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Romero-Becera R, Santamans AM, Arcones AC, Sabio G. From Beats to Metabolism: the Heart at the Core of Interorgan Metabolic Cross Talk. Physiology (Bethesda) 2024; 39:98-125. [PMID: 38051123 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00018.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The heart, once considered a mere blood pump, is now recognized as a multifunctional metabolic and endocrine organ. Its function is tightly regulated by various metabolic processes, at the same time it serves as an endocrine organ, secreting bioactive molecules that impact systemic metabolism. In recent years, research has shed light on the intricate interplay between the heart and other metabolic organs, such as adipose tissue, liver, and skeletal muscle. The metabolic flexibility of the heart and its ability to switch between different energy substrates play a crucial role in maintaining cardiac function and overall metabolic homeostasis. Gaining a comprehensive understanding of how metabolic disorders disrupt cardiac metabolism is crucial, as it plays a pivotal role in the development and progression of cardiac diseases. The emerging understanding of the heart as a metabolic and endocrine organ highlights its essential contribution to whole body metabolic regulation and offers new insights into the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disorders. In this review, we provide an in-depth exploration of the heart's metabolic and endocrine functions, emphasizing its role in systemic metabolism and the interplay between the heart and other metabolic organs. Furthermore, emerging evidence suggests a correlation between heart disease and other conditions such as aging and cancer, indicating that the metabolic dysfunction observed in these conditions may share common underlying mechanisms. By unraveling the complex mechanisms underlying cardiac metabolism, we aim to contribute to the development of novel therapeutic strategies for metabolic diseases and improve overall cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alba C Arcones
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guadalupe Sabio
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas, Madrid, Spain
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2
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Statsenko Y, Kuznetsov NV, Morozova D, Liaonchyk K, Simiyu GL, Smetanina D, Kashapov A, Meribout S, Gorkom KNV, Hamoudi R, Ismail F, Ansari SA, Emerald BS, Ljubisavljevic M. Reappraisal of the Concept of Accelerated Aging in Neurodegeneration and Beyond. Cells 2023; 12:2451. [PMID: 37887295 PMCID: PMC10605227 DOI: 10.3390/cells12202451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic and epigenetic changes, oxidative stress and inflammation influence the rate of aging, which diseases, lifestyle and environmental factors can further accelerate. In accelerated aging (AA), the biological age exceeds the chronological age. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to reappraise the AA concept critically, considering its weaknesses and limitations. METHODS We reviewed more than 300 recent articles dealing with the physiology of brain aging and neurodegeneration pathophysiology. RESULTS (1) Application of the AA concept to individual organs outside the brain is challenging as organs of different systems age at different rates. (2) There is a need to consider the deceleration of aging due to the potential use of the individual structure-functional reserves. The latter can be restored by pharmacological and/or cognitive therapy, environment, etc. (3) The AA concept lacks both standardised terminology and methodology. (4) Changes in specific molecular biomarkers (MBM) reflect aging-related processes; however, numerous MBM candidates should be validated to consolidate the AA theory. (5) The exact nature of many potential causal factors, biological outcomes and interactions between the former and the latter remain largely unclear. CONCLUSIONS Although AA is commonly recognised as a perspective theory, it still suffers from a number of gaps and limitations that assume the necessity for an updated AA concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yauhen Statsenko
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (Y.S.); (G.L.S.); (D.S.); (A.K.); (S.M.); (K.N.-V.G.)
- ASPIRE Precision Medicine Research Institute Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 27272, United Arab Emirates; (D.M.); (K.L.); (R.H.); (S.A.A.); (B.S.E.); (M.L.)
- Big Data Analytic Center, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nik V. Kuznetsov
- ASPIRE Precision Medicine Research Institute Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 27272, United Arab Emirates; (D.M.); (K.L.); (R.H.); (S.A.A.); (B.S.E.); (M.L.)
| | - Daria Morozova
- ASPIRE Precision Medicine Research Institute Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 27272, United Arab Emirates; (D.M.); (K.L.); (R.H.); (S.A.A.); (B.S.E.); (M.L.)
| | - Katsiaryna Liaonchyk
- ASPIRE Precision Medicine Research Institute Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 27272, United Arab Emirates; (D.M.); (K.L.); (R.H.); (S.A.A.); (B.S.E.); (M.L.)
| | - Gillian Lylian Simiyu
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (Y.S.); (G.L.S.); (D.S.); (A.K.); (S.M.); (K.N.-V.G.)
| | - Darya Smetanina
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (Y.S.); (G.L.S.); (D.S.); (A.K.); (S.M.); (K.N.-V.G.)
| | - Aidar Kashapov
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (Y.S.); (G.L.S.); (D.S.); (A.K.); (S.M.); (K.N.-V.G.)
| | - Sarah Meribout
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (Y.S.); (G.L.S.); (D.S.); (A.K.); (S.M.); (K.N.-V.G.)
| | - Klaus Neidl-Van Gorkom
- Department of Radiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (Y.S.); (G.L.S.); (D.S.); (A.K.); (S.M.); (K.N.-V.G.)
| | - Rifat Hamoudi
- ASPIRE Precision Medicine Research Institute Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 27272, United Arab Emirates; (D.M.); (K.L.); (R.H.); (S.A.A.); (B.S.E.); (M.L.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London NW3 2PS, UK
| | - Fatima Ismail
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Suraiya Anjum Ansari
- ASPIRE Precision Medicine Research Institute Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 27272, United Arab Emirates; (D.M.); (K.L.); (R.H.); (S.A.A.); (B.S.E.); (M.L.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bright Starling Emerald
- ASPIRE Precision Medicine Research Institute Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 27272, United Arab Emirates; (D.M.); (K.L.); (R.H.); (S.A.A.); (B.S.E.); (M.L.)
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Milos Ljubisavljevic
- ASPIRE Precision Medicine Research Institute Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 27272, United Arab Emirates; (D.M.); (K.L.); (R.H.); (S.A.A.); (B.S.E.); (M.L.)
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
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3
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Zhang H, Zhou H, Shen X, Lin X, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Zhou Y, Zhang L, Zhang D. The role of cellular senescence in metabolic diseases and the potential for senotherapeutic interventions. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1276707. [PMID: 37868908 PMCID: PMC10587568 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1276707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence represents an irreversible state of cell cycle arrest induced by various stimuli strongly associated with aging and several chronic ailments. In recent years, studies have increasingly suggested that the accumulation of senescent cells is an important contributor to the decline of organ metabolism, ultimately resulting in metabolic diseases. Conversely, the elimination of senescent cells can alleviate or postpone the onset and progression of metabolic diseases. Thus, a close relationship between senescent cells and metabolic diseases is found, and targeting senescent cells has emerged as an alternative therapy for the treatment of metabolic diseases. In this review, we summarize the role of cellular senescence in metabolic diseases, explore relevant therapeutic strategies for metabolic diseases by removing senescent cells, and provide new insights into the treatment of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huantong Zhang
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Han Zhou
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin Shen
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xingchen Lin
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuke Zhang
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiyi Sun
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Economy and Management, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
- Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Taizhou, China
| | - Dayong Zhang
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China
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4
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Nunn AVW, Guy GW, Bell JD. Informing the Cannabis Conjecture: From Life's Beginnings to Mitochondria, Membranes and the Electrome-A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13070. [PMID: 37685877 PMCID: PMC10488084 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Before the late 1980s, ideas around how the lipophilic phytocannabinoids might be working involved membranes and bioenergetics as these disciplines were "in vogue". However, as interest in genetics and pharmacology grew, interest in mitochondria (and membranes) waned. The discovery of the cognate receptor for tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) led to the classification of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) and the conjecture that phytocannabinoids might be "working" through this system. However, the how and the "why" they might be beneficial, especially for compounds like CBD, remains unclear. Given the centrality of membranes and mitochondria in complex organisms, and their evolutionary heritage from the beginnings of life, revisiting phytocannabinoid action in this light could be enlightening. For example, life can be described as a self-organising and replicating far from equilibrium dissipating system, which is defined by the movement of charge across a membrane. Hence the building evidence, at least in animals, that THC and CBD modulate mitochondrial function could be highly informative. In this paper, we offer a unique perspective to the question, why and how do compounds like CBD potentially work as medicines in so many different conditions? The answer, we suggest, is that they can modulate membrane fluidity in a number of ways and thus dissipation and engender homeostasis, particularly under stress. To understand this, we need to embrace origins of life theories, the role of mitochondria in plants and explanations of disease and ageing from an adaptive thermodynamic perspective, as well as quantum mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair V. W. Nunn
- Research Centre for Optimal Health, Department of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UK; (G.W.G.); (J.D.B.)
- The Guy Foundation, Beaminster DT8 3HY, UK
| | - Geoffrey W. Guy
- Research Centre for Optimal Health, Department of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UK; (G.W.G.); (J.D.B.)
- The Guy Foundation, Beaminster DT8 3HY, UK
| | - Jimmy D. Bell
- Research Centre for Optimal Health, Department of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UK; (G.W.G.); (J.D.B.)
