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Fernandez‐Moreno J, Yaschenko AE, Neubauer M, Marchi AJ, Zhao C, Ascencio‐Ibanez JT, Alonso JM, Stepanova AN. A rapid and scalable approach to build synthetic repetitive hormone-responsive promoters. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:1942-1956. [PMID: 38379432 PMCID: PMC11182585 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Advancement of DNA-synthesis technologies has greatly facilitated the development of synthetic biology tools. However, high-complexity DNA sequences containing tandems of short repeats are still notoriously difficult to produce synthetically, with commercial DNA synthesis companies usually rejecting orders that exceed specific sequence complexity thresholds. To overcome this limitation, we developed a simple, single-tube reaction method that enables the generation of DNA sequences containing multiple repetitive elements. Our strategy involves commercial synthesis and PCR amplification of padded sequences that contain the repeats of interest, along with random intervening sequence stuffers that include type IIS restriction enzyme sites. GoldenBraid molecular cloning technology is then employed to remove the stuffers, rejoin the repeats together in a predefined order, and subclone the tandem(s) in a vector using a single-tube digestion-ligation reaction. In our hands, this new approach is much simpler, more versatile and efficient than previously developed solutions to this problem. As a proof of concept, two different phytohormone-responsive, synthetic, repetitive proximal promoters were generated and tested in planta in the context of transcriptional reporters. Analysis of transgenic lines carrying the synthetic ethylene-responsive promoter 10x2EBS-S10 fused to the GUS reporter gene uncovered several developmentally regulated ethylene response maxima, indicating the utility of this reporter for monitoring the involvement of ethylene in a variety of physiologically relevant processes. These encouraging results suggest that this reporter system can be leveraged to investigate the ethylene response to biotic and abiotic factors with high spatial and temporal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna E. Yaschenko
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Matthew Neubauer
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Alex J. Marchi
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Chengsong Zhao
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - José T. Ascencio‐Ibanez
- Department of Molecular and Structural BiochemistryNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Jose M. Alonso
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Anna N. Stepanova
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
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2
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Kumar M, Carr P, Turner SR. An atlas of Arabidopsis protein S-acylation reveals its widespread role in plant cell organization and function. NATURE PLANTS 2022. [PMID: 35681017 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.12.090415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
S-acylation is the addition of a fatty acid to a cysteine residue of a protein. While this modification may profoundly alter protein behaviour, its effects on the function of plant proteins remains poorly characterized, largely as a result of the lack of basic information regarding which proteins are S-acylated and where in the proteins the modification occurs. To address this gap in our knowledge, we used an optimized acyl-resin-assisted capture assay to perform a comprehensive analysis of plant protein S-acylation from six separate tissues. In our high- and medium-confidence groups, we identified 1,849 cysteines modified by S-acylation, which were located in 1,640 unique peptides from 1,094 different proteins. This represents around 6% of the detectable Arabidopsis proteome and suggests an important role for S-acylation in many essential cellular functions including trafficking, signalling and metabolism. To illustrate the potential of this dataset, we focus on cellulose synthesis and confirm the S-acylation of a number of proteins known to be involved in cellulose synthesis and trafficking of the cellulose synthase complex. In the secondary cell walls, cellulose synthesis requires three different catalytic subunits (CESA4, CESA7 and CESA8) that all exhibit striking sequence similarity and are all predicted to possess a RING-type zinc finger at their amino terminus composed of eight cysteines. For CESA8, we find evidence for S-acylation of these cysteines that is incompatible with any role in coordinating metal ions. We show that while CESA7 may possess a RING-type domain, the same region of CESA8 appears to have evolved a very different structure. Together, the data suggest that this study represents an atlas of S-acylation in Arabidopsis that will facilitate the broader study of this elusive post-translational modification in plants as well as demonstrating the importance of further work in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Paul Carr
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Holiferm, Manchester, UK
| | - Simon R Turner
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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3
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Kumar M, Carr P, Turner SR. An atlas of Arabidopsis protein S-acylation reveals its widespread role in plant cell organization and function. NATURE PLANTS 2022; 8:670-681. [PMID: 35681017 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-022-01164-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
S-acylation is the addition of a fatty acid to a cysteine residue of a protein. While this modification may profoundly alter protein behaviour, its effects on the function of plant proteins remains poorly characterized, largely as a result of the lack of basic information regarding which proteins are S-acylated and where in the proteins the modification occurs. To address this gap in our knowledge, we used an optimized acyl-resin-assisted capture assay to perform a comprehensive analysis of plant protein S-acylation from six separate tissues. In our high- and medium-confidence groups, we identified 1,849 cysteines modified by S-acylation, which were located in 1,640 unique peptides from 1,094 different proteins. This represents around 6% of the detectable Arabidopsis proteome and suggests an important role for S-acylation in many essential cellular functions including trafficking, signalling and metabolism. To illustrate the potential of this dataset, we focus on cellulose synthesis and confirm the S-acylation of a number of proteins known to be involved in cellulose synthesis and trafficking of the cellulose synthase complex. In the secondary cell walls, cellulose synthesis requires three different catalytic subunits (CESA4, CESA7 and CESA8) that all exhibit striking sequence similarity and are all predicted to possess a RING-type zinc finger at their amino terminus composed of eight cysteines. For CESA8, we find evidence for S-acylation of these cysteines that is incompatible with any role in coordinating metal ions. We show that while CESA7 may possess a RING-type domain, the same region of CESA8 appears to have evolved a very different structure. Together, the data suggest that this study represents an atlas of S-acylation in Arabidopsis that will facilitate the broader study of this elusive post-translational modification in plants as well as demonstrating the importance of further work in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Paul Carr
