Y, Gao S, Shi Y, Yan J, Zhang Y, Xie Z, Wei W, Gao GF. Human Neonatal Fc Receptor Is the Cellular Uncoating Receptor for Enterovirus B. Cell 2019; 177:1553-1565.e16. [PMID: 31104841 PMCID: PMC7111318 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Enterovirus B (EV-B), a major proportion of the genus Enterovirus in the family Picornaviridae, is the causative agent of severe human infectious diseases. Although cellular receptors for coxsackievirus B in EV-B have been identified, receptors mediating virus entry, especially the uncoating process of echovirus and other EV-B remain obscure. Here, we found that human neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) is the uncoating receptor for major EV-B. FcRn binds to the virus particles in the "canyon" through its FCGRT subunit. By obtaining multiple cryo-electron microscopy structures at different stages of virus entry at atomic or near-atomic resolution, we deciphered the underlying mechanisms of enterovirus attachment and uncoating. These structures revealed that different from the attachment receptor CD55, binding of FcRn to the virions induces efficient release of "pocket factor" under acidic conditions and initiates the conformational changes in viral particle, providing a structural basis for understanding the mechanisms of enterovirus entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China; CAS Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Guigen Zhang
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University Genome Editing Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Sheng Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China; School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026 Anhui, China
| | - Xiangpeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Virology Laboratory, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, 100045 Beijing, China
| | - Ruchao Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Lianpan Dai
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Qu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Shihua Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Hao Song
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Zhengrong Gao
- KunMing Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 650223 KunMing, China
| | - Pengfei Yuan
- EdiGene Inc, Life Science Park, 22 KeXueYuan Road, Changping District, 102206 Beijing, China
| | - Zhiheng Liu
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University Genome Editing Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Changyao Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Zifang Shang
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Yan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Meifan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Jianxun Qi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Han Wang
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Ning Du
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Yuhai Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China; CAS Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Shan Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 215163 Suzhou, China
| | - Yi Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China; CAS Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Jinghua Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China; CAS Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), 102206 Beijing, China; WHO WPRO Regional Polio Reference Laboratory, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 102206 Beijing, China
| | - Zhengde Xie
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Virology Laboratory, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, 100045 Beijing, China.
| | - Wensheng Wei
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University Genome Editing Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China.
| | - George F Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China; CAS Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China; Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China; National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), 102206 Beijing, China; Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China.
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9
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McCarthy C, Jayawardena N, Burga LN, Bostina M. Developing Picornaviruses for Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E685. [PMID: 31100962 PMCID: PMC6562951 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11050685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) form a group of novel anticancer therapeutic agents which selectively infect and lyse cancer cells. Members of several viral families, including Picornaviridae, have been shown to have anticancer activity. Picornaviruses are small icosahedral non-enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses infecting a wide range of hosts. They possess several advantages for development for cancer therapy: Their genomes do not integrate into host chromosomes, do not encode oncogenes, and are easily manipulated as cDNA. This review focuses on the picornaviruses investigated for anticancer potential and the mechanisms that underpin this specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cormac McCarthy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
| | - Nadishka Jayawardena
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
| | - Laura N Burga
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
| | - Mihnea Bostina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
- Otago Micro and Nano Imaging, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
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10
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Zhand S, Hosseini SM, Tabarraei A, Saeidi M, Jazi MS, Kalani MR, Moradi A. Oral poliovirus vaccine-induced programmed cell death involves both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways in human colorectal cancer cells. Oncolytic Virother 2018; 7:95-105. [PMID: 30464928 PMCID: PMC6214410 DOI: 10.2147/ov.s177260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common causes of cancer death throughout the world. Replication-competent viruses, which are naturally able to infect and lyse tumor cells, seem to be promising in this field. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) on human CRC cells and elucidate the mechanism of apoptosis induction. MATERIALS AND METHODS Protein and gene expression of poliovirus (PV) receptor (CD155) on four human CRC cell lines including HCT116, SW480, HT-29, and Caco-2 and normal fetal human colon (FHC) cell line as a control were examined by flow cytometry and SYBR Green Real-Time PCR, respectively. Cytotoxicity of OPV on indicated cell lines was tested using MTT assay. The ability of OPV on apoptosis induction for both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways was examined using caspase-8 and caspase-9 colorimetric assay kits. The PV propagation in mentioned cell lines was investigated, and the quantity of viral yields (cells associated and extracellular) was determined using TaqMan PCR. RESULTS CD155 mRNA and protein were expressed significantly higher in studied CRC cell lines rather than the normal cell line (P=0). OPV induced cell death in a time- and dose-dependent manner in human CRC cells. Apoptosis through both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways was detected in CRC cells with the minimum level found in FHC. PV viral load was significantly correlated with apoptosis via extrinsic (R=0.945, P=0.0001) and intrinsic (R=0.756, P=0.001) pathways. CONCLUSION This study suggests that OPV has potential for clinical treatment of CRC. However further studies in animal models (tumor xenografts) are needed to be certain that it is qualified enough for treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sareh Zhand