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Nunn AVW, Guy GW, Brysch W, Bell JD. Understanding Long COVID; Mitochondrial Health and Adaptation-Old Pathways, New Problems. Biomedicines 2022; 10:3113. [PMID: 36551869 PMCID: PMC9775339 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Many people infected with the SARS-CoV-2 suffer long-term symptoms, such as "brain fog", fatigue and clotting problems. Explanations for "long COVID" include immune imbalance, incomplete viral clearance and potentially, mitochondrial dysfunction. As conditions with sub-optimal mitochondrial function are associated with initial severity of the disease, their prior health could be key in resistance to long COVID and recovery. The SARs virus redirects host metabolism towards replication; in response, the host can metabolically react to control the virus. Resolution is normally achieved after viral clearance as the initial stress activates a hormetic negative feedback mechanism. It is therefore possible that, in some individuals with prior sub-optimal mitochondrial function, the virus can "tip" the host into a chronic inflammatory cycle. This might explain the main symptoms, including platelet dysfunction. Long COVID could thus be described as a virally induced chronic and self-perpetuating metabolically imbalanced non-resolving state characterised by mitochondrial dysfunction, where reactive oxygen species continually drive inflammation and a shift towards glycolysis. This would suggest that a sufferer's metabolism needs to be "tipped" back using a stimulus, such as physical activity, calorie restriction, or chemical compounds that mimic these by enhancing mitochondrial function, perhaps in combination with inhibitors that quell the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair V. W. Nunn
- Research Centre for Optimal Health, Department of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UK
| | - Geoffrey W. Guy
- The Guy Foundation, Chedington Court, Beaminster, Dorset DT8 3HY, UK
| | | | - Jimmy D. Bell
- Research Centre for Optimal Health, Department of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UK
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6
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Wensvoort G. Human C-peptide is a ligand of the elastin-receptor-complex and therewith central to human vascular remodelling and disease in metabolic syndrome. Med Hypotheses 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2022.110964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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7
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Oxidative stress, aging, antioxidant supplementation and their impact on human health: An overview. Mech Ageing Dev 2022; 206:111707. [PMID: 35839856 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2022.111707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aging is characterized by a progressive loss of tissue and organ function due to genetic and environmental factors, nutrition, and lifestyle. Oxidative stress is one the most important mechanisms of cellular senescence and increased frailty, resulting in several age-linked, noncommunicable diseases. Contributing events include genomic instability, telomere shortening, epigenetic mechanisms, reduced proteome homeostasis, altered stem-cell function, defective intercellular communication, progressive deregulation of nutrient sensing, mitochondrial dysfunction, and metabolic unbalance. These complex events and their interplay can be modulated by dietary habits and the ageing process, acting as potential measures of primary and secondary prevention. Promising nutritional approaches include the Mediterranean diet, the intake of dietary antioxidants, and the restriction of caloric intake. A comprehensive understanding of the ageing processes should promote new biomarkers of risk or diagnosis, but also beneficial treatments oriented to increase lifespan.
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8
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Wu X, Roussell MA, Hill AM, Kris-Etherton PM, Walzem RL. Baseline Insulin Resistance Is a Determinant of the Small, Dense Low-Density Lipoprotein Response to Diets Differing in Saturated Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrate Contents. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124328. [PMID: 34959879 PMCID: PMC8703472 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Individual responses to diet vary but causes other than genetics are poorly understood. This study sought to determine whether baseline values of homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR) was related to changes in small, dense low-density lipoprotein (sdLDL, i.e., LDL4, d = 1.044–1.063 g/mL) amounts quantified by isopycnic density profiling, in mildly hypercholesterolemic subjects (n = 27) consuming one of three low saturated fatty acid (SFA) diets: Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), Beef in an Optimal Lean Diet (BOLD) and BOLD plus extra protein (BOLD+) when compared to a higher-SFA healthy American diet (HAD). The diets were consumed in random order for 5 wk, with 1 wk between diets. BOLD+ reduced fractional abundance (%) LDL4 (p < 0.05) relative to HAD, DASH and BOLD, and reductions in % LDL4 correlated with reductions in triglycerides (p = 0.044), total cholesterol (p = 0.014), LDL cholesterol (p = 0.004) and apolipoprotein B (p < 0.001). Responses to the four diets were similar (~12% decrease in % LDL4, p = 0.890) in the lower (<2.73 median) HOMA-IR subgroup but differed across diet conditions in the higher HOMA-IR subgroup (p = 0.013), in which % LDL4 was reduced with BOLD+ (−11%), was unchanged in BOLD and increased with the HAD (8%) and DASH (6%) diets (p < 0.05 for BOLD+ vs. HAD). Individual responses to diet interventions are influenced by presence and degree of insulin resistance as measured by HOMA-IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuzhi Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Michael A. Roussell
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA 16802, USA; (M.A.R.); (A.M.H.); (P.M.K.-E.)
| | - Alison M. Hill
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA 16802, USA; (M.A.R.); (A.M.H.); (P.M.K.-E.)
- UniSA Clinical & Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Penny M. Kris-Etherton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA 16802, USA; (M.A.R.); (A.M.H.); (P.M.K.-E.)
| | - Rosemary L. Walzem
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-979-847-7361
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9
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Nunn AVW, Guy GW, Botchway SW, Bell JD. SARS-CoV-2 and EBV; the cost of a second mitochondrial "whammy"? Immun Ageing 2021; 18:40. [PMID: 34717676 PMCID: PMC8556816 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-021-00252-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We, and others, have suggested that as the SARS-CoV-2 virus may modulate mitochondrial function, good mitochondrial reserve and health could be key in determining disease severity when exposed to this virus, as the immune system itself is dependent on this organelle's function. With the recent publication of a paper showing that long COVID could be associated with the reactivation of the Epstein Barr Virus, which is well known to manipulate mitochondria, we suggest that this could represent a second mitochondrial "whammy" that might support the mitochondrial hypothesis underlying COVID-19 severity and potentially, the occurrence of longer-term symptoms. As mitochondrial function declines with age, this could be an important factor in why older populations are more susceptible. Key factors which ensure optimal mitochondrial health are generally those that ensure healthy ageing, such as a good lifestyle with plenty of physical activity. The ability of viruses to manipulate mitochondrial function is well described, and it is now also thought that for evolutionary reasons, they also manipulate the ageing process. Given that slowing the ageing process could well be linked to better economic outcomes, the link between mitochondrial health, economics, COVID-19 and other viruses, as well as lifestyle, needs to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair V W Nunn
- Research Centre for Optimal Health, Department of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, W1W 6UW, London, UK.
| | | | - Stanley W Botchway
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, UKRI, STFC, Central Laser Facility, Oxford Brookes University, OX1 10QX, Oxford, UK
| | - Jimmy D Bell
- Research Centre for Optimal Health, Department of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, W1W 6UW, London, UK
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Karnik M, Beeraka NM, Uthaiah CA, Nataraj SM, Bettadapura ADS, Aliev G, Madhunapantula SV. A Review on SARS-CoV-2-Induced Neuroinflammation, Neurodevelopmental Complications, and Recent Updates on the Vaccine Development. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:4535-4563. [PMID: 34089508 PMCID: PMC8179092 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02399-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a devastating viral infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The incidence and mortality of COVID-19 patients have been increasing at an alarming rate. The mortality is much higher in older individuals, especially the ones suffering from respiratory distress, cardiac abnormalities, renal diseases, diabetes, and hypertension. Existing evidence demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 makes its entry into human cells through angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) followed by the uptake of virions through cathepsin L or transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2). SARS-CoV-2-mediated abnormalities in particular cardiovascular and neurological ones and the damaged coagulation systems require extensive research to develop better therapeutic modalities. As SARS-CoV-2 uses its S-protein to enter into the host cells of several organs, the S-protein of the virus is considered as the ideal target to develop a potential vaccine. In this review, we have attempted to highlight the landmark discoveries that lead to the development of various vaccines that are currently under different stages of clinical progression. Besides, a brief account of various drug candidates that are being tested to mitigate the burden of COVID-19 was also covered. Further, in a dedicated section, the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on neuronal inflammation and neuronal disorders was discussed. In summary, it is expected that the content covered in this article help to understand the pathophysiology of COVID-19 and the impact on neuronal complications induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection while providing an update on the vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medha Karnik
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Narasimha M Beeraka
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka, India
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), St. Trubetskaya, 8, bld. 2, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Chinnappa A Uthaiah
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Suma M Nataraj
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Anjali Devi S Bettadapura
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Gjumrakch Aliev
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), St. Trubetskaya, 8, bld. 2, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, 142432, Russia
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupy Street, Moscow, 117418, Russia
- GALLY International Research Institute, 7733 Louis Pasteur Drive, San Antonio, TX, #330, USA
| | - SubbaRao V Madhunapantula
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka, India.
- Special Interest Group in Cancer Biology and Cancer Stem Cells (SIG-CBCSC), JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka, India.
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Carn D, Lanaspa MA, Benner SA, Andrews P, Dudley R, Andres-Hernando A, Tolan DR, Johnson RJ. The role of thrifty genes in the origin of alcoholism: A narrative review and hypothesis. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2021; 45:1519-1526. [PMID: 34120350 PMCID: PMC8429132 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In this narrative review, we present the hypothesis that key mutations in two genes, occurring 15 and 10 million years ago (MYA), were individually and then collectively adaptive for ancestral humans during periods of starvation, but are maladaptive in modern civilization (i.e., "thrifty genes"), with the consequence that these genes not only increase our risk today for obesity, but also for alcoholism. Both mutations occurred when ancestral apes were experiencing loss of fruit availability during periods of profound climate change or environmental upheaval. The silencing of uricase (urate oxidase) activity 15 MYA enhanced survival by increasing the ability for fructose present in dwindling fruit to be stored as fat, a consequence of enhanced uric acid production during fructose metabolism that stimulated lipogenesis and blocked fatty acid oxidation. Likewise, a mutation in class IV alcohol dehydrogenase ~10 MYA resulted in a remarkable 40-fold increase in the capacity to oxidize ethanol (EtOH), which allowed our ancestors to ingest fallen, fermenting fruit. In turn, the EtOH ingested could activate aldose reductase that stimulates the conversion of glucose to fructose, while uric acid produced during EtOH metabolism could further enhance fructose production and metabolism. By aiding survival, these mutations would have allowed our ancestors to generate more fat, primarily from fructose, to survive changing habitats due to the Middle Miocene disruption and also during the late-Miocene aridification of East Africa. Unfortunately, the enhanced ability to metabolize and utilize EtOH may now be acting to increase our risk for alcoholism, which may be yet another consequence of once-adaptive thrifty genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miguel A. Lanaspa
- Division of Nephrology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Steven A. Benner
- The Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution, Alachua, FL, USA
| | - Peter Andrews
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Robert Dudley
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ana Andres-Hernando
- Division of Nephrology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Dean R. Tolan
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard J. Johnson
- Division of Nephrology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA,The Rocky Mountain VA Medical Center, Aurora CO, USA
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12
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Abstract
The adipose tissue has been recognized as an active organ involved in numerous metabolic, hormonal and immunological processes. Obesity and associated chronic inflammation leads to many metabolic and autoimmune disorders. The number of cells, their phenotype and distribution in adipose tissue depends on the degree of obesity. Polarization of macrophages towards M1, neutrophils influx to adipose tissue, activation of Th1 and Th17 cells and increased level of proinflammatory cytokines are characteristic for obesity-induced inflammation. Several mechanisms, such as adipocytes’ hypoxia, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, impairment of PPAR receptors, inflammasomes’ activation and activation of TLR are involved into development of chronic obesity-induced inflammation. A better understanding of this processes can provide new treatments for obesity and related disorders.