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Holiferm, Manchester, UK
| | - Simon R Turner
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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4
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Liyanapathiranage P, Jones JB, Potnis N. Mutation of a Single Core Gene, tssM, of Type VI Secretion System of Xanthomonas perforans Influences Virulence, Epiphytic Survival, and Transmission During Pathogenesis on Tomato. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:752-764. [PMID: 34543058 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-02-21-0069-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Xanthomonas perforans is a seedborne hemibiotrophic pathogen that successfully establishes infection in the phyllosphere of tomato. While most studies investigating mechanistic basis of pathogenesis have focused on successful apoplastic growth, factors important during asymptomatic colonization in the early stages of disease development are not well understood. In this study, we show that tssM gene of the type VI secretion system cluster i3* (T6SS-i3*) plays a significant role during initial asymptomatic epiphytic colonization at different stages during the life cycle of the pathogen. Mutation in a core gene, tssM of T6SS-i3*, imparted higher aggressiveness to the pathogen, as indicated by higher overall disease severity, higher in planta growth, and shorter latent infection period compared with the wild-type upon dip inoculation of 4- to 5-week-old tomato plants. Contribution of tssM toward aggressiveness was evident during vertical transmission from seed to seedling, with wild-type showing reduced disease severity as well as lower in planta populations on seedlings compared with the mutant. Presence of functional TssM offered higher epiphytic fitness as well as higher dissemination potential to the pathogen when tested in an experimental setup mimicking transplant house high-humidity conditions. We showed higher osmotolerance being one mechanism by which TssM offers higher epiphytic fitness. Taken together, these data reveal that functional TssM plays a larger role in offering ecological advantage to the pathogen. TssM prolongs the association of hemibiotrophic pathogen with the host, minimizing overall disease severity yet facilitating successful dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffrey B Jones
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Neha Potnis
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849
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5
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Ding B, Wang H, Al‐Saleh MA, Löfstedt C, Antony B. Bioproduction of (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate (ZETA), the major pheromone component of Plodia, Ephestia, and Spodoptera species in yeast. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:1048-1059. [PMID: 34773383 PMCID: PMC9300079 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate (ZETA, Z9,E12-14:OAc) is a major sex pheromone component for many stored-product moth species. This pheromone is used worldwide for mating disruption, detection, monitoring, and mass trapping in raw and processed food storage facilities. In this study, we demonstrate the biological production of ZETA pheromone by engineered yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. RESULTS We mined the pheromone gland transcriptome data of the almond moth, Ephestia (Cadra) cautella (Walker), to trace a novel E12 fatty acyl desaturase and expressed candidates heterologously in yeast and Sf9 systems. Furthermore, we demonstrated a tailor-made ZETA pheromone bioproduction in yeast through metabolic engineering using this E12 desaturase, in combination with three genes from various sources coding for a Z9 desaturase, a fatty acyl reductase, and an acetyltransferase, respectively. Electrophysiological assays (gas chromatography coupled to an electroantennographic detector) proved that the transgenic yeast-produced ZETA pheromone component elicits distinct antennal responses. CONCLUSION The reconstructed biosynthetic pathway in yeast efficiently produces ZETA pheromone, leaves an undetectable level of biosynthetic intermediates, and paves the way for the economically competitive high-demand ZETA pheromone's bioproduction technology for high-value storage pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mohammed Ali Al‐Saleh
- Department of Plant Protection, King Saud University, Chair of Date Palm Research, Chemical Ecology and Functional Genomics LaboratoryCollege of Food and Agricultural SciencesRiyadhSaudi Arabia
| | | | - Binu Antony
- Department of Plant Protection, King Saud University, Chair of Date Palm Research, Chemical Ecology and Functional Genomics LaboratoryCollege of Food and Agricultural SciencesRiyadhSaudi Arabia
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6
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Green Chemistry Production of Codlemone, the Sex Pheromone of the Codling Moth (Cydia pomonella), by Metabolic Engineering of the Oilseed Crop Camelina (Camelina sativa). J Chem Ecol 2021; 47:950-967. [PMID: 34762210 PMCID: PMC8642345 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-021-01316-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic pheromones have been used for pest control over several decades. The conventional synthesis of di-unsaturated pheromone compounds is usually complex and costly. Camelina (Camelina sativa) has emerged as an ideal, non-food biotech oilseed platform for production of oils with modified fatty acid compositions. We used Camelina as a plant factory to produce mono- and di-unsaturated C12 chain length moth sex pheromone precursors, (E)-9-dodecenoic acid and (E,E)-8,10-dodecadienoic acid, by introducing a fatty acyl-ACP thioesterase FatB gene UcTE from California bay laurel (Umbellularia californica) and a bifunctional ∆9 desaturase gene Cpo_CPRQ from the codling moth, Cydia pomonella. Different transgene combinations were investigated for increasing pheromone precursor yield. The most productive Camelina line was engineered with a vector that contained one copy of UcTE and the viral suppressor protein encoding P19 transgenes and three copies of Cpo_CPRQ transgene. The T2 generation of this line produced 9.4% of (E)-9-dodecenoic acid and 5.5% of (E,E)-8,10-dodecadienoic acid of the total fatty acids, and seeds were selected to advance top-performing lines to homozygosity. In the T4 generation, production levels of (E)-9-dodecenoic acid and (E,E)-8,10-dodecadienoic acid remained stable. The diene acid together with other seed fatty acids were converted into corresponding alcohols, and the bioactivity of the plant-derived codlemone was confirmed by GC-EAD and a flight tunnel assay. Trapping in orchards and home gardens confirmed significant and specific attraction of C. pomonella males to the plant-derived codlemone.
