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Zhao Z, Li H, Wei Y, Fang G, Jiang Q, Pang Y, Huang W, Tang M, Jing Y, Feng X, Luo XS, Berkemeier T. Airborne environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) in PM 2.5 from combustion sources: Abundance, cytotoxicity and potential exposure risks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 927:172202. [PMID: 38599399 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
As an emerging atmospheric pollutant, airborne environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) are formed during many combustion processes and pose various adverse health effects. In health-oriented air pollution control, it is vital to evaluate the health effects of atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5) from different emission sources. In this study, various types of combustion-derived PM2.5 were collected on filters in a partial-flow dilution tunnel sampling system from three typical emission sources: coal combustion, biomass burning, and automobile exhaust. Substantial concentrations of EPFRs were determined in PM2.5 samples and associated with significant potential exposure risks. Results from in vitro cytotoxicity and oxidative potential assays suggest that EPFRs may cause substantial generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon inhalation exposure to PM2.5 from anthropogenic combustion sources, especially from automobile exhaust. This study provides important evidence for the source- and concentration-dependent health effects of EPFRs in PM2.5 and motivates further assessments to advance public health-oriented PM2.5 emission control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhao
- International Center for Ecology, Meteorology, and Environment, School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hanhan Li
- International Center for Ecology, Meteorology, and Environment, School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yaqian Wei
- International Center for Ecology, Meteorology, and Environment, School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Guodong Fang
- Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yuting Pang
- International Center for Ecology, Meteorology, and Environment, School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Zhejiang Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Weijie Huang
- International Center for Ecology, Meteorology, and Environment, School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Mingwei Tang
- International Center for Ecology, Meteorology, and Environment, School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yuanshu Jing
- International Center for Ecology, Meteorology, and Environment, School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xinyuan Feng
- International Center for Ecology, Meteorology, and Environment, School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xiao-San Luo
- International Center for Ecology, Meteorology, and Environment, School of Ecology and Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Thomas Berkemeier
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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2
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Aryal A, Harmon AC, Varner KJ, Noël A, Cormier SA, Nde DB, Mottram P, Maxie J, Dugas TR. Inhalation of particulate matter containing environmentally persistent free radicals induces endothelial dysfunction mediated via AhR activation at the air-blood interface. Toxicol Sci 2024; 199:246-260. [PMID: 38310335 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfae007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) containing environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFR) is formed by the incomplete combustion of organic wastes, resulting in the chemisorption of pollutants to the surface of PM containing redox-active transition metals. In prior studies in mice, EPFR inhalation impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation. These findings were associated with aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activation in the alveolar type-II (AT-II) cells that form the air-blood interface in the lung. We thus hypothesized that AhR activation in AT-II cells promotes the systemic release of mediators that promote endothelium dysfunction peripheral to the lung. To test our hypothesis, we knocked down AhR in AT-II cells of male and female mice and exposed them to 280 µg/m3 EPFR lo (2.7e + 16 radicals/g) or EPFR (5.5e + 17 radicals/g) compared with filtered air for 4 h/day for 1 day or 5 days. AT-II-AhR activation-induced EPFR-mediated endothelial dysfunction, reducing endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation by 59%, and eNOS expression by 50%. It also increased endothelin-1 mRNA levels in the lungs and peptide levels in the plasma in a paracrine fashion, along with soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and iNOS mRNA expression, possibly via NF-kB activation. Finally, AhR-dependent increases in antioxidant response signaling, coupled to increased levels of 3-nitrotyrosine in the lungs of EPFR-exposed littermate control but not AT-II AhR KO mice suggested that ATII-specific AhR activation promotes oxidative and nitrative stress. Thus, AhR activation at the air-blood interface mediates endothelial dysfunction observed peripheral to the lung, potentially via release of systemic mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Aryal
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Ashlyn C Harmon
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Kurt J Varner
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Alexandra Noël
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Stephania A Cormier
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University A&M College and Pennington Biomedical Research Institute, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Divine B Nde
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University A&M College, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Peter Mottram
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Jemiah Maxie
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Tammy R Dugas
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
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3
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Li H, Li H, Zuo N, Lang D, Du W, Zhang P, Pan B. Can the concentration of environmentally persistent free radicals describe its toxicity to Caenorhabditis elegans? Evidence provided by neurotoxicity and oxidative stress. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 469:133823. [PMID: 38442598 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) are emerging pollutants stabilized on or inside particles. Although the toxicity of EPFR-containing particles has been confirmed, the conclusions are always ambiguous because of the presence of various compositions. A clear dose-response relationship was always challenged by the fact that the concentrations of these coexisted components simultaneously changed with EPFR concentrations. Without these solid dose-response pieces of evidence, we could not confidently conclude the toxicity of EPFRs and the description of potential EPFR risks. In this study, we established a particle system with a fixed catechol concentration but different reaction times to obtain particles with different EPFR concentrations. Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) in response to different EPFR concentrations was systematically investigated at multiple biological levels, including behavior observations and biochemical and transcriptome analyses. Our results showed that exposure to EPFRs disrupted the development and locomotion of C. elegans. EPFRs cause concentration-dependent neurotoxicity and oxidative damage to C. elegans, which could be attributed to reactive oxygen species (ROS) promoted by EPFRs. Furthermore, the expression of key genes related to neurons was downregulated, whereas antioxidative genes were upregulated. Overall, our results confirmed the toxicity from EPFRs and EPFR concentration as a rational parameter to describe the extent of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Li
- Yunnan Provincial Key Lab of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Hao Li
- Yunnan Provincial Key Lab of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Ning Zuo
- Yunnan Research Academy of Eco-environmental Science, Kunming 650034, China
| | - Di Lang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Lab of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Wei Du
- Yunnan Provincial Key Lab of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Lab of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Bo Pan
- Yunnan Provincial Key Lab of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
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4
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Zhang J, Liu K, Tang X, Wang XJ. Dysfunction of Nrf2-regulated cellular defence system and JNK activation induced by high dose of fly Ash particles are associated with pulmonary injury in mouse lungs. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 275:116239. [PMID: 38518612 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
The mechanisms of the exposure to fine particulate matter (PM) as a risk factor for pulmonary injury are not fully understood. The transcription factor, NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), plays a key role in protection lung against PM insult and cancer chemoprevention. In this study, F3-S fly ash particles from a municipal waste incinerator were evaluated as a PM model. We found that F3-S triggered hierarchical oxidative stress responses involving the prolonged activation of the cytoprotective Nrf2 transcriptional program via Keap1 Cys151 modification, and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation at higher doses. In mouse lungs exposed to fly ash particles at a low dose (10-20 mg/kg), Nrf2 signalling was upregulated, while in those exposed to a high fly ash particle dose (40 mg/kg), there was significant activation of JNK, and this correlated with Nrf2 phosphorylation and the downregulation of antioxidant response element (ARE)-driven genes. The JNK inhibitor, SP600125, reversed Nrf2 phosphorylation, and downregulation of detoxifying enzymes. Silencing JNK expression in mouse lungs using adenoviral shRNA inhibited JNK activation and Nrf2 phosphorylation, promoted ARE-driven gene expression, and reduced pulmonary injury. Furthermore, we found that the 452-515 amino acid region within the Neh1 domain of Nrf2 was required for its interaction with P-JNK. We demonstrated that Nrf2 was an important P-JNK target in fly ash-induced pulmonary toxicity. JNK phosphorylated Nrf2, leading to a dysfunction of the Nrf2-mediated defence system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Zhang
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention of the Ministry of Education), and Department of Pharmacology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, PR China
| | - Kaihua Liu
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention of the Ministry of Education), and Department of Pharmacology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, PR China
| | - Xiuwen Tang
- Department of Biochemistry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, PR China.
| | - Xiu Jun Wang
- Cancer Institute (Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention of the Ministry of Education), and Department of Pharmacology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, PR China.
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5
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Ahmed SM, Oumnov RA, Kizilkaya O, Hall RW, Sprunger PT, Cook RL. Role of Electronegativity in Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals (EPFRs) Formation on ZnO. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2024; 128:5179-5188. [PMID: 38567373 PMCID: PMC10983065 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c08231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs), a group of emerging pollutants, have significantly longer lifetimes than typical free radicals. EPFRs form by the adsorption of organic precursors on a transition metal oxide (TMO) surface involving electron charge transfer between the organic and TMO. In this paper, dihalogenated benzenes were incorporated to study the role of electronegativity in the electron transfer process to obtain a fundamental knowledge of EPFR formation mechanism on ZnO. Upon chemisorption on ZnO nanoparticles at 250 °C, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) confirms the formation of oxygen adjacent carbon-centered organic free radicals with concentrations between 1016 and 1017 spins/g. The radical concentrations show a trend of 1,2-dibromobenzene (DBB) > 1,2-dichlorobenzene (DCB) > 1,2-difluorobenzene (DFB) illustrating the role of electronegativity on the amount of radical formation. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) confirms the reduction of the Zn2+ metal center, contrasting previous experimental evidence of an oxidative mechanism for ZnO single crystal EPFR formation. The extent of Zn reduction for the different organics (DBB > DCB > DFB) also correlates to their polarity. DFT calculations provide theoretical evidence of ZnO surface reduction and exhibit a similar trend of degree of reduction for different organics, further building on the experimental findings. The lifetimes of the EPFRs formed confirm a noteworthy persistency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Monjur Ahmed
- Department
of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Reuben A. Oumnov
- Department
of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Dominican
University of California, San Rafael, California 94901, United States
| | - Orhan Kizilkaya
- Center for
Advanced Microstructures and Devices, Louisiana
State University, 6980
Jefferson Highway, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70806, United States
| | - Randall W. Hall
- Department
of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Dominican
University of California, San Rafael, California 94901, United States
| | - Phillip T. Sprunger
- Center for
Advanced Microstructures and Devices, Louisiana
State University, 6980
Jefferson Highway, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70806, United States
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State
University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Robert L. Cook
- Department
of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
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6
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Alfei S, Pandoli OG. Biochar-Derived Persistent Free Radicals: A Plethora of Environmental Applications in a Light and Shadows Scenario. TOXICS 2024; 12:245. [PMID: 38668468 PMCID: PMC11054495 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12040245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Biochar (BC) is a carbonaceous material obtained by pyrolysis at 200-1000 °C in the limited presence of O2 from different vegetable and animal biomass feedstocks. BC has demonstrated great potential, mainly in environmental applications, due to its high sorption ability and persistent free radicals (PFRs) content. These characteristics enable BC to carry out the direct and PFRs-mediated removal/degradation of environmental organic and inorganic contaminants. The types of PFRs that are possibly present in BC depend mainly on the pyrolysis temperature and the kind of pristine biomass. Since they can also cause ecological and human damage, a systematic evaluation of the environmental behavior, risks, or management techniques of BC-derived PFRs is urgent. PFRs generally consist of a mixture of carbon- and oxygen-centered radicals and of oxygenated carbon-centered radicals, depending on the pyrolytic conditions. Here, to promote the more productive and beneficial use of BC and the related PFRs and to stimulate further studies to make them environmentally safer and less hazardous to humans, we have first reviewed the most common methods used to produce BC, its main environmental applications, and the primary mechanisms by which BC remove xenobiotics, as well as the reported mechanisms for PFR formation in BC. Secondly, we have discussed the environmental migration and transformation of PFRs; we have reported the main PFR-mediated application of BC to degrade inorganic and organic pollutants, the potential correlated environmental risks, and the possible strategies to limit them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Alfei
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Omar Ginoble Pandoli
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genoa, Italy;
- Department of Chemistry, Pontifical Catholic University, Rua Marquês de São Vincente 225, Rio de Janeiro 22451-900, Brazil
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7
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Bolan S, Sharma S, Mukherjee S, Kumar M, Rao CS, Nataraj KC, Singh G, Vinu A, Bhowmik A, Sharma H, El-Naggar A, Chang SX, Hou D, Rinklebe J, Wang H, Siddique KHM, Abbott LK, Kirkham MB, Bolan N. Biochar modulating soil biological health: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 914:169585. [PMID: 38157897 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Biochar can be used for multifunctional applications including the improvement of soil health and carbon storage, remediation of contaminated soil and water resources, mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions and odorous compounds, and feed supplementation to improve animal health. A healthy soil preserves microbial biodiversity that is effective in supressing plant pathogens and pests, recycling nutrients for plant growth, promoting positive symbiotic associations with plant roots, improving soil structure to supply water and nutrients, and ultimately enhancing soil productivity and plant growth. As a soil amendment, biochar assures soil biological health through different processes. First, biochar supports habitats for microorganisms due to its porous nature and by promoting the formation of stable soil micro-aggregates. Biochar also serves as a carbon and nutrient source. Biochar alters soil physical and chemical properties, creating optimum soil conditions for microbial diversity. Biochar can also immobilize soil pollutants and reduce their bioavailability that would otherwise inhibit microbial growth. However, depending on the pyrolysis settings and feedstock resources, biochar can be comprised of contaminants including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and potentially toxic elements that can inhibit microbial activity, thereby impacting soil health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Bolan
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia; The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia; Healthy Environments And Lives (HEAL) National Research Network, Australia
| | - Shailja Sharma
- School of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, India
| | - Santanu Mukherjee
- School of Agriculture, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Amity Institute of Environmental Sciences, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Ch Srinivasa Rao
- ICAR-National Academy of Agricultural Research Management, Hyderabad 500 030, India
| | - K C Nataraj
- Agricultural Research Station, Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Anantapur 515 001, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Gurwinder Singh
- Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials (GICAN), College of Engineering, Science, and Environment (CESE), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Ajayan Vinu
- Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials (GICAN), College of Engineering, Science, and Environment (CESE), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Arnab Bhowmik
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Design, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, United States of America
| | - Harmandeep Sharma
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Design, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, United States of America
| | - Ali El-Naggar
- Department of Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11241, Egypt; State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, People's Republic of China; Department of Renewable Resources, 442 Earth Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Scott X Chang
- Department of Renewable Resources, 442 Earth Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Deyi Hou
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water- and Waste-Management, Laboratory of Soil- and Groundwater-Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Hailong Wang
- Biochar Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, People's Republic of China
| | - Kadambot H M Siddique
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia; The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Lynette K Abbott
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia; The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - M B Kirkham
- Department of Agronomy, Throckmorton Plant Sciences Center, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States of America
| | - Nanthi Bolan
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia; The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia; Healthy Environments And Lives (HEAL) National Research Network, Australia.