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13
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Nunn AVW, Guy GW, Brysch W, Botchway SW, Frasch W, Calabrese EJ, Bell JD. SARS-CoV-2 and mitochondrial health: implications of lifestyle and ageing. Immun Ageing 2020; 17:33. [PMID: 33292333 PMCID: PMC7649575 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-020-00204-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Infection with SARs-COV-2 displays increasing fatality with age and underlying co-morbidity, in particular, with markers of the metabolic syndrome and diabetes, which seems to be associated with a "cytokine storm" and an altered immune response. This suggests that a key contributory factor could be immunosenescence that is both age-related and lifestyle-induced. As the immune system itself is heavily reliant on mitochondrial function, then maintaining a healthy mitochondrial system may play a key role in resisting the virus, both directly, and indirectly by ensuring a good vaccine response. Furthermore, as viruses in general, and quite possibly this new virus, have also evolved to modulate immunometabolism and thus mitochondrial function to ensure their replication, this could further stress cellular bioenergetics. Unlike most sedentary modern humans, one of the natural hosts for the virus, the bat, has to "exercise" regularly to find food, which continually provides a powerful adaptive stimulus to maintain functional muscle and mitochondria. In effect the bat is exposed to regular hormetic stimuli, which could provide clues on how to resist this virus. In this paper we review the data that might support the idea that mitochondrial health, induced by a healthy lifestyle, could be a key factor in resisting the virus, and for those people who are perhaps not in optimal health, treatments that could support mitochondrial function might be pivotal to their long-term recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair V W Nunn
- Department of Life Sciences, Research Centre for Optimal Health, University of Westminster, London, W1W 6UW, UK.
| | | | | | - Stanley W Botchway
- UKRI, STFC, Central Laser Facility, & Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX110QX, UK
| | - Wayne Frasch
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
| | - Edward J Calabrese
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Jimmy D Bell
- Department of Life Sciences, Research Centre for Optimal Health, University of Westminster, London, W1W 6UW, UK
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14
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Srebf2 Locus Overexpression Reduces Body Weight, Total Cholesterol and Glucose Levels in Mice Fed with Two Different Diets. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12103130. [PMID: 33066385 PMCID: PMC7602228 DOI: 10.3390/nu12103130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Macronutrients represent risk factors for hyperlipidemia or diabetes. Lipid alterations and type 2 diabetes mellitus are global health problems. Overexpression of sterol regulatory element-binding factor (Srebf2) in transgenic animals is linked to elevated cholesterol levels and diabetes development. We investigated the impact of increased Srebf2 locus expression and the effects of control and high-fat, high-sucrose (HFHS) diets on body weight, glucose and lipid metabolisms in transgenic mice (S-mice). Wild type (WT) and S-mice were fed with both diets for 16 weeks. Plasma glucose, insulin and lipids were assessed (n = 25). Immunostainings were performed in liver, pancreas and fat (N = 10). Expression of Ldlr and Hmgcr in liver was performed by RT-PCR (N = 8). Control diet: S-mice showed reduced weight, insulin, total and HDL cholesterol and triglycerides (TG). HFHS diet widened differences in weight, total and HDL cholesterol, insulin and HOMA index but increased TG in S-mice. In S-mice, adipocyte size was lower while HFHS diet produced lower increase, pancreatic β-cell mass was lower with both diets and Srebf2, Ldlr and Hmgcr mRNA levels were higher while HFHS diet produced a rise in Srebf2 and Hmgcr levels. Srebf2 complete gene overexpression seems to have beneficial effects on metabolic parameters and to protect against HFHS diet effects.
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15
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Mollaei M, Abbasi A, Hassan ZM, Pakravan N. The intrinsic and extrinsic elements regulating inflammation. Life Sci 2020; 260:118258. [PMID: 32818542 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a sophisticated biological tissue response to both extrinsic and intrinsic stimuli. Although the pathological aspects of inflammation are well appreciated, there are still rooms for understanding the physiological functions of the inflammation. Recent studies have focused on mechanisms, context and the role of physiological inflammation. Besides, there have been progress in the comprehension of commensal microbiota, immunometabolism, cancer and intracellular signaling events' roles that impact on the regulation of inflammation. Despite the fact that inflammatory responses are vital through tissue damage, understanding the mechanisms to turn off the finished or unnecessary inflammation is crucial for restoring homeostasis. Inflammation seems to be a smart process that acts like two edges of a sword, meaning that it has both protective and deleterious consequences. Knowing both edges and the regulation processes will help the future understanding and therapy for various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mollaei
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran.
| | - A Abbasi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
| | - Z M Hassan
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran
| | - N Pakravan
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Science, Iran
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16
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Multidimensional informatic deconvolution defines gender-specific roles of hypothalamic GIT2 in aging trajectories. Mech Ageing Dev 2019; 184:111150. [PMID: 31574270 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2019.111150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In most species, females live longer than males. An understanding of this female longevity advantage will likely uncover novel anti-aging therapeutic targets. Here we investigated the transcriptomic responses in the hypothalamus - a key organ for somatic aging control - to the introduction of a simple aging-related molecular perturbation, i.e. GIT2 heterozygosity. Our previous work has demonstrated that GIT2 acts as a network controller of aging. A similar number of both total (1079-female, 1006-male) and gender-unique (577-female, 527-male) transcripts were significantly altered in response to GIT2 heterozygosity in early life-stage (2 month-old) mice. Despite a similar volume of transcriptomic disruption in females and males, a considerably stronger dataset coherency and functional annotation representation was observed for females. It was also evident that female mice possessed a greater resilience to pro-aging signaling pathways compared to males. Using a highly data-dependent natural language processing informatics pipeline, we identified novel functional data clusters that were connected by a coherent group of multifunctional transcripts. From these it was clear that females prioritized metabolic activity preservation compared to males to mitigate this pro-aging perturbation. These findings were corroborated by somatic metabolism analyses of living animals, demonstrating the efficacy of our new informatics pipeline.
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17
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Hunter GR, Singh H, Carter SJ, Bryan DR, Fisher G. Sarcopenia and Its Implications for Metabolic Health. J Obes 2019; 2019:8031705. [PMID: 30956817 PMCID: PMC6431367 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8031705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia not only affects the ability to lead an active lifestyle but also contributes to increased obesity, reduced quality of life, osteoporosis, and metabolic health, in part due to reduced locomotion economy and ease. On the other hand, increased obesity, decreased quality of life, and reduced metabolic health also contribute to sarcopenia. The purpose of this mini-review is to discuss the implications sarcopenia has for the development of obesity and comorbidities that occur with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary R. Hunter
- Department of Nutrition Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Harshvardhan Singh
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Stephen J. Carter
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health–Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - David R. Bryan
- Department of Nutrition Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Gordon Fisher
- Department of Human Studies, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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18
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Hu C, He X, Li X, Sun L, Zheng C, Liang Q, Lv Z, Huang Z, Qi K, Yuan H, Zhu X, Yang Y, Zhou Q, Yang Z. Comparative Study for the Association of Mitochondrial Haplogroup F+ and Metabolic Syndrome between Longevity and Control Population in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China. J Nutr Health Aging 2018; 22:302-307. [PMID: 29380859 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-017-0915-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our previous study suggested that mitochondrial haplogroup F (mtDNA F) was a longevity-associated biomarker, but the effect of mitochondrial haplogroup F on longevity individuals with metabolic syndrome (MetS) was not clear. Thus we explored the association between mtDNA F and MetS among longevity and control population in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China. METHOD A total of 793 individuals consisting of 307 long-lived participants and 486 local healthy controls were involved in this study. Genotypes of mtDNA F were amplified by polymerase chain reaction and Sanger sequenced. MetS was defined according to the revised National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATPIII ) criteria. RESULTS The prevalence of MetS in longevity group (28.0%) was higher than that (18.5%) in control group (P=0.002). Through the case-control stratify analysis, the prevalence of MetS in mtDNA F+ longevity individuals (29.8%) was 4.6 fold higher than that (5.3%) in local control group (P<0.001). However, after further longevity-only analysis, no association between MetS and mtDNA F+ in longevity group was observed (P=0.167). Following same analysis of two variables in control group, we found that the prevalence of MetS in mtDNA F- (95.8%) was higher than that in mtDNA F+ (5.3%); conversely, the prevalence of non-metabolic syndrome (NMetS) in mtDNA F+ (94.7%) was markedly higher than that in mtDNA F- (4.2%) (P<0.001). CONCLUSION We demonstrated that mtDNA F+ , as a molecuar biomarker, might not only confer beneficial effect to resistance against MetS but also function as a positive factor for long-life span among the population in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hu
- Ze Yang, Ph.D. The MOH key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology. No.1 DaHua Road, Dong Dan, Beijing 100730, P.R.China,
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19
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Impact of Yoga and Meditation on Cellular Aging in Apparently Healthy Individuals: A Prospective, Open-Label Single-Arm Exploratory Study. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:7928981. [PMID: 28191278 PMCID: PMC5278216 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7928981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to explore the impact of Yoga and Meditation based lifestyle intervention (YMLI) on cellular aging in apparently healthy individuals. During this 12-week prospective, open-label, single arm exploratory study, 96 apparently healthy individuals were enrolled to receive YMLI. The primary endpoints were assessment of the change in levels of cardinal biomarkers of cellular aging in blood from baseline to week 12, which included DNA damage marker 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OH2dG), oxidative stress markers reactive oxygen species (ROS), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and telomere attrition markers telomere length and telomerase activity. The secondary endpoints were assessment of metabotrophic blood biomarkers associated with cellular aging, which included cortisol, β-endorphin, IL-6, BDNF, and sirtuin-1. After 12 weeks of YMLI, there were significant improvements in both the cardinal biomarkers of cellular aging and the metabotrophic biomarkers influencing cellular aging compared to baseline values. The mean levels of 8-OH2dG, ROS, cortisol, and IL-6 were significantly lower and mean levels of TAC, telomerase activity, β-endorphin, BDNF, and sirtuin-1 were significantly increased (all values p < 0.05) post-YMLI. The mean level of telomere length was increased but the finding was not significant (p = 0.069). YMLI significantly reduced the rate of cellular aging in apparently healthy population.
