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Zhu ZJ, Teng M, Liu Y, Chen FJ, Yao Y, Li EZ, Luo J. Immune escape of avian oncogenic Marek's disease herpesvirus and antagonistic host immune responses. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:109. [PMID: 38879650 PMCID: PMC11180173 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00905-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Marek's disease virus (MDV) is a highly pathogenic and oncogenic alpha herpesvirus that causes Marek's disease (MD), which is one of the most important immunosuppressive and rapid-onset neoplastic diseases in poultry. The onset of MD lymphomas and other clinical diseases can be efficiently prevented by vaccination; these vaccines are heralded as the first demonstration of a successful vaccination strategy against a cancer. However, the persistent evolution of epidemic MDV strains towards greater virulence has recently resulted in frequent outbreaks of MD in vaccinated chicken flocks worldwide. Herein, we provide an overall review focusing on the discovery and identification of the strategies by which MDV evades host immunity and attacks the immune system. We have also highlighted the decrease in the immune efficacy of current MD vaccines. The prospects, strategies and new techniques for the development of efficient MD vaccines, together with the possibilities of antiviral therapy in MD, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jian Zhu
- College of Biological and Food Engineering & Affiliated Central Hospital, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, 463000, People's Republic of China
- Institute for Animal Health & UK-China Center of Excellence for Research on Avian Disease, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Man Teng
- Institute for Animal Health & UK-China Center of Excellence for Research on Avian Disease, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Biological and Food Engineering & Affiliated Central Hospital, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, 463000, People's Republic of China
| | - Fu-Jia Chen
- College of Biological and Food Engineering & Affiliated Central Hospital, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, 463000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongxiu Yao
- The Pirbright Institute & UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Pirbright, Ash Road, Guildford, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - En-Zhong Li
- College of Biological and Food Engineering & Affiliated Central Hospital, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, 463000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jun Luo
- Institute for Animal Health & UK-China Center of Excellence for Research on Avian Disease, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China.
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China.
- Laboratory of Functional Microbiology and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, People's Republic of China.
- Longhu Laboratory, Zhengzhou, 450046, People's Republic of China.
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Matsuyama-Kato A, Boodhoo N, Raj S, Abdul-Careem MF, Plattner BL, Behboudi S, Sharif S. The tumor microenvironment generated by Marek's disease virus suppresses interferon-gamma-producing gamma delta T cells. Vet Microbiol 2023; 285:109874. [PMID: 37716091 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is generated by the cross-talk among tumor cells, immune system cells, and stromal cells. The TME generated by Marek's disease virus (MDV) is suggested to display an immunosuppressive milieu due to immune inhibitory molecules and cytokines which are possibly induced by MDV-transformed cells and regulatory T cells. Both anti-tumor and pro-tumor gamma delta (γδ) T cells are reported in human cancer. Although anti-tumor like and pro-tumor like γδ T cells are found in MDV-infected chickens at the later phase of infection, how the TME affects circulating and tissue-resident γδ T cells has not been investigated. Here, we demonstrated that the supernatant of the cultured splenocytes derived from MDV-challenegd chickens inhibited interferon (IFN)-γ production and CD25 expression by T cell receptor (TCR)γδ-stimulated tissue-resident γδ T cells, but the supernatant of the cultured MDV-transformed cell line did not affect γδ T cell activation. TCRγδ-stimulated circulating γδ T cells were influenced neither by the supernatant of the cultured splenocytes derived from MDV-challenegd chickens nor by the supernatant of the cultured MDV-transformed cell line. Taken together, activation and IFN-γ production by tissue-resident γδ T cells can be inhibited in the TME generated by MDV while tumor attracted circulating γδ T cells may not be influenced in activation and IFN-γ production by the TME generated by MDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Matsuyama-Kato
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Nitish Boodhoo
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Sugandha Raj
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | | | - Brandon L Plattner
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-5802, USA
| | - Shahriar Behboudi
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NE, United Kingdom