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7
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Dwyer ME, Hangarter RP. Light-dependent phosphorylation of THRUMIN1 regulates its association with actin filaments and 14-3-3 proteins. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:1445-1461. [PMID: 34618069 PMCID: PMC8566215 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Light-dependent chloroplast movements in leaf cells contribute to the optimization of photosynthesis. Low-light conditions induce chloroplast accumulation along periclinal cell surfaces, providing greater access to available light, whereas high light induces movement of chloroplasts to anticlinal cell surfaces, providing photodamage protection and allowing more light to reach underlying cell layers. The THRUMIN1 protein is required for normal chloroplast movements in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and has been shown to localize at the plasma membrane and to undergo rapid light-dependent interactions with actin filaments through the N-terminal intrinsically disordered region (IDR). A predicted WASP-Homology 2 domain was found in the IDR but mutations in this domain did not disrupt localization of THRUMIN1:YFP to actin filaments. A series of other protein truncations and site-directed mutations of known and putative phosphorylation sites indicated that a phosphomimetic mutation (serine to aspartic acid) at position 170 disrupted localization of THRUMIN1 to actin filaments. However, the phosphomimetic mutant rescued the thrumin1-2 mutant phenotype for chloroplast movement and raises questions about the role of THRUMIN1's interaction with actin. Mutation of serine 146 to aspartic acid also resulted in cytoplasmic localization of THRUMIN1:YFP in Nicotiana benthamiana. Mutations to a group of putative zinc-binding cysteine clusters implicate the C-terminus of THRUMIN1 in chloroplast movement. Phosphorylation-dependent association of THRUMIN1 with 14-3-3 KAPPA and OMEGA were also identified. Together, these studies provide insights into the mechanistic role of THRUMIN1 in light-dependent chloroplast movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Dwyer
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Roger P Hangarter
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
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8
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Ali R, Al-Atrsh F, Al-Mariri A. Create of a DNA fragments of Brucella melitensis by splicing overlap extension used in gateway recombination. GENE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Herrmann A, Livanos P, Zimmermann S, Berendzen K, Rohr L, Lipka E, Müller S. KINESIN-12E regulates metaphase spindle flux and helps control spindle size in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:27-43. [PMID: 33751090 PMCID: PMC8136872 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koaa003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The bipolar mitotic spindle is a highly conserved structure among eukaryotes that mediates chromosome alignment and segregation. Spindle assembly and size control are facilitated by force-generating microtubule-dependent motor proteins known as kinesins. In animals, kinesin-12 cooperates with kinesin-5 to produce outward-directed forces necessary for spindle assembly. In plants, the relevant molecular mechanisms for spindle formation are poorly defined. While an Arabidopsis thaliana kinesin-5 ortholog has been identified, the kinesin-12 ortholog in plants remains elusive. In this study, we provide experimental evidence for the function of Arabidopsis KINESIN-12E in spindle assembly. In kinesin-12e mutants, a delay in spindle assembly is accompanied by the reduction of spindle size, demonstrating that KINESIN-12E contributes to mitotic spindle architecture. Kinesin-12E localization is mitosis-stage specific, beginning with its perinuclear accumulation during prophase. Upon nuclear envelope breakdown, KINESIN-12E decorates subpopulations of microtubules in the spindle and becomes progressively enriched in the spindle midzone. Furthermore, during cytokinesis, KINESIN-12E shares its localization at the phragmoplast midzone with several functionally diversified Arabidopsis KINESIN-12 members. Changes in the kinetochore and in prophase and metaphase spindle dynamics occur in the absence of KINESIN-12E, suggest it might play an evolutionarily conserved role during spindle formation similar to its spindle-localized animal kinesin-12 orthologs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvid Herrmann
- University of Tübingen, Center for Plant Molecular Biology - Developmental Genetics, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Pantelis Livanos
- University of Tübingen, Center for Plant Molecular Biology - Developmental Genetics, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Steffi Zimmermann
- University of Tübingen, Center for Plant Molecular Biology - Developmental Genetics, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kenneth Berendzen
- University of Tübingen, Center for Plant Molecular Biology - Developmental Genetics, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Leander Rohr
- University of Tübingen, Center for Plant Molecular Biology - Developmental Genetics, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Lipka
- University of Tübingen, Center for Plant Molecular Biology - Developmental Genetics, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sabine Müller
- University of Tübingen, Center for Plant Molecular Biology - Developmental Genetics, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Di Blasi R, Zouein A, Ellis T, Ceroni F. Genetic Toolkits to Design and Build Mammalian Synthetic Systems. Trends Biotechnol 2021; 39:1004-1018. [PMID: 33526300 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Construction of DNA-encoded programs is central to synthetic biology and the chosen method often determines the time required to design and build constructs for testing. Here, we describe and summarise key features of the available toolkits for DNA construction for mammalian cells. We compare the different cloning strategies based on their complexity and the time needed to generate constructs of different sizes, and we reflect on why Golden Gate toolkits now dominate due to their modular design. We look forward to future advances, including accessory packs for cloning toolkits that can facilitate editing, orthogonality, advanced regulation, and integration into synthetic chromosome construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Di Blasi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, UK; Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, South Kensington Campus, London, UK
