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Weatherly LM, Shane HL, Baur R, Lukomska E, McKinney W, Roberts JR, Fedan JS, Anderson SE. Effects of inhaled tier-2 diesel engine exhaust on immunotoxicity in a rat model: A hazard identification study. Part II. Immunotoxicology. Toxicol Rep 2024; 12:135-147. [PMID: 38304699 PMCID: PMC10831500 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Diesel exhaust (DE) is an air pollutant containing gaseous compounds and particulate matter. Diesel engines are common on gas extraction and oil sites, leading to complex DE exposure to a broad range of compounds through occupational settings. The US EPA concluded that short-term exposure to DE leads to allergic inflammatory disorders of the airways. To further evaluate the immunotoxicity of DE, the effects of whole-body inhalation of 0.2 and 1 mg/m3 DE (total carbon; 6 h/d for 4 days) were investigated 1-, 7-, and 27-days post exposure in Sprague-Dawley rats using an occupationally relevant exposure system. DE exposure of 1 mg/m3 increased total cellularity, number of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells, and B-cells at 1 d post-exposure in the lung lymph nodes. At 7 d post-exposure to 1 mg/m3, cellularity and the number of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells decreased in the LLNs. In the bronchoalveolar lavage, B-cell number and frequency increased at 1 d post-exposure, Natural Killer cell number and frequency decreased at 7 d post-exposure, and at 27 d post-exposure CD8+ T-cell and CD11b+ cell number and frequency decreased with 0.2 mg/m3 exposure. In the spleen, 0.2 mg/m3 increased CD4+ T-cell frequency at 1 and 7 d post-exposure and at 27 d post-exposure increased CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell number and CD8+ T-cell frequency. B-cells were the only immune cell subset altered in the three tissues (spleen, LLNs, and BALF), suggesting the induction of the adaptive immune response. The increase in lymphocytes in several different organ types also suggests an induction of a systemic inflammatory response occurring following DE exposure. These results show that DE exposure induced modifications of cellularity of phenotypic subsets that may impair immune function and contribute to airway inflammation induced by DE exposure in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Weatherly
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Hillary L. Shane
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Rachel Baur
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Ewa Lukomska
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Walter McKinney
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Jenny R. Roberts
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Fedan
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Stacey E. Anderson
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
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Burbank AJ. Risk Factors for Respiratory Viral Infections: A Spotlight on Climate Change and Air Pollution. J Asthma Allergy 2023; 16:183-194. [PMID: 36721739 PMCID: PMC9884560 DOI: 10.2147/jaa.s364845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate change has both direct and indirect effects on human health, and some populations are more vulnerable to these effects than others. Viral respiratory infections are most common illnesses in humans, with estimated 17 billion incident infections globally in 2019. Anthropogenic drivers of climate change, chiefly the emission of greenhouse gases and toxic pollutants from burning of fossil fuels, and the consequential changes in temperature, precipitation, and frequency of extreme weather events have been linked with increased susceptibility to viral respiratory infections. Air pollutants like nitrogen dioxide, particulate matter, diesel exhaust particles, and ozone have been shown to impact susceptibility and immune responses to viral infections through various mechanisms, including exaggerated or impaired innate and adaptive immune responses, disruption of the airway epithelial barrier, altered cell surface receptor expression, and impaired cytotoxic function. An estimated 90% of the world's population is exposed to air pollution, making this a topic with high relevance to human health. This review summarizes the available epidemiologic and experimental evidence for an association between climate change, air pollution, and viral respiratory infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison J Burbank
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA,Correspondence: Allison J Burbank, 5008B Mary Ellen Jones Building, 116 Manning Dr, CB#7231, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA, Tel +1 919 962 5136, Fax +1 919 962 4421, Email
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3
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Kwon M, Jung J, Park HS, Kim NH, Lee J, Park J, Kim Y, Shin S, Lee BS, Cheong YH, Youn HS, Kim SR, Park SA. Diesel exhaust particle exposure accelerates oxidative DNA damage and cytotoxicity in normal human bronchial epithelial cells through PD-L1. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 317:120705. [PMID: 36410599 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) are a major cause of cancer progression as well as a variety of acute and chronic diseases. It is well-known that programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is an immune checkpoint molecule that can induce immune escape in tumor cells. However, the function of PD-L1 in bronchial epithelial cells or how PD-L1 relates to cellular oxidation under DEPs-mediated oxidative stress is not well known. In this study, we investigated how PD-L1 affected DEPs-induced oxidative stress and cytotoxicity in human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells, Beas-2B. DEPs not only induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, but also increased PD-L1 expression in HBE cells. Beas-2B cells overexpressing PD-L1 showed higher levels of ROS production, DNA damage, and apoptosis after DEPs treatment compared to control cells. In particular, the expression of an antioxidant enzyme heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and nuclear translocation and transcriptional activity of Nrf2, a major regulator of HO-1, were lower in Beas-2B overexpressing PD-L1 cells than in control cells. DEPs-induced ROS generation, DNA damage and apoptosis in Beas-2B cells overexpressing PD-L1 were significantly restored by overexpressing HO-1. Collectively, our results suggest that DEPs can increase the expression of PD-L1 in HBE cells and that overexpressing PD-L1 might eventually promote DEPs-induced oxidative DNA damage and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minji Kwon
- Department of ICT Environmental Health System, Graduate School, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si, 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwoo Jung
- Department of ICT Environmental Health System, Graduate School, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si, 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Sun Park
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Hui Kim
- Department of ICT Environmental Health System, Graduate School, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si, 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwoo Lee
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si, 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Jayeon Park
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si, 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Youjin Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si, 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokwon Shin
- Department of ICT Environmental Health System, Graduate School, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si, 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Soo Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Konyang University Hospital and College of Medicine, Daejeon, 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Hwang Cheong
- Drug Discovery Research Laboratories, Dong-A ST Co., Ltd., Yongin, 17073, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Sun Youn
- Department of ICT Environmental Health System, Graduate School, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si, 31538, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si, 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Roul Kim
- Department of ICT Environmental Health System, Graduate School, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si, 31538, Republic of Korea; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si, 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Sin-Aye Park
- Department of ICT Environmental Health System, Graduate School, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si, 31538, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si, 31538, Republic of Korea.