| | - Shayan Sharif
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Fujisawa S, Murata S, Isezaki M, Win SY, Sato T, Oishi E, Taneno A, Maekawa N, Okagawa T, Konnai S, Ohashi K. Suppressive modulation of host immune responses by Dermanyssus gallinae infestation. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102532. [PMID: 36796246 PMCID: PMC9958498 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The poultry red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae, PRM) is a blood-sucking ectoparasite in chickens and is one of the most serious threats to poultry farms. Mass infestation with PRMs causes various health problems in chickens, resulting in significant productivity reduction in the poultry industry. Infestation with hematophagous ectoparasites, such as ticks, induces host inflammatory and hemostatic reactions. On the other hand, several studies have reported that hematophagous ectoparasites secrete various immunosuppressants from their saliva to suppress host immune responses to maintain blood sucking. Here, we examined the expression of cytokines in peripheral blood cells to investigate whether PRM infestation affects immunological states in chickens. In PRM-infested chickens, anti-inflammatory cytokines, IL-10 and TGF-β1, and immune checkpoint molecules, CTLA-4 and PD-1, were highly expressed compared to noninfested chickens. PRM-derived soluble mite extracts (SME) upregulated the gene expression of IL-10 in peripheral blood cells and HD-11 chicken macrophages. In addition, SME suppressed the expression of interferons and inflammatory cytokines in HD-11 chicken macrophages. Moreover, SME induces the polarization of macrophages into anti-inflammatory phenotypes. Collectively, PRM infestation could affect host immune responses, especially suppress the inflammatory responses. Further studies are warranted to fully understand the influence of PRM infestation on host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotaro Fujisawa
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shiro Murata
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Masayoshi Isezaki
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shwe Yee Win
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takumi Sato
- Vaxxinova Japan K.K., Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eiji Oishi
- Vaxxinova Japan K.K., Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Naoya Maekawa
- Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Okagawa
- Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Satoru Konnai
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan,Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ohashi
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan,Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan,International Affairs Office, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Bavananthasivam J, Alqazlan N, Alizadeh M, Matsuyama-Kato A, Astill J, Kulkarni RR, Sharif S. The Regulatory Microenvironment in Feathers of Chickens Infected with Very Virulent Marek's Disease Virus. Viruses 2022; 14:112. [PMID: 35062316 PMCID: PMC8781056 DOI: 10.3390/v14010112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines against Marek's disease can protect chickens against clinical disease; however, infected chickens continue to propagate the Marek's disease virus (MDV) in feather follicles and can shed the virus into the environment. Therefore, the present study investigated if MDV could induce an immunoregulatory microenvironment in feathers of chickens and whether vaccines can overcome the immune evasive mechanisms of MDV. The results showed an abundance of CD4+CD25+ and CD4+ transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)+ T regulatory cells in the feathers of MDV-infected chickens at 21 days post-infection. In contrast, vaccinated chickens had a lower number of regulatory T cells. Furthermore, the expression of TGF-β and programmed cell death receptor (PD)-1 increased considerably in the feathers of Marek's disease virus-infected chickens. The results of the present study raise the possibility of an immunoregulatory environment in the feather pulp of MDV-infected chickens, which may in turn favor replication of infectious MDV in this tissue. Exploring the evasive strategies employed by MDV will facilitate the development of control measures to prevent viral replication and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jegarubee Bavananthasivam
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (J.B.); (N.A.); (M.A.); (A.M.-K.); (J.A.)
| | - Nadiyah Alqazlan
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (J.B.); (N.A.); (M.A.); (A.M.-K.); (J.A.)
| | - Mohammadali Alizadeh
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (J.B.); (N.A.); (M.A.); (A.M.-K.); (J.A.)
| | - Ayumi Matsuyama-Kato
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (J.B.); (N.A.); (M.A.); (A.M.-K.); (J.A.)
| | - Jake Astill
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (J.B.); (N.A.); (M.A.); (A.M.-K.); (J.A.)
| | - Raveendra R. Kulkarni
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA;
| | - Shayan Sharif
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (J.B.); (N.A.); (M.A.); (A.M.-K.); (J.A.)