| | - Annalise Zouein
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, UK; Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, South Kensington Campus, London, UK; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, UK
| | - Tom Ellis
- Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, South Kensington Campus, London, UK; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, UK; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Francesca Ceroni
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, UK; Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, South Kensington Campus, London, UK.
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Kamiyoshihara Y, Miyajima S, Miyagawa Y, Moriyama K, Mizuno S, Goulet C, Klee H, Tateishi A. Functional divergence of principal alcohol o-acyltransferase for biosynthesis of volatile acetate esters among tomato wild species (Solanum Sect. Lycopersicon). PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 300:110612. [PMID: 33180703 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Volatile esters are the chemicals that have multiple physiological functions including plant defense responses and reproduction. From a human perspective, the esters largely contribute to the fruity aroma of freshy fruits. Composition of volatile esters show a significant diversity among the wild tomato species (Solanum sect. Lycopersicon). To address the basis for this divergence, here we conducted functional analysis of a gene encoding major alcohol o-acyltransferase (AAT1) that catalyzes volatile ester formation. Although AAT1 transcripts were highly expressed in the ripe fruits of all the wild species examined, their enzymatic properties significantly differed due to amino acid sequence variations. Notably, AAT1s from S. pennellii showed the highest ability to produce acetate esters whereas AAT1s from S. neorickii, S. chmielewskii and S. habrochaites had the lowest activities. Further, screenings using domain-swapped or point-mutated AAT1s allowed us to identify Met/Thr352 as one of the critical residues related to the transferase activity with acetyl-CoA. This finding is potentially applied to aroma engineering in which a site-directed mutagenesis at this position in alcohol o-acyltransferases could enable to manipulate volatile ester levels in ripe fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kamiyoshihara
- College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan; Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan.
| | - Sakurako Miyajima
- Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Yota Miyagawa
- Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Kazuki Moriyama
- College of Biological Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Shinji Mizuno
- College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan; Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Charles Goulet
- Département de Phytologie, Université Laval, Quebec City, Qc, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Harry Klee
- Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0690, USA
| | - Akira Tateishi
- College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan; Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
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12
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Wood KJ, Nur M, Gil J, Fletcher K, Lakeman K, Gann D, Gothberg A, Khuu T, Kopetzky J, Naqvi S, Pandya A, Zhang C, Maisonneuve B, Pel M, Michelmore R. Effector prediction and characterization in the oomycete pathogen Bremia lactucae reveal host-recognized WY domain proteins that lack the canonical RXLR motif. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1009012. [PMID: 33104763 PMCID: PMC7644090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogens that infect plants and animals use a diverse arsenal of effector proteins to suppress the host immune system and promote infection. Identification of effectors in pathogen genomes is foundational to understanding mechanisms of pathogenesis, for monitoring field pathogen populations, and for breeding disease resistance. We identified candidate effectors from the lettuce downy mildew pathogen Bremia lactucae by searching the predicted proteome for the WY domain, a structural fold found in effectors that has been implicated in immune suppression as well as effector recognition by host resistance proteins. We predicted 55 WY domain containing proteins in the genome of B. lactucae and found substantial variation in both sequence and domain architecture. These candidate effectors exhibit several characteristics of pathogen effectors, including an N-terminal signal peptide, lineage specificity, and expression during infection. Unexpectedly, only a minority of B. lactucae WY effectors contain the canonical N-terminal RXLR motif, which is a conserved feature in the majority of cytoplasmic effectors reported in Phytophthora spp. Functional analysis of 21 effectors containing WY domains revealed 11 that elicited cell death on wild accessions and domesticated lettuce lines containing resistance genes, indicative of recognition of these effectors by the host immune system. Only two of the 11 recognized effectors contained the canonical RXLR motif, suggesting that there has been an evolutionary divergence in sequence motifs between genera; this has major consequences for robust effector prediction in oomycete pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey J. Wood
- The Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Integrative Genetics & Genomics Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Munir Nur
- The Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Juliana Gil
- The Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Plant Pathology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Kyle Fletcher
- The Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | | | - Dasan Gann
- The Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Ayumi Gothberg
- The Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Tina Khuu
- The Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Kopetzky
- The Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Sanye Naqvi
- The Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Archana Pandya
- The Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Chi Zhang
- The Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | | | | | - Richard Michelmore