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8
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Chen X, Jiang SF, Hu ZY, Chen S, Jiang H. Biotoxicity attenuation and the underlying physicochemical mechanism of biochar aged under simulated natural environmental conditions. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 350:141029. [PMID: 38159735 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.141029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Biochar (BC), with the benefits of enhancing soil fertility, absorbing heavy metals, carbon sequestration, and mitigating the greenhouse effect, has been extensively used for soil remediation. However, the long-term changes in the biotoxicity of BC under complex environmental conditions, which are the key factors influencing the sustainable application of BC in soil, are still unclear. Herein, the biotoxicity of BC aged with various processes, including dry‒wet cycle (DW) aging, freeze‒thaw cycle (FT) aging, ultraviolet irradiation (UV) aging, and low molecular weight organic acid (OA) aging, was systematically investigated by Escherichia coli (E. coli) culture experiments. The toxicity attenuation rate (%·week-1) was proposed to more concisely and clearly compare the influence of different aging methods on BC toxicity. The results indicated that after 5 weeks of aging, the toxicity attenuation rate during the four aging modes followed the order OA aging > FT aging > UV aging > DW aging. BC was nontoxic after 1 week of OA aging, 4 weeks of FT aging, 7 weeks of UV aging, and 14 weeks of DW aging. Spectroscopic characterizations revealed that humic acids in the dissolved organic matter of BC were the main reason for the biotoxicity. In addition, the attenuation of environmentally persistent free radicals on BC during aging was also an important factor for reducing environmental toxicity. This work provides insight into the detoxification mechanism of the BC aging process under ordinary environmental conditions and guidance for the safe application of BC in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shun-Feng Jiang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ecological Treatment Technology of Urban Water Pollution, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| | - Zi-Ying Hu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shuo Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
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9
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Hasan F, Potter PM, Al-Abed SR, Matheson J, Lomnicki SM. Investigating environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) emissions of 3D printing process. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND : 1996) 2024; 480:1-6. [PMID: 38510278 PMCID: PMC10953813 DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2023.148158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, the emission of particles and gaseous pollutants from 3D printing has attracted much attention due to potential health risks. This study investigated the generation of environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs, organic free radicals stabilized on or inside particles) in total particulate matter (TPM) released during the 3D printing process. Commercially available 3D printer filaments, made of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) in two different colors and metal content, ABS-blue (19.66 μg/g Cu) and ABS-black (3.69 μg/g Fe), were used for printing. We hypothesized that the metal content/composition of the filaments contributes not only to the type and number of EPFRs in TPM emissions, but also impacts the overall yield of TPM emissions. TPM emissions during printing with ABS-blue (11.28 μg/g of printed material) were higher than with ABS-black (7.29 μg/g). Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, employed to measure EPFRs in TPM emissions of both filaments, revealed higher EPFR concentrations in ABS-blue TPM (6.23 × 1017 spins/g) than in ABS-black TPM (9.72 × 1016 spins/g). The presence of copper in the ABS-blue contributed to the formation of mostly oxygen-centered EPFR species with a g-factor of ~2.0041 and a lifetime of 98 days. The ABS-black EPFR signal had a lower g-factor of ~2.0011, reflecting the formation of superoxide radicals during the printing process, which were shown to have an "estimated tentative" lifetime of 26 days. Both radical species (EPFRs and superoxides) translate to a potential health risk through inhalation of emitted particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhana Hasan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Phillip M. Potter
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Research and Emergency Response, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Souhail R. Al-Abed
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Research and Emergency Response, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Joanna Matheson
- U.S. Consumer Product and Safety Commission, Health Sciences Directorate, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Slawomir M. Lomnicki
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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10
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Wang L, Zhao W, Luo P, He Q, Zhang W, Dong C, Zhang Y. Environmentally persistent free radicals in PM 2.5 from a typical Chinese industrial city during COVID-19 lockdown: The unexpected contamination level variation. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 135:424-432. [PMID: 37778816 PMCID: PMC9418963 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of COVID-19 has caused concerns globally. To reduce the rapid transmission of the virus, strict city lockdown measures were conducted in different regions. China is the country that takes the earliest home-based quarantine for people. Although normal industrial and social activities were suspended, the spread of virus was efficiently controlled. Simultaneously, another merit of the city lockdown measure was noticed, which is the improvement of the air quality. Contamination levels of multiple atmospheric pollutants were decreased. However, in this work, 24 and 14 air fine particulate matter (PM2.5) samples were continuously collected before and during COVID-19 city lockdown in Linfen (a typical heavy industrial city in China), and intriguingly, the unreduced concentration was found for environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) in PM2.5 after normal life suspension. The primary non-stopped coal combustion source and secondary Cu-related atmospheric reaction may have impacts on this phenomenon. The cigarette-based assessment model also indicated possible exposure risks of PM2.5-bound EPFRs during lockdown of Linfen. This study revealed not all the contaminants in the atmosphere had an apparent concentration decrease during city lockdown, suggesting the pollutants with complicated sources and formation mechanisms, like EPFRs in PM2.5, still should not be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Wang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Center of Advanced Analysis and Gene Sequencing, Key Laboratory of Molecular Sensing and Harmful Substances Detection Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Wuduo Zhao
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Center of Advanced Analysis and Gene Sequencing, Key Laboratory of Molecular Sensing and Harmful Substances Detection Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Peiru Luo
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Center of Advanced Analysis and Gene Sequencing, Key Laboratory of Molecular Sensing and Harmful Substances Detection Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Qingyun He
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Center of Advanced Analysis and Gene Sequencing, Key Laboratory of Molecular Sensing and Harmful Substances Detection Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Wenfen Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Center of Advanced Analysis and Gene Sequencing, Key Laboratory of Molecular Sensing and Harmful Substances Detection Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Chuan Dong
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Yanhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China.
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11
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Noël A, Harmon AC, Subramanian B, Perveen Z, Aryal A, Legendre K, Zaman H, Paulsen DB, Varner KJ, Dugas TR, Penn AL. Adjuvant effect of inhaled particulate matter containing free radicals following house-dust mite induction of asthma in mice. Inhal Toxicol 2023; 35:333-349. [PMID: 38060410 PMCID: PMC10903547 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2023.2289024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Exposures to particulate matter (PM) from combustion sources can exacerbate preexisting asthma. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which PM promotes the exacerbation of asthma remain elusive. We used a house dust mite (HDM)-induced mouse model of asthma to test the hypothesis that inhaled DCB230, which are PM containing environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs), will aggravate asthmatic responses. METHODS Groups of 8-10-week-old C57BL/6 male mice were exposed to either air or DCB230 aerosols at a concentration of 1.5 mg/m3 4 h/day for 10 days with or without prior HDM-induction of asthma. RESULTS Aerosolized DCB230 particles formed small aggregates (30-150 nm). Mice exposed to DCB230 alone showed significantly reduced lung tidal volume, overexpression of the Muc5ac gene, and dysregulation of 4 inflammation related genes, Ccl11, Ccl24, Il-10, and Tpsb2. This suggests DCB230 particles interacted with the lung epithelium inducing mucous hypersecretion and restricting lung volume. In addition to reduced lung tidal volume, compared to respective controls, the HDM + DCB230-exposed group exhibited significantly increased lung tissue damping and up-regulated expression of Muc5ac, indicating that in this model, mucous hypersecretion may be central to pulmonary dysfunction. This group also showed augmented lung eosinophilic inflammation accompanied by an up-regulation of 36 asthma related genes. Twelve of these genes are part of IL-17 signaling, suggesting that this pathway is critical for DCB230 induced toxicity and adjuvant effects in lungs previously exposed to HDM. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that inhaled DCB230 can act as an adjuvant, exacerbating asthma through IL-17-mediated responses in a HDM mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Noël
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Ashlyn C. Harmon
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
| | | | - Zakia Perveen
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Ankit Aryal
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Kelsey Legendre
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Hasan Zaman
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Daniel B. Paulsen
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Kurt J. Varner
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - Tammy R. Dugas
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Arthur L. Penn
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
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12
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Yi JF, Lin ZZ, Li X, Zhou YQ, Guo Y. A short review on environmental distribution and toxicity of the environmentally persistent free radicals. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 340:139922. [PMID: 37611755 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals (EPFRs) are usually generated by the electron transfer of a certain radical precursor on the surface of a carrier. They are characterized with high activity, wide migration range, and relatively long half-life period. In this review, we summarized the literature on EPFRs published since 2010, including their environmental occurrence and potential cytotoxicity and biotoxicity. The EPFRs in the atmosphere are the most abundant in the environment, mainly generated from the combustion of raw materials or biochar, and the C-center types (quinones, semiquinones radicals, etc.) may exist for a relatively long time. These EPFRs can transform into other substances (such as reactive oxygen species, ROS) under the influence of environmental factors, and partly enter soil and water by wet and dry deposition of particulate matter, which may promote the generation of EPFRs in those media. The wide distribution of EPFRs in the environment may lead to their exposure to biota including humans, resulting in cytotoxicity and biotoxicity. The EPFRs can influence the normal redox process of the biota, and generate a large number of free radicals like ROS. Exposure to EPFRs may change the expression of gene and activity of metabolic enzymes, and damage the cells, as well as some organs such as the lung, trachea, and heart. However, due to the difficulty in sample extraction, identification, and quantification of the specific EPFR individuals, the toxicity and exposure evaluation of biota are still limited which merits study in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Feng Yi
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Ze-Zhao Lin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Xing Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Yue-Qiao Zhou
- Department of Department of Medical Oncology, Qionghai People's Hospital, Qionghai, 571499, China.
| | - Ying Guo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China.