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20
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Capasso S, Alessio N, Squillaro T, Di Bernardo G, Melone MA, Cipollaro M, Peluso G, Galderisi U. Changes in autophagy, proteasome activity and metabolism to determine a specific signature for acute and chronic senescent mesenchymal stromal cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:39457-68. [PMID: 26540573 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A sharp definition of what a senescent cell is still lacking since we do not have in depth understanding of mechanisms that induce cellular senescence. In addition, senescent cells are heterogeneous, in that not all of them express the same genes and present the same phenotype. To further clarify the classification of senescent cells, hints may be derived by the study of cellular metabolism, autophagy and proteasome activity. In this scenario, we decided to study these biological features in senescence of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSC). These cells contain a subpopulation of stem cells that are able to differentiate in mesodermal derivatives (adipocytes, chondrocytes, osteocytes). In addition, they can also contribute to the homeostatic maintenance of many organs, hence, their senescence could be very deleterious for human body functions. We induced MSC senescence by oxidative stress, doxorubicin treatment, X-ray irradiation and replicative exhaustion. The first three are considered inducers of acute senescence while extensive proliferation triggers replicative senescence also named as chronic senescence. In all conditions, but replicative and high IR dose senescence, we detected a reduction of the autophagic flux, while proteasome activity was impaired in peroxide-treated and irradiated cells. Differences were observed also in metabolic status. In general, all senescent cells evidenced metabolic inflexibility and prefer to use glucose as energy fuel. Irradiated cells with low dose of X-ray and replicative senescent cells show a residual capacity to use fatty acids and glutamine as alternative fuels, respectively. Our study may be useful to discriminate among different senescent phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Capasso
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Section, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Alessio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Section, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Tiziana Squillaro
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Section, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Bernardo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Section, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Mariarosa A Melone
- Institute of Bioscience and Bioresources, CNR, Naples, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Division of Neurology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Marilena Cipollaro
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Section, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Umberto Galderisi
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Experimental Medicine, Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Section, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.,Institute of Bioscience and Bioresources, CNR, Naples, Italy
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21
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Aunan JR, Watson MM, Hagland HR, Søreide K. Molecular and biological hallmarks of ageing. Br J Surg 2016; 103:e29-46. [PMID: 26771470 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.10053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ageing is the inevitable time-dependent decline in physiological organ function that eventually leads to death. Age is a major risk factor for many of the most common medical conditions, such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. This study reviews currently known hallmarks of ageing and their clinical implications. METHODS A literature search of PubMed/MEDLINE was conducted covering the last decade. RESULTS Average life expectancy has increased dramatically over the past century and is estimated to increase even further. Maximum longevity, however, appears unchanged, suggesting a universal limitation to the human organism. Understanding the underlying molecular processes of ageing and health decline may suggest interventions that, if used at an early age, can prevent, delay, alleviate or even reverse age-related diseases. Hallmarks of ageing can be grouped into three main categories. The primary hallmarks cause damage to cellular functions: genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations and loss of proteostasis. These are followed by antagonistic responses to such damage: deregulated nutrient sensing, altered mitochondrial function and cellular senescence. Finally, integrative hallmarks are possible culprits of the clinical phenotype (stem cell exhaustion and altered intercellular communication), which ultimately contribute to the clinical effects of ageing as seen in physiological loss of reserve, organ decline and reduced function. CONCLUSION The sum of these molecular hallmarks produces the clinical picture of the elderly surgical patient: frailty, sarcopenia, anaemia, poor nutrition and a blunted immune response system. Improved understanding of the ageing processes may give rise to new biomarkers of risk or prognosis, novel treatment targets and translational approaches across disciplines that may improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Aunan
- Gastrointestinal Translational Research Unit, Molecular Laboratory, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - M M Watson
- Gastrointestinal Translational Research Unit, Molecular Laboratory, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - H R Hagland
- Gastrointestinal Translational Research Unit, Molecular Laboratory, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.,Centre for Organelle Research (CORE), Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - K Søreide
- Gastrointestinal Translational Research Unit, Molecular Laboratory, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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22
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Schöttker B, Zhang Y, Heiss JA, Butterbach K, Jansen EHJM, Bewerunge-Hudler M, Saum KU, Holleczek B, Brenner H. Discovery of a novel epigenetic cancer marker related to the oxidative status of human blood. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2015; 54:583-94. [PMID: 26173806 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-lasting oxidative stress exposure may lead to relatively stable epigenetic modifications of the DNA in order to activate anti-oxidative defence mechanisms. Oxidative stress related DNA methylation may therefore be associated (causally or as a by-product) with cancer. We measured derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites (D-ROM), total thiol levels (TTL) and DNA methylation with the Illumina Infinium 450K BeadChip in three samples of German individuals aged ≥50 years: n = 1,000 ESTHER study baseline participants (DNA methylation only), n = 99 ESTHER eight-year follow-up participants and n = 142 participants of the BLITZ study. The correlation coefficient of methylation at cg10342304 and D-ROM in the ESTHER 8-year follow-up sample (r = -0.427; P = 1 × 10(-5)) was replicated with a P-value indicating statistical significance after correction for multiple testing in the BLITZ sample (r = -0.192; P = 0.022). The association was robust to adjusting for potential confounders. In the ESTHER baseline sample, the hazard ratio for cancer development in 11 years of follow-up comparing bottom and top quartile of DNA methylation at cg10342304 was 1.86 (95%-confidence-interval 1.01-3.43). In summary, this first epigenome-wide screening and replication study with oxidative status markers observed a negative correlation of D-ROM levels and DNA methylation at cg10342304 in two independent cohorts. This CpG site is located in the body region of the nucleoredoxin gene. The nucleoredoxin protein is a redox-dependent inhibitor of the Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway, a well-characterized cancer pathway. If the observed CpG-cancer association can be successfully replicated by other studies, this epigenetic marker could be an interesting biomarker of cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Schöttker
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yan Zhang
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jonathan A Heiss
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katja Butterbach
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eugène H J M Jansen
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Melanie Bewerunge-Hudler
- Genomics and Proteomics Core Facilities Expression Profiling, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kai-Uwe Saum
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Hermann Brenner
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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23
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Vinué Á, Andrés-Blasco I, Herrero-Cervera A, Piqueras L, Andrés V, Burks DJ, Sanz MJ, González-Navarro H. Ink4/Arf locus restores glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity by reducing hepatic steatosis and inflammation in mice with impaired IRS2-dependent signalling. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:1729-42. [PMID: 26022372 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms near the Ink4/Arf locus have been associated with type-2 diabetes mellitus. Previous studies indicate a protective role of the locus in the carbohydrate metabolism derangement associated with ageing in wild-type mice. The present study demonstrates that the increased Ink4/Arf locus expression in 1-year-old mice, partially-deficient for the insulin receptor substrate (IRS)2 (Irs2+/-SuperInk4/Arf mice) ameliorates hepatic steatosis, inflammation and insulin resistance. Irs2+/-SuperInk4/Arf mice displayed improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity compared with Irs2+/- mice which were glucose intolerant and insulin resistant compared with age-matched wild-type mice. These changes in Irs2+/- mice were accompanied by enhanced hepatic steatosis, proinflammatory macrophage phenotype, increased Ly6C(hi)-monocyte percentage, T-lymphocyte activation and MCP1 and TNF-α cytokine levels. In Irs2+/-SuperInk4/Arf mice, steatosis and inflammatory parameters were markedly reduced and similar to those of wild-type counterparts. In vivo insulin signalling also revealed reduced activation of the IRS/AKT-dependent signalling in Irs2+/- mice. This was restored upon increased locus expression in Irs2+/-SuperInk4/Arf mice which display similar activation levels as those for wild-type mice. In vivo treatment of Irs2+/-SuperInk4/Arf mice with TNF-α diminished insulin canonical IRS/AKT-signalling and enhanced the stress SAPK/JNK-phosphoSer307IRS1-pathway suggesting that cytokine levels might potentially affect glucose homeostasis through changes in these insulin-signalling pathways. Altogether, these results indicate that enhanced Ink4/Arf locus expression restores glucose homeostasis and that this is associated with diminished hepatic steatosis and inflammation in mice with insulin resistance. Therefore, pharmacological interventions targeted to modulate the Ink4/Arf locus expression could be a tentative therapeutic approach to alleviate the inflammation associated with insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángela Vinué
- Institute of Health Research-INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | - Laura Piqueras
- Institute of Health Research-INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicente Andrés
- Department of Atherothrombosis, Imaging and Epidemiology, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Deborah J Burks
- Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), 46012 Valencia, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas (CIBERDEM), Spain
| | - María Jesús Sanz
- Institute of Health Research-INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain; Departamento de Farmacología, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Herminia González-Navarro
- Institute of Health Research-INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas (CIBERDEM), Spain.
