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Majerczyk D, Ayad E, Brewton K, Saing P, Hart P. Systemic maternal inflammation promotes ASD via IL-6 and IFN-γ. Biosci Rep 2022; 42:BSR20220713. [PMID: 36300375 PMCID: PMC9670245 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20220713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurological disorder that manifests during early development, impacting individuals through their ways of communicating, social behaviors, and their ability to perform day-to-day activities. There have been different proposed mechanisms on how ASD precipitates within a patient, one of which being the impact cytokines have on fetal development once a mother's immune system has been activated (referred to as maternal immune activation, MIA). The occurrence of ASD has long been associated with elevated levels of several cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ). These proinflammatory cytokines can achieve high systemic levels in response to immune activating pathogens from various extrinsic sources. Transfer of cytokines such as IL-6 across the placental barrier allows accumulation in the fetus, potentially inducing neuroinflammation and consequently altering neurodevelopmental processes. Individuals who have been later diagnosed with ASD have been observed to have elevated levels of IL-6 and other proinflammatory cytokines during gestation. Moreover, the outcome of MIA has been associated with neurological effects such as impaired social interaction and an increase in repetitive behavior in animal models, supporting a mechanistic link between gestational inflammation and development of ASD-like characteristics. The present review attempts to provide a concise overview of the available preclinical and clinical data that suggest cross-talk between IL-6 and IFN-γ through both extrinsic and intrinsic factors as a central mechanism of MIA that may promote the development of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Majerczyk
- College of Science, Health and Pharmacy, Roosevelt University, Illinois 60173, U.S.A
- Loyola Medicine, Berwyn, Illinois 60402, U.S.A
| | - Elizabeth G. Ayad
- College of Science, Health and Pharmacy, Roosevelt University, Illinois 60173, U.S.A
| | - Kari L. Brewton
- College of Science, Health and Pharmacy, Roosevelt University, Illinois 60173, U.S.A
| | - Pichrasmei Saing
- College of Science, Health and Pharmacy, Roosevelt University, Illinois 60173, U.S.A
| | - Peter C. Hart
- College of Science, Health and Pharmacy, Roosevelt University, Illinois 60173, U.S.A
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Cell Viability and Immune Response to Low Concentrations of Nickel and Cadmium: An In Vitro Model. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17249218. [PMID: 33317216 PMCID: PMC7764270 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17249218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Environmental exposure to low concentrations of heavy metals is common in the general population, but the toxicity, immune response mechanisms, and the effects of single and mixed metal exposures have not been clearly identified. In this study, A549 cells and Raw264.7 cells were exposed to low concentrations of the heavy metals nickel (Ni) and cadmium (Cd) for 24, 48, and 72 h, and then cell viability and cytokine levels were analyzed. We found that exposure to low concentrations of Ni (50 nM) or Cd (10 nM) alone did not affect cell viability. However, mixing them together decreased cell viability. In addition, the levels of IL-10, IL-12, and TNF-α decreased with single (only Cd) and mixed (Ni and Cd) exposures. These results show that exposure to low concentrations of heavy metals could affect the normal immune response, even without obvious clinical manifestations. Therefore, chronic exposure to heavy metals might have adverse effects on overall health.
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Boyle S, Kakouli-Duarte T. Differential gene expression in the insect pathogen Steinernema feltiae in response to chromium VI exposure in contaminated host cadavers. Comput Biol Chem 2020; 88:107331. [PMID: 32781309 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2020.107331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Boyle
- enviroCORE, Molecular Ecology and Nematode Research Group, Department of Science and Health, Institute of Technology Carlow, Kilkenny Road, Carlow, Ireland.