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13
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Ghimire A, Hasan F, Guan X, Potter P, Guo C, Lomnicki S. Oxidation 1-methyl naphthalene based on the synergy of environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) and PAHs in particulate matter (PM) surface. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 341:140002. [PMID: 37648160 PMCID: PMC10548478 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Studies of the environmental fate through the interactions of particle-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) are presented. The formation of PAHs and EPFRs typically occurs side by side during combustion-processes. The laboratory simulation studies of the model PAH molecule 1-Methylnaphthalene (1-MN) interaction with model EPFRs indicate a transformational synergy between these two pollutants due to mutual and matrix interactions. EPFRs, thorough its redox cycle result in the oxidation of PAHs into oxy-/hydroxy-PAHs. EPFRs have been shown before to produce OH radical during its redox cycle in aqueous media and this study has shown that produced OH radical can transform other PM constituents resulting in alteration of PM chemistry. In model PM, EPFRs driven oxidation process of 1-MN produced 1,4-naphthoquinone, 1-naphthaldehyde, 4-hydroxy-4-methylnaphthalen-1-one, and various isomers of (hydroxymethyl) naphthalene. Differences were observed in oxidation product yields, depending on whether EPFRs and PAHs were cohabiting the same PM or present on separate PM. This effect is attributed to the OH radical concentration gradient as a factor in the oxidation process, further strengthening the hypothesis of EPFRs' role in the PAH oxidation process. This finding is revealing new environmental role of EPFRs in a natural degradation process of PAHs. Additionally, it points to implications of such PM surface chemistry in the changing mobility of PAHs into an aqueous medium, thus increasing their bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Ghimire
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, United States
| | - Farhana Hasan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, United States
| | - Xia Guan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, United States
| | - Phillip Potter
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, United States
| | - Chuqi Guo
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, United States
| | - Slawo Lomnicki
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, United States.
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14
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Xiao K, Wang Z, Zhou Y, Fu D, Zhang Y, Luo Z, Lin Y, Wang Q, Pei J, Shen G. Size-resolved environmentally persistent free radicals in urban road dust and association with transition metals. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:7829-7839. [PMID: 37486413 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01688-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Environmental persistent free radicals (EPFRs) are receiving growing concerns owing to their potentially adverse impacts on human health. Road dust is one important source of air pollution in most cities and may pose significant health risks. Characteristics of EPFRs in urban road dusts and its formation mechanism(s) are still rarely studied. Here, we evaluated occurrence and size distributions of EPFRs in road dusts from different functional areas of an urban city, and assessed relationship between EPFRs and some transition metals. Strong electron paramagnetic resonance signals of 6.01 × 1016 - 1.3 × 1019 spins/g with the mean g value of 2.0029 ± 0.0019 were observed, indicating that EPFRs consisted of a mixture of C-centered radicals, and C-centered radicals with an adjacent oxygen atom in the urban road dust. Much more EPFRs enriched in finer dust particles. EPFRs significantly correlated with the total Fe, but not water-soluble Fe, suggesting different impacts of water-soluble and insoluble metals in the formation of EFPRs. Health risk assessment results indicated high risk potentials via the ingestion and dermal exposure to EPFRs in road dusts. Future studies are calling to look into formation mechanisms of EPFRs in urban road dusts and to quantitatively evaluate its potential risks on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Xiao
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zedong Wang
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Yousong Zhou
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Donglei Fu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yongqiang Zhang
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhihan Luo
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yichun Lin
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Qingyue Wang
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Juan Pei
- Shanghai Nuclear Engineering Research and Design Institute Co., Ltd., No.29 Hongcao Road, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| | - Guofeng Shen
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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15
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Barbier E, Carpentier J, Simonin O, Gosset P, Platel A, Happillon M, Alleman LY, Perdrix E, Riffault V, Chassat T, Lo Guidice JM, Anthérieu S, Garçon G. Oxidative stress and inflammation induced by air pollution-derived PM 2.5 persist in the lungs of mice after cessation of their sub-chronic exposure. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 181:108248. [PMID: 37857188 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
More than 7 million early deaths/year are attributable to air pollution. Current health concerns are especially focused on air pollution-derived particulate matter (PM). Although oxidative stress-induced airway inflammation is one of the main adverse outcome pathways triggered by air pollution-derived PM, the persistence of both these underlying mechanisms, even after exposure cessation, remained poorly studied. In this study, A/JOlaHsd mice were also exposed acutely (24 h) or sub-chronically (4 weeks), with or without a recovery period (12 weeks), to two urban PM2.5 samples collected during contrasting seasons (i.e., autumn/winter, AW or spring/summer, SS). The distinct intrinsic oxidative potentials (OPs) of AW and SS PM2.5, as evaluated in acellular conditions, were closely related to their respective physicochemical characteristics and their respective ability to really generate ROS over-production in the mouse lungs. Despite the early activation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) cell signaling pathway by AW and, in a lesser degree, SS PM2.5, in the murine lungs after acute and sub-chronic exposures, the critical redox homeostasis was not restored, even after the exposure cessation. Accordingly, an inflammatory response was reported through the activation of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) cell signaling pathway activation, the secretion of cytokines, and the recruitment of inflammatory cells, in the murine lungs after the acute and sub-chronic exposures to AW and, in a lesser extent, to SS PM2.5, which persisted after the recovery period. Taken together, these original results provided, for the first time, new relevant insights that air pollution-derived PM2.5, with relatively high intrinsic OPs, induced oxidative stress and inflammation, which persisted admittedly at a lower level in the lungs after the exposure cessation, thereby contributing to the occurrence of molecular and cellular adverse events leading to the development and/or exacerbation of future chronic inflammatory lung diseases and even cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeline Barbier
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-IMPECS, France
| | - Jessica Carpentier
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-IMPECS, France
| | - Ophélie Simonin
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-IMPECS, France
| | - Pierre Gosset
- Service d'Anatomo-pathologie, Hôpital Saint Vincent de Paul, Lille, France
| | - Anne Platel
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-IMPECS, France
| | - Mélanie Happillon
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-IMPECS, France
| | - Laurent Y Alleman
- IMT Nord Europe, Institut Mines-Télécom, Univ. Lille, Centre for Energy and Environment, Lille, France
| | - Esperanza Perdrix
- IMT Nord Europe, Institut Mines-Télécom, Univ. Lille, Centre for Energy and Environment, Lille, France
| | - Véronique Riffault
- IMT Nord Europe, Institut Mines-Télécom, Univ. Lille, Centre for Energy and Environment, Lille, France
| | - Thierry Chassat
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Plateforme d'Expérimentation et de Haute Technologie Animale, Lille, France
| | | | | | - Guillaume Garçon
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR4483-IMPECS, France.
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16
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Wang Y, Huang J, Li S, Xu W, Wang H, Xu W, Li X. A mechanistic and kinetic investigation on the oxidative thermal decomposition of decabromodiphenyl ether. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 333:121991. [PMID: 37328125 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The thermal processes of materials containing decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) normally result in the exposure of BDE-209 to high-temperature environments, generating a series of hazardous compounds. However, the evolution mechanisms of BDE-209 during oxidative thermal processes remain unclear. Thus, this paper presents a detailed investigation on the oxidative thermal decomposition mechanism of BDE-209 by utilizing density functional theory methods at the M06/cc-pVDZ theoretical level. The results show that the barrierless fission of the ether linkage dominates the initial degradation of BDE-209 at all temperatures, with branching ratio over 80%. The decomposition of BDE-209 in oxidative thermal processes is mainly along BDE-209 → pentabromophenyl and pentabromophenoxy radicals → pentabromocyclopentadienyl radicals → brominated aliphatic products. Additionally, the study results on the formation mechanisms of several hazardous pollutants indicate that the ortho-phenyl-type radicals created by ortho-C-Br bond fission (branching ratio reached 15.1% at 1600 K) can easily be converted into octabrominated dibenzo-p-dioxin and furan, which require overcoming the energy barriers of 99.0 and 48.2 kJ/mol, respectively. The O/ortho-C coupling of two pentabromophenoxy radicals also acts as a non-negligible pathway for the formation of octabrominated dibenzo-p-dioxin. The synthesis of octabromonaphthalene involves the self-condensation of pentabromocyclopentadienyl radicals, followed by an intricately intramolecular evolution. Results presented in this study can enhance our understanding of the transformation mechanism of BDE-209 in thermal processes, and offer an insight into controlling the emissions of hazardous pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- School of Physics and Mechatronic Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Jinbao Huang
- School of Physics and Mechatronic Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Sijia Li
- School of Physics and Mechatronic Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Weifeng Xu
- School of Physics and Mechatronic Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Hong Wang
- School of Physics and Mechatronic Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Weiwei Xu
- School of Physics and Mechatronic Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Xinsheng Li
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
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17
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Liu S, Huang W, Yang J, Xiong Y, Huang Z, Wang J, Cai T, Dang Z, Yang C. Formation of environmentally persistent free radicals on microplastics under UV irradiations. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 453:131277. [PMID: 37043856 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are widely distributed in the environment due to breakdown of widespread plastic wastes through physicochemical and biological processes. Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) might be generated as intermediates when MPs are further fragmented and decomposed under ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Formation of EPFRs is highly depended upon the radiation energy level. This study was designed to establish the correlation between EPFRs concentrations and UV energy. Polystyrene (PS) and polyethylene (PE) were employed to investigate the generation of EPFRs under the irradiation of three ultraviolet light sources (long-wave UVA, medium-wave UVB and short-wave UVC). Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy revealed that free radical signals were detected on PS irradiated by UVC and UVB and PE irradiated by UVC, which may be due to the difference in the MPs structure and UV energy. The g-factor and ΔHp-p of EPR suggested that three different types of EPFRs may be formed on PS while two types of EPFR may be formed on PE. Meanwhile, EPFRs were detected within shorter time under UVC radiation than UVB and UVA, indicating that UVC radiation could lead to faster generation of free radicals. Results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy revealed that tertiary alkyl radicals, peroxy radicals and tertiary alkoxy radicals were dominant in PS whereas alkoxy radicals and keto radicals for PE. The study provides insight to the mechanisms for EPFRs formation on ubiquitously found microplastic particles. Our finding is of great significance as EPFRs may not only play important roles in decomposition of MPs and abiotic reactions of MPs-bound pollutants, but also affect physicochemical properties of MPs and MPs toxicity to aquatic organisms, hence possessing broad impacts on MPs fate and transport in aquatic environmental systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Liu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Weilin Huang
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Jingjing Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yu Xiong
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ziqing Huang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jinling Wang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Tingting Cai
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhi Dang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; The Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chen Yang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; The Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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18
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Azam S, Kurashov V, Golbeck JH, Bhattacharyya S, Zheng S, Liu S. Comparative 6+studies of environmentally persistent free radicals on nano-sized coal dusts. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 878:163163. [PMID: 37003338 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Coal dust is the major hazardous pollutant in the coal mining environment. Recently environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) were identified as one of the key characteristics which could impart toxicity to the particulates released into the environment. The present study used Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy to analyze the characteristics of EPFRs present in different types of nano-size coal dust. Further, it analyzed the stability of the free radicals in the respirable nano-size coal dust and compared their characteristics in terms of EPR parameters (spin counts and g-values). It was found that free radicals in coal are remarkably stable (can remain intact for several months). Also, Most of the EPFRs in the coal dust particles are either oxygenated carbon centered or a mixture of carbon and oxygen-centered free radicals. EPFRs concentration in the coal dust was found to be proportional to the carbon content of coal. The characteristic g-values were found to be inversely related to the carbon content of coal dust. The spin concentrations in the lignite coal dust were between 3.819 and 7.089 μmol/g, whereas the g-values ranged from 2.00352 to 2.00363. The spin concentrations in the bituminous coal dust were between 11.614 and 25.562 μmol/g, whereas the g-values ranged from 2.00295 to 2.00319. The characteristics of EPFRs present in coal dust identified by this study are similar to the EPFRs, which were found in other environmental pollutants such as combustion-generated particulates, PM2.5, indoor dust, wildfires, biochar, haze etc., in some of the previous studies. Considering the toxicity analysis of environmental particulates containing EPFRs similar to those identified in the present study, it can be confidently hypothesized that the EPFRs in the coal dust might play a major role in modulating the coal dust toxicity. Hence, it is recommended that future studies should analyze the role of EPFR-loaded coal dust in mediating the inhalation toxicity of coal dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sikandar Azam
- Department of Energy and Mineral Engineering, G(3) Center and Energy Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Vasily Kurashov
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - John H Golbeck
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Sekhar Bhattacharyya
- Department of Energy and Mineral Engineering, G(3) Center and Energy Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Siyang Zheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 15213, USA
| | - Shimin Liu
- Department of Energy and Mineral Engineering, G(3) Center and Energy Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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19
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Zhang R, Zhang R, Zimmerman AR, Wang H, Gao B. Applications, impacts, and management of biochar persistent free radicals: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 327:121543. [PMID: 37019262 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Biochar is a promising environmental contaminant remediation agent because of its adsorptive and catalytic properties. However, the environmental effects of persistent free radicals (PFRs) produced by biomass pyrolysis (biochar production) are still poorly understood, though they have received increasing research attention in recent years. Although PFRs both directly and indirectly mediate biochar's removal of environmental pollutants, they also have the potential to cause ecological damage. In order to support and sustain biochar applications, effective strategies are needed to control the negative effects of biochar PFRs. Yet, there has been no systematic evaluation of the environmental behavior, risks, or management techniques of biochar PFRs. Thus, this review: 1) outlines the formation mechanisms and types of biochar PFRs, 2) evaluates their environmental applications and potential risks, 3) summarizes their environmental migration and transformation, and 4) explores effective management strategies for biochar PFRs during both production and application phases. Finally, future research directions are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruirui Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, Tianjin, 300384, China; School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Ruiling Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Safety Disposal and Recycling Technology, Tianjin, 300384, China; School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, China.