- The Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Departments of Plant Sciences, Molecular & Cellular Biology, Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
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Liao L, Yang L, Xu Y, Li X, Tan G, Fu B, Duan K, Li Z, Yu D, Li C. Fusion-PCR generates attL recombination site adaptors and allows Rapid One-Step Gateway (ROG) cloning. Biochimie 2020; 174:69-73. [PMID: 32325113 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Gateway recombination-based cloning, which eliminates the use of restriction endonucleases and ligase, has been widely used for the construction of high-throughput (HTP) vectors. However, this approach is very expensive and its two-stage reaction process is laborious and time consuming. Therefore, we developed a Gateway cloning method that uses fusion-PCR to generate attL recombination site adaptors, and the PCR products, which can be directly cloned into destination vectors, giving rise to Rapid One-Step Gateway (ROG) Cloning. 100% of cloning efficiencies were obtained by this ROG method. This method has no BP reaction/entry clone step, thus halving the cost and time consumed. Overall, this work provides a highly efficient, rapid, low-cost method for directional recombination cloning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libing Liao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, 466001, China; Lushan Biotanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Science, Jiujiang, 332900, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding & Bioreactor, Zhoukou, 466001, China; College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, 466001, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, 466001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding & Bioreactor, Zhoukou, 466001, China; College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, 466001, China
| | - Yanxia Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, 466001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding & Bioreactor, Zhoukou, 466001, China; College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, 466001, China
| | - Xiaoli Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, 466001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding & Bioreactor, Zhoukou, 466001, China
| | - Guangxuan Tan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, 466001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding & Bioreactor, Zhoukou, 466001, China
| | - Beibei Fu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, 466001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding & Bioreactor, Zhoukou, 466001, China; College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, 466001, China
| | - Kelei Duan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, 466001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding & Bioreactor, Zhoukou, 466001, China; College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, 466001, China
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, 466001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding & Bioreactor, Zhoukou, 466001, China; College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, 466001, China
| | - Deshui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, 466001, China; Lushan Biotanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Science, Jiujiang, 332900, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding & Bioreactor, Zhoukou, 466001, China.
| | - Chengwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, 466001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding & Bioreactor, Zhoukou, 466001, China; Henan Engineering Research Center of Crop Genome Editing, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
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14
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Price AM, Doner NM, Gidda SK, Jambunathan S, James CN, Schami A, Yurchenko O, Mullen RT, Dyer JM, Puri V, Chapman KD. Mouse Fat-Specific Protein 27 (FSP27) expressed in plant cells localizes to lipid droplets and promotes lipid droplet accumulation and fusion. Biochimie 2020; 169:41-53. [PMID: 31400447 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Fat-Specific Protein 27 (FSP27) belongs to a small group of vertebrate proteins containing a Cell-death Inducing DNA fragmentation factor-α-like Effector (CIDE)-C domain and is involved in lipid droplet (LD) accumulation and energy homeostasis. FSP27 is predominantly expressed in white and brown adipose tissues, as well as liver, and plays a key role in mediating LD-LD fusion. No orthologs have been identified in invertebrates or plants. In this study, we tested the function of mouse FSP27 in stably-transformed Arabidopsis thaliana leaves and seeds, as well as through transient expression in Nicotiana tabacum suspension-cultured cells and N. benthamiana leaves. Confocal microscopic analysis of plant cells revealed that, similar to ectopic expression in mammalian cells, FSP27 produced in plants 1) correctly localized to LDs, 2) accumulated at LD-LD contact sites, and 3) induced an increase in the number and size of LDs and also promoted LD clustering and fusion. Furthermore, FSP27 increased oil content in transgenic A. thaliana seeds. Given that plant oils have uses in human and animal nutrition as well as industrial uses such as biofuels and bioplastics, our results suggest that ectopic expression of FSP27 in plants represents a potential strategy for increasing oil content and energy density in bioenergy or oilseed crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Price
- BioDiscovery Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Nathan M Doner
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Satinder K Gidda
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Srikarthika Jambunathan
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christopher N James
- BioDiscovery Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Alyssa Schami
- BioDiscovery Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Olga Yurchenko
- USDA-ARS, US Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, AZ, USA
| | - Robert T Mullen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - John M Dyer
- USDA-ARS, US Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, AZ, USA
| | - Vishwajeet Puri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and the Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Kent D Chapman
- BioDiscovery Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA.