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Technology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Masoud Hosseini
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Technology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alijan Tabarraei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran,
| | - Mohsen Saeidi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran,
| | - Marie Saghaeian Jazi
- Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mohamad Reza Kalani
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Abdolvahab Moradi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran,
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11
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Kloker LD, Yurttas C, Lauer UM. Three-dimensional tumor cell cultures employed in virotherapy research. Oncolytic Virother 2018; 7:79-93. [PMID: 30234074 PMCID: PMC6130269 DOI: 10.2147/ov.s165479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy constitutes an upcoming alternative treatment option for a broad spectrum of cancer entities. However, despite great research efforts, there is still only a single US Food and Drug Administration/European Medicines Agency-approved oncolytic virus available for clinical use. One reason for that is the gap between promising preclinical data and limited clinical success. Since oncolytic viruses are biological agents, they might require more realistic in vitro tumor models than common monolayer tumor cell cultures to provide meaningful predictive preclinical evaluation results. For more realistic invitro tumor models, three-dimensional tumor cell-culture systems can be employed in preclinical virotherapy research. This review provides an overview of spheroid and hydrogel tumor cell cultures, organotypic tumor-tissue slices, organotypic raft cultures, and tumor organoids utilized in the context of oncolytic virotherapy. Furthermore, we also discuss advantages, disadvantages, techniques, and difficulties of these three-dimensional tumor cell-culture systems when applied specifically in virotherapy research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linus D Kloker
- Department of Clinical Tumor Biology, University Hospital, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany,
| | - Can Yurttas
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ulrich M Lauer
- Department of Clinical Tumor Biology, University Hospital, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany, .,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Tübingen, Germany,
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12
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Tilgase A, Patetko L, Blāķe I, Ramata-Stunda A, Borodušķis M, Alberts P. Effect of the oncolytic ECHO-7 virus Rigvir® on the viability of cell lines of human origin in vitro. J Cancer 2018; 9:1033-1049. [PMID: 29581783 PMCID: PMC5868171 DOI: 10.7150/jca.23242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The role of oncolytic viruses in cancer treatment is increasingly studied. The first oncolytic virus (Rigvir®, ECHO-7) was registered in Latvia over a decade ago. In a recent retrospective study Rigvir® decreased mortality 4.39-6.57-fold in stage IB-IIC melanoma patients. The aims of the present study are to test the effect of Rigvir® on cell line viability in vitro and to visualize the cellular presence of Rigvir® by immunocytochemistry. Methods: The cytolytic effect of Rigvir® on the viability of FM-9, RD, AGS, A549, HDFa, HPAF‑II, MSC, MCF7, HaCaT, and Sk-Mel-28 cell lines was measured using live cell imaging. PBMC viability was measured using flow cytometry. The presence of ECHO-7 virus was visualized using immunocytochemistry. Statistical difference between treatment groups was calculated using two-way ANOVA. Results: Rigvir® (10%, volume/volume) reduced cell viability in FM-9, RD, AGS, A549, HDFa, HPAF‑II and MSC cell lines by 67-100%. HaCaT cell viability was partly affected while Rigvir® had no effect on MCF7, Sk-Mel-28 and PBMC viability. Detection of ECHO-7 by immunocytochemistry in FM-9, RD, AGS, A549, HDFa, HPAF-II and Sk-Mel-28 cell lines suggests that the presence of Rigvir® in the cells preceded or coincided with the time of reduction of cell viability. Rigvir® (10%) had no effect on live PBMC count. Conclusions: The results suggest that Rigvir® in vitro reduces the viability of cells of human melanoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, gastric adenocarcinoma, lung carcinoma, pancreas adenocarcinoma but not in PBMC. The presence of Rigvir® in the sensitive cells was confirmed using anti-ECHO-7 antibodies. The present results suggest that a mechanism of action for the clinical benefit of Rigvir® is its cytolytic properties. The present results suggest that the effect of Rigvir® could be tested in other cancers besides melanoma. Further studies of possible Rigvir® entry receptors are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liene Patetko
- Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Ilze Blāķe
- Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
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13
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Svyatchenko VA, Ternovoy VA, Kiselev NN, Demina AV, Loktev VB, Netesov SV, Chumakov PM. Bioselection of coxsackievirus B6 strain variants with altered tropism to human cancer cell lines. Arch Virol 2017; 162:3355-3362. [PMID: 28766058 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3492-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells develop increased sensitivity to members of many virus families and, in particular, can be efficiently infected and lysed by many low-pathogenic human enteroviruses. However, because of their great genetic heterogeneity, cancer cells display different levels of sensitivity to particular enterovirus strains, which may substantially limit the chances of a positive clinical response. We show that a non-pathogenic strain of coxsackievirus B6 (LEV15) can efficiently replicate to high titers in the malignant human cell lines C33A, DU145, AsPC-1 and SK-Mel28, although it displays much lower replication efficiency in A431 and A549 cells and very limited replication ability in RD and MCF7 cells, as well as in the normal lung fibroblast cell line MRC-5 and the immortalized mammary epithelial cell line MCF10A. By serial passaging in RD, MCF7 and A431 cells, we obtained LEV15 strain variants that had acquired high replication capacity in the appropriate carcinoma cell lines without losing their high replication capability in the original set of cancer cell lines and had limited replication capability in untransformed cells. The strains demonstrated improved oncolytic properties in nude-mouse xenografts. We identified nucleotide changes responsible for the phenotypes and suggest a bioselection approach for a generation of oncolytic virus strains with a wider spectrum of affected tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor A Svyatchenko
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Koltsovo, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Vladimir A Ternovoy
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Koltsovo, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nikolai N Kiselev
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Koltsovo, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Anna V Demina
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Koltsovo, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Valery B Loktev
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Koltsovo, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sergey V Netesov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Koltsovo, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Peter M Chumakov
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia.