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Serafini MM, Maddalon A, Iulini M, Galbiati V. Air Pollution: Possible Interaction between the Immune and Nervous System? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192316037. [PMID: 36498110 PMCID: PMC9738575 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192316037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental pollutants is a serious and common public health concern associated with growing morbidity and mortality worldwide, as well as economic burden. In recent years, the toxic effects associated with air pollution have been intensively studied, with a particular focus on the lung and cardiovascular system, mainly associated with particulate matter exposure. However, epidemiological and mechanistic studies suggest that air pollution can also influence skin integrity and may have a significant adverse impact on the immune and nervous system. Air pollution exposure already starts in utero before birth, potentially causing delayed chronic diseases arising later in life. There are, indeed, time windows during the life of individuals who are more susceptible to air pollution exposure, which may result in more severe outcomes. In this review paper, we provide an overview of findings that have established the effects of air pollutants on the immune and nervous system, and speculate on the possible interaction between them, based on mechanistic data.
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Noël A, Ashbrook DG, Xu F, Cormier SA, Lu L, O’Callaghan JP, Menon SK, Zhao W, Penn AL, Jones BC. Genomic Basis for Individual Differences in Susceptibility to the Neurotoxic Effects of Diesel Exhaust. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12461. [PMID: 36293318 PMCID: PMC9603950 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Air pollution is a known environmental health hazard. A major source of air pollution includes diesel exhaust (DE). Initially, research on DE focused on respiratory morbidities; however, more recently, exposures to DE have been associated with neurological developmental disorders and neurodegeneration. In this study, we investigated the effects of sub-chronic inhalation exposure to DE on neuroinflammatory markers in two inbred mouse strains and both sexes, including whole transcriptome examination of the medial prefrontal cortex. We exposed aged male and female C57BL/6J (B6) and DBA/2J (D2) mice to DE, which was cooled and diluted with HEPA-filtered compressed air for 2 h per day, 5 days a week, for 4 weeks. Control animals were exposed to HEPA-filtered air on the same schedule as DE-exposed animals. The prefrontal cortex was harvested and analyzed for proinflammatory cytokine gene expression (Il1β, Il6, Tnfα) and transcriptome-wide response by RNA-seq. We observed differential cytokine gene expression between strains and sexes in the DE-exposed vs. control-exposed groups for Il1β, Tnfα, and Il6. For RNA-seq, we identified 150 differentially expressed genes between air and DE treatment related to natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity per Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways. Overall, our data show differential strain-related effects of DE on neuroinflammation and neurotoxicity and demonstrate that B6 are more susceptible than D2 to gene expression changes due to DE exposures than D2. These results are important because B6 mice are often used as the default mouse model for DE studies and strain-related effects of DE neurotoxicity warrant expanded studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Noël
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - David G. Ashbrook
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Fuyi Xu
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Stephania A. Cormier
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Lu Lu
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - James P. O’Callaghan
- Molecular Neurotoxicology Laboratory, Toxicology, and Molecular Biology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, NIOSH, Morgantown, WV 26508, USA
| | - Shyam K. Menon
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Wenyuan Zhao
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Arthur L. Penn
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Byron C. Jones
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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Fiorito S, Soligo M, Gao Y, Ogulur I, Akdis C, Bonini S. Is the epithelial barrier hypothesis the key to understanding the higher incidence and excess mortality during COVID-19 pandemic? The case of Northern Italy. Allergy 2022; 77:1408-1417. [PMID: 35102595 PMCID: PMC9304271 DOI: 10.1111/all.15239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The high incidence and increased mortality of COVID-19 make Italy among the most impacted countries by SARS-CoV-2 outbreak. In the beginning of the pandemic, Northern regions accounted for 40% of cases and 45% of deaths from COVID-19 in Italy. Several factors have been suggested to explain the higher incidence and excess mortality from COVID-19 in these regions. It is noticed that Northern Italian regions, and particularly the cities in Po Valley, are the areas with the highest air pollution due to commercial vehicle traffic, industry and a stagnant meteorological condition, with one of the highest levels in Italy and Europe of fine particulate matter 2.5 micron or smaller in size (PM2.5). PM2.5, the major environmental pollutant deriving mainly by factory and automobile exhaust emissions and coal combustion, increases the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, the epithelial cell entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2, and thus increase the susceptibility to this virus. The epithelial barrier hypothesis proposes that many diverse diseases may rise from the disruption of epithelial barrier of skin, respiratory tract and gastrointestinal system, including allergic diseases, metabolic and autoimmune diseases, and chronic neuropsychiatric conditions. There is evidence of a close correlation between air pollution and airway epithelial barrier dysfunction. Air pollution, causing lung epithelial barrier dysfunction, may contribute to local chronic inflammation, microbiome dysbiosis and impaired antiviral immune response against SARS-CoV-2, all of which contribute to the high incidence and excess mortality from COVID-19. In addition, air pollution and epithelial barrier dysfunction contribute also to the higher prevalence of several comorbidities of COVID-19, such as diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and obesity, which have been identified as risk factors for mortality of COVID-19. In this article, on the basis of epidemiological and environmental monitoring data in Northern Italy, it is suggested that epithelial barrier hypothesis may help to understand the excess burden and mortality from COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Fiorito
- Institute of Translational PharmacologyItalian National Research CouncilRomeItaly
| | - Marzia Soligo
- Institute of Translational PharmacologyItalian National Research CouncilRomeItaly
| | - Yadong Gao
- Department of AllergologyZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Ismail Ogulur
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF)University of ZurichDavosSwitzerland
| | - Cezmi A. Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF)University of ZurichDavosSwitzerland
| | - Sergio Bonini
- Institute of Translational PharmacologyItalian National Research CouncilRomeItaly
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Baron YM. Are there medium to short-term multifaceted effects of the airborne pollutant PM 2.5 determining the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants? Med Hypotheses 2021; 158:110718. [PMID: 34758423 PMCID: PMC8526108 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2021.110718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has been characterised by successiveoutbreaks effecting large swathes of the world's populations. These waves of infection have been mainly driven by a number of more transmissiblevariants which appear to evade the populations' immunity gained from previous outbreaks. There appears to be a link between COVID-19 and a ubiquitous airborne pollutant calledparticulate matter, PM2.5. Particulate matter through a number of mechanisms, including its anthropogenic effect, appears to be associated with the incidence and the mortality related to the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper poses a number of hypotheses on the short to medium-term mechanisms whereby PM2.5 may be party to the natural selection of SARS-CoV-2 virus, with the consequent emergence of variants.