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Shi MY, Li M, Wang WW, Deng QM, Li QH, Gao YL, Wang PK, Huang T, Wei P. The Emergence of a vv + MDV Can Break through the Protections Provided by the Current Vaccines. Viruses 2020; 12:v12091048. [PMID: 32962247 PMCID: PMC7551601 DOI: 10.3390/v12091048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Marek’s disease (MD) is an infectious malignant T-cell lymphoma proliferative disease caused by Marek’s disease virus (MDV). In recent years, the emergence of very virulent (vv) and/or very virulent plus (vv +) strains of MDV in the field has been suggested as one of the causes of vaccination failure. The pathogenicity of the MDV strain GX18NNM4, isolated from a clinical outbreak in a broiler breeder flock that was vaccinated with CVI988/Rispens, was investigated. In the vaccination-challenge test, GX18NNM4 was able to break through the protections provided by the vaccines CVI988 and 814. It also significantly reduced body weight gain and caused marked gross lesions and a large area of infiltration of neoplastic lymphocyte cells in the heart, liver, pancreas, etc. of the infected birds. In addition, the expressions of programmed death 1 (PD-1) and its ligand, programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), in the spleens and cecal tonsils (CTs) of the unvaccinated challenged birds were significantly increased compared to those in the vaccinated challenged birds, indicating that the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway is related to immune evasion mechanisms. The results showed that the GX18NNM4 strain could cause severe immunosuppression and significantly decrease the protections provided by the current commercial vaccines, thus showing GX18NNM4 to be a vv + MDV strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-ya Shi
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (M.-y.S.); (M.L.); (W.-w.W.); (Q.-m.D.); (Q.-h.L.); (Y.-l.G.); (T.H.)
| | - Min Li
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (M.-y.S.); (M.L.); (W.-w.W.); (Q.-m.D.); (Q.-h.L.); (Y.-l.G.); (T.H.)
| | - Wei-wei Wang
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (M.-y.S.); (M.L.); (W.-w.W.); (Q.-m.D.); (Q.-h.L.); (Y.-l.G.); (T.H.)
| | - Qiao-mu Deng
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (M.-y.S.); (M.L.); (W.-w.W.); (Q.-m.D.); (Q.-h.L.); (Y.-l.G.); (T.H.)
| | - Qiu-hong Li
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (M.-y.S.); (M.L.); (W.-w.W.); (Q.-m.D.); (Q.-h.L.); (Y.-l.G.); (T.H.)
| | - Yan-li Gao
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (M.-y.S.); (M.L.); (W.-w.W.); (Q.-m.D.); (Q.-h.L.); (Y.-l.G.); (T.H.)
| | - Pei-kun Wang
- Institute of Microbe and Host Health, Linyi University, Linyi 276005, China;
| | - Teng Huang
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (M.-y.S.); (M.L.); (W.-w.W.); (Q.-m.D.); (Q.-h.L.); (Y.-l.G.); (T.H.)
| | - Ping Wei
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (M.-y.S.); (M.L.); (W.-w.W.); (Q.-m.D.); (Q.-h.L.); (Y.-l.G.); (T.H.)
- Correspondence:
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Yang Y, Dong M, Hao X, Qin A, Shang S. Revisiting cellular immune response to oncogenic Marek's disease virus: the rising of avian T-cell immunity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:3103-3116. [PMID: 32080753 PMCID: PMC7391395 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03477-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Marek's disease virus (MDV) is a highly oncogenic alphaherpesvirus that causes deadly T-cell lymphomas and serves as a natural virus-induced tumor model in chickens. Although Marek's disease (MD) is well controlled by current vaccines, the evolution of MDV field viruses towards increasing virulence is concerning as a better vaccine to combat very virulent plus MDV is still lacking. Our understanding of molecular and cellular immunity to MDV and its immunopathogenesis has significantly improved, but those findings about cellular immunity to MDV are largely out-of-date, hampering the development of more effective vaccines against MD. T-cell-mediated cellular immunity was thought to be of paramount importance against MDV. However, MDV also infects macrophages, B cells and T cells, leading to immunosuppression and T-cell lymphoma. Additionally, there is limited information about how uninfected immune cells respond to MDV infection or vaccination, specifically, the mechanisms by which T cells are activated and recognize MDV antigens and how the function and properties of activated T cells correlate with immune protection against MDV or MD tumor. The current review revisits the roles of each immune cell subset and its effector mechanisms in the host immune response to MDV infection or vaccination from the point of view of comparative immunology. We particularly emphasize areas of research requiring further investigation and provide useful information for rational design and development of novel MDV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Maoli Dong
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaoli Hao
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Aijian Qin
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- International Corporation Laboratory of Agriculture and Agricultural Products Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Shaobin Shang