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Moscow, Russia.
- M.P. Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides, Federal Scientific Center on Research and Development of Immunobiology Products, Moscow, Russia.
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14
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Masemann D, Boergeling Y, Ludwig S. Employing RNA viruses to fight cancer: novel insights into oncolytic virotherapy. Biol Chem 2017; 398:891-909. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2017-0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Within recent decades, viruses that specifically target tumor cells have emerged as novel therapeutic agents against cancer. These viruses do not only act via their cell-lytic properties, but also harbor immunostimulatory features to re-direct the tumor microenvironment and stimulate tumor-directed immune responses. Furthermore, oncolytic viruses are considered to be superior to classical cancer therapies due to higher selectivity towards tumor cell destruction and, consequently, less collateral damage of non-transformed healthy tissue. In particular, the field of oncolytic RNA viruses is rapidly developing since these agents possess alternative tumor-targeting strategies compared to established oncolytic DNA viruses. Thus, oncolytic RNA viruses have broadened the field of virotherapy facilitating new strategies to fight cancer. In addition to several naturally occurring oncolytic viruses, genetically modified RNA viruses that are armed to express foreign factors such as immunostimulatory molecules have been successfully tested in early clinical trials showing promising efficacy. This review aims to provide an overview of the most promising RNA viruses in clinical development, to summarize the current knowledge of clinical trials using these viral agents, and to discuss the main issues as well as future perspectives of clinical approaches using oncolytic RNA viruses.
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15
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Ylä-Pelto J, Tripathi L, Susi P. Therapeutic Use of Native and Recombinant Enteroviruses. Viruses 2016; 8:57. [PMID: 26907330 PMCID: PMC4810247 DOI: 10.3390/v8030057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on human enteroviruses has resulted in the identification of more than 100 enterovirus types, which use more than 10 protein receptors and/or attachment factors required in cell binding and initiation of the replication cycle. Many of these “viral” receptors are overexpressed in cancer cells. Receptor binding and the ability to replicate in specific target cells define the tropism and pathogenesis of enterovirus types, because cellular infection often results in cytolytic response, i.e., disruption of the cells. Viral tropism and cytolytic properties thus make native enteroviruses prime candidates for oncolytic virotherapy. Copy DNA cloning and modification of enterovirus genomes have resulted in the generation of enterovirus vectors with properties that are useful in therapy or in vaccine trials where foreign antigenic epitopes are expressed from or on the surface of the vector virus. The small genome size and compact particle structure, however, set limits to enterovirus genome modifications. This review focuses on the therapeutic use of native and recombinant enteroviruses and the methods that have been applied to modify enterovirus genomes for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jani Ylä-Pelto
- Department of Virology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 13, 20520 Turku, Finland.
| | - Lav Tripathi
- Department of Virology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 13, 20520 Turku, Finland.
| | - Petri Susi
- Department of Virology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 13, 20520 Turku, Finland.
- Biomaterials and Diagnostics Group, Turku University of Applied Sciences, 20520 Turku, Finland.