| | - Thomais Kakouli-Duarte
- enviroCORE, Molecular Ecology and Nematode Research Group, Department of Science and Health, Institute of Technology Carlow, Kilkenny Road, Carlow, Ireland
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Cauvi DM, Cauvi G, Toomey CB, Jacquinet E, Pollard KM. From the Cover: Interplay Between IFN-γ and IL-6 Impacts the Inflammatory Response and Expression of Interferon-Regulated Genes in Environmental-Induced Autoimmunity. Toxicol Sci 2018; 158:227-239. [PMID: 28453771 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
IFN-γ has been found to be robustly important to disease pathogenesis in both idiopathic and induced models of murine lupus. In transgenic mice, over production of IFN-γ in the skin results in an inflammatory response and autoimmunity. This suggests that localized exposure to environmental factors that induce autoimmunity may be associated with expression of an IFN-γ-dependent inflammatory response. Using murine mercury-induced autoimmunity (mHgIA), the severity of inflammation and proinflammatory cytokine expression, including the cellular source of IFN-γ, were assessed at the site of subcutaneous exposure and in secondary lymphoid organs. Exposure induced a localized chronic inflammation comprising both innate and adaptive immune cells but only CD8+ T and NK cells were reduced in the absence of IFN-γ. IFN-γ+ cells began to appear as early as day 1 and comprised both resident (γδ T) and infiltrating cells (CD8+ T, NKT, CD11c+). The requirements for inflammation were examined in mice deficient in genes required (Ifng, Il6) or not required (Casp1) for mHgIA. None of these genes were essential for induction of inflammation, however IFN-γ and IL-6 were required for exacerbation of other proinflammatory cytokines. Additionally, lack of IFN-γ or IL-6 impacted expression of genes regulated by either IFN-γ or type I IFN. Significantly, both IFN-γ and IL-6 were required for increased expression of IRF-1 which regulates IFN stimulated genes and is required for mHgIA. Thus IRF-1 may be at the nexus of the interplay between IFN-γ and IL-6 in exacerbating a xenobiotic-induced inflammatory response, regulation of interferon responsive genes and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Cauvi
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Gabrielle Cauvi
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, California 92037
| | - Christopher B Toomey
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shiley Eye Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037
| | | | - Kenneth Michael Pollard
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
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Zhao H, Wang Y, Liu Z, Liu J, Xue Y, Xing M. Subchronic Arsenism Disorders mRNA Expression of Cytokines and Immunoglobulins in the Intestinal Tract of the Cock. Biol Trace Elem Res 2018. [PMID: 28620729 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-017-1073-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Provision of feed containing arsenic may cause intestinal flora imbalance and consequently, the dysfunction of immunological protection of the cock. To understand the intricate tuning of immune responses in the intestinal tract elicited by subchronic arsenism, a cock model (1-day-old Hy-line cocks) was established by subjecting cocks to different environmentally relevant concentrations of arsenic in the diet for 90 days. Intestinal cytokine and immunoglobulin (Ig) messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels were determined using real-time PCR on days 30, 60, and 90. Results showed that, compared to those of the control groups, the mRNA levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-4, and interferon (IFN)-γ displayed increases on day 30 then decreases on days 60 and 90 dose-dependently in every tissue. Except for the decrease in the jejunum, the mRNA levels of IL-6 and IL-8 were increased in the duodenum, ileum, cecum, and rectum. However, the mRNA levels of IL-12β decreased in every tissue and every time point compared to those of the control groups. In contrast, chicks showed considerably higher expression levels of IgA, IgM, and IgG after exposure to arsenic. These results demonstrated that immune strategies of cocks were disturbed when suffered from subchronic arsenism, at least on the intestinal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjing Zhao
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150040, China
| | - Yu Wang
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150040, China
| | - Zixin Liu
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150040, China
| | - Juanjuan Liu
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150040, China
| | - Yuan Xue
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150040, China
| | - Mingwei Xing
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150040, China.
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Lu X, Zhu Y, Bai R, Li S, Teng X. The effect of manganese-induced toxicity on the cytokine mRNA expression of chicken spleen lymphocytes in vitro. Res Vet Sci 2015; 101:165-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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The role of T helper (TH)17 cells as a double-edged sword in the interplay of infection and autoimmunity with a focus on xenobiotic-induced immunomodulation. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:374769. [PMID: 24151516 PMCID: PMC3787652 DOI: 10.1155/2013/374769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Extensive research in recent years suggests that exposure to xenobiotic stimuli plays a critical role in autoimmunity induction and severity and that the resulting response would be exacerbated in individuals with an infection-aroused immune system. In this context, heavy metals constitute a prominent category of xenobiotic substances, known to alter divergent immune cell responses in accidentally and occupationally exposed individuals, thereby increasing the susceptibility to autoimmunity and cancer, especially when accompanied by inflammation-triggered persistent sensitization. This perception is learned from experimental models of infection and epidemiologic studies and clearly underscores the interplay of exposure to such immunomodulatory elements with pre- or postexposure infectious events. Further, the TH17 cell subset, known to be associated with a growing list of autoimmune manifestations, may be the “superstar” at the interface of xenobiotic exposure and autoimmunity. In this review, the most recently established links to this nomination are short-listed to create a framework to better understand new insights into TH17's contributions to autoimmunity.