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- International Corporation Laboratory of Agriculture and Agricultural Products Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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Reddy VRAP, Mwangi W, Sadigh Y, Nair V. In vitro Interactions of Chicken Programmed Cell Death 1 (PD-1) and PD-1 Ligand-1 (PD-L1). Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:436. [PMID: 31921710 PMCID: PMC6930881 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we determined the in vitro characteristics and binding interactions of chicken PD-1 (chPD-1) and PD-L1 (chPD-L1) and developed a panel of specific monoclonal antibodies against the two proteins. ChPD-1 and chPD-L1 sequence identities and similarities were lower compared with those of humans and other mammalian species. Furthermore, in phylogenetic analysis, chPD-1 and chPD-L1 were grouped separately from the mammalian PD-1 and PD-L1 sequences. As in other species, chPD-1 and chPD-L1 sequences showed signal peptide, extracellular domain, a transmembrane domain and intracellular domain. Based on the three dimensional (3D) structural homology, chPD-1, and chPD-L1 were similar to 3D structures of mammalian PD-1 and PD-L1. Further, Ig V domain of chPD-1 and the Ig V and Ig C domains of chPD-L1 were highly conserved with the mammalian counterparts. In vitro binding interaction studies using Superparamagnetic Dynabeads® confirmed that recombinant soluble chPD-1/PD-L1 fusion proteins and surface chPD-1/PD-L1 proteins interacted with each other on COS cells. Two monoclonal antibodies specific against chPD-1 and five antibodies against chPD-L1 were developed and their specific binding characteristics confirmed by immunofluorescence staining and Western blotting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William Mwangi
- Viral Oncogenesis Group, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Yashar Sadigh
- Viral Oncogenesis Group, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Venugopal Nair
- Viral Oncogenesis Group, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
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Abstract
A healthy immune system is a cornerstone for poultry production. Any factor diminishing the immune responses will affect production parameters and increase cost. There are numerous factors, infectious and noninfectious, causing immunosuppression (IS) in chickens. This paper reviews the three viral diseases that most commonly induce IS or subclinical IS in chickens: Marek's disease virus (MDV), chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV), and infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), as well as the interactions among them. MDV-induced IS (MDV-IS) affects both humoral and cellular immune responses. It is very complex, poorly understood, and in many cases underdiagnosed. Vaccination protects against some but not all aspects of MDV-IS. CIAV induces apoptosis of the hemocytoblasts resulting in anemia, hemorrhages, and increased susceptibility to bacterial infections. It also causes apoptosis of thymocytes and dividing T lymphocytes, affecting T helper functions, which are essential for antibody production and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) functions. Control of CIAV is based on vaccination of breeders and maternal antibodies (MAbs). However, subclinical IS can occur after MAbs wane. IBDV infection affects the innate immune responses during virus replication and humoral immune responses as a consequence of the destruction of B-cell populations. Vaccines with various levels of attenuation are used to control IBDV. Interactions with MAbs and residual virulence of the vaccines need to be considered when designing vaccination plans. The interaction between IBDV, CIAV, and MDV is critical although underestimated in many cases. A proper control of IBDV is a must to have proper humoral immune responses needed to control CIAV. Equally, long-term control of MDV is not possible if chickens are coinfected with CIAV, as CIAV jeopardizes CTL functions critical for MDV control.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Gimeno
- A Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607
| | - K A Schat
- B Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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Faiz NM, Cortes AL, Guy JS, Reddy SM, Gimeno IM. Differential attenuation of Marek’s disease virus-induced tumours and late-Marek’s disease virus-induced immunosuppression. J Gen Virol 2018; 99:927-936. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nik M. Faiz
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, Veterinary School, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Aneg L. Cortes
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, Veterinary School, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - James S. Guy
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, Veterinary School, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Sanjay M. Reddy
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Isabel M. Gimeno
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, Veterinary School, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
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Heidari M, Wang D, Fitzgerald SD, Sun S. Severe necrotic dermatitis in the combs of line 63 chickens infected with Marek's disease virus. Avian Pathol 2018; 45:582-92. [PMID: 27215315 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2016.1189511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Marek's disease virus (MDV), the aetiological agent of Mareks' disease (MD), is a highly cell-associated oncogenic α-herpesvirus that replicates in chicken lymphocytes and establishes a latent infection within CD4(+) T cells. We investigated the possible effect of MDV infection on the exacerbation of necrotic dermatitis in the combs of MD-susceptible (72) and MD-resistant (63) chicken lines at 21 days post infection. MDV-infected birds of line 63 are relatively resistant to tumour development but exhibit an unusual necrosis of combs, wattles, and footpads that is intensified when infected with MDV. Chickens from line 72, on the other hand, are highly susceptible to MDV infection and tumour development. Real-Time PCR analysis revealed that IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, IL-18, iNOS, and IFNγ were all up regulated in the comb tissues of MDV-infected susceptible line 72 with no visible necrotic damage. With the exception of IL-8 and iNOS, the expression of all the other tested genes was barely detected in the necrotic combs of the resistant line 63. Real-Time PCR analysis revealed the MDV meq oncogene transcripts in the spleen tissues of both infected lines but in the comb tissues of only the susceptible line 72. A significant infiltration of macrophages and lymphocytes was detected in the comb tissues of both resistant and susceptible lines. Histopathological analysis also showed thinning and erosion of epidermis and inflammation, lympho-plasmocytic infiltration, heterophilic, and histocytic cellulitis within the connective tissues of the necrotic combs. Gram stain of the sectioned frozen comb samples exposed the presence of Gram-positive micrococcus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Heidari