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8
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Nozza E, Valentini S, Melzi G, Vecchi R, Corsini E. Advances on the immunotoxicity of outdoor particulate matter: A focus on physical and chemical properties and respiratory defence mechanisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 780:146391. [PMID: 33774291 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) is acknowledged to have multiple detrimental effects on human health. In this review, we report literature results on the possible link between outdoor PM and health outcomes with a focus on pulmonary infections and the mechanisms responsible for observed negative effects. PM physical and chemical properties, such as size and chemical composition, as well as major emission sources are described for a more comprehensive view about the role played by atmospheric PM in the observed adverse health effects; to this aim, major processes leading to the deposition of PM in the respiratory tract and how this can pave the way to the onset of pathologies are also presented. From the literature works here reviewed, two ways in which PM can threaten human health promoting respiratory infectious diseases are mostly taken into account. The first pathway is related to an enhanced susceptibility and here we will also report on molecular mechanisms in the lung immune system responsible for the augmented susceptibility to pathogens, such as the damage of mechanical defensive barriers, the alteration of the innate immune response, and the generation of oxidative stress. The second one deals with the relationship between infectious agents and PM; here we recall that viruses and bacteria (BioPM) are themselves part of atmospheric PM and are collected during sampling together with particles of different origin; so, data should be analysed with caution in order to avoid any false cause-effect relation. To face these issues a multidisciplinary approach is mandatory as also evident from the ongoing research about the mechanisms hypothesized for the SARS-CoV-2 airborne spreading, which is still controversial and claims for further investigation. Therefore, we preferred not to include papers dealing with SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Nozza
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy; Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 16, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - S Valentini
- Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 16, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - G Melzi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DiSFeB), Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - R Vecchi
- Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 16, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - E Corsini
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Woodby B, Arnold MM, Valacchi G. SARS-CoV-2 infection, COVID-19 pathogenesis, and exposure to air pollution: What is the connection? Ann N Y Acad Sci 2021; 1486:15-38. [PMID: 33022781 PMCID: PMC7675684 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to air pollutants has been previously associated with respiratory viral infections, including influenza, measles, mumps, rhinovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus. Epidemiological studies have also suggested that air pollution exposure is associated with increased cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19-associated mortality, although the molecular mechanisms by which pollutant exposure affects viral infection and pathogenesis of COVID-19 remain unknown. In this review, we suggest potential molecular mechanisms that could account for this association. We have focused on the potential effect of exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2 ), ozone (O3 ), and particulate matter (PM) since there are studies investigating how exposure to these pollutants affects the life cycle of other viruses. We have concluded that pollutant exposure may affect different stages of the viral life cycle, including inhibition of mucociliary clearance, alteration of viral receptors and proteases required for entry, changes to antiviral interferon production and viral replication, changes in viral assembly mediated by autophagy, prevention of uptake by macrophages, and promotion of viral spread by increasing epithelial permeability. We believe that exposure to pollutants skews adaptive immune responses toward bacterial/allergic immune responses, as opposed to antiviral responses. Exposure to air pollutants could also predispose exposed populations toward developing COIVD-19-associated immunopathology, enhancing virus-induced tissue inflammation and damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Woodby
- Animal Science DepartmentPlants for Human Health Institute, N.C. Research Campus, North Carolina State UniversityKannapolisNorth Carolina
| | - Michelle M. Arnold
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyCenter for Molecular and Tumor VirologyLouisiana State University Health Sciences CenterShreveportLouisiana
| | - Giuseppe Valacchi
- Animal Science DepartmentPlants for Human Health Institute, N.C. Research Campus, North Carolina State UniversityKannapolisNorth Carolina
- Department of Life Sciences and BiotechnologyUniversity of FerraraFerraraItaly
- Department of Food and NutritionKyung Hee UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
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Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) modify lung surfactant function and pro-inflammatory responses in human bronchial epithelial cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 62:104656. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.104656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Santibáñez-Andrade M, Chirino YI, González-Ramírez I, Sánchez-Pérez Y, García-Cuellar CM. Deciphering the Code between Air Pollution and Disease: The Effect of Particulate Matter on Cancer Hallmarks. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010136. [PMID: 31878205 PMCID: PMC6982149 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Air pollution has been recognized as a global health problem, causing around 7 million deaths worldwide and representing one of the highest environmental crises that we are now facing. Close to 30% of new lung cancer cases are associated with air pollution, and the impact is more evident in major cities. In this review, we summarize and discuss the evidence regarding the effect of particulate matter (PM) and its impact in carcinogenesis, considering the “hallmarks of cancer” described by Hanahan and Weinberg in 2000 and 2011 as a guide to describing the findings that support the impact of particulate matter during the cancer continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Santibáñez-Andrade
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, San Fernando No. 22, Tlalpan, México CP 14080, DF, Mexico; (M.S.-A.); (I.G.-R.)
| | - Yolanda I. Chirino
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla CP 54090, Estado de México, Mexico;
| | - Imelda González-Ramírez
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, San Fernando No. 22, Tlalpan, México CP 14080, DF, Mexico; (M.S.-A.); (I.G.-R.)
| | - Yesennia Sánchez-Pérez
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, San Fernando No. 22, Tlalpan, México CP 14080, DF, Mexico; (M.S.-A.); (I.G.-R.)
- Correspondence: (Y.S.-P.); (C.M.G.-C.); Tel.: +52-(55)-3693-5200 (Y.S.-P. & C.M.G.-C.)
| | - Claudia M. García-Cuellar
- Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, San Fernando No. 22, Tlalpan, México CP 14080, DF, Mexico; (M.S.-A.); (I.G.-R.)