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24
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Bonomini F, Rodella LF, Rezzani R. Metabolic syndrome, aging and involvement of oxidative stress. Aging Dis 2015; 6:109-20. [PMID: 25821639 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2014.0305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome, a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors associated with obesity and insulin resistance, is dramatically increasing in Western and developing countries. This disorder consists of a cluster of metabolic conditions, such as hypertriglyceridemia, hyper-low-density lipoproteins, hypo-high-density lipoproteins, insulin resistance, abnormal glucose tolerance and hypertension, that-in combination with genetic susceptibility and abdominal obesity-are risk factors for type 2 diabetes, vascular inflammation, atherosclerosis, and renal, liver and heart diseases. One of the defects in metabolic syndrome and its associated diseases is excess of reactive oxygen species. Reactive oxygen species generated by mitochondria, or from other sites within or outside the cell, cause damage to mitochondrial components and initiate degradative processes. Such toxic reactions contribute significantly to the aging process. In this article we review current understandings of oxidative stress in metabolic syndrome related disease and its possible contribution to accelerated senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bonomini
- Division of Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luigi Fabrizio Rodella
- Division of Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Rita Rezzani
- Division of Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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25
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Sanchis-Gomar F, Pareja-Galeano H, Perez-Quilis C, Santos-Lozano A, Fiuza-Luces C, Garatachea N, Lippi G, Lucia A. Effects of allopurinol on exercise-induced muscle damage: new therapeutic approaches? Cell Stress Chaperones 2015; 20:3-13. [PMID: 25181966 PMCID: PMC4255256 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-014-0543-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intensive muscular activity can trigger oxidative stress, and free radicals may hence be generated by working skeletal muscle. The role of the enzyme xanthine oxidase as a generating source of free radicals is well documented and therefore is involved in the skeletal muscle damage as well as in the potential transient cardiovascular damage induced by high-intensity physical exercise. Allopurinol is a purine hypoxanthine-based structural analog and a well-known inhibitor of xanthine oxidase. The administration of the xanthine oxidase inhibitor allopurinol may hence be regarded as promising, safe, and an economic strategy to decrease transient skeletal muscle damage (as well as heart damage, when occurring) in top-level athletes when administered before a competition or a particularly high-intensity training session. Although continuous administration of allopurinol in high-level athletes is not recommended due to its possible role in hampering training-induced adaptations, the drug might be useful in non-athletes. Exertional rhabdomyolysis is the most common form of rhabdomyolysis and affects individuals participating in a type of intense exercise to which they are not accustomed. This condition can cause exercise-related myoglobinuria, thus increasing the risk of acute renal failure and is also associated with sickle cell trait. In this manuscript, we have reviewed the recent evidence about the effects of allopurinol on exercise-induced muscle damage. More research is needed to determine whether allopurinol may be useful for preventing not only exertional rhabdomyolysis and acute renal damage but also skeletal muscle wasting in critical illness as well as in immobilized, bedridden, sarcopenic or cachectic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Sanchis-Gomar
- Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibañez, 15, Valencia, 46010, Spain,
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Abstract
In vivo metabolic tests are highly valuable to determine whether atherosclerosis progression in mouse models is accompanied by carbohydrate metabolism alterations such as glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. In this chapter, we describe protocols to perform in the mouse glucose and insulin tolerance tests, two metabolic assays which evaluate the glucose tolerance and the insulin sensitivity, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángela Vinué
- Institute of Health Research-INCLIVA, C/Menéndez Pelayo, 4, 46010, Valencia, Spain
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Luna–López A, González-Puertos VY, López-Diazguerrero NE, Königsberg M. New considerations on hormetic response against oxidative stress. J Cell Commun Signal 2014; 8:323-31. [PMID: 25284448 PMCID: PMC4390794 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-014-0248-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to survive living organisms have developed multiple mechanisms to deal with tough environmental conditions. Hormesis is defined as a process in which exposure to a low dose of a chemical agent or environmental factor that is damaging at higher doses induces an adaptive beneficial effect on the cell or organism. In this paper, we examine several ideas that might be taken into consideration before using hormesis as a therapeutic tool to improve health and life span, and hopefully will open the discussion for new and interesting debates regard hormesis. The first one is to understand that the same stressor or inductor can activate different pathways in a parallel or dual response, which might lead to diverse outcomes. Another idea is related to the mechanisms involved in activating Nrf2, which might be different and have diverse hormetic effects.Last, we discuss mild oxidative stress in association to low-grade chronic inflammation as a stimulating avenue to be explored and the unexpected effects proposed by the obesity paradox theory. All the previous might help to clarify the reasons why centenarians are able to reach the extreme limits of human life span, which could probably be related to the way they deal with homeostasis maintenance, providing an opportunity for hormesis to intervene significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Viridiana Y. González-Puertos
- />Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, A.P. 55-535, C.P 09340 México, D.F Mexico
| | - Norma E. López-Diazguerrero
- />Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, A.P. 55-535, C.P 09340 México, D.F Mexico
| | - Mina Königsberg
- />Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, División de Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, A.P. 55-535, C.P 09340 México, D.F Mexico
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Joven J, Micol V, Segura-Carretero A, Alonso-Villaverde C, Menéndez JA. Polyphenols and the modulation of gene expression pathways: can we eat our way out of the danger of chronic disease? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2014; 54:985-1001. [PMID: 24499117 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2011.621772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant-derived dietary polyphenols may improve some disease states and promote health. Experimental evidence suggests that this is partially attributable to changes in gene expression. The rational use of bioactive food components may therefore present an opportunity to activate or repress selected gene expression pathways and, consequently, to manage or prevent disease. It remains to be determined whether this use of bioactive food components can be done safely. This article reviews the associated controversies and limitations of polyphenol therapy. There is a paucity of clinical data on the rational use of polyphenols, including a lack of knowledge on effective dosage, actual chemical formulations, bioavailability, distribution in tissues, the effect of genetic variations, differences in gut microflora, the synergistic (or antagonistic) effects observed in extracts, and the possible interaction between polyphenols and lipid domains of cell membranes that may alter the function of relevant receptors. The seminal question of why plants make substances that benefit humans remains unanswered, and there is still much to learn in terms of correlative versus causal effects of human exposure to various nutrients. The available data strongly suggest significant effects at the molecular level that represent interactions with the epigenome. The advent of relatively simple technologies is helping the field of epigenetics progress and facilitating the acquisition of multiple types of data that were previously difficult to obtain. In this review, we summarize the molecular basis of the epigenetic regulation of gene expression and the epigenetic changes associated with the consumption of polyphenols that illustrate how modifications in human nutrition may become relevant to health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Joven
- a Centre de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, IISPV , Universitat Rovira i Virgili , Calle Sant Llorenç 21 , 43201 , Reus , Spain
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Nunn AVW, Guy GW, Bell JD. The intelligence paradox; will ET get the metabolic syndrome? Lessons from and for Earth. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2014; 11:34. [PMID: 25089149 PMCID: PMC4118160 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-11-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mankind is facing an unprecedented health challenge in the current pandemic of obesity and diabetes. We propose that this is the inevitable (and predictable) consequence of the evolution of intelligence, which itself could be an expression of life being an information system driven by entropy. Because of its ability to make life more adaptable and robust, intelligence evolved as an efficient adaptive response to the stresses arising from an ever-changing environment. These adaptive responses are encapsulated by the epiphenomena of "hormesis", a phenomenon we believe to be central to the evolution of intelligence and essential for the maintenance of optimal physiological function and health. Thus, as intelligence evolved, it would eventually reach a cognitive level with the ability to control its environment through technology and have the ability remove all stressors. In effect, it would act to remove the very hormetic factors that had driven its evolution. Mankind may have reached this point, creating an environmental utopia that has reduced the very stimuli necessary for optimal health and the evolution of intelligence - "the intelligence paradox". One of the hallmarks of this paradox is of course the rising incidence in obesity, diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. This leads to the conclusion that wherever life evolves, here on earth or in another part of the galaxy, the "intelligence paradox" would be the inevitable side-effect of the evolution of intelligence. ET may not need to just "phone home" but may also need to "phone the local gym". This suggests another possible reason to explain Fermi's paradox; Enrico Fermi, the famous physicist, suggested in the 1950s that if extra-terrestrial intelligence was so prevalent, which was a common belief at the time, then where was it? Our suggestion is that if advanced life has got going elsewhere in our galaxy, it can't afford to explore the galaxy because it has to pay its healthcare costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair V W Nunn
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, Berks RG6 6AP, UK
| | - Geoffrey W Guy
- GW pharmaceuticals, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JQ, UK
| | - Jimmy D Bell
- Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK
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Prenatal programming in an obese swine model: sex-related effects of maternal energy restriction on morphology, metabolism and hypothalamic gene expression. Br J Nutr 2014; 111:735-46. [PMID: 24528940 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114513002948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Maternal energy restriction during pregnancy predisposes to metabolic alterations in the offspring. The present study was designed to evaluate phenotypic and metabolic consequences following maternal undernutrition in an obese pig model and to define the potential role of hypothalamic gene expression in programming effects. Iberian sows were fed a control or a 50 % restricted diet for the last two-thirds of gestation. Newborns were assessed for body and organ weights, hormonal and metabolic status, and hypothalamic expression of genes implicated in energy homeostasis, glucocorticoid function and methylation. Weight and adiposity were measured in adult littermates. Newborns of the restricted sows were lighter (P <0·01), but brain growth was spared. The plasma concentration of TAG was lower in the restricted newborns than in the control newborns of both the sexes (P <0·01), while the concentration of cortisol was higher in females born to the restricted sows (P <0·04), reflecting a situation of metabolic stress by nutrient insufficiency. A lower hypothalamic expression of anorexigenic peptides (LEPR and POMC, P <0·01 and P <0·04, respectively) was observed in females born to the restricted sows, but no effect was observed in the males. The expression of HSD11B1 gene was down-regulated in the restricted animals (P <0·05), suggesting an adaptive mechanism for reducing the harmful effects of elevated concentrations of cortisol. At 4 and 7 months of age, the restricted females were heavier and fatter than the controls (P< 0·01). Maternal feed restriction induces asymmetrical growth retardation and metabolic alterations in the offspring. Differences in gene expression at birth and higher growth and adiposity in adulthood suggest a female-specific programming effect for a positive energy balance, possibly due to overexposure to endogenous stress-induced glucocorticoids.