- a United States Department of Agriculture , Agriculture Research Service, Avian Disease and Oncology Laboratory , East Lansing , MI , USA
| | - Dan Wang
- b College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine , Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an , People's Republic of China
| | - Scott D Fitzgerald
- c Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine , Michigan State University , East Lansing , MI , USA
| | - Shuhong Sun
- b College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine , Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an , People's Republic of China
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Boodhoo N, Gurung A, Sharif S, Behboudi S. Marek's disease in chickens: a review with focus on immunology. Vet Res 2016; 47:119. [PMID: 27894330 PMCID: PMC5127044 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-016-0404-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Marek's disease (MD), caused by Marek's disease virus (MDV), is a commercially important neoplastic disease of poultry which is only controlled by mass vaccination. Importantly, vaccines that can provide sterile immunity and inhibit virus transmission are lacking; such that vaccines are only capable of preventing neuropathy, oncogenic disease and immunosuppression, but are unable to prevent MDV transmission or infection, leading to emergence of increasingly virulent pathotypes. Hence, to address these issues, developing more efficacious vaccines that induce sterile immunity have become one of the important research goals for avian immunologists today. MDV shares very close genomic functional and structural characteristics to most mammalian herpes viruses such as herpes simplex virus (HSV). MD also provides an excellent T cell lymphoma model for gaining insights into other herpesvirus-induced oncogenesis in mammals and birds. For these reasons, we need to develop an in-depth knowledge and understanding of the host-viral interaction and host immunity against MD. Similarly, the underlying genetic variation within different chicken lines has a major impact on the outcome of infection. In this review article, we aim to investigate the pathogenesis of MDV infection, host immunity to MD and discuss areas of research that need to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitish Boodhoo
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Angila Gurung
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Shayan Sharif
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Shahriar Behboudi
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK.
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Abstract
Recently, dysfunction of antigen-specific T cells is well documented as T-cell exhaustion and has been defined by the loss of effector functions during chronic infections and cancer in human. The exhausted T cells are characterized phenotypically by the surface expression of immunoinhibitory receptors, such as programmed death 1 (PD-1), lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG-3), T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (Tim-3) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4). However, there is still a fundamental lack of knowledge about the immunoinhibitory receptors in the fields of veterinary medicine. In particular, very little is known about mechanism of T cell dysfunction in chronic infection in cattle. Recent our studies have revealed that immunoinhibitory molecules including PD-1/ programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) play critical roles in immune exhaustion and disease progression in case of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection, Johne's disease and bovine anaplasmosis. This review includes some recent data from us.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Konnai
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
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An N, Li HY, Zhang XM. Growth inhibitive effect of betulinic acid combined with tripterine on MSB-1 cells and its mechanism. Poult Sci 2016; 94:2880-6. [PMID: 26467010 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Marek's disease (MD), a highly infectious lymphoproliferative disease in chickens, is caused by a cell-associated oncogenic herpesvirus, Marek's disease virus (MDV). MSB-1 is a MD-derived lymphoblastoid cell line and can induce tumors when inoculated into susceptible chickens. Betulinic acid, which is present as one of the major effective components in many traditional Chinese medicines, has recently been reported to inhibit growth of cancer cells and employed as a potential anticancer agent. Tripterine, a major active compound extracted from the Chinese herb Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F, has now also shown anti-tumor activities in various cancers. The aim of this study was to investigate the synergistic growth-inhibitive effect of betulinic acid combined with tripterine on MSB-1 cells and its mechanism. Viability of MSB-1 cells was assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-y1)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method. Cell apoptotic analysis was performed by fluorescence detection. NF-κB transcription activity was detected by measuring luciferase activity. Western blotting was used to analyze the expression of p65, IκB and Meq. Our results showed that the proliferation in the combination group was significantly decreased as compared with that of monotherapy using betulinic acid or tripterine, accompanied by an induction of apoptosis, inhibition of NF-κB transcriptional activity and its targeting oncogenic gene Meq. The results suggest that the combination of betulinic acid and tripterine at lower concentration may produce a synergistic inhibitive effect on MSB-1 cells that warrants further investigation for its potential clinical applications.