- Correspondence: (Y.S.-P.); (C.M.G.-C.); Tel.: +52-(55)-3693-5200 (Y.S.-P. & C.M.G.-C.)
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12
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Effects of Air Pollution on Lung Innate Lymphoid Cells: Review of In Vitro and In Vivo Experimental Studies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16132347. [PMID: 31269777 PMCID: PMC6650824 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16132347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Outdoor air pollution is associated with respiratory infections and allergies, yet the role of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in pathogen containment and airway hyperresponsiveness relevant to effects of air pollutants on ILCs is poorly understood. We conducted a systematic review to evaluate the available evidence on the effect of outdoor air pollutants on the lung type 1 (ILC1) and type 2 ILCs (ILC2) subsets. We searched five electronic databases (up to Dec 2018) for studies on the effect of carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), diesel exhaust particles (DEP), ozone (O3), and particulate matter (PM) on respiratory ILCs. Of 2209 identified citations, 22 full-text papers were assessed for eligibility, and 12 articles describing experimental studies performed in murine strains (9) and on human blood cells (3) were finally selected. Overall, these studies showed that exposure to PM, DEP, and high doses of O3 resulted in a reduction of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) production and cytotoxicity of ILC1. These pollutants and carbon nanotubes stimulate lung ILC2s, produce high levels of interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-13, and induce airway hyperresponsiveness. These findings highlight potential mechanisms by which human ILCs react to air pollution that increase the susceptibility to infections and allergies.
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13
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Li T, Wang L, Zhang Y, Guo X, Chen X, Zhang F, Yang G, Wen W, Li H. Molecular characterization of three novel perforins in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) and their expression patterns during larvae ontogeny and in response to immune challenges. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:299. [PMID: 30285759 PMCID: PMC6169072 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1613-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In the host immune system, perforin is a cytotoxic effector molecule that eliminate virus-infected and malignant cells. Moreover, some recent studies also imply the involvement of perforin in antibacterial immunity. Common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), one of the most economically important fish species in China, has a high susceptibility to viruses and bacteria. Thus far, in common carp, no data are available regarding the identification and immunologic function of the perforin. Results In the present study, the cDNA and genomic DNA sequences of three perforin isoform genes were cloned and characterized in common carp, named CcPRF1, CcPRF2 and CcPRF3. Amino acid sequences of the three CcPRFs were quite different, with identities ranged from 37.3 to 39.5%. Phylogenetic analysis showed that three CcPRFs, each in a separate sub-branch, possessed closer evolutionary relationship with other teleost perforins, especially with cyprinid fishes, than higher vertebrates. Expression analysis revealed that each CcPRF gene was differentially expressed in all of the nine tested tissues. During larvae ontogeny, each CcPRF displayed a distinct expression pattern, while with a common expression peak at 22 days post hatching (dph). Moreover, in vivo or in vitro, after stimulation with polyI:C, LPS and Aeromonas hydrophila, each CcPRF was induced significantly, with differential expression dynamics. Conclusions Our findings suggest that perforin might play significant roles in larval immune system and in the immune defense of common carp against viral and bacterial pathogens. Meantime, the differential expression dynamics seem to imply possible different cellular locations or functional differences across various CcPRF isoforms. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-018-1613-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.,Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yonghuan Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Xinyi Guo
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Xinze Chen
- National Life Science and Technology Training Base, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Fumiao Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Guiwen Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Wujun Wen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China.
| | - Hua Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China.
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14
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Gallardo-Vera F, Tapia-Rodriguez M, Diaz D, Fortoul van der Goes T, Montaño LF, Rendón-Huerta EP. Vanadium pentoxide increased PTEN and decreased SHP1 expression in NK-92MI cells, affecting PI3K-AKT-mTOR and Ras-MAPK pathways. J Immunotoxicol 2018; 15:1-11. [PMID: 29228829 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2017.1404662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Vanadium is an air pollutant that imparts immunosuppressive effects on NK cell immune responses, in part, by dysregulating interleukin (IL)-2/IL-2R-mediated JAK signaling pathways and inducing apoptosis. The aim of the present study was to evaluate effects of vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) on other IL-2 receptor-mediated signaling pathways, i.e. PI3K-AKT-mTOR and Ras-MAPK. Here, IL-2-independent NK-92MI cells were exposed to different V2O5 doses for 24 h periods. Expression of PI3K, Akt, mTOR, ERK1/2, MEK1, PTEN, SHP1, BAD and phosphorylated forms, as well as caspases-3, -8, -9, BAX and BAK in/on the cells were then determined by flow cytometry. The results show that V2O5 was cytotoxic to NK cells in a dose-related manner. Exposure increased BAD and pBAD expression and decreased that of BAK and BAX, but cell death was not related to caspase activation. At 400 µM V2O5, expression of PI3K-p85 regulatory subunit increased 20% and pPI3K 50%, while that of the non-pPI3K 110α catalytic subunit decreased by 20%. At 200 μM, V2O5 showed significant decrease in non-pAkt expression (p < 0.05); the decrease in pAkt expression was significant at 100 μM. Non-pmTOR expression displayed a significant downward trend beginning at 100 μM. Expressions of pMEK-1/2 and pERK-1/2 increased substantially at 200 μM V2O5. No differences were found with non-phosphorylated ERK-1/2. PTEN expression increased significantly at 100 μM V2O5 exposure whereas pPTEN decreased by 18% at 25 μM V2O5 concentrations, but remained unchanged thereafter. Lastly, V2O5 at all doses decreased SHP1 expression and increased expression of its phosphorylated form. These results indicated a toxic effect of V2O5 on NK cells that was due in part to dysregulation of signaling pathways mediated by IL-2 via increased PTEN and decreased SHP1 expression. These results can help to explain some of the known deleterious effects of this particular form of vanadium on innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Gallardo-Vera
- a Laboratorio de Inmunobiología, Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM , Mexico City , México
| | - Miguel Tapia-Rodriguez
- b Unidad de Microscopia , Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM , Mexico City , México
| | - Daniel Diaz
- c Facultad de Ciencias , UNAM , Mexico City , México
| | - Teresa Fortoul van der Goes
- a Laboratorio de Inmunobiología, Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM , Mexico City , México
| | - Luis F Montaño
- a Laboratorio de Inmunobiología, Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM , Mexico City , México
| | - Erika P Rendón-Huerta
- a Laboratorio de Inmunobiología, Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM , Mexico City , México