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Adamska A, Karczewska-Kupczewska M, Nikołajuk A, Otziomek E, Górska M, Kowalska I, Strączkowski M. Relationships of serum soluble E-selectin concentration with insulin sensitivity and metabolic flexibility in lean and obese women. Endocrine 2014; 45:422-9. [PMID: 23934358 PMCID: PMC3951956 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-013-0025-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The markers of endothelial dysfunction, including soluble E-selectin (sE-selectin), are related to insulin resistance, which is associated with metabolic inflexibility, i.e., impaired stimulation of carbohydrate oxidation and impaired inhibition of lipid oxidation by insulin. Endothelial dysfunction may also be important in the metabolic syndrome. The aim of our study was to analyze the association of sE-selectin with insulin sensitivity and metabolic flexibility in lean and obese women. We examined 22 lean women (BMI < 25 kg m(-2)) and 26 overweight or obese women (BMI > 25 kg m(-2)) with normal glucose tolerance. A hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp and indirect calorimetry were performed. An increase in the respiratory exchange ratio in response to insulin was used as a measure of metabolic flexibility. Obese women had lower insulin sensitivity (P < 0.01), higher plasma sE-selectin (P = 0.007), and higher the metabolic syndrome total Z-score (MS Z-score) (P < 0.0001). Insulin sensitivity was negatively correlated with sE-selectin level (r = -0.24, P = 0.04). sE-selectin was associated with the rate of carbohydrate oxidation at the baseline state (r = 0.31, P = 0.007) and was negatively correlated with metabolic flexibility (r = -0.34, P = 0.003). MS Z-score correlated positively with sE-selectin level and negatively with metabolic flexibility and insulin sensitivity (r = 0.49, P < 0.0001, r = -0.29, P = 0.04, r = -0.51, P < 0.0001, respectively). In multiple regression analysis we observed that the relationship between metabolic flexibility and sE-selectin (β = -0.36; P = 0.004) was independent of the other evaluated factors. Our data suggest that endothelial dysfunction as assessed by plasma sE-selectin is associated with metabolic flexibility, inversely and independently of the other estimated factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Adamska
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, M.C. Sklodowskiej 24a, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Monika Karczewska-Kupczewska
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, M.C. Sklodowskiej 24a, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
- Department of Prophylaxis of Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Nikołajuk
- Department of Prophylaxis of Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Otziomek
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, M.C. Sklodowskiej 24a, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Maria Górska
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, M.C. Sklodowskiej 24a, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Irina Kowalska
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, M.C. Sklodowskiej 24a, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Marek Strączkowski
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, M.C. Sklodowskiej 24a, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
- Department of Prophylaxis of Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
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Veilleux A, Grenier É, Marceau P, Carpentier AC, Richard D, Levy E. Intestinal Lipid Handling. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:644-53. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.302993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alain Veilleux
- From the Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Québec, Canada (A.V., É.G., E.L.); Department of Surgery, Université Laval, Québec, Canada (P.M.); Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada (A.C.C.); Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada (D.R.); and Laboratoire de Lipidologie, Métabolisme et Nutrition,
| | - Émilie Grenier
- From the Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Québec, Canada (A.V., É.G., E.L.); Department of Surgery, Université Laval, Québec, Canada (P.M.); Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada (A.C.C.); Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada (D.R.); and Laboratoire de Lipidologie, Métabolisme et Nutrition,
| | - Picard Marceau
- From the Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Québec, Canada (A.V., É.G., E.L.); Department of Surgery, Université Laval, Québec, Canada (P.M.); Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada (A.C.C.); Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada (D.R.); and Laboratoire de Lipidologie, Métabolisme et Nutrition,
| | - André C. Carpentier
- From the Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Québec, Canada (A.V., É.G., E.L.); Department of Surgery, Université Laval, Québec, Canada (P.M.); Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada (A.C.C.); Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada (D.R.); and Laboratoire de Lipidologie, Métabolisme et Nutrition,
| | - Denis Richard
- From the Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Québec, Canada (A.V., É.G., E.L.); Department of Surgery, Université Laval, Québec, Canada (P.M.); Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada (A.C.C.); Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada (D.R.); and Laboratoire de Lipidologie, Métabolisme et Nutrition,
| | - Emile Levy
- From the Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Québec, Canada (A.V., É.G., E.L.); Department of Surgery, Université Laval, Québec, Canada (P.M.); Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada (A.C.C.); Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada (D.R.); and Laboratoire de Lipidologie, Métabolisme et Nutrition,
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Calçada D, Vianello D, Giampieri E, Sala C, Castellani G, de Graaf A, Kremer B, van Ommen B, Feskens E, Santoro A, Franceschi C, Bouwman J. The role of low-grade inflammation and metabolic flexibility in aging and nutritional modulation thereof: a systems biology approach. Mech Ageing Dev 2014; 136-137:138-47. [PMID: 24462698 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a biological process characterized by the progressive functional decline of many interrelated physiological systems. In particular, aging is associated with the development of a systemic state of low-grade chronic inflammation (inflammaging), and with progressive deterioration of metabolic function. Systems biology has helped in identifying the mediators and pathways involved in these phenomena, mainly through the application of high-throughput screening methods, valued for their molecular comprehensiveness. Nevertheless, inflammation and metabolic regulation are dynamical processes whose behavior must be understood at multiple levels of biological organization (molecular, cellular, organ, and system levels) and on multiple time scales. Mathematical modeling of such behavior, with incorporation of mechanistic knowledge on interactions between inflammatory and metabolic mediators, may help in devising nutritional interventions capable of preventing, or ameliorating, the age-associated functional decline of the corresponding systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dulce Calçada
- TNO, Microbiology and Systems Biology Group, Utrechtseweg 48, 3704 HE Zeist, The Netherlands; Wageningen University, Department of Human Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dario Vianello
- University of Bologna, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Via San Giacomo 12, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Enrico Giampieri
- University of Bologna, Department of Physics and Astronomy, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudia Sala
- University of Bologna, Department of Physics and Astronomy, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Gastone Castellani
- University of Bologna, Department of Physics and Astronomy, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Albert de Graaf
- TNO, Microbiology and Systems Biology Group, Utrechtseweg 48, 3704 HE Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Bas Kremer
- TNO, Microbiology and Systems Biology Group, Utrechtseweg 48, 3704 HE Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Ben van Ommen
- TNO, Microbiology and Systems Biology Group, Utrechtseweg 48, 3704 HE Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Edith Feskens
- Wageningen University, Department of Human Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aurelia Santoro
- University of Bologna, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Via San Giacomo 12, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Franceschi
- University of Bologna, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Via San Giacomo 12, 40126 Bologna, Italy; University of Bologna, Interdepartmental Centre "L. Galvani" (CIG), 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Jildau Bouwman
- TNO, Microbiology and Systems Biology Group, Utrechtseweg 48, 3704 HE Zeist, The Netherlands.
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Opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore links mitochondrial dysfunction to insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. Mol Metab 2013; 3:124-34. [PMID: 24634818 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, but the mechanism by which mitochondria inhibit insulin-stimulated glucose uptake into the cytoplasm is unclear. The mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) is a protein complex that facilitates the exchange of molecules between the mitochondrial matrix and cytoplasm, and opening of the mPTP occurs in response to physiological stressors that are associated with insulin resistance. In this study, we investigated whether mPTP opening provides a link between mitochondrial dysfunction and insulin resistance by inhibiting the mPTP gatekeeper protein cyclophilin D (CypD) in vivo and in vitro. Mice lacking CypD were protected from high fat diet-induced glucose intolerance due to increased glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. The mitochondria in CypD knockout muscle were resistant to diet-induced swelling and had improved calcium retention capacity compared to controls; however, no changes were observed in muscle oxidative damage, insulin signaling, lipotoxic lipid accumulation or mitochondrial bioenergetics. In vitro, we tested 4 models of insulin resistance that are linked to mitochondrial dysfunction in cultured skeletal muscle cells including antimycin A, C2-ceramide, ferutinin, and palmitate. In all models, we observed that pharmacological inhibition of mPTP opening with the CypD inhibitor cyclosporin A was sufficient to prevent insulin resistance at the level of insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane. The protective effects of mPTP inhibition on insulin sensitivity were associated with improved mitochondrial calcium retention capacity but did not involve changes in insulin signaling both in vitro and in vivo. In sum, these data place the mPTP at a critical intersection between alterations in mitochondrial function and insulin resistance in skeletal muscle.