| | - Andrew R Zimmerman
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Hailong Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528000, China
| | - Bin Gao
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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20
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Tran HT, Bolan NS, Lin C, Binh QA, Nguyen MK, Luu TA, Le VG, Pham CQ, Hoang HG, Vo DVN. Succession of biochar addition for soil amendment and contaminants remediation during co-composting: A state of art review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 342:118191. [PMID: 37210821 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This paper aimed to highlight the succession of biochar addition for soil amendment and contaminants remediation during composting process. Biochar incorporated into the compost mixture promotes composting performance and enhances contaminants reduction. Co-composting with biochar for soil biota has been demonstrated via modified soil biological community abundance and diversity. On the other hand, adverse alterations to soil properties were noted, which had a negative impact on the communication of microbe-to-plant interactions within the rhizosphere. As a result, these changes influenced the competition between soilborne pathogens and beneficial soil microorganisms. Co-composting with biochar promoted the heavy metals (HMs) remediation efficiency in contaminated soils by around 66-95%. Notably, applying biochar during composting could improve nutrient retention and mitigate leaching. The adsorption of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus compounds by biochar can be applied to manage environmental contamination and presents an excellent opportunity to enhance soil quality. Additionally, the various specific functional groups and large specific surface areas of biochar allow for excellent adsorption of persistent pollutants (e.g., pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)) and emerging organic pollutants, such as microplastic, phthalate acid esters (PAEs) during co-composting. Finally, future perspectives, research gaps, and recommendations for further studies are highlighted, and potential opportunities are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huu-Tuan Tran
- Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Management, Science and Technology Advanced Institute, Van Lang University, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Viet Nam; Faculty of Applied Technology, School of Technology, Van Lang University, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Viet Nam
| | - Nanthi S Bolan
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6001, Australia; School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6001, Australia
| | - Chitsan Lin
- Program in Maritime Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 81157, Taiwan; Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 81157, Taiwan
| | - Quach An Binh
- Department of Academic Affair and Testing, Dong Nai Technology University, Bien Hoa, Dong Nai, 810000, Viet Nam
| | - Minh-Ky Nguyen
- Program in Maritime Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 81157, Taiwan; Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 81157, Taiwan; Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Nong Lam University of Ho Chi Minh City, Hamlet 6, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Viet Nam.
| | - The Anh Luu
- Central Institute for Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 111000, Viet Nam
| | - Van-Giang Le
- Central Institute for Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 111000, Viet Nam
| | - Cham Q Pham
- Institute of Applied Technology and Sustainable Development, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, 755414, Viet Nam
| | - Hong-Giang Hoang
- Faculty of Medicine, Dong Nai Technology University, Bien Hoa, Dong Nai, 810000, Viet Nam
| | - Dai-Viet N Vo
- Institute of Applied Technology and Sustainable Development, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, 755414, Viet Nam.
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21
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Yamamoto A, Sly PD, Chew KY, Khachatryan L, Begum N, Yeo AJ, Vu LD, Short KR, Cormier SA, Fantino E. Environmentally persistent free radicals enhance SARS-CoV-2 replication in respiratory epithelium. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2023; 248:271-279. [PMID: 36628928 PMCID: PMC9836833 DOI: 10.1177/15353702221142616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence links lower air quality with increased incidence and severity of COVID-19; however, mechanistic data have yet to be published. We hypothesized air pollution-induced oxidative stress in the nasal epithelium increased viral replication and inflammation. Nasal epithelial cells (NECs), collected from healthy adults, were grown into a fully differentiated epithelium. NECs were infected with the ancestral strain of SARS-CoV-2. An oxidant combustion by-product found in air pollution, the environmentally persistent free radical (EPFR) DCB230, was used to mimic pollution exposure four hours prior to infection. Some wells were pretreated with antioxidant, astaxanthin, for 24 hours prior to EPFR-DCB230 exposure and/or SARS-CoV-2 infection. Outcomes included viral replication, epithelial integrity, surface receptor expression (ACE2, TMPRSS2), cytokine mRNA expression (TNF-α, IFN-β), intracellular signaling pathways, and oxidative defense enzymes. SARS-CoV-2 infection induced a mild phenotype in NECs, with some cell death, upregulation of the antiviral cytokine IFN-β, but had little effect on intracellular pathways or oxidative defense enzymes. Prior exposure to EPFR-DCB230 increased SARS-CoV-2 replication, upregulated TMPRSS2 expression, increased secretion of the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α, inhibited expression of the mucus producing MUC5AC gene, upregulated expression of p21 (apoptosis pathway), PINK1 (mitophagy pathway), and reduced levels of antioxidant enzymes. Pretreatment with astaxanthin reduced SARS-CoV-2 replication, downregulated ACE2 expression, and prevented most, but not all EPFR-DCB230 effects. Our data suggest that oxidant damage to the respiratory epithelium may underly the link between poor air quality and increased COVID-19. The apparent protection by antioxidants warrants further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaho Yamamoto
- Child Health Research Centre, The
University of Queensland, South Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia
| | - Peter D Sly
- Child Health Research Centre, The
University of Queensland, South Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia
| | - Keng Yih Chew
- School of Chemistry and Molecular
Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Lavrent Khachatryan
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana
State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Nelufa Begum
- Child Health Research Centre, The
University of Queensland, South Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia
| | - Abrey J Yeo
- Child Health Research Centre, The
University of Queensland, South Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia
- Centre for Clinical Research, The
University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Luan D Vu
- Department of Biological Sciences, and
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
70803, USA
| | - Kirsty R Short
- School of Chemistry and Molecular
Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Stephania A Cormier
- Department of Biological Sciences, and
Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
70803, USA
| | - Emmanuelle Fantino
- Child Health Research Centre, The
University of Queensland, South Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia
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22
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Wang S, Zhao Y, Chan AWH, Yao M, Chen Z, Abbatt JPD. Organic Peroxides in Aerosol: Key Reactive Intermediates for Multiphase Processes in the Atmosphere. Chem Rev 2023; 123:1635-1679. [PMID: 36630720 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Organic peroxides (POs) are organic molecules with one or more peroxide (-O-O-) functional groups. POs are commonly regarded as chemically labile termination products from gas-phase radical chemistry and therefore serve as temporary reservoirs for oxidative radicals (HOx and ROx) in the atmosphere. Owing to their ubiquity, active gas-particle partitioning behavior, and reactivity, POs are key reactive intermediates in atmospheric multiphase processes determining the life cycle (formation, growth, and aging), climate, and health impacts of aerosol. However, there remain substantial gaps in the origin, molecular diversity, and fate of POs due to their complex nature and dynamic behavior. Here, we summarize the current understanding on atmospheric POs, with a focus on their identification and quantification, state-of-the-art analytical developments, molecular-level formation mechanisms, multiphase chemical transformation pathways, as well as environmental and health impacts. We find that interactions with SO2 and transition metal ions are generally the fast PO transformation pathways in atmospheric liquid water, with lifetimes estimated to be minutes to hours, while hydrolysis is particularly important for α-substituted hydroperoxides. Meanwhile, photolysis and thermolysis are likely minor sinks for POs. These multiphase PO transformation pathways are distinctly different from their gas-phase fates, such as photolysis and reaction with OH radicals, which highlights the need to understand the multiphase partitioning of POs. By summarizing the current advances and remaining challenges for the investigation of POs, we propose future research priorities regarding their origin, fate, and impacts in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunyao Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, China
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai200444, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, OntarioM5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Yue Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, China
| | - Arthur W H Chan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, OntarioM5S 3E5, Canada
- School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, OntarioM5S 3E8, Canada
| | - Min Yao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200240, China
| | - Zhongming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, OntarioM5S 3H6, Canada
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23
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Resveratrol Inhibits Oxidative Stress and Regulates M1/M2-Type Polarization of Microglia via Mediation of the Nrf2/Shh Signaling Cascade after OGD/R Injury In Vitro. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12122087. [PMID: 36556306 PMCID: PMC9782981 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12122087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Microglia are closely related to the occurrence and development of oxidative stress. Cerebral ischemia leads to abnormal activation of microglia. Resveratrol can regulate M1/M2-type microglia polarization, but the underlying mechanism is not well understood, although the Nrf2 and Shh signaling pathways may be involved. Given that resveratrol activates Shh, the present study examined whether this is mediated by Nrf2 signaling. METHODS N9 microglia were pretreated with drugs before oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R). HT22 neurons were also used for conditional co-culture with microglia. Cell viability was measured by CCK-8 assay. MDA levels and SOD activity in the supernatant were detected by TBA and WST-1, respectively. Immunofluorescence detected Nrf2 and Gli1 nuclear translocation. The levels of CD206, Arg1, iNOS, TNF-α, Nrf2, HO-1, NQO1, Shh, Ptc, Smo, Gli1 protein and mRNA were measured by Western blotting or RT-qPCR. Annexin V-FITC Flow Cytometric Analysis detected apoptosis. RESULTS Resveratrol and Nrf2 activator RTA-408 enhanced the viability of microglia, reduced oxidative stress, promoted M2-type microglia polarization and activated Nrf2 and Shh signaling. ML385, a selective inhibitor of Nrf2, decreased the viability of microglia, aggravated oxidative stress, promoted M1-type microglia polarization and inhibited Nrf2 and Shh signaling. Moreover, resveratrol and RTA-408-treated microglia can reduce the apoptosis and increase the viability of HT22 neurons, while ML385-treated microglia aggravated the apoptosis and weakened the viability of HT22 neurons. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrated that resveratrol may inhibit oxidative stress, regulate M1/M2-type polarization of microglia and decrease neuronal injury in conditional co-culture of neurons and microglia via the mediation of the Nrf2/Shh signaling cascade after OGD/R injury in vitro.