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Yao Q, Fischer KP, Tyrrell DL, Gutfreund KS. The Pekin duck programmed death-ligand 1: cDNA cloning, genomic structure, molecular characterization and mRNA expression analysis. Int J Immunogenet 2014; 42:111-20. [PMID: 25556810 DOI: 10.1111/iji.12175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) plays an important role in the attenuation of adaptive immune responses in higher vertebrates. Here, we describe the identification of the Pekin duck PD-L1 orthologue (duPD-L1) and its gene structure. The duPD-L1 cDNA encodes a 311-amino acid protein that has an amino acid identity of 78% and 42% with chicken and human PD-L1, respectively. Mapping of the duPD-L1 cDNA with duck genomic sequences revealed an exonic structure of its coding sequence similar to those of other vertebrates but lacked a noncoding exon 1. Homology modelling of the duPD-L1 extracellular domain was compatible with the tandem IgV-like and IgC-like IgSF domain structure of human PD-L1 (PDB ID: 3BIS). Residues known to be important for receptor binding of human PD-L1 were mostly conserved in duPD-L1 within the N-terminus and the G sheet, and partially conserved within the F sheet but not within sheets C and C'. DuPD-L1 mRNA was constitutively expressed in all tissues examined with highest expression levels in lung and spleen and very low levels of expression in muscle, kidney and brain. Mitogen stimulation of duck peripheral blood mononuclear cells transiently increased duPD-L1 mRNA expression. Our observations demonstrate evolutionary conservation of the exonic structure of its coding sequence, the extracellular domain structure and residues implicated in receptor binding, but the role of the longer cytoplasmic tail in avian PD-L1 proteins remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Yao
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Matsuyama-Kato A, Murata S, Isezaki M, Takasaki S, Kano R, Konnai S, Ohashi K. Expression analysis of programmed death ligand 2 in tumors caused by the avian oncovirus Marek's disease virus. Arch Virol 2014; 159:2123-6. [PMID: 24623086 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2021-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PD-L2 is a ligand of the immunoinhibitory receptor PD-1. Here, we report functional and expression analyses of PD-L2 in tumor lesions and spleens from chickens infected with gallid herpesvirus 2 (GaHV-2, Marek's disease virus), which induces malignant lymphomas in chickens. We show that the expression of IFN-γ protein was decreased in PBMCs and splenocytes co-cultured with PD-L2-expressing cells and that the expression of PD-L2 mRNA was significantly higher in the spleens of infected chickens in the latent phase and in tumor lesions caused by GaHV-2. These results suggest that chicken PD-L2 has an immunoinhibitory function and is involved in the establishment of latency and tumor formation by GaHV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Matsuyama-Kato
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
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Haq K, Schat KA, Sharif S. Immunity to Marek's disease: where are we now? DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 41:439-446. [PMID: 23588041 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Marek's disease (MD) in chickens was first described over a century ago and the causative agent of this disease, Marek's disease virus (MDV), was first identified in the 1960's. There has been extensive and intensive research over the last few decades to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of the interactions between the virus and its host. We have also made considerable progress in terms of developing efficacious vaccines against MD. The advent of the chicken genetic map and genome sequence as well as development of approaches for chicken transcriptome and proteome analyses, have greatly facilitated the process of illuminating underlying genetic mechanisms of resistance and susceptibility to disease. However, there are still major gaps in our understanding of MDV pathogenesis and mechanisms of host immunity to the virus and to the neoplastic events caused by this virus. Importantly, vaccines that can disrupt virus transmission in the field are lacking. The current review explores mechanisms of host immunity against Marek's disease and makes an attempt to identify the areas that are lacking in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamran Haq
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Canada