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15
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Smit ME, McGregor SR, Sun H, Gough C, Bågman AM, Soyars CL, Kroon JT, Gaudinier A, Williams CJ, Yang X, Nimchuk ZL, Weijers D, Turner SR, Brady SM, Etchells JP. A PXY-Mediated Transcriptional Network Integrates Signaling Mechanisms to Control Vascular Development in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:319-335. [PMID: 31806676 PMCID: PMC7008486 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The cambium and procambium generate the majority of biomass in vascular plants. These meristems constitute a bifacial stem cell population from which xylem and phloem are specified on opposing sides by positional signals. The PHLOEM INTERCALATED WITH XYLEM (PXY) receptor kinase promotes vascular cell division and organization. However, how these functions are specified and integrated is unknown. Here, we mapped a putative PXY-mediated transcriptional regulatory network comprising 690 transcription factor-promoter interactions in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Among these interactions was a feedforward loop containing transcription factors WUSCHEL HOMEOBOX RELATED14 (WOX14) and TARGET OF MONOPTEROS6 (TMO6), each of which regulates the expression of the gene encoding a third transcription factor, LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES DOMAIN4 (LBD4). PXY signaling in turn regulates the WOX14, TMO6, and LBD4 feedforward loop to control vascular proliferation. Genetic interaction between LBD4 and PXY suggests that LBD4 marks the phloem-procambium boundary, thus defining the shape of the vascular bundle. These data collectively support a mechanism that influences the recruitment of cells into the phloem lineage, and they define the role of PXY signaling in this context in determining the arrangement of vascular tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot E Smit
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Shauni R McGregor
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Heng Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Catherine Gough
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Anne-Maarit Bågman
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Cara L Soyars
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Johannes T Kroon
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Allison Gaudinier
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Clara J Williams
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Xiyan Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Zachary L Nimchuk
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Dolf Weijers
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Simon R Turner
- School of Biological Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Siobhán M Brady
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - J Peter Etchells
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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16
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Ben Saad R, Safi H, Ben Hsouna A, Brini F, Ben Romdhane W. Functional domain analysis of LmSAP protein reveals the crucial role of the zinc-finger A20 domain in abiotic stress tolerance. PROTOPLASMA 2019; 256:1333-1344. [PMID: 31062172 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-019-01390-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Stress-associated proteins (SAPs), such as A20/AN1 zinc-finger domain-containing proteins, have emerged as a novel class of proteins involved in abiotic stress signaling, and they are important candidates for preventing the loss of yield caused by exposure to environmental stresses. In a previous report, it was found that the ectopic-expression of Lobularia maritima stress-associated protein, LmSAP, conferred tolerance to abiotic and heavy metal stresses in transgenic tobacco plants. This study aimed to investigate the functions of the A20 and AN1 domains of LmSAP in salt and osmotic stress tolerance. To this end, in addition to the full-length LmSAP gene, we have generated three LmSAP-truncated forms (LmSAPΔA20, LmSAPΔAN1, and LmSAPΔA20-ΔAN1). Heterologous expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae of different truncated forms of LmSAP revealed that the A20 domain is essential to increase cell tolerance to salt, ionic, and osmotic stresses. Transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing LmSAP and LmSAPΔAN1 constructs exhibited higher tolerance to salt and osmotic stresses in comparison to the non-transgenic plants (NT) and lines transformed with LmSAPΔA20 and LmSAPΔA20-ΔAN1 constructs. Similarly, transgenic plants overexpressing the full-length LmSAP gene and LmSAPΔAN1 truncated domain maintained higher superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD) enzymatic activities due to the high expression levels of the genes encoding these key antioxidant enzymes, MnSOD, POD, and CAT1, as well as accumulated lower levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) under salt and osmotic stresses compared to NT and LmSAPΔA20 and LmSAPΔA20-ΔAN1 forms. These findings provide insights into the pivotal role of A20 and AN1 domains of LmSAP protein in salt and osmotic stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Ben Saad
- Biotechnology and Plant Improvement Laboratory, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, B.P "1177", 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Hela Safi
- Biotechnology and Plant Improvement Laboratory, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, B.P "1177", 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Anis Ben Hsouna
- Biotechnology and Plant Improvement Laboratory, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, B.P "1177", 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences of Gafsa, Zarroug, 2112, Gafsa, Tunisia
| | - Faical Brini
- Biotechnology and Plant Improvement Laboratory, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, B.P "1177", 3018, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Walid Ben Romdhane
- Biotechnology and Plant Improvement Laboratory, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, B.P "1177", 3018, Sfax, Tunisia.