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24
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Wang L, Liang D, Liu J, Du L, Vejerano E, Zhang X. Unexpected catalytic influence of atmospheric pollutants on the formation of environmentally persistent free radicals. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:134854. [PMID: 35533943 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) have been recognized as harmful and persistent environmental pollutants. In polluted regions, many acidic and basic atmospheric pollutants, which are present at high concentrations, may influence the extent of the formation of EPFRs. In the present paper, density functional theory (DFT) and ab-initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) calculations were performed to investigate the formation mechanisms of EPFRs with the influence of the acidic pollutants sulfuric acid (SA), nitric acid (NA), organic acid (OA), and the basic pollutants, ammonia (A), dimethylamine (DMA) on α-Al2O3 (0001) surface. Results indicate that both acidic and basic pollutants can enhance the formation of EPFRs by acting as "bridge" or "semi-bridge" roles by proceeding via a barrierless process. Acidic pollutants enhance the formation of EPFRs by first transferring its hydrogen atom to the α-Al2O3 surface and subsequently reacting with phenol to form an EPFR. In contrast, basic pollutants enhance the formation of EPFRs by first abstracting a hydrogen atom from phenol to form a phenoxy EPFR and eventually interacting with the α-Al2O3 surface. These new mechanistic insights will inform in understanding the abundant EPFRs in polluted regions with high mass concentrations of acidic and basic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Danli Liang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jiarong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China; Key Laboratory of National Land Space Planning and Disaster Emergency Management of Inner Mongolia, School of Resources, Environment and Architectural Engineering, Chifeng University, Chifeng, 024000, China
| | - Lin Du
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Eric Vejerano
- Center for Environmental Nanoscience and Risk, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, United States
| | - Xiuhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
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25
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Khachatryan L, Barekati-Goudarzi M, Asatryan R, Ozarowski A, Boldor D, Lomnicki SM, Cormier SA. Metal-Free Biomass-Derived Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals (Bio-EPFRs) from Lignin Pyrolysis. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:30241-30249. [PMID: 36061701 PMCID: PMC9434622 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To assess contribution of the radicals formed from biomass burning, our recent findings toward the formation of resonantly stabilized persistent radicals from hydrolytic lignin pyrolysis in a metal-free environment are presented in detail. Such radicals have particularly been identified during fast pyrolysis of lignin dispersed into the gas phase in a flow reactor. The trapped radicals were analyzed by X-band electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and high-frequency (HF) EPR spectroscopy. To conceptualize available data, the metal-free biogenic bulky stable radicals with extended conjugated backbones are suggested to categorize as a new type of metal-free environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) (bio-EPFRs). They can be originated not only from lignin/biomass pyrolysis but also during various thermal processes in combustion reactors and media, including tobacco smoke, anthropogenic sources and wildfires (forest/bushfires), and so on. The persistency of bio-EPFRs from lignin gas-phase pyrolysis was outlined with the evaluated lifetime of two groups of radicals being 33 and 143 h, respectively. The experimental results from pyrolysis of coniferyl alcohol as a model compound of lignin in the same fast flow reactor, along with our detailed potential energy surface analyses using high-level DFT and ab initio methods toward decomposition of a few other model compounds reported earlier, provide a mechanistic view on the formation of C- and O-centered radicals during lignin gas-phase pyrolysis. The preliminary measurements using HF-EPR spectroscopy also support the existence of O-centered radicals in the radical mixtures from pyrolysis of lignin possessing a high g value (2.0048).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavrent Khachatryan
- Department
of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | | | - Rubik Asatryan
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Andrew Ozarowski
- National
High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Florida, Tallahassee 32310, United States
| | - Dorin Boldor
- Department
of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, LSU AgCenter and LSU A&M College, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Slawomir M. Lomnicki
- Department
of Environmental Sciences, Louisiana State
University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Stephania A. Cormier
- Department
of Biological Sciences, LSU Superfund Research
Program and Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808, United States
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26
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Li Q, Dai L, Wang M, Su G, Wang T, Zhao X, Liu X, Xu Y, Meng J, Shi B. Distribution, influence factors, and biotoxicity of environmentally persistent free radical in soil at a typical coking plant. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 835:155493. [PMID: 35483459 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) are emerging pollutants in contaminated soils and have attracted significant attention. Chinese coke production making a great contribution to the globe is increasingly identified as the non-ignorable source of EPFRs. However, the distribution level, influence factors, and biotoxicity of EPFRs at coking sites remain poorly understood. Herein, a typical coking plant in Tangshan, China, featuring two functional regions (the reconstructed project (RP) and elimination engineering (EE)) was used to study the existence of EPFRs. The spin density of the EPFRs in coking soils was 3.20 × 1020-3.11 × 1021 spins/g with g-factor values of 2.0020-2.0036. The EPFRs presented higher concentrations and g-factor values in RP region than in EE region, and a mixture of carbon-centered radicals and carbon-centered radicals with adjacent oxygen atoms as well as carbon-centered radical was ascertained in the former and the latter, respectively. Correlation analysis and FT-ICR-MS results indicated that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) together with other unsaturated hydrocarbons and condensed aromatic contaminants, might contribute to the EPFRs formation in the soils of RP region, whereas PAHs were the main source of EPFRs in EE region. Soil components were determined to investigate the influence factors in EPFRs formation. Cu and Fe2O3 were recognized as the markedly positive influence factors, while TOC had a negative impact on EPFR formation. Visible light irradiation can induce the transformation and generation of EPFRs. As representative contaminants, both toluene and 2-chlorophenol can create EPFRs in coking soil under visible light irradiation. The potential biotoxicity tests of Photobacterium phosphoreum T3 spp. showed that EPFRs from the soils diminished bacterial luminescence. Such effect was proven to be induced by the OH based on the quenching experiment. Understanding the influence factors of EPFRs formation and their biotoxicity in coking soils is critical for developing risk assessments and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lingwen Dai
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mengjing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Guijin Su
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Tieyu Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Xu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xihui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yulin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Meng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effects, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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27
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Liu Z, Wang J, Yang X, Huang Q, Zhu K, Sun Y, Van Hulle S, Jia H. Generation of environmental persistent free radicals (EPFRs) enhances ecotoxicological effects of the disposable face mask waste with the COVID-19 pandemic. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 301:119019. [PMID: 35189297 PMCID: PMC8854206 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A large amount of disposable plastic face masks (DPFs) is produced and used during the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, which results in an inevitable consequence of the dramatic increase of DPFs waste. However, the impact of DPFs exposure to the environment on their toxicity is rarely considered. In this study, a range of 76-276 items/L microplastics (MPs) was detected in the DPFs leachates, and fibrous (> 80.3%) and polypropylene (PP, > 89.2%) MPs were dominant. Co, Cu, Ni, Sr, Ti and Zn, were commonly detected in all leachates of the tested DPFs. Organics, such as acetophenone, 2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol, benzothiazole, bisphenol-A and phthalide, were found in the DPFs leachate, which were including organic solvents and plasticizer. Besides, we first found an emerging environmental risk substance, namely environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs), was generated in the DPFs leachates. The characteristic g-factors of the EPFRs was in a range of 2.003-2.004, identified as mixture of carbon- and oxygen-centered radicals. By means of in vitro toxicity assay, the DPFs leachate were confirmed to cause cytotoxicity and oxidative stress. Significantly, it is found that the formed EPFRs could contribute more toxic effects. Furthermore, when compared to N95 respirators, the tested surgical masks tend to release more MPs, leach more metals and organics, and generate more EPFRs. Surgical masks were thus showed higher risk than N95 respirators after exposure to water. This work highlights the importance of understanding the chemical complexity and possible toxicity of DPFs for their risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Jianqun Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xuetong Yang
- LIWET, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Campus Kortrijk, Graaf Karel De Goedelaan 5, B-8500, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Qian'en Huang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Kecheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Yajiao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Stijn Van Hulle
- LIWET, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Campus Kortrijk, Graaf Karel De Goedelaan 5, B-8500, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Hanzhong Jia
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-Environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
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Zhao J, Shen G, Shi L, Li H, Lang D, Zhang L, Pan B, Tao S. Real-World Emission Characteristics of Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals in PM 2.5 from Residential Solid Fuel Combustion. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:3997-4004. [PMID: 35262334 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) can induce reactive oxygen species, causing adverse health impacts, and residential fuel (biomass and coal) combustion is believed to be an important emission source for EPFRs; however, the residential emission characteristics of EPFRs are rarely studied in the real world. Here, we conducted a field campaign evaluating the presence and characteristics of EPFRs generated from residential biomass and coal burning in rural China. The emission factors (EFs) of EPFRs (with units of 1020 spins·kg-1) in PM2.5 from the combustion of crop residues (3.97 ± 0.47) were significantly higher than those from firewood (2.06 ± 0.19) and coal (2.13 ± 0.33) (p < 0.05). The EPFRs from residential solid fuel combustion were carbon-centered free radicals adjacent to oxygen atoms. The fuel type was a primary factor controlling EPFR discharge, explaining 68% of the variation in EPFR EFs. The emissions from biomass burning had higher EPFRs per particle than those from coal combustion. EPFRs had stronger relationships with carbonaceous components than with other incomplete combustion products. The EPFRs from biomass burning were mostly generated during the pyrolysis of fuels, while the EPFRs generated from coal combustion were mainly associated with refractory organic compounds. This study provides valuable information for evaluating the fates of EPFRs, promoting a better understanding of the health impacts of air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Zhao
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Guofeng Shen
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lin Shi
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Hao Li
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Di Lang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Bo Pan
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Shu Tao
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- College of Environmental Science and Technology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Kumar A, Patel VS, Harding JN, You D, Cormier SA. Exposure to combustion derived particulate matter exacerbates influenza infection in neonatal mice by inhibiting IL22 production. Part Fibre Toxicol 2021; 18:43. [PMID: 34906172 PMCID: PMC8670221 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-021-00438-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Particulate matter (PM) containing environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) are formed during various combustion processes, including the thermal remediation of hazardous wastes. Exposure to PM adversely affects respiratory health in infants and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality due to acute lower respiratory tract infections. We previously reported that early-life exposure to PM damages the lung epithelium and suppresses immune responses to influenza virus (Flu) infection, thereby enhancing Flu severity. Interleukin 22 (IL22) is important in resolving lung injury following Flu infection. In the current study, we determined the effects of PM exposure on pulmonary IL22 responses using our neonatal mouse model of Flu infection. Results Exposure to PM resulted in an immediate (0.5–1-day post-exposure; dpe) increase in IL22 expression in the lungs of C57BL/6 neonatal mice; however, this IL22 expression was not maintained and failed to increase with either continued exposure to PM or subsequent Flu infection of PM-exposed mice. This contrasts with increased IL22 expression in age-matched mice exposed to vehicle and Flu infected. Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), which mediates the induction and release of IL22 from immune cells, was also transiently increased with PM exposure. The microbiome plays a major role in maintaining epithelial integrity and immune responses by producing various metabolites that act as ligands for AhR. Exposure to PM induced lung microbiota dysbiosis and altered the levels of indole, a microbial metabolite. Treatment with recombinant IL22 or indole-3-carboxaldehyde (I3A) prevented PM associated lung injury. In addition, I3A treatment also protected against increased mortality in Flu-infected mice exposed to PMs. Conclusions Together, these data suggest that exposure to PMs results in failure to sustain IL22 levels and an inability to induce IL22 upon Flu infection. Insufficient levels of IL22 may be responsible for aberrant epithelial repair and immune responses, leading to increased Flu severity in areas of high PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.,Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Vivek S Patel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Jeffrey N Harding
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Dahui You
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Stephania A Cormier
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA. .,Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
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Lieke T, Steinberg CEW, Bittmann S, Behrens S, Hoseinifar SH, Meinelt T, Knopf K, Kloas W. Fulvic acid accelerates hatching and stimulates antioxidative protection and the innate immune response in zebrafish larvae. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 796:148780. [PMID: 34280625 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Aquaculture plays a pivotal role in covering dietary animal protein demands and restocking endangered fish populations. However, high mortality takes place at the earliest life stages: prior and immediately after hatching. Improving growth and health parameters by immunostimulants is widely used in older fish, but rarely studied in larvae. Fulvic acids (FAs) are natural substances found in soil and water. Using zebrafish as a model organism, we evaluated the effects of exposure to a FA at concentrations ranging from 1 to 500 mg C/L (mg dissolved organic carbon per liter) on embryonic development. Furthermore, the concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) inside the larvae as well as the molecular mechanisms involved in growth, immune response, and antioxidative protection were determined at 5, 50, and 500 mg C/L. 20 to 200 mg C/L accelerated the hatching, which was mediated by increased expression of ifg-1, gh, and he1-α. Furthermore, lyz and mpx were significantly increased at 5 and 50 mg C/L. A concentration of 500 mg C/L induced genes involved in the protection against ROS (nrf-2, keap-1, cat, sod-1), increased the concentration of ROS inside the larvae and caused tissue damage and mortality. Interestingly, 50 mg C/L activated ROS protection as well (nrf-2, sod-2), while no increase of ROS was found in the larvae. Our results show, that FA at low to medium concentrations can increase the health of larvae, but becomes detrimental at higher concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thora Lieke