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15
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Rebuli ME, Pawlak EA, Walsh D, Martin EM, Jaspers I. Distinguishing Human Peripheral Blood NK Cells from CD56 dimCD16 dimCD69 +CD103 + Resident Nasal Mucosal Lavage Fluid Cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3394. [PMID: 29467466 PMCID: PMC5821812 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21443-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are members of the innate lymphoid cells group 1 (ILC1s), which play a critical role in innate host defense against viruses and malignancies. While many studies have examined the role of circulating peripheral blood (PB) CD56+ NK cells, little is known about the resident CD56+ cell population. Therefore, matched CD56+ cells from nasal lavage fluid (NLF) and PB of smokers and non-smokers were compared phenotypically, via flow cytometry, and functionally, via NK-cell specific gene expression. NLF and PB CD56+ cells had similar expression of CD56, but differentially expressed tissue residency (CD69 and CD103) and cytotoxicity (CD16) markers. In addition, NLF CD56dim cells expressed lower levels of cytotoxicity-associated genes, perforin (PRF1) and granzyme B (GZMB), and increased levels of cytokines and cell signaling molecules, TRAIL, IFNGR2, and IL8, as compared to PB CD56dim cells. In smokers, ITGA2 was downregulated in NLF CD56dim cells, while markers of cytotoxic function were primarily downregulated in PB CD56dim NK cells. Overall, NLF CD56dim cells are a unique cell population that likely play a role in orchestrating innate immune responses in the nasal cavity, which is distinct from their role as a non-antigen-restricted cytotoxic CD56dim lymphocytes in the PB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan E Rebuli
- Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Erica A Pawlak
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Dana Walsh
- Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Martin
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ilona Jaspers
- Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. .,Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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16
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Gasoline particle filter reduces oxidative DNA damage in bronchial epithelial cells after whole gasoline exhaust exposure in vitro. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2297. [PMID: 29396482 PMCID: PMC5797118 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20736-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A substantial amount of traffic-related particle emissions is released by gasoline cars, since most diesel cars are now equipped with particle filters that reduce particle emissions. Little is known about adverse health effects of gasoline particles, and particularly, whether a gasoline particle filter (GPF) influences the toxicity of gasoline exhaust emissions. We drove a dynamic test cycle with a gasoline car and studied the effect of a GPF on exhaust composition and airway toxicity. We exposed human bronchial epithelial cells (ECs) for 6 hours, and compared results with and without GPF. Two hours later, primary human natural killer cells (NKs) were added to ECs to form cocultures, while some ECs were grown as monocultures. The following day, cells were analyzed for cytotoxicity, cell surface receptor expression, intracellular markers, oxidative DNA damage, gene expression, and oxidative stress. The particle amount was significantly reduced due to GPF application. While most biological endpoints did not differ, oxidative DNA damage was significantly reduced in EC monocultures exposed to GPF compared to reference exhaust. Our findings indicate that a GPF has beneficial effects on exhaust composition and airway toxicity. Further studies are needed to assess long-term effects, also in other cell types of the lung.
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17
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Roth M, Usemann J, Bisig C, Comte P, Czerwinski J, Mayer AC, Beier K, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Latzin P, Müller L. Effects of gasoline and ethanol-gasoline exhaust exposure on human bronchial epithelial and natural killer cells in vitro. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 45:101-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Diesel Exhaust Particles and the Induction of Macrophage Activation and Dysfunction. Inflammation 2017; 41:356-363. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-017-0682-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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19
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Müller L, Steiner SK, Rodriguez-Lorenzo L, Petri-Fink A, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Latzin P. Exposure to silver nanoparticles affects viability and function of natural killer cells, mostly via the release of ions. Cell Biol Toxicol 2017; 34:167-176. [PMID: 28721573 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-017-9403-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play a crucial role in linking innate and adaptive immune responses, especially during viral infections and tumor surveillance. They have two major effector functions: the killing of stressed/abnormal cells and the release of cytokines. Their activity is regulated via inhibitory and activating surface receptors. At the same time that the production and use of engineered nanoparticles is steadily increasing, the risk for exposure to silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from consumer products or biomedical applications is growing. Given this, we assessed the effects of 20-nm big AgNPs on NK cells, which represent an important part of the immune system. Our study involved overnight exposure of human blood NK cells to different concentrations of AgNPs, and silver (Ag) ion controls, and analyzing them for viability, surface receptor expression, intracellular markers, cytokine release, and killing potential. Exposure to AgNPs, but not to Ag ion controls, reduced the viability and the cytotoxic potential after polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid stimulation of NK cells and increased the expression of the inhibitory receptor CD159a. Exposure to AgNPs and Ag ion controls reduced the expression of the activating receptors CD335 and of CD16 and increased the expression of the activating receptor CD314. Overall, exposure to AgNPs changes NK cells' function and phenotype and may present a risk for modulating human immune responses, which should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loretta Müller
- University Children's Hospital Basel, Spitalstrasse 33, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Selina K Steiner
- University Children's Hospital Basel, Spitalstrasse 33, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Alke Petri-Fink
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | - Philipp Latzin
- University Children's Hospital Basel, Spitalstrasse 33, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.,Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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20