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Ikebuchi R, Konnai S, Okagawa T, Yokoyama K, Nakajima C, Suzuki Y, Murata S, Ohashi K. Blockade of bovine PD-1 increases T cell function and inhibits bovine leukemia virus expression in B cells in vitro. Vet Res 2013; 44:59. [PMID: 23876077 PMCID: PMC3726328 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed death-1 (PD-1) is a known immunoinhibitory receptor that contributes to immune evasion of various tumor cells and pathogens causing chronic infection, such as bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection. First, in this study, to establish a method for the expression and functional analysis of bovine PD-1, hybridomas producing monoclonal antibodies (mAb) specific for bovine PD-1 were established. Treatment with these anti-PD-1 mAb enhanced interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) production of bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Next, to examine whether PD-1 blockade by anti-PD-1 mAb could upregulate the immune reaction during chronic infection, the expression and functional analysis of PD-1 in PBMC isolated from BLV-infected cattle with or without lymphoma were performed using anti-PD-1 mAb. The frequencies of both PD-1+ CD4+ T cells in blood and lymph node and PD-1+ CD8+ T cells in lymph node were higher in BLV-infected cattle with lymphoma than those without lymphoma or control uninfected cattle. PD-1 blockade enhanced IFN-γ production and proliferation and reduced BLV-gp51 expression and B-cell activation in PBMC from BLV-infected cattle in response to BLV-gp51 peptide mixture. These data show that anti-bovine PD-1 mAb could provide a new therapy to control BLV infection via upregulation of immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoyo Ikebuchi
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan.
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Kumar S, Kunec D, Buza JJ, Chiang HI, Zhou H, Subramaniam S, Pendarvis K, Cheng HH, Burgess SC. Nuclear Factor kappa B is central to Marek's disease herpesvirus induced neoplastic transformation of CD30 expressing lymphocytes in-vivo. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2012; 6:123. [PMID: 22979947 PMCID: PMC3472249 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-6-123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Marek’s Disease (MD) is a hyperproliferative, lymphomatous, neoplastic disease of chickens caused by the oncogenic Gallid herpesvirus type 2 (GaHV-2; MDV). Like several human lymphomas the neoplastic MD lymphoma cells overexpress the CD30 antigen (CD30hi) and are in minority, while the non-neoplastic cells (CD30lo) form the majority of population. MD is a unique natural in-vivo model of human CD30hi lymphomas with both natural CD30hi lymphomagenesis and spontaneous regression. The exact mechanism of neoplastic transformation from CD30lo expressing phenotype to CD30hi expressing neoplastic phenotype is unknown. Here, using microarray, proteomics and Systems Biology modeling; we compare the global gene expression of CD30lo and CD30hi cells to identify key pathways of neoplastic transformation. We propose and test a specific mechanism of neoplastic transformation, and genetic resistance, involving the MDV oncogene Meq, host gene products of the Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-κB) family and CD30; we also identify a novel Meq protein interactome. Results Our results show that a) CD30lo lymphocytes are pre-neoplastic precursors and not merely reactive lymphocytes; b) multiple transformation mechanisms exist and are potentially controlled by Meq; c) Meq can drive a feed-forward cycle that induces CD30 transcription, increases CD30 signaling which activates NF-κB, and, in turn, increases Meq transcription; d) Meq transcriptional repression or activation of the CD30 promoter generally correlates with polymorphisms in the CD30 promoter distinguishing MD-lymphoma resistant and susceptible chicken genotypes e) MDV oncoprotein Meq interacts with proteins involved in physiological processes central to lymphomagenesis. Conclusions In the context of the MD lymphoma microenvironment (and potentially in other CD30hi lymphomas as well), our results show that the neoplastic transformation is a continuum and the non-neoplastic cells are actually pre-neoplastic precursor cells and not merely immune bystanders. We also show that NF-κB is a central player in MDV induced neoplastic transformation of CD30-expressing lymphocytes in vivo. Our results provide insights into molecular mechanisms of neoplastic transformation in MD specifically and also herpesvirus induced lymphoma in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyamesh Kumar
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS 39762, USA.
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