- Department of Ecophysiology and Aquaculture, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, 12587 Berlin, Germany; Humboldt University of Berlin, Faculty of Life Sciences, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Christian E W Steinberg
- Humboldt University of Berlin, Faculty of Life Sciences, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650500 Kunming, China
| | - Sandra Bittmann
- Department of Ecophysiology and Aquaculture, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, 12587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sascha Behrens
- Department of Ecophysiology and Aquaculture, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, 12587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Seyed H Hoseinifar
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, 49138-115739 Gorgan, Iran
| | - Thomas Meinelt
- Department of Ecophysiology and Aquaculture, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, 12587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Knopf
- Department of Ecophysiology and Aquaculture, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, 12587 Berlin, Germany; Humboldt University of Berlin, Faculty of Life Sciences, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Werner Kloas
- Department of Ecophysiology and Aquaculture, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, 12587 Berlin, Germany; Humboldt University of Berlin, Faculty of Life Sciences, 10115 Berlin, Germany
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31
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Wu M, Zhao Z, Zhang P, Wan M, Lei J, Pan B, Xing B. Environmental persistent free radicals in diesel engine exhaust particles at different altitudes and engine speeds. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 796:148963. [PMID: 34265616 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of environmental persistent free radicals (EPFRs) in the environment has attracted a great deal of research attention. Although the major sources of EPFRs in the environment is diesel engine exhaust, the study on the emission characteristics of EPFRs at different working conditions is still very limited. An integrated engine system was adopted to simulate different working conditions of various altitudes and engine speeds, and to examine the emission process of a diesel engine. The results suggested that low engine speed and high altitude are generally associated with high PM10 emission with more stable and ordered structures. Based on the analysis of PAHs on solid and gas phases, PM10 generated from diesel engine at altitude higher than 2000 m may contain substantial amounts of PAHs embedded inside particles, but not adsorbed on the surface. EPFRs signal up to 1.66 × 1020 spins/g were detected in PM10 of the diesel exhaust. Higher engine speed and lower altitude were associated with stronger EPR signals on PM10. However, the accumulated EPR signal intensities after consuming 1 L of diesel were higher at lower engine speed and higher altitude, suggesting higher overall risks. A positive correlation between R value (signal strength ratio of D and G peaks on the Raman spectra) and EPFRs intensity indicated that the EPR signals were associated with the defects of carbon structure. EPFRs intensity in particles showed no significant change in dark, and over 70% of the EPR signals survived under UV light in a one-month aging simulation. The strong persistence of these EPFRs suggested their potential long lasting and widespread risks, which should be investigated extensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixuan Wu
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science &Technology, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Ziyu Zhao
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science &Technology, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science &Technology, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Mingding Wan
- Faculty of Transportation Engineering, Kunming University of Science &Technology, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Jilin Lei
- Faculty of Transportation Engineering, Kunming University of Science &Technology, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Bo Pan
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science &Technology, Kunming 650500, PR China.
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
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32
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Harding JN, Gross M, Patel V, Potter S, Cormier SA. Association between particulate matter containing EPFRs and neutrophilic asthma through AhR and Th17. Respir Res 2021; 22:275. [PMID: 34702270 PMCID: PMC8549224 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-021-01867-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological data associate high levels of combustion-derived particulate matter (PM) with deleterious respiratory outcomes, but the mechanism underlying those outcomes remains elusive. It has been acknowledged by the World Health Organization that PM exposure contributes to more than 4.2 million all-cause mortalities worldwide each year. Current literature demonstrates that PM exacerbates respiratory diseases, impairs lung function, results in chronic respiratory illnesses, and is associated with increased mortality. The proposed mechanisms revolve around oxidative stress and inflammation promoting pulmonary physiological remodeling. However, our previous data found that PM is capable of inducing T helper cell 17 (Th17) immune responses via aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr) activation, which was associated with neutrophilic invasion characteristic of steroid insensitive asthma. METHODS In the present study, we utilized a combination of microarray and single cell RNA sequencing data to analyze the immunological landscape in mouse lungs following acute exposure to combustion derived particulate matter. RESULTS We present data that suggest epithelial cells produce specific cytokines in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr) pathway that inform dendritic cells to initiate the production of pathogenic T helper (eTh17) cells. Using single-cell RNA sequencing analysis, we observed that upon exposure epithelial cells acquire a transcriptomic profile indicative of increased Il-17 signaling, Ahr activation, Egfr signaling, and T cell receptor and co-stimulatory signaling pathways. Epithelial cells further showed, Ahr activation is brought on by Ahr/ARNT nuclear translocation and activation of tyrosine kinase c-src, Egfr, and subsequently Erk1/2 pathways. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our data corroborates that PM initiates an eTh17 specific inflammatory response causing neutrophilic asthma through pathways in epithelial, dendritic, and T cells that promote eTh17 differentiation during initial PM exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey N Harding
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University and Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Rd, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Maureen Gross
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University and Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Rd, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Vivek Patel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University and Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Rd, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Steven Potter
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Stephania A Cormier
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University and Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Rd, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA.
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Xiang L, Liu S, Ye S, Yang H, Song B, Qin F, Shen M, Tan C, Zeng G, Tan X. Potential hazards of biochar: The negative environmental impacts of biochar applications. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 420:126611. [PMID: 34271443 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Biochar has been widely used as an environmentally friendly material for soil improvement and remediation, water pollution control, greenhouse gas emission reduction, and other purposes because of its characteristics such as a large surface area, porous structure, and abundant surface O-containing functional groups. However, some surface properties (i.e., (i) some surface properties (i.e., organic functional groups and inorganic components), (ii) changes in pH), and (iii) chemical reactions (e.g., aromatic C ring oxidation) that occur between biochar and the application environment may result in the release of harmful components. In this study, biochars with a potential risk to the environment were classified according to their harmful components, surface properties, structure, and particle size, and the potential negative environmental effects of these biochars and the mechanisms inducing these negative effects were reviewed. This article presents a comprehensive overview of the negative environmental impacts of biochar on soil, water, and atmospheric environments. It also summarizes various technical methods of environment-related risk detection and evaluation of biochar application, thereby providing a baseline reference and guiding significance for future biochar selection and toxicity detection, evaluation, and avoidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Xiang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Shaoheng Liu
- College of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde 415000, Hunan, PR China
| | - Shujing Ye
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Hailan Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Biao Song
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Fanzhi Qin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Maocai Shen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Chang Tan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Guangming Zeng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China.
| | - Xiaofei Tan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China.
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34
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Sakr NI, Kizilkaya O, Carlson SF, Chan S, Oumnov RA, Catano J, Kurtz RL, Hall RW, Poliakoff ED, Sprunger PT. Formation of Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals (EPFRs) on the Phenol-Dosed α-Fe 2O 3(0001) Surface. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2021; 125:21882-21890. [PMID: 34992708 PMCID: PMC8725784 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c04298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) are a class of toxic air pollutants that are found to form by the chemisorption of substituted aromatic molecules on the surface of metal oxides. In this study, we employ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) to perform a temperature-dependent study of phenol adsorption on α-Fe2O3(0001) to probe the radical formation mechanism by monitoring changes in the electronic structure of both the adsorbed phenol and metal oxide substrate. Upon dosing at room temperature, new phenol-derived electronic states have been clearly observed in the UPS spectrum at saturation coverage. However, upon dosing at high temperature (>200 °C), both photoemission techniques have shown distinctive features that strongly suggest electron transfer from adsorbed phenol to Fe2O3 surface atoms and consequent formation of a surface radical. Consistent with the experiment, DFT calculations show that phenoxyl adsorption on the iron oxide surface at RT leads to a minor charge transfer to the adsorbed molecule. The experimental findings at high temperatures agree well with the EPFRs' proposed formation mechanism and can guide future experimental and computational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- N I Sakr
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Orhan Kizilkaya
- Center for Advanced Microstructures and Devices, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70806, United States
| | - Sierra F Carlson
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Dominican University of California, San Rafael, California 94901, United States
| | - Simon Chan
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Dominican University of California, San Rafael, California 94901, United States
| | - Reuben A Oumnov
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Dominican University of California, San Rafael, California 94901, United States
| | - Jaqueline Catano
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Dominican University of California, San Rafael, California 94901, United States
| | - Richard L Kurtz
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States; Center for Advanced Microstructures and Devices, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70806, United States
| | - Randall W Hall
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Dominican University of California, San Rafael, California 94901, United States; Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - E D Poliakoff
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Phillip T Sprunger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States; Center for Advanced Microstructures and Devices, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70806, United States
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Harmon AC, Noël A, Subramanian B, Perveen Z, Jennings MH, Chen YF, Penn AL, Legendre K, Paulsen DB, Varner KJ, Dugas TR. Inhalation of particulate matter containing free radicals leads to decreased vascular responsiveness associated with an altered pulmonary function. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2021; 321:H667-H683. [PMID: 34415187 PMCID: PMC8794232 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00725.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Airborne particulate matter (PM) is associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular diseases. Although the goal of thermal remediation is to eliminate organic wastes through combustion, when incomplete combustion occurs, organics chemisorb to transition metals to generate PM-containing environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs). Similar EPFR species have been detected in PM found in diesel and gasoline exhaust, woodsmoke, and urban air. Prior in vivo studies demonstrated that EPFRs reduce cardiac function secondary to elevations in pulmonary arterial pressures. In vitro studies showed that EPFRs increase ROS and cytokines in pulmonary epithelial cells. We thus hypothesized that EPFR inhalation would promote lung inflammation and oxidative stress, leading to systemic inflammation, vascular endothelial injury, and a decline in vascular function. Mice were exposed to EPFRs for either 4 h or for 4 h/day for 10 days and lung and vascular function were assessed. After a 4-h exposure, plasma nitric oxide (NO) was reduced while endothelin-1 (ET-1) was increased, however lung function was not altered. After 10 day, plasma NO and ET-1 levels were again altered and lung tidal volume was reduced. These time course studies suggested the vasculature may be an early target of injury. To test this hypothesis, an intermediate time point of 3 days was selected. Though the mice exhibited no marked inflammation in either the lung or the blood, we did note significantly reduced endothelial function concurrent with a reduction in lung tidal volume and an elevation in annexin V protein levels in the lung. Although vascular dysfunction was not dependent upon inflammation, it may be associated with an injury at the air-blood interface. Gene expression analysis suggested roles for oxidative stress and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr) signaling. Studies probing the relationship between pulmonary oxidative stress and AhR signaling at the air-blood interface with vascular dysfunction seem warranted.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Particulate matter (PM) resulting from the combustion of organic matter is known to contribute to cardiopulmonary disease. Despite hypotheses that cardiovascular dysfunction occurring after PM exposures is secondary to lung or systemic inflammation, these studies investigating exposures to PM-containing environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) demonstrate that cardiovascular dysfunction precedes pulmonary inflammation. The cardiopulmonary health consequences of EPFRs have yet to be thoroughly evaluated, especially in healthy, adult mice. Our data suggest the vasculature as a direct target of PM exposure, and our studies aimed to elucidate the mechanisms contributing to EPFR-induced vascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlyn C Harmon
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Alexandra Noël
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | | | - Zakia Perveen
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Merilyn H Jennings
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Yi-Fan Chen
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Arthur L Penn
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Kelsey Legendre
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Daniel B Paulsen
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Kurt J Varner
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Tammy R Dugas
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