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Key Words
- ANT, adenine nucleotide translocator
- BKA, bongkrekic acid
- CSA, cyclosporin A
- CYPD, cyclophilin D
- Cyclophilin D
- DAG, diacylglycerol
- ETC, electron transport chain
- FFA, free fatty acid
- Glucose
- HFD, high fat diet
- HK2, hexokinase 2
- Insulin resistance
- KO, knockout
- LFD, low fat diet
- MCAD, medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
- MHC, myosin heavy chain
- MIRKO, muscle insulin receptor knockout
- MPTP, mitochondrial permeability transition pore
- Mitochondrial dysfunction
- Mitochondrial permeability transition pore
- MnSOD, mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase
- O2•, superoxide
- OXPHOS, oxidative phosphorylation
- PDH, pyruvate dehydrogenase
- PDHa, active PDH
- PDHt, total PDH
- PM, plasma membrane
- Rg′, rate of glucose transport
- Skeletal muscle
- TBARS, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances
- TEM, transmission electron microscopy
- VDAC, voltage-dependent anion channel
- WT, wild type
- [3H]-2-DOG, [3H]-2-deoxyglucose
- β-HAD, β-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase
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Tsatsoulis A, Mantzaris MD, Bellou S, Andrikoula M. Insulin resistance: an adaptive mechanism becomes maladaptive in the current environment - an evolutionary perspective. Metabolism 2013; 62:622-33. [PMID: 23260798 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Human survival has relied upon the ability to withstand starvation through energy storage, the capacity to fight off infection by a proinflammatory immune response, and the ability to cope with physical stressors by an adaptive stress response. Energy storage, mainly as glycogen in liver and triglycerides in adipose tissue, is regulated by the anabolic actions of insulin. On the other hand, mobilization of stored energy during infection, trauma or stress is served by the temporary inhibition of insulin action (insulin resistance) in target tissues by proinflammatory cytokines and stress hormones. In the current environment, high energy intake, low physical activity, and chronic stress favor the storage of surplus fat in adipose tissue depots that far exceeds their storage capacity and liporegulation. Lipid overload in central fat depots initiates an inflammatory response and adipocyte dysfunction with resultant low-grade systemic inflammation and lipid overflow to peripheral tissues. In turn, proinflammatory cytokines and non-oxidized lipid metabolites, accumulated in liver and muscle cells, activate the mechanism of insulin resistance as would occur in the case of infection or stress. The same factors together with the ensuing insulin resistance further contribute to pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and ultimately to type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The present review supports the hypothesis that insulin resistance evolved as a physiological adaptive mechanism in human survival and that the same mechanism is inappropriately activated on a chronic basis in the current environment, leading to the manifestations of the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agathocles Tsatsoulis
- Department of Endocrinology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.
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Tzschoppe A, Doerr H, Rascher W, Goecke T, Beckmann M, Schild R, Struwe E, Geisel J, Jung H, Dötsch J. DNA methylation of the p66Shc promoter is decreased in placental tissue from women delivering intrauterine growth restricted neonates. Prenat Diagn 2013; 33:484-91. [PMID: 23529764 DOI: 10.1002/pd.4096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The adaptor protein p66Shc generates mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and translates oxidative signals into apoptosis. We aimed to analyze potential alterations in total methylation and in p66Shc activation in placental tissues from women delivering intrauterine growth restricted neonates (IUGR) versus appropriate for gestational age (AGA) and small for gestational age (SGA) neonates. METHOD DNA methylation of the p66Shc promoter and of long interspersed nuclear elements (LINE-1), as a marker for total methylation, was quantified by automatic pyrosequencing in 15 IUGR, 25 AGA and 15 SGA placentas. Placental gene expression of p66Shc was determined by TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS No significant difference was found for LINE-1 methylation between IUGR, AGA and SGA newborns. DNA methylation of the p66Shc promoter was significantly decreased in the IUGR compared with the AGA group (p < 0.0001) and the SGA group (p < 0.0001). However, analysis of placental p66Shc gene expression did not show a significant difference between the three groups. CONCLUSION It remains speculative if the decreased p66Shc promoter methylation might play a role in the pathophysiology of endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease after IUGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Tzschoppe
- Pediatrics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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Obesity and metabolic comorbidities: environmental diseases? OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:640673. [PMID: 23577225 PMCID: PMC3613100 DOI: 10.1155/2013/640673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and metabolic comorbidities represent increasing health problems. Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) are exogenous agents that change endocrine function and cause adverse health effects. Most EDCs are synthetic chemicals; some are natural food components as phytoestrogens. People are exposed to complex mixtures of chemicals throughout their lives. EDCs impact hormone-dependent metabolic systems and brain function. Laboratory and human studies provide compelling evidence that human chemical contamination can play a role in obesity epidemic. Chemical exposures may increase the risk of obesity by altering the differentiation of adipocytes. EDCs can alter methylation patterns and normal epigenetic programming in cells. Oxidative stress may be induced by many of these chemicals, and accumulating evidence indicates that it plays important roles in the etiology of chronic diseases. The individual sensitivity to chemicals is variable, depending on environment and ability to metabolize hazardous chemicals. A number of genes, especially those representing antioxidant and detoxification pathways, have potential application as biomarkers of risk assessment. The potential health effects of combined exposures make the risk assessment process more complex compared to the assessment of single chemicals. Techniques and methods need to be further developed to fill data gaps and increase the knowledge on harmful exposure combinations.
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González-Navarro H, Vinué Á, Sanz MJ, Delgado M, Pozo MA, Serrano M, Burks DJ, Andrés V. Increased dosage of Ink4/Arf protects against glucose intolerance and insulin resistance associated with aging. Aging Cell 2013; 12:102-11. [PMID: 23107464 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent genome-wide association studies have linked type-2 diabetes mellitus to a genomic region in chromosome 9p21 near the Ink4/Arf locus, which encodes tumor suppressors that are up-regulated in a variety of mammalian organs during aging. However, it is unclear whether the susceptibility to type-2 diabetes is associated with altered expression of the Ink4/Arf locus. In the present study, we investigated the role of Ink4/Arf in age-dependent alterations of insulin and glucose homeostasis using Super-Ink4/Arf mice which bear an extra copy of the entire Ink4/Arf locus. We find that, in contrast to age-matched wild-type controls, Super-Ink4/Arf mice do not develop glucose intolerance with aging. Insulin tolerance tests demonstrated increased insulin sensitivity in Super-Ink4/Arf compared with wild-type mice, which was accompanied by higher activation of the insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-PI3K-AKT pathway in liver, skeletal muscle and heart. Glucose uptake studies in Super-Ink4/Arf mice showed a tendency toward increased (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in skeletal muscle compared with wild-type mice (P = 0.079). Furthermore, a positive correlation between glucose uptake and baseline glucose levels was observed in Super-Ink4/Arf mice (P < 0.008) but not in wild-type mice. Our studies reveal a protective role of the Ink4/Arf locus against the development of age-dependent insulin resistance and glucose intolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ángela Vinué
- Vascular Biology Unit; Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology and Therapy; Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia (IBV); Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC); Valencia; 46010; Spain
| | | | - Mercedes Delgado
- CAI Cartografía Cerebral; Instituto Pluridisciplinar; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Madrid; 28040; Spain
| | - Miguel Angel Pozo
- CAI Cartografía Cerebral; Instituto Pluridisciplinar; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Madrid; 28040; Spain
| | - Manuel Serrano
- Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO); Madrid; 28029; Spain
| | - Deborah J. Burks
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabolicas (CIBERDEM); Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF); Valencia; 46012; Spain
| | - Vicente Andrés
- Laboratory of Molecular and Genetic Cardiovascular Pathophysiology; Department of Epidemiology, Atherothrombosis and Imaging; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC); Madrid; 28029; Spain
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Nunn A, Guy G, Bell JD. Endocannabinoids in neuroendopsychology: multiphasic control of mitochondrial function. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2012; 367:3342-52. [PMID: 23108551 PMCID: PMC3481535 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2011.0393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a construct based on the discovery of receptors that are modulated by the plant compound tetrahydrocannabinol and the subsequent identification of a family of nascent ligands, the 'endocannabinoids'. The function of the ECS is thus defined by modulation of these receptors-in particular, by two of the best-described ligands (2-arachidonyl glycerol and anandamide), and by their metabolic pathways. Endocannabinoids are released by cell stress, and promote both cell survival and death according to concentration. The ECS appears to shift the immune system towards a type 2 response, while maintaining a positive energy balance and reducing anxiety. It may therefore be important in resolution of injury and inflammation. Data suggest that the ECS could potentially modulate mitochondrial function by several different pathways; this may help explain its actions in the central nervous system. Dose-related control of mitochondrial function could therefore provide an insight into its role in health and disease, and why it might have its own pathology, and possibly, new therapeutic directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair Nunn
- Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK.