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Zakharenko AM, Engin AB, Chernyshev VV, Chaika VV, Ugay SM, Rezaee R, Karimi G, Drozd VA, Nikitina AV, Solomennik SF, Kudryavkina OR, Xin L, Wenpeng Y, Tzatzarakis M, Tsatsakis AM, Golokhvast KS. Basophil mediated pro-allergic inflammation in vehicle-emitted particles exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 152:308-314. [PMID: 27833058 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite of the fact that engine manufacturers develop a new technology to reduce exhaust emissions, insufficient attention given to particulate emissions. However, diesel exhaust particles are a major source of air-borne pollution, contain vast amount of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and may have deleterious effects on the immune system, resulting in the induction and enhancement of pro-allergic processes. In the current study, vehicle emitted particles (VEP) from 2 different types of cars (diesel - D and gasoline - G) and locomotive (L) were collected. Overall, 129 four-week-old, male SPF-class Kunming mice were subcutaneously instilled with either low dose 100, 250 or high dose, 500mg/kg VEP and 15 mice were assigned as control group. The systemic toxicity was evaluated and alterations in the percentages of the CD3, CD4, CD8, CD16, CD25 expressing cells, basophils, eosinophils and neutrophils were determined. Basophil percentages were inversely associated with the PAH content of the VEPs, however basophil sensitization was more important than cell count in VEP exposure. Thus, the effects of VEP-PAHs emerge with the activation of basophils in an allergen independent fashion. Despite the increased percentage of CD4+ T cells, a sharp decrease in basophil counts at 500mg/kg of VEP indicates a decreased inhibitory effect of CD16+ monocytes on the proliferation of CD4+ T cell and suppressed polarization into a Th2 phenotype. Therefore, although the restrictions for vehicles emissions differ between countries, follow up studies and strict regulations are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Zakharenko
- Far Eastern Federal University, Engineering School, Scientific Educational Centre of Nanotechnology, 690950, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Ayse Basak Engin
- Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, 06330, Hipodrom, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Valery V Chernyshev
- Far Eastern Federal University, Engineering School, Scientific Educational Centre of Nanotechnology, 690950, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Chaika
- Far Eastern Federal University, Engineering School, Scientific Educational Centre of Nanotechnology, 690950, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Sergey M Ugay
- Far Eastern Federal University, Engineering School, Scientific Educational Centre of Nanotechnology, 690950, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Ramin Rezaee
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Karimi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vladimir A Drozd
- Far Eastern Federal University, Engineering School, Scientific Educational Centre of Nanotechnology, 690950, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Anna V Nikitina
- Far Eastern Federal University, Engineering School, Scientific Educational Centre of Nanotechnology, 690950, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Sergey F Solomennik
- Far Eastern Federal University, Engineering School, Scientific Educational Centre of Nanotechnology, 690950, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Olga R Kudryavkina
- Far Eastern Federal University, Engineering School, Scientific Educational Centre of Nanotechnology, 690950, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Liu Xin
- Biology Institute Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Yuan Wenpeng
- Biology Institute Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Manolis Tzatzarakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Aristidis M Tsatsakis
- Far Eastern Federal University, Engineering School, Scientific Educational Centre of Nanotechnology, 690950, Vladivostok, Russia; Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece.
| | - Kirill S Golokhvast
- Far Eastern Federal University, Engineering School, Scientific Educational Centre of Nanotechnology, 690950, Vladivostok, Russia.
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21
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Pawlak EA, Noah TL, Zhou H, Chehrazi C, Robinette C, Diaz-Sanchez D, Müller L, Jaspers I. Diesel exposure suppresses natural killer cell function and resolution of eosinophil inflammation: a randomized controlled trial of exposure in allergic rhinitics. Part Fibre Toxicol 2016; 13:24. [PMID: 27154411 PMCID: PMC4859992 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-016-0135-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to diesel exhaust (DE) is known to exacerbate allergic inflammation, including virus-induced eosinophil activation in laboratory animals. We have previously shown that in human volunteers with allergic rhinitis a short-term exposure to DE prior to infection with the live attenuated influenza virus (LAIV) increases markers of allergic inflammation in the nasal mucosa. Specifically, levels of eosinophilic cationic protein (ECP) were significantly enhanced in individuals exposed to DE prior to inoculation with LAIV and this effect was maintained for at least seven days. However, this previous study was limited in its scope of nasal immune endpoints and did not explore potential mechanisms mediating the prolonged exacerbation of allergic inflammation caused by exposure to DE prior to inoculation with LAIV. In this follow-up study, the methods were modified to expand experimental endpoints and explore the potential role of NK cells. The data presented here suggest DE prolongs viral-induced eosinophil activation, which was accompanied by decreased markers of NK cell recruitment and activation. Separate in vitro studies showed that exposure to DE particles decreases the ability of NK cells to kill eosinophils. Taken together, these follow-up studies suggest that DE-induced exacerbation of allergic inflammation in the context of viral infections may be mediated by decreased activity of NK cells and their ability to clear eosinophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica A Pawlak
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 104 Mason Farm Rd, Campus Box 7310, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7310, USA
| | - Terry L Noah
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 104 Mason Farm Rd, Campus Box 7310, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7310, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Haibo Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Claire Chehrazi
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Carole Robinette
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 104 Mason Farm Rd, Campus Box 7310, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7310, USA
| | | | - Loretta Müller
- University Children's Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ilona Jaspers
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 104 Mason Farm Rd, Campus Box 7310, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7310, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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22
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Yang L, Ma S, Wan Y, Duan S, Ye S, Du S, Ruan X, Sheng X, Weng Q, Taya K, Xu M. In vitro effect of 4-pentylphenol and 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol on murine splenic lymphocyte populations and cytokine/granzyme production. J Immunotoxicol 2016; 13:548-56. [DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2016.1140853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lubing Yang
- Collage of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, PR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Sihui Ma
- Collage of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, PR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yifang Wan
- Collage of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shuqi Duan
- Collage of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Siyan Ye
- Collage of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Shengjie Du
- Collage of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xinwei Ruan
- Collage of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xia Sheng
- Collage of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Qiang Weng
- Collage of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, PR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Kazuyoshi Taya
- Collage of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, PR China
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Meiyu Xu
- Collage of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, PR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, PR China