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Liu J, Li S, Fei X, Nan X, Shen Y, Xiu H, Cormier SA, Lu C, Guo C, Wang S, Cai Z, Wang P. Increased alveolar epithelial TRAF6 via autophagy-dependent TRIM37 degradation mediates particulate matter-induced lung metastasis. Autophagy 2021; 18:971-989. [PMID: 34524943 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1965421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological and clinical studies have shown that exposure to particulate matter (PM) is associated with an increased incidence of lung cancer and metastasis. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we demonstrated the central role of PM-induced neutrophil recruitment in promoting lung cancer metastasis. We found that reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated alveolar epithelial macroautophagy/autophagy was essential for initiating neutrophil chemotaxis and pre-metastatic niche formation in the lungs in response to PM exposure. During PM-induced autophagy, the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM37 was degraded and protected TRAF6 from proteasomal degradation in lung epithelial cells, which promoted the NFKB-dependent production of chemokines to recruit neutrophils. Importantly, ROS blockade, autophagy inhibition or TRAF6 knockdown abolished PM-induced neutrophil recruitment and lung metastasis enhancement. Our study indicates that host lung epithelial cells and neutrophils coordinate to promote cancer metastasis to the lungs in response to PM exposure and provides ideal therapeutic targets for metastatic progression.Abbreviations: ACTA2/α-SMA: actin alpha 2, smooth muscle, aorta; ATII: alveolar type II; Cho-Traf6 siRNA: 5'-cholesterol-Traf6 siRNA; EMT: epithelial-mesenchymal transition; HBE: human bronchial epithelial; HCQ: hydroxychloroquine; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; NAC: N-acetyl-L-cysteine; NFKB: nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells; NS: normal saline; PM: particulate matter; ROS: reactive oxygen species; TRAF6: TNF receptor-associated factor 6; TRIM37: tripartite motif-containing 37.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Liu
- Institute of Immunology and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shumin Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuefeng Fei
- Institute of Immunology and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xi Nan
- Institute of Immunology and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingying Shen
- Institute of Immunology and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huiqing Xiu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Stephania A Cormier
- Pennington Biomedical Researcher Center and Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Chaojie Lu
- Institute of Immunology and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chuqi Guo
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Shibo Wang
- Institute of Immunology and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhijian Cai
- Institute of Immunology and Department of Orthopaedics of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pingli Wang
- Institute of Immunology and Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Zhao Z, Wu M, Zhou D, Chen Q, Li H, Lang D, Pan B, Xing B. CuO and TiO 2 particles generated more stable and stronger EPFRs in dark than under UV-irradiation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 775:145555. [PMID: 33631563 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Environmentally persistent free radicals (EFPRs) have recently attracted a great deal of research attention because of their significant toxicity and ubiquitous occurrence in the environment. The information is still very limited on how to estimate the intensity of EPFRs under ambient circumstances. This study is designed to specifically compare EPFRs generation during catechol degradation in dark and UV light irradiation. CuO and TiO2 were selected as model metal oxides to coat on silica at 1% CuO has a large electron exchange capacity, which may mediate catechol degradation in dark, while TiO2 possesses strong photocatalytic property and could accelerate catechol degradation under UV light. Under UV light irradiation, EPFRs were generated very quickly and reached the maximum value in 4 d, which was related to the photocatalytic property of the particle. However, these EPFRs dissipated quickly in 14 d. On the contrary, the intensities of EPFRs generated in dark were 2 times higher, and stabled for over 2 months. Therefore, the environmental impacts of EPFRs in dark may be widespread and long-lasting, which should be monitored more carefully. It should be noted that for CuO-coated silica, a significant amount of EPFRs (20% of the maximum) survived the UV-light irradiation and stabled during the experimental period (45 d). Stronger EPFRs were associated with more abundant dimer structures, suggesting the dimer structures were related to EPFRs formation during catechol degradation. Monitoring the generation of dimer structures in the degradation of organic chemicals may provide useful information to estimate EPFRs generation and risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Zhao
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Meixuan Wu
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Dandan Zhou
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Quan Chen
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Hao Li
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Di Lang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Bo Pan
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Carbon Sequestration and Pollution Control, Faculty of Environmental Science & Engineering, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
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Liu X, Yang L, Liu G, Zheng M. Formation of Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals during Thermochemical Processes and their Correlations with Unintentional Persistent Organic Pollutants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:6529-6541. [PMID: 33956443 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c08762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Attention is increasingly being paid to environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs), which are organic pollutants with the activities of free radicals and stabilities of organic pollutants. EPFRs readily form during thermal processes through the decomposition of organic precursors such as phenols, halogenated phenols, and quinone-type molecules, which are also important precursors of toxic unintentionally produced persistent organic pollutants (UPOPs). We have found that EPFRs are important intermediates for UPOP formation during thermal-related processes. However, interest in EPFRs is currently mostly focused on the toxicities and formation mechanisms of EPFRs themselves. Little information is available on the important roles EPFRs play in toxic UPOP formation during thermal processes. Here, we review the mechanisms involved in EPFR formation and transformation into UPOPs during thermal processes. The review is focused on typical EPFRs, including cyclopentadiene, phenoxy, and semiquinone radicals. The reaction temperature, metal species present, and oxygen concentration strongly affect EPFR and UPOP formation during thermal-related processes. Gaps in current knowledge and future directions for research into EPFR and UPOP formation, transformation, and control are presented. Understanding the relationships between EPFRs and UPOPs will allow synergistic control strategies to be developed for thermal-related industrial sources of EPFRs and UPOPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310000, China
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Mer K, Sajjadi B, Egiebor NO, Chen WY, Mattern DL, Tao W. Enhanced degradation of organic contaminants using catalytic activity of carbonaceous structures: A strategy for the reuse of exhausted sorbents. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 99:267-273. [PMID: 33183704 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Generation of hydroxyl radicals (⋅OH) is the basis of advanced oxidation process (AOP). This study investigates the catalytic activity of microporous carbonaceous structure for in-situ generation of ⋅OH radicals. Biochar (BC) was selected as a representative of carbon materials with a graphitic structure. The work aims at assessing the impact of BC structure on the activation of H2O2, the reinforcement of the persistent free radicals (PFRs) in BC using heavy metal complexes, and the subsequent AOP. Accordingly, three different biochars (raw, chemically- and physiochemically-activated BCs) were used for adsorption of two metal ions (nickel and lead) and the degradation of phenol (100 mg/L) through AOP. The results demonstrated four outcomes: (1) The structure of carbon material, the identity and the quantity of the metal complexes in the structure play the key roles in the AOP process. (2) the quantity of PFRs on BC significantly increased (by 200%) with structural activation and metal loading. (3) Though the Pb-loaded BC contained a larger quantity of PFRs, Ni-loaded BC exhibited a higher catalytic activity. (4) The degradation efficiency values for phenol by modified biochar in the presence of H2O2 was 80.3%, while the removal efficiency was found to be 17% and 22% in the two control tests, with H2O2 (no BC) and with BC (no H2O2), respectively. Overall, the work proposes a new approach for dual applications of carbonaceous structures; adsorption of metal ions and treatment of organic contaminants through in-situ chemical oxidation (ISCO).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyani Mer
- Environmental Resources Engineering Department, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Baharak Sajjadi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Mississippi, MS 38677-1848, USA.
| | - Nosa O Egiebor
- Environmental Resources Engineering Department, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Wei-Yin Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Mississippi, MS 38677-1848, USA
| | - Daniell L Mattern
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA
| | - Wendong Tao
- Environmental Resources Engineering Department, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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Abstract
The tribological behavior and the related airborne particles emission of three copper-free automotive friction materials are investigated. The tests were conducted using a pin-on-disc tribometer equipped with a specifically designed clean-enclosure chamber for the emission measurement. Particle number concentration from particle size 0.3 µm up to 10 µm and the mass of emitted particles between 1 µm to 10 µm were measured. Particular emphasis was given to the chemical composition of the bulk materials, the friction layers and the emissions, in order to explain the acting wear mechanisms, and the recorded emission of airborne particles. The results indicate that the recorded emissions do not correlate with the friction coefficient and the wear rates, since the wear mechanisms exert a different influence on the tribological and emission behavior of the materials under study.
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Li X, Shen C, Zhao H, Jiang J, Ban Z, Chen Z, Qu B. Photoformation of persistent free radicals on a montmorillonite-humic acid complex simulated as particulate organic matter in an aqueous solution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:1842-1851. [PMID: 32966458 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00009d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the formation of persistent free radicals (PFRs) on particulate organic matter (POM) under irradiation in water. A montmorillonite-humic acid complex (Mnt-HA complex) was prepared to simulate POM, and the generated PFRs were detected by the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) technique. EPR signals with the trend of an initial increase and then a decrease were observed under irradiation for 8 days, and the g factors were in the range of 2.0034-2.0039, which indicated the generation of carbon-centered radicals with electrophilic moieties. Different concentrations and types of halophenols and transition-metal ions were respectively adsorbed on the Mnt-HA complex to probe their influence on the formation of PFRs. The amount of PFRs generated in the Mnt-HA complexes was in the order: 2-bromophenol (2-BP) > 2,4-dibromophenol (2,4-DBP) > 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), which implied that halogen substitution and the number of substituents in the halophenols could affect the generation of PFRs. The effects of transition-metal ions that resulted in the reduction of PFRs when adsorbed on the Mnt-HA complex were as follows: Fe3+ > Zn2+ > Cu2+ > Mn2+, and this is in agreement with their redox capacity. Analyzing the induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and electrons on POM, it is found that halophenols and transition metal ions also affected this process under irradiation. These findings indicate that the photoformation of PFRs on POM could be a source of PFRs in aqueous environments and requires further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintong Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Chen Shen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Jingqiu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Zixin Ban
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Zhenyu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road 2, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Baocheng Qu
- Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China. and Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture, Ministry of Education, Dalian 116023, China
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Xu Y, Yang L, Wang X, Zheng M, Li C, Zhang A, Fu J, Yang Y, Qin L, Liu X, Liu G. Risk evaluation of environmentally persistent free radicals in airborne particulate matter and influence of atmospheric factors. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 196:110571. [PMID: 32276159 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) was considered unrecognized composition of air pollutants and might help explain the long-standing medical mystery of why non-smokers develop tobacco-related diseases like lung cancer. EPFRs in airborne fine particulate matter (PM2.5) can induce oxidative and DNA damage when inhaled. We assessed the inhalation risk of EPFRs in PM2.5 and factors influencing this risk in Beijing as a large city with frequent haze events. The average concentration of EPFRs in PM2.5 was 6.00 × 1017 spins/m3 in spring, autumn, and winter; lower concentrations were recorded in the summer. To estimate the daily inhalation risk of EPFRs in PM2.5, we used the equivalent EPFRs in cigarette tar. The average daily inhalation exposure of EPFRs in PM2.5 was estimated to be the equivalent of 33.1 cigarette tar EPFRs per day (range: 0.53-226.9) during both haze and non-haze days. The major factors influencing EPFR concentrations in the atmosphere were precipitation and humidity, which reduced airborne concentrations. Levels of PM2.5 and carbon monoxide were positively correlated with EPFR concentrations. The health risks of inhaling airborne EPFRs could be significant and should be recognized and quantified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resource and Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lili Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resource and Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Minghui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resource and Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Cui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resource and Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Aiqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resource and Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jianjie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resource and Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuanping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resource and Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Linjun Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resource and Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaoyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resource and Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guorui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resource and Environment, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Zhang X, Gu W, Ma Z, Liu Y, Ru H, Zhou J, Zang Y, Xu Z, Qian G. Short-term exposure to ZnO/MCB persistent free radical particles causes mouse lung lesions via inflammatory reactions and apoptosis pathways. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 261:114039. [PMID: 32220747 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) are easily generated in the combustion processes of municipal solid waste (MSW) and can cause adverse effects on human health. This study focuses on understanding the toxicity of EPFR particles (ZnO/MCB containing EPFRs) to human bronchial epithelial cell lines BEAS-2B and 16HBE, murine macrophages Raw264.7, and the lung of BALB/c mice after a short exposure (7 days). Exposure of BEAS-2B, 16HBE, and Raw264.7 cells to ZnO/MCB particles significantly increased the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and perturbed levels of intracellular redox conditions (decreased the intracellular GSH level and the activity of cytosolic SOD, and stimulated oxidative stress related proteins such as HO-1 and Nrf2). EPFR particles decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and induced cell apoptosis, including the activation of Caspase-3, Bax, and Bcl-2 apoptotic signalling pathways. A signature inflammatory condition was observed in both cell models and the mouse model for lung lesions. Our data suggest that EPFRs in particles have greater toxicity to lung cells and tissues that are potential health hazards to human lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhang
- SHU Center of Green Urban Mining & Industry Ecology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, No. 381 Nanchen Rd., Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Wenyi Gu
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Zhongliang Ma
- Lab for Noncoding RNA & Cancer, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Liu
- SHU Center of Green Urban Mining & Industry Ecology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, No. 381 Nanchen Rd., Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Hongbo Ru
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A, China
| | - Jizhi Zhou
- SHU Center of Green Urban Mining & Industry Ecology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, No. 381 Nanchen Rd., Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Yi Zang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A, China
| | - ZhiPing Xu
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Guangren Qian
- SHU Center of Green Urban Mining & Industry Ecology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, No. 381 Nanchen Rd., Shanghai, 200444, PR China.