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41
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Abstract
This article offers a broad assessment of the hormetic dose response and its relevance to biomedical researchers, physicians, the pharmaceutical industry, and public health scientists. This article contains a series of 61 questions followed by relatively brief but referenced responses that provides support for the conclusion that hormesis is a reproducible phenomenon, commonly observed, with a frequency far greater than other dose-response models such as the threshold and linear nonthreshold dose-response models. The article provides a detailed background information on the historical foundations of hormesis, its quantitative features, mechanistic foundations, as well as how hormesis is currently being used within medicine and identifying how this concept could be further applied in the development of new therapeutic advances and in improved public health practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Calabrese
- Department of Public Health, Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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Jørgensen W, Jelnes P, Rud KA, Hansen LL, Grunnet N, Quistorff B. Progression of type 2 diabetes in GK rats affects muscle and liver mitochondria differently: pronounced reduction of complex II flux is observed in liver only. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 303:E515-23. [PMID: 22713504 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00103.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Impaired mitochondrial function is implicated in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This was investigated in mitochondria from skeletal muscle and liver of the Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rat, which spontaneously develops T2DM with age. The early and the manifest stage of T2DM was studied in 6- and 16-wk-old GK rats, respectively. In GK16 compared with GK6 animals, a decrease in state 3 respiration with palmitoyl carnitine (PC) as substrate was observed in muscle. Yet an increase was seen in liver. To test the complex II contribution to the state 3 respiration, succinate was added together with PC. In liver mitochondria, this resulted in an ∼50% smaller respiratory increase in the GK6 group compared with control and no respiratory increase at all in the GK16 animals. Yet no difference between groups was seen in muscle mitochondria. RCR and P/O ratio was increased (P < 0.05) in liver but unchanged in muscle in both GK groups. We observed increased lipid peroxidation and decreased Akt phosphorylation in liver with the progression of T2DM but no change in muscle. We conclude that, during the progression of T2DM in GK rats, liver mitochondria are affected earlier and/or more severely than muscle mitochondria. Succinate dehydrogenase flux in the presence of fatty acids was reduced severely in liver but not in muscle mitochondria during manifest T2DM. The observations support the notion that T2DM pathogenesis is initiated in the liver and that only later are muscle mitochondria affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenche Jørgensen
- Dept. of Biomedical Sciences, NMR Center, Univ. of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health Sciences, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Bondia-Pons I, Ryan L, Martinez JA. Oxidative stress and inflammation interactions in human obesity. J Physiol Biochem 2012; 68:701-11. [PMID: 22351038 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-012-0154-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is often characterized by increased oxidative stress and exacerbated inflammatory outcomes accompanying infiltration of immune cells in adipocytes. The oxidative stress machinery and inflammatory signaling are not only interrelated, but their impairment can lead to an inhibition of insulin responses as well as a higher risk of cardiovascular diseases and associated features. Mitochondria, in addition to energy transformation, play a role in apoptosis, cellular proliferation, as well as in the cellular redox state control. Under certain circumstances, protons are able to re-enter the mitochondrial matrix via different uncoupling proteins, disturbing free radical production by mitochondria. Disorders of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, over-generation of reactive oxygen species, and lipoperoxides or alterations in antioxidant defenses have been reported in situations of obesity and type-2 diabetes. On the other hand, obesity has been linked to a low grade pro-inflammatory state, in which impairments in the oxidative stress and antioxidant mechanism could be involved. The current scientific evidence highlights the need of investigating the interplay between oxidative stress and inflammation with obesity/diabetes onset as well as the interactions of such factors either as a cause or consequence of obesity. The signaling mediated by the activation of inflammatory markers or nuclear factor kappa β and other transcription factors as central regulators of inflammation are key issues to understanding oxidative stress responses in obesity. This review aims at summarizing the main mechanisms and interplay factors between oxidative stress and inflammation in human obesity according to the last 10 years of research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Bondia-Pons
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science, Physiology and Toxicology Research Building, University of Navarra, C/ Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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Yu Z, Shao W, Chiang Y, Foltz W, Zhang Z, Ling W, Fantus IG, Jin T. Oltipraz upregulates the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 [corrected](NRF2) antioxidant system and prevents insulin resistance and obesity induced by a high-fat diet in C57BL/6J mice. Diabetologia 2011; 54:922-34. [PMID: 21161163 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-010-2001-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS We investigated whether oltipraz, a nuclear respiratory factor 2 alpha subunit (NRF2) activator, improves insulin sensitivity and prevents the development of obesity in mice. METHODS C57BL/6J mice were fed with a low-fat diet (10% of energy as fat), a high-fat diet (HFD) (45% of energy as fat) or a HFD with oltipraz for 28 weeks. The effects of oltipraz on body weight, fat content, glucose disposal, insulin signalling, metabolic profiles and endogenous NRF2 functional status in the three groups of mice were investigated. RESULTS Oltipraz prevented or significantly attenuated the effect of HFD on glucose disposal, body weight and fat gain. Impairment of protein kinase B/Akt phosphorylation in this HFD-fed mouse model in response to intraperitoneal insulin injection was observed in adipose tissue, but not in the muscles, accompanied by inhibition of AMP-activated protein kinase signalling and activation of p70S6 kinase, as well as reduced GLUT4 content. These defects were attenuated by oltipraz administration. Nuclear content of NRF2 in adipose tissue was reduced by HFD feeding, associated with increased Keap1 mRNA expression and reduced production of haem oxygenase-1 and superoxide dismutase, increased protein oxidation, decreased plasma reduced:oxidised glutathione ratio and the appearance of macrophage marker F4/80. These defects were also restored by oltipraz. Finally, oltipraz attenuated HFD-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase overproduction. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Impairment of the endogenous redox system is important in the development of obesity and insulin resistance in chronic HFD feeding. NRF2 activation represents a potential novel approach in the treatment and prevention of obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Yu
- Guandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Nutrition, Public Health Institute, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Fadini GP, Ceolotto G, Pagnin E, de Kreutzenberg S, Avogaro A. At the crossroads of longevity and metabolism: the metabolic syndrome and lifespan determinant pathways. Aging Cell 2011; 10:10-7. [PMID: 21040402 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2010.00642.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome is becoming increasingly prevalent in the general population and carries significant incremental morbidity and mortality. It is associated with multi-organ involvement and increased all-cause mortality, resembling a precocious aging process. The mechanisms that account for this phenomenon are incompletely known, but it is becoming clear that longevity genes might be involved. Experiments with overactivation or disruption of key lifespan determinant pathways, such as silent information regulator (SIR)T1, p66Shc, and mammalian target of rapamycin (TOR), lead to development of features of the metabolic syndrome in mice. These genes integrate longevity pathways and metabolic signals in a complex interplay in which lifespan appears to be strictly dependent on substrate and energy bioavailability. Herein, we describe the roles and possible interconnections of selected lifespan determinant molecular networks in the development of the metabolic syndrome and its complications, describing initial available data in humans. Additional pathways are involved in linking nutrient availability and longevity, certainly including insulin and Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) signaling, as well as FOXO transcription factors. The model described in this viewpoint article is therefore likely to be an oversimplification. Nevertheless, it represents one starting platform for understanding cell biology of lifespan in relation to the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Paolo Fadini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Padova, Medical School, Padova, Italy.
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Nunn AV, Guy GW, Brodie JS, Bell JD. Inflammatory modulation of exercise salience: using hormesis to return to a healthy lifestyle. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2010; 7:87. [PMID: 21143891 PMCID: PMC3009972 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-7-87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Most of the human population in the western world has access to unlimited calories and leads an increasingly sedentary lifestyle. The propensity to undertake voluntary exercise or indulge in spontaneous physical exercise, which might be termed "exercise salience", is drawing increased scientific attention. Despite its genetic aspects, this complex behaviour is clearly modulated by the environment and influenced by physiological states. Inflammation is often overlooked as one of these conditions even though it is known to induce a state of reduced mobility. Chronic subclinical inflammation is associated with the metabolic syndrome; a largely lifestyle-induced disease which can lead to decreased exercise salience. The result is a vicious cycle that increases oxidative stress and reduces metabolic flexibility and perpetuates the disease state. In contrast, hormetic stimuli can induce an anti-inflammatory phenotype, thereby enhancing exercise salience, leading to greater biological fitness and improved functional longevity. One general consequence of hormesis is upregulation of mitochondrial function and resistance to oxidative stress. Examples of hormetic factors include calorie restriction, extreme environmental temperatures, physical activity and polyphenols. The hormetic modulation of inflammation, and thus, exercise salience, may help to explain the highly heterogeneous expression of voluntary exercise behaviour and therefore body composition phenotypes of humans living in similar obesogenic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair V Nunn
- Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 OHS, UK.
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Óvilo C, Fernández A, Fernández AI, Folch JM, Varona L, Benítez R, Nuñez Y, Rodríguez C, Silió L. Hypothalamic expression of porcine leptin receptor (LEPR), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) genes is influenced by LEPR genotype. Mamm Genome 2010; 21:583-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s00335-010-9307-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Seebacher F, Glanville EJ. Low levels of physical activity increase metabolic responsiveness to cold in a rat (Rattus fuscipes). PLoS One 2010; 5:e13022. [PMID: 20885954 PMCID: PMC2946386 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Physical activity modulates expression of metabolic genes and may therefore be a prerequisite for metabolic responses to environmental stimuli. However, the extent to which exercise interacts with environmental conditions to modulate metabolism is unresolved. Hence, we tested the hypothesis that even low levels of physical activity are beneficial by improving metabolic responsiveness to temperatures below the thermal neutral zone, thereby increasing the capacity for substrate oxidation and energy expenditure. Methodology/Principal Findings We used wild rats (Rattus fuscipes) to avoid potential effects of breeding on physiological phenotypes. Exercise acclimation (for 30 min/day on 5 days/week for 30 days at 60% of maximal performance) at 22°C increased mRNA concentrations of PGC1α, PPARδ, and NRF-1 in skeletal muscle and brown adipose tissue compared to sedentary animals. Lowering ambient temperature to 12°C caused further increases in relative expression of NRF-1 in skeletal muscle, and of PPARδ of brown adipose tissue. Surprisingly, relative expression of UCP1 increased only when both exercise and cold stimuli were present. Importantly, in sedentary animals cold acclimation (12°C) alone did not change any of the above variables. Similarly, cold alone did not increase maximum capacity for substrate oxidation in mitochondria (cytochrome c oxidase and citrate synthase activities) of either muscle or brown adipose tissue. Animals that exercised regularly had higher exercise induced metabolic rates in colder environments than sedentary rats, and temperature induced metabolic scope was greater in exercised rats. Conclusions/Significance Physical activity is a necessary prerequisite for the expression of transcriptional regulators that influence a broad range of physiological functions from energy metabolism to cardiovascular function and nutrient uptake. A sedentary lifestyle leads to decreased daily energy expenditure because of a lack of direct use of energy and a muted metabolic response to ambient temperature, which can be reversed even by low levels of physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Seebacher
- Integrative Physiology Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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Nunn AV, Guy GW, Bell JD. Endocannabinoids, FOXO and the metabolic syndrome: Redox, function and tipping point – The view from two systems. Immunobiology 2010; 215:617-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2009.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2009] [Revised: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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