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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17
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Capote T, Barbosa P, Usié A, Ramos AM, Inácio V, Ordás R, Gonçalves S, Morais-Cecílio L. ChIP-Seq reveals that QsMYB1 directly targets genes involved in lignin and suberin biosynthesis pathways in cork oak (Quercus suber). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:198. [PMID: 30223777 PMCID: PMC6142680 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1403-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gene activity is largely controlled by transcriptional regulation through the action of transcription factors and other regulators. QsMYB1 is a member of the R2R3-MYB transcription factor family related to secondary growth, and in particular, with the cork development process. In order to identify the putative gene targets of QsMYB1 across the cork oak genome we developed a ChIP-Seq strategy. RESULTS Results provide direct evidence that QsMY1B targets genes encoding for enzymes involved in the lignin and suberin pathways as well as gene encoding for ABCG transporters and LTPs implicated in the transport of monomeric suberin units across the cellular membrane. These results highlight the role of QsMYB1 as a regulator of lignin and suberin biosynthesis, transport and assembly. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this work constitutes the first ChIP-Seq experiment performed in cork oak, a non-model plant species with a long-life cycle, and these results will contribute to deepen the knowledge about the molecular mechanisms of cork formation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Capote
- Centro de Biotecnologia Agrícola e Agro-alimentar do Alentejo (CEBAL) / Instituto Politécnico de Beja (IPBeja), Beja, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas (ICAAM), Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF) Instituto Superior de Agronomia, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro Barbosa
- Centro de Biotecnologia Agrícola e Agro-alimentar do Alentejo (CEBAL) / Instituto Politécnico de Beja (IPBeja), Beja, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas (ICAAM), Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | - Ana Usié
- Centro de Biotecnologia Agrícola e Agro-alimentar do Alentejo (CEBAL) / Instituto Politécnico de Beja (IPBeja), Beja, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas (ICAAM), Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | - António Marcos Ramos
- Centro de Biotecnologia Agrícola e Agro-alimentar do Alentejo (CEBAL) / Instituto Politécnico de Beja (IPBeja), Beja, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas (ICAAM), Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | - Vera Inácio
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF) Instituto Superior de Agronomia, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Ordás
- Departamento BOS, Escuela Politécnica de Mieres, Oviedo University, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Sónia Gonçalves
- Centro de Biotecnologia Agrícola e Agro-alimentar do Alentejo (CEBAL) / Instituto Politécnico de Beja (IPBeja), Beja, Portugal
- Present Address: Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB101SA UK
| | - Leonor Morais-Cecílio
- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF) Instituto Superior de Agronomia, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
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18
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Kumar M, Mishra L, Carr P, Pilling M, Gardner P, Mansfield SD, Turner S. Exploiting CELLULOSE SYNTHASE (CESA) Class Specificity to Probe Cellulose Microfibril Biosynthesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 177:151-167. [PMID: 29523715 PMCID: PMC5933121 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose microfibrils are the basic units of cellulose in plants. The structure of these microfibrils is at least partly determined by the structure of the cellulose synthase complex. In higher plants, this complex is composed of 18 to 24 catalytic subunits known as CELLULOSE SYNTHASE A (CESA) proteins. Three different classes of CESA proteins are required for cellulose synthesis and for secondary cell wall cellulose biosynthesis these classes are represented by CESA4, CESA7, and CESA8. To probe the relationship between CESA proteins and microfibril structure, we created mutant cesa proteins that lack catalytic activity but retain sufficient structural integrity to allow assembly of the cellulose synthase complex. Using a series of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutants and genetic backgrounds, we found consistent differences in the ability of these mutant cesa proteins to complement the cellulose-deficient phenotype of the cesa null mutants. The best complementation was observed with catalytically inactive cesa4, while the equivalent mutation in cesa8 exhibited significantly lower levels of complementation. Using a variety of biophysical techniques, including solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared microscopy, to study these mutant plants, we found evidence for changes in cellulose microfibril structure, but these changes largely correlated with cellulose content and reflected differences in the relative proportions of primary and secondary cell walls. Our results suggest that individual CESA classes have similar roles in determining cellulose microfibril structure, and it is likely that the different effects of mutating members of different CESA classes are the consequence of their different catalytic activity and their influence on the overall rate of cellulose synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar
- University of Manchester, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Laxmi Mishra
- University of Manchester, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Carr
- University of Manchester, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Pilling
- University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Gardner
- University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Shawn D Mansfield
- University of British Columbia, Department of Wood Science, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Simon Turner
- University of Manchester, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
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19