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23
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Müller L, Meyer M, Bauer RN, Zhou H, Zhang H, Jones S, Robinette C, Noah TL, Jaspers I. Effect of Broccoli Sprouts and Live Attenuated Influenza Virus on Peripheral Blood Natural Killer Cells: A Randomized, Double-Blind Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147742. [PMID: 26820305 PMCID: PMC4731143 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhancing antiviral host defense responses through nutritional supplementation would be an attractive strategy in the fight against influenza. Using inoculation with live attenuated influenza virus (LAIV) as an infection model, we have recently shown that ingestion of sulforaphane-containing broccoli sprout homogenates (BSH) reduces markers of viral load in the nose. To investigate the systemic effects of short-term BSH supplementation in the context of LAIV-inoculation, we examined peripheral blood immune cell populations in non-smoking subjects from this study, with a particular focus on NK cells. We carried out a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study measuring the effects of BSH (N = 13) or placebo (alfalfa sprout homogenate, ASH; N = 16) on peripheral blood mononuclear cell responses to a standard nasal vaccine dose of LAIV in healthy volunteers. Blood was drawn prior to (day-1) and post (day2, day21) LAIV inoculation and analyzed for neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, T cells, NKT cells, and NK cells. In addition, NK cells were enriched, stimulated, and assessed for surface markers, intracellular markers, and cytotoxic potential by flow cytometry. Overall, LAIV significantly reduced NKT (day2 and day21) and T cell (day2) populations. LAIV decreased NK cell CD56 and CD158b expression, while significantly increasing CD16 expression and cytotoxic potential (on day2). BSH supplementation further increased LAIV-induced granzyme B production (day2) in NK cells compared to ASH and in the BSH group granzyme B levels appeared to be negatively associated with influenza RNA levels in nasal lavage fluid cells. We conclude that nasal influenza infection may induce complex changes in peripheral blood NK cell activation, and that BSH increases virus-induced peripheral blood NK cell granzyme B production, an effect that may be important for enhanced antiviral defense responses. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01269723
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Affiliation(s)
- Loretta Müller
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- University Children’s Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Megan Meyer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Rebecca N. Bauer
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Haibo Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Hongtao Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Shannon Jones
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Carole Robinette
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Terry L. Noah
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ilona Jaspers
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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24
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Rossner P, Tulupova E, Rossnerova A, Libalova H, Honkova K, Gmuender H, Pastorkova A, Svecova V, Topinka J, Sram RJ. Reduced gene expression levels after chronic exposure to high concentrations of air pollutants. Mutat Res 2015; 780:60-70. [PMID: 26298100 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed the ability of particulate matter (PM) and chemicals adsorbed onto it to induce diverse gene expression profiles in subjects living in two regions of the Czech Republic differing in levels and sources of the air pollution. A total of 312 samples from polluted Ostrava region and 154 control samples from Prague were collected in winter 2009, summer 2009 and winter 2010. The highest concentrations of air pollutants were detected in winter 2010 when the subjects were exposed to: PM of aerodynamic diameter <2.5μm (PM2.5) (70 vs. 44.9μg/m(3)); benzo[a]pyrene (9.02 vs. 2.56ng/m(3)) and benzene (10.2 vs. 5.5μg/m(3)) in Ostrava and Prague, respectively. Global gene expression analysis of total RNA extracted from leukocytes was performed using Illumina Expression BeadChips microarrays. The expression of selected genes was verified by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Gene expression profiles differed by locations and seasons. Despite lower concentrations of air pollutants a higher number of differentially expressed genes and affected KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathways was found in subjects from Prague. In both locations immune response pathways were affected, in Prague also neurodegenerative diseases-related pathways. Over-representation of the latter pathways was associated with the exposure to PM2.5. The qRT-PCR analysis showed a significant decrease in expression of APEX, ATM, FAS, GSTM1, IL1B and RAD21 in subjects from Ostrava, in a comparison of winter 2010 and summer 2009. In Prague, an increase in gene expression was observed for GADD45A and PTGS2. In conclusion, high concentrations of pollutants in Ostrava were not associated with higher number of differentially expressed genes, affected KEGG pathways and expression levels of selected genes. This observation suggests that chronic exposure to air pollution may result in reduced gene expression response with possible negative health consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Rossner
- Department of Genetic Ecotoxicology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Elena Tulupova
- Department of Genetic Ecotoxicology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Rossnerova
- Department of Genetic Ecotoxicology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Libalova
- Department of Genetic Ecotoxicology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Honkova
- Department of Genetic Ecotoxicology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Anna Pastorkova
- Department of Genetic Ecotoxicology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vlasta Svecova
- Department of Genetic Ecotoxicology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Topinka
- Department of Genetic Ecotoxicology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radim J Sram
- Department of Genetic Ecotoxicology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
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25
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Dickinson AJ, Meyer M, Pawlak EA, Gomez S, Jaspers I, Allbritton NL. Analysis of sphingosine kinase activity in single natural killer cells from peripheral blood. Integr Biol (Camb) 2015; 7:392-401. [PMID: 25786072 PMCID: PMC4566154 DOI: 10.1039/c5ib00007f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a lipid second messenger formed upon phosphorylation of sphingosine by sphingosine kinase (SK), plays a crucial role in natural killer (NK) cell proliferation, migration, and cytotoxicity. Dysregulation of the S1P pathway has been linked to a number of immune system disorders and therapeutic manipulation of the pathway has been proposed as a method of disease intervention. However, peripheral blood NK cells, as identified by surface markers (CD56(+)CD45(+)CD3(-)CD16) consist of a highly diverse population with distinct phenotypes and functions and it is unknown whether the S1P pathway is similarly diverse across peripheral blood NK cells. In this work, we measured the phosphorylation of sphingosine-fluorescein (SF) and subsequent metabolism of S1P fluorescein (S1PF) to form hexadecanoic acid fluorescein (HAF) in 111 single NK cells obtained from the peripheral blood of four healthy human subjects. The percentage of SF converted to S1PF or HAF was highly variable amongst the cells ranging from 0% to 100% (S1PF) and 0% to 97% (HAF). Subpopulations of cells with varying levels of S1PF formation and metabolism were readily identified. Across all subjects, the average percentage of SF converted to S1PF or HAF was 37 ± 36% and 12 ± 19%, respectively. NK cell metabolism of SF by the different subjects was also distinct with hierarchical clustering suggesting two possible phenotypes: low (<20%) or high (>50%) producers of S1PF. The heterogeneity of SK and downstream enzyme activity in NK cells may enable NK cells to respond effectively to a diverse array of pathogens as well as incipient tumor cells. NK cells from two subjects were also loaded with S1PF to assess the activity of S1P phosphatase (S1PP), which converts S1P to sphingosine. No NK cells (n = 41) formed sphingosine, suggesting that S1PP was minimally active in peripheral blood NK cells. In contrast to the SK activity, S1PP activity was homogeneous across the peripheral blood NK cells, suggesting a bias in the SK pathway towards proliferation and migration, activities supported by S1P.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Megan Meyer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Erica A. Pawlak