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Jia H, Li S, Wu L, Li S, Sharma VK, Yan B. Cytotoxic Free Radicals on Air-Borne Soot Particles Generated by Burning Wood or Low-Maturity Coals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:5608-5618. [PMID: 32083475 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The traditional cook stove is a major contributor to combustion-derived soot particles, which contain various chemical species that may cause a significant impact to human health and ecosystems. However, properties and toxicity associated with environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) in such emissions are not well known. This paper investigated the characteristics and cytotoxicity of soot-associated EPFRs discharged from Chinese household stoves. Our results showed that the concentrations of EPFRs were related to fuel types, and they were higher in wood-burning soot (8.9-10.5 × 1016 spins/g) than in coal-burning soot (3.9-9.7 × 1016 spins/g). Meanwhile, EPFR concentrations in soot decreased with an increase of coal maturity. The soot EPFRs, especially reactive fractions, readily induced the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Potential health effects of soot EPFRs were also examined using normal human bronchial epithelial cell line 16HBE as a model. Soot particles were internalized by 16HBE cells inducing cytotoxicity. The main toxicity inducers were identified to be reactive EPFR species, which generated ROS inside human cells. Our findings provided valuable insights into potential contributions of soot EPFRs associated with different types of fuel to health problems. This information will support regulations to end or limit current stove usage in numerous households.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanzhong Jia
- College of Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Shuaishuai Li
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Lan Wu
- College of Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Shiqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Virender K Sharma
- Program for the Environment and Sustainability, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Bing Yan
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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45
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Hasan F, Khachatryan L, Lomnicki S. Comparative Studies of Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals on Total Particulate Matter Collected from Electronic and Tobacco Cigarettes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:5710-5718. [PMID: 32267684 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy was employed to measure environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) in the total particulate matter (TPM) of mainstream and sidestream TPM of conventional cigarettes and the TPM of e-cigarettes. Comparable concentrations of EPFRs were detected in both sidestream (8.05 ± 1.32) × 104 pmol/g and mainstream TPM (7.41 ± 0.85) × 104 pmol/g of conventional cigarettes. TPM exposure to air resulted in long-lived oxygen centered, secondary radicals with EPR g values of 2.0041 for mainstream and 2.0044 for sidestream. Surprisingly, despite no combustion process, the TPM from e-cigarettes (menthol flavor of NJOY and V2 brands) also contain EPFRs with g values of 2.0031-2.0033, characteristic of carbon centered radicals, while the radical signal in the vanilla flavor of V2 brand was remarkably similar to semiquinones in cigarette smoke with a higher g value (2.0063). The radical concentration in e-cigarettes was much lower as compared to tobacco TPM. Although the production of ROS generated by e-cigarettes is comparatively lower than ROS generated by conventional cigarettes, EPFRs in e-cigarettes appear to be more potent than those in tobacco TPM with respect to hydroxyl radical generation yield per unit EPFR. EPFRs in e-cigarette TPM may be a potential source of health impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhana Hasan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Lavrent Khachatryan
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Slawo Lomnicki
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
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46
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Sly PD, Cormier SA, Lomnicki S, Harding JN, Grimwood K. Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals: Linking Air Pollution and Poor Respiratory Health? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2020; 200:1062-1063. [PMID: 31237999 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201903-0675le] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephania A Cormier
- University of QueenslandBrisbane, Australia.,Louisiana State UniversityBaton Rouge, Louisianaand
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Zhang J, Cui H, Namani A, Yao J, Deng H, Tang X, Wang XJ. Transcriptomic profiling identifies a critical role of Nrf2 in regulating the inflammatory response to fly ash particles in mouse lung. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 190:110132. [PMID: 31918253 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.110132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to combustion-derived nanoparticles is recognized as a major health hazard, but the molecular responses are still insufficiently described. The transcription factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2, also known as NFE2L2) is a master regulator of the pulmonary defense system against insults by particulate matter. However, its downstream molecular processes are not fully characterized. In the current study, BALB/c wild-type (WT) and Nrf2-/- mice were exposed by intranasal administration to fly ash particles (F3-S; 20 mg/kg BW), which were collected from a municipal waste incinerator in China, for three consecutive days. Using a comparative transcriptomics approach, the pulmonary global gene expression profiles to F3-S exposure were characterized for both genotypes. The preponderance of the differentially-expressed genes (DEGs) in WT mice induced by the fly ash particles, was related to inflammation. Functional enrichment and molecular pathway mapping of the DEGs specific to Nrf2-/- mice exposed to the particles revealed that all of the top 10 perturbed molecular pathways were associated with the inflammatory response. Our study identified a transcriptional signature related to the initial pulmonary injury in mouse upon fly ash exposure, and suggests an anti-inflammatory role of Nrf2 in protecting the lung against such exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Huiling Cui
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Akhileshwar Namani
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Jun Yao
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Hong Deng
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Xiuwen Tang
- Department of Biochemistry and Department of Thoracic Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Xiu Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China.
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48
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Qian T, Lu D, Soh YNA, Webster RD, Zhou Y. Biotransformation of phosphorus in enhanced biological phosphorus removal sludge biochar. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 169:115255. [PMID: 31698148 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biochar derived from enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) sludge could be a potential phosphorus (P) fertilizer. Soil microorganisms play a regulating role on the turnover of P in soil. When the EBPR sludge biochar is added to soil, it would inevitably interact with soil microorganisms. Thus, for the wise use of the EBPR sludge biochar, it is imperative to understand the interaction between the biochar and soil microorganisms. In this study, Pseudomonas putida (P. putida), a common soil microorganism, was applied to investigate the biotransformation of P in two EBPR sludge biochars. The results reveal that P released from biochar produced at 700 °C (E700) was more easily absorbed by P. putida than that released from biochar produced at 400 °C (E400). This is attributed to the higher polyphosphates (poly-P) content in E700 and poly-P has higher affinity to P. putida surface compared to orthophosphates. Furthermore, E400 has a negative effect on intracellular poly-P formation in P. putida, which is probably caused by the oxidative stress induced by the free radicals from E400. As intracellular poly-P plays a critical role on bacteria survival and their interaction with surrounding environment, high-temperature biochar (E700) in this case would be more suitable for soil remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Qian
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, Singapore, 637141, Singapore; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Dan Lu
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, Singapore, 637141, Singapore; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Yan Ni Annie Soh
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, Singapore, 637141, Singapore
| | - Richard D Webster
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore
| | - Yan Zhou
- Advanced Environmental Biotechnology Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, Singapore, 637141, Singapore; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.
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Odinga ES, Waigi MG, Gudda FO, Wang J, Yang B, Hu X, Li S, Gao Y. Occurrence, formation, environmental fate and risks of environmentally persistent free radicals in biochars. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 134:105172. [PMID: 31739134 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Biochars are used globally in agricultural crop production and environmental remediation. However, environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs), which are stable emerging pollutants, are generated as a characteristic feature during biomass pyrolysis. EPFRs can induce the formation of reactive oxygen species, which poses huge agro-environmental and human health risks. Their half-lives and persistence in both biochar residues and in the atmosphere may lead to potentially adverse risks in the environment. This review highlights the comprehensive research into these bioreactive radicals, as well as the bottlenecks of biochar production leading up to the formation and persistence of EPFRs. Additionally, a way forward has been proposed, based on two main recommendations. A global joint initiative to create an all-encompassing regulations policy document that will improve both the technological and the quality control aspects of biochars to reduce EPFR generation at the production level. Furthermore, environmental impact and risk assessment studies should be conducted in the extensive applications of biochars in order to protect the environmental and human health. The highlighted key research directions proposed herein will shape the production, research, and adoption aspects of biochars, which will mitigate the considerable concerns raised on EPFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Stephen Odinga
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Michael Gatheru Waigi
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Fredrick Owino Gudda
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Bing Yang
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaojie Hu
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shunyao Li
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yanzheng Gao
- Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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50
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Sakr NI, Patterson MC, Daemen L, Poliakoff ED, Sprunger PT. Vibrational and Structural Studies of Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals Formed by Phenol-Dosed Metal Oxide Nanoparticles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:16726-16733. [PMID: 31786916 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) are formed by the adsorption of substituted aromatic precursors on the surface of metal oxides and are known to have significant health and environmental impact due to their unique stability. In this article, the formation of EPFRs is studied by adsorption of phenol on ZnO, CuO, Fe2O3, and TiO2 nanoparticles (∼10-50 nm) at high temperatures. Electron paramagnetic resonance indicates the formation of phenoxyl-type radicals. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy provides further evidence of EPFR formation by the disappearance of -OH groups, indicating the chemisorption of the organic precursor on the metal oxide surface. These results are further confirmed by inelastic neutron scattering, which shows both ring out-of-plane bend and C-H in-plane bend motions characteristic of phenol adsorption on the studied systems. Also, the changes in the oxidation state of the metal cations are investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, which shows that the direction of electron transfer (redox) during phenol chemisorption is strongly dependent on surface properties as well as surface defects of the metal oxide surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadra I Sakr
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , Louisiana State University , 202 Nicholson Hall , Baton Rouge , Louisiana 70803 , United States
| | - Matthew C Patterson
- Department of Chemistry , Louisiana State University , 232 Choppin Hall , Baton Rouge , Louisiana 70803 , United States
| | - Luke Daemen
- Spallation Neutron Source , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , MS-6473 , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
| | - Erwin D Poliakoff
- Department of Chemistry , Louisiana State University , 232 Choppin Hall , Baton Rouge , Louisiana 70803 , United States
| | - Phillip T Sprunger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , Louisiana State University , 202 Nicholson Hall , Baton Rouge , Louisiana 70803 , United States
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