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16
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Israelsson S, Sävneby A, Ekström JO, Jonsson N, Edman K, Lindberg AM. Improved replication efficiency of echovirus 5 after transfection of colon cancer cells using an authentic 5' RNA genome end methodology. Invest New Drugs 2014; 32:1063-70. [PMID: 25052234 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-014-0136-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy is a promising novel form of cancer treatment, but the therapeutic efficiency needs improvement. A potential strategy to enhance the therapeutic effect of oncolytic viruses is to use infectious nucleic acid as therapeutic agent to initiate an oncolytic infection, without administrating infectious viral particles. Here we demonstrate improved viral replication activation efficiency when transfecting cells with 5' end authentic in vitro transcribed enterovirus RNA as compared to genomic RNA with additional non-genomic 5' nucleotides generated by conventional cloning methods. We used echovirus 5 (E5) as an oncolytoc model virus due to its ability to replicate in and completely destroy five out of six colon cancer cell lines and kill artificial colon cancer tumors (HT29 spheroids), as shown here. An E5 infectious cDNA clone including a hammerhead ribozyme sequence was used to generate in vitro transcripts with native 5' genome ends. In HT29 cells, activation of virus replication is approximately 20-fold more efficient for virus genome transcripts with native 5' genome ends compared to E5 transcripts generated from a standard cDNA clone. This replication advantage remains when viral progeny release starts by cellular lysis 22 h post transfection. Hence, a native 5' genomic end improves infection activation efficacy of infectious nucleic acid, potentially enhancing its therapeutic effect when used for cancer treatment. The clone design with a hammerhead ribozyme is likely to be applicable to a variety of oncolytic positive sense RNA viruses for the purpose of improving the efficacy of oncolytic virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Israelsson
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, 391 82, Kalmar, Sweden
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17
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Chia SL, Yusoff K, Shafee N. Viral persistence in colorectal cancer cells infected by Newcastle disease virus. Virol J 2014; 11:91. [PMID: 24886301 PMCID: PMC4030049 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-11-91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Newcastle disease virus (NDV), a single-stranded RNA virus of the family Paramyxoviridae, is a candidate virotherapy agent in cancer treatment. Promising responses were observed in clinical studies. Despite its high potential, the possibility of the virus to develop a persistent form of infection in cancer cells has not been investigated. Occurrence of persistent infection by NDV in cancer cells may cause the cells to be less susceptible to the virus killing. This would give rise to a population of cancer cells that remains viable and resistant to treatment. RESULTS During infection experiment in a series of colorectal cancer cell lines, we adventitiously observed a development of persistent infection by NDV in SW480 cells, but not in other cell lines tested. This cell population, designated as SW480P, showed resistancy towards NDV killing in a re-infection experiment. The SW480P cells retained NDV genome and produced virus progeny with reduced plaque forming ability. CONCLUSION These observations showed that NDV could develop persistent infection in cancer cells and this factor needs to be taken into consideration when using NDV in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suet-Lin Chia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
- Institute of Biosciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Khatijah Yusoff
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
- Institute of Biosciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Norazizah Shafee
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
- Institute of Biosciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
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18
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Growth inhibition of different human colorectal cancer xenografts after a single intravenous injection of oncolytic vaccinia virus GLV-1h68. J Transl Med 2013; 11:79. [PMID: 23531320 PMCID: PMC3621142 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-11-79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite availability of efficient treatment regimens for early stage colorectal cancer, treatment regimens for late stage colorectal cancer are generally not effective and thus need improvement. Oncolytic virotherapy using replication-competent vaccinia virus (VACV) strains is a promising new strategy for therapy of a variety of human cancers. Methods Oncolytic efficacy of replication-competent vaccinia virus GLV-1h68 was analyzed in both, cell cultures and subcutaneous xenograft tumor models. Results In this study we demonstrated for the first time that the replication-competent recombinant VACV GLV-1h68 efficiently infected, replicated in, and subsequently lysed various human colorectal cancer lines (Colo 205, HCT-15, HCT-116, HT-29, and SW-620) derived from patients at all four stages of disease. Additionally, in tumor xenograft models in athymic nude mice, a single injection of intravenously administered GLV-1h68 significantly inhibited tumor growth of two different human colorectal cell line tumors (Duke’s type A-stage HCT-116 and Duke’s type C-stage SW-620), significantly improving survival compared to untreated mice. Expression of the viral marker gene ruc-gfp allowed for real-time analysis of the virus infection in cell cultures and in mice. GLV-1h68 treatment was well-tolerated in all animals and viral replication was confined to the tumor. GLV-1h68 treatment elicited a significant up-regulation of murine immune-related antigens like IFN-γ, IP-10, MCP-1, MCP-3, MCP-5, RANTES and TNF-γ and a greater infiltration of macrophages and NK cells in tumors as compared to untreated controls. Conclusion The anti-tumor activity observed against colorectal cancer cells in these studies was a result of direct viral oncolysis by GLV-1h68 and inflammation-mediated innate immune responses. The therapeutic effects occurred in tumors regardless of the stage of disease from which the cells were derived. Thus, the recombinant vaccinia virus GLV-1h68 has the potential to treat colorectal cancers independently of the stage of progression.
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