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Rodrigues ME, Costa AR, Henriques M, Azeredo J, Oliveira R. Comparison of commercial serum-free media for CHO-K1 cell growth and monoclonal antibody production. Int J Pharm 2012; 437:303-5. [PMID: 22902388 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The selection of a serum-free medium for a particular process of production using mammalian cells is a critical step for its success. In this study, seven commercially available serum-free media (EX-CELL, ISF-I, CD CHO, CDM4CHO, CHO-III-A, Octomed and HybridoMed) were evaluated and compared for cell growth and monoclonal antibody (mAb) production of a transfected CHO-K1 cell line. In the conditions assayed, EX-CELL and particularly CDM4CHO are the most recommended media for extended biopharmaceutical processes, on account of inducing superior levels of cell proliferation and mAb production, accentuated by a tendency to improve over time. Furthermore, the less positive results obtained with some media emphasize the importance and the impact of the correct medium selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elisa Rodrigues
- IBB - Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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Hemdan NYA, Birkenmeier G, Wichmann G, Abu El-Saad AM, Krieger T, Conrad K, Sack U. Interleukin-17-producing T helper cells in autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 2010; 9:785-92. [PMID: 20647062 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2010.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
With all the incredible progress in scientific research over the past two decades, the trigger of the majority of autoimmune disorders remains largely elusive. Research on the biology of T helper type 17 (T(H)17) cells over the last decade not only clarified previous observations of immune regulations and disease manifestations, but also provided considerable information on the signaling pathways mediating the effects of this lineage and its seemingly dual role in fighting the invading pathogens on one hand, and in frightening the host by inducing chronic inflammation and autoimmunity on the other hand. In this context, recent reports have implicated T(H)17 cells in mediating host defense as well as a growing list of autoimmune diseases in genetically-susceptible individuals. Herein, we summarize the current knowledge on T(H)17 in autoimmunity with emphasis on its differentiation factors and some mechanisms involved in initiating pathological events of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasr Y A Hemdan
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Alexandria, Egypt.
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Lindner I, Hemdan NYA, Buchold M, Huse K, Bigl M, Oerlecke I, Ricken A, Gaunitz F, Sack U, Naumann A, Hollborn M, Thal D, Gebhardt R, Birkenmeier G. Alpha2-macroglobulin inhibits the malignant properties of astrocytoma cells by impeding beta-catenin signaling. Cancer Res 2010; 70:277-87. [PMID: 20048078 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-1462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Targets that could improve the treatment of brain tumors remain important to define. This study of a transformation-associated isoform of alpha2-macroglobulin (A2M*) and its interaction with the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1) suggests a new mechanism for abrogating the malignant potential of astrocytoma cells. LRP1 bound A2M* found to be associated with an inhibition of tumor cell proliferation, migration, invasion, spheroid formation, and anchorage-independent growth. Transcriptional studies implicated effects on the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway. Notably, LRP1 antibodies could phenocopy the effects of A2M*. Our findings suggest a pathway of tumor suppression in astrocytoma that might be tractable to therapeutic exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Lindner
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Brietzke E, Stertz L, Fernandes BS, Kauer-Sant'anna M, Mascarenhas M, Escosteguy Vargas A, Chies JA, Kapczinski F. Comparison of cytokine levels in depressed, manic and euthymic patients with bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2009; 116:214-7. [PMID: 19251324 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2008.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2008] [Revised: 11/23/2008] [Accepted: 12/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neurobiology of bipolar disorder is not completely understood. Cytokines have received increasing attention as potential mediators of the interaction with immune, neuroendocrine system and specific pathways involved in mood, energy, and activity control. Previous reports have suggested the association of mania and bipolar depression with a proinflammatory state. However, they did not compare cytokine levels in all phases of bipolar disorder. METHODS Sixty-one bipolar patients were recruited for assessment of serum cytokine levels. Of these, 14 were in euthymic state, 23 and 24 were in manic and depressive episodes, respectively. A healthy comparison group included 25 healthy volunteers. Cytokines involved in Th1/Th2 balance, such as TNF-alpha, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-gamma, were examined by flow cytometry. RESULTS During mania, proinflammatory cytokines, IL-2, IL-4 and IL-6, were increased in comparison with healthy subjects. Patients in depressive episode showed only increased IL-6 levels. There were no significant differences in cytokine levels between patients in remission and healthy subjects, except for IL-4. Mood symptoms showed a positive correlation with IL-6 and IL-2. DISCUSSION These findings suggest that mania, and to a less extent, depression are associated with a proinflammatory state. These changes seem to be related to mood state, as changes in cytokine profile were more pronounced during acute episodes than in euthymia. This study provides further support to investigate the immune system as a target for future treatment development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Brietzke
- Bipolar Disorder Program and Molecular Psychiatry Unit, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, UFRGS, Brazil
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