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Shawn Gomez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Ilona Jaspers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Nancy L. Allbritton
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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26
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Gallardo-Vera F, Diaz D, Tapia-Rodriguez M, Fortoul van der Goes T, Masso F, Rendon-Huerta E, Montaño LF. Vanadium pentoxide prevents NK-92MI cell proliferation and IFNγ secretion through sustained JAK3 phosphorylation. J Immunotoxicol 2015; 13:27-37. [PMID: 25565016 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2014.996681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Vanadium is a major air pollutant with toxic and carcinogenic effects; it also exercises immunosuppressive effects on the adaptive immune response. Its effect on the innate immune response is poorly explored. The aim of this study was to identify if vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) impairs the function of immunoregulatory NK cells and to determine possible mechanisms associated with this effect. Interleukin-2-independent NK-92MI cells were exposed to different V2O5 concentrations for 6, 12, or 24 h periods. Cell proliferation was then evaluated using CFSE staining, apoptosis by Annexin V binding, and necrosis by 7-AAD staining. The release of IL-2, -4, -6, -10, -17A, IFNγ, and TNFα by the cells were assessed using a human CBA kit. Expression of CD45, SOCS1, JAK3, pJAK3, STAT5, pSTAT5, IL-2R, IL-15R, Fas, and FasL in/on the cells was determined by flow cytometry; JAK3 and pJAK3 expression were also evaluated via confocal microscopy. The results indicated that V2O5 could inhibit NK-92MI cell proliferation and induce cell apoptosis in a dose- and time-related manner. V2O5 also inhibited IL-2, IL-10, and IFNγ secretion but mostly only after 24 h of exposure and with primarily the higher doses tested. V2O5 had no effect on expression of JAK3 and STAT5, but did cause an increase in pJAK3 and appeared to lead (trend) to reductions in levels of phosphorylated STAT5. V2O5 increased the expression of IL-2R, IL-15R, Fas, and FasL at concentrations above the 50-100 µM range. V2O5 had no effect on expression of the CD45 membrane phosphatase, but it did cause an increase in the expression of SOCS1. These results indicate that a key toxic effect of V2O5 on NK cells is a dysregulation of signaling pathways mediated by IL-2. These effects could help to explain the previously-reported deleterious effects on innate immune responses of hosts exposed to inhaled V2O5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Gallardo-Vera
- a Laboratorio Inmunobiología, Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina
| | - Daniel Diaz
- b Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología
| | | | | | - Felipe Masso
- d Departamento de Fisiología , Instituto Nacional de Cardiología 'Ignacio Chávez' , México
| | - Erika Rendon-Huerta
- a Laboratorio Inmunobiología, Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina
| | - Luis F Montaño
- a Laboratorio Inmunobiología, Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina
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27
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Pierdominici M, Maselli A, Cecchetti S, Tinari A, Mastrofrancesco A, Alfè M, Gargiulo V, Beatrice C, Di Blasio G, Carpinelli G, Ortona E, Giovannetti A, Fiorito S. Diesel exhaust particle exposure in vitro impacts T lymphocyte phenotype and function. Part Fibre Toxicol 2014; 11:74. [PMID: 25498254 PMCID: PMC4271360 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-014-0074-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diesel exhaust particles (DEP) are major constituents of ambient air pollution and their adverse health effect is an area of intensive investigations. With respect to the immune system, DEP have attracted significant research attention as a factor that could influence allergic diseases interfering with cytokine production and chemokine expression. With this exception, scant data are available on the impact of DEP on lymphocyte homeostasis. Here, the effects of nanoparticles from Euro 4 (E4) and Euro 5 (E5) light duty diesel engines on the phenotype and function of T lymphocytes from healthy donors were evaluated. Methods T lymphocytes were isolated from peripheral blood obtained from healthy volunteers and subsequently stimulated with different concentration (from 0.15 to 60 μg/ml) and at different time points (from 24 h to 9 days) of either E4 or E5 particles. Immunological parameters, including apoptosis, autophagy, proliferation levels, mitochondrial function, expression of activation markers and cytokine production were evaluated by cellular and molecular analyses. Results DEP exposure caused a pronounced autophagic-lysosomal blockade, thus interfering with a key mechanism involved in the maintaining of T cell homeostasis. Moreover, DEP decreased mitochondrial membrane potential but, unexpectedly, this effect did not result in changes of the apoptosis and/or necrosis levels, as well as of intracellular content of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Finally, a down-regulation of the expression of the alpha chain of the interleukin (IL)-2 receptor (i.e., the CD25 molecule) as well as an abnormal Th1 cytokine expression profile (i.e., a decrease of IL-2 and interferon (IFN)-γ production) were observed after DEP exposure. No differences between the two compounds were detected in all studied parameters. Conclusions Overall, our data identify functional and phenotypic T lymphocyte parameters as relevant targets for DEP cytotoxicity, whose impairment could be detrimental, at least in the long run, for human health, favouring the development or the progression of diseases such as autoimmunity and cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12989-014-0074-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Pierdominici
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - Angela Maselli
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - Serena Cecchetti
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - Antonella Tinari
- Department of Technology and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - Arianna Mastrofrancesco
- San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute, IRCCS-IFO, Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, Rome, Italy.
| | - Michela Alfè
- Istituto di Ricerche sulla Combustione (IRC), CNR- Naples, Italy.
| | | | | | | | - Giulia Carpinelli
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - Elena Ortona
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy. .,Istituto San Raffaele Sulmona, Sulmona, Italy.
| | - Antonello Giovannetti
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Silvana Fiorito
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy. .,Institute of Translational Pharmacology, CNR-Rome, Italy. .,Research Center for Nanotechnologies applied to Engineering-CNIS, Rome, Italy.
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