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Lajkó DB, Valkai I, Domoki M, Ménesi D, Ferenc G, Ayaydin F, Fehér A. In silico identification and experimental validation of amino acid motifs required for the Rho-of-plants GTPase-mediated activation of receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2018; 37:627-639. [PMID: 29340786 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-018-2256-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Several amino acid motifs required for Rop-dependent activity were found to form a common surface on RLCKVI_A kinases. This indicates a unique mechanism for Rho-type GTPase-mediated kinase activation in plants. Rho-of-plants (Rop) G-proteins are implicated in the regulation of various cellular processes, including cell growth, cell polarity, hormonal and pathogen responses. Our knowledge about the signalling pathways downstream of Rops is continuously increasing. However, there are still substantial gaps in this knowledge. One reason for this is that these pathways are considerably different from those described for yeast and/or animal Rho-type GTPases. Among others, plants lack all Rho/Rac/Cdc42-activated kinase families. Only a small group of plant-specific receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCK VI_A) has been shown to exhibit Rop-binding-dependent in vitro activity. These kinases do not carry any known GTPase-binding motifs. Based on the sequence comparison of the Rop-activated RLCK VI_A and the closely related but constitutively active RLCK VI_B kinases, several distinguishing amino acid residues/motifs were identified. All but one of these were found to be required for the Rop-mediated regulation of the in vitro activity of two RLCK VI_A kinases. Structural modelling indicated that these motifs might form a common Rop-binding surface. Based on in silico data mining, kinases that have the identified Rop-binding motifs are present in Embryophyta but not in unicellular green algae. It can, therefore, be supposed that Rops recruited these plant-specific kinases for signalling at an early stage of land plant evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dézi Bianka Lajkó
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, P.O. Box 521, Szeged, 6701, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Valkai
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, P.O. Box 521, Szeged, 6701, Hungary
| | - Mónika Domoki
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, P.O. Box 521, Szeged, 6701, Hungary
| | - Dalma Ménesi
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, P.O. Box 521, Szeged, 6701, Hungary
| | - Györgyi Ferenc
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, P.O. Box 521, Szeged, 6701, Hungary
| | - Ferhan Ayaydin
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, P.O. Box 521, Szeged, 6701, Hungary
| | - Attila Fehér
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, P.O. Box 521, Szeged, 6701, Hungary.
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, Szeged, 6726, Hungary.
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20
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Ito Y, Vogt PK, Hart JR. Domain analysis reveals striking functional differences between the regulatory subunits of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), p85α and p85β. Oncotarget 2017; 8:55863-55876. [PMID: 28915558 PMCID: PMC5593529 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of isoform-specific activities of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) is still rudimentary, and yet, deep knowledge of these non-redundant functions in the PI3K family is essential for effective and safe control of PI3K in disease. The two major isoforms of the regulatory subunits of PI3K are p85α and p85β, encoded by the genes PIK3R1 and PIK3R2, respectively. These isoforms show distinct functional differences that affect and control cellular PI3K activity and signaling [1–4]. In this study, we have further explored the differences between p85α and p85β by genetic truncations and substitutions. We have discovered unexpected activities of the mutant proteins that reflect regulatory functions of distinct p85 domains. These results can be summarized as follows: Deletion of the SH3 domain increases oncogenic and PI3K signaling activity. Deletion of the combined SH3-RhoGAP domains abolishes these activities. In p85β, deletion of the cSH2 domain reduces oncogenic and signaling activities. In p85α, such a deletion has an activating effect. The deletions of the combined cSH2 and iSH2 domains and also the deletion of the cSH2, iSH2 and nSH2 domains yield results that go in the same direction, generally activating in p85α and reducing activity in p85β. The contrasting functions of the cSH2 domains are verified by domain exchanges with the cSH2 domain of p85β exerting an activating effect and the cSH2 domain of p85α an inactivating effect, even in the heterologous isoform. In the cell systems studied, protein stability was not correlated with oncogenic and signaling activity. These observations significantly expand our knowledge of the isoform-specific activities of p85α and p85β and of the functional significance of specific domains for regulating the catalytic subunits of class IA PI3K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Ito
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Peter K Vogt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan R Hart
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
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21
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Cai Y, McClinchie E, Price A, Nguyen TN, Gidda SK, Watt SC, Yurchenko O, Park S, Sturtevant D, Mullen RT, Dyer JM, Chapman KD. Mouse fat storage-inducing transmembrane protein 2 (FIT2) promotes lipid droplet accumulation in plants. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2017; 15:824-836. [PMID: 27987528 PMCID: PMC5466434 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Fat storage-inducing transmembrane protein 2 (FIT2) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized protein that plays an important role in lipid droplet (LD) formation in animal cells. However, no obvious homologue of FIT2 is found in plants. Here, we tested the function of FIT2 in plant cells by ectopically expressing mouse (Mus musculus) FIT2 in Nicotiana tabacum suspension-cultured cells, Nicotiana benthamiana leaves and Arabidopsis thaliana plants. Confocal microscopy indicated that the expression of FIT2 dramatically increased the number and size of LDs in leaves of N. benthamiana and Arabidopsis, and lipidomics analysis and mass spectrometry imaging confirmed the accumulation of neutral lipids in leaves. FIT2 also increased seed oil content by ~13% in some stable, overexpressing lines of Arabidopsis. When expressed transiently in leaves of N. benthamiana or suspension cells of N. tabacum, FIT2 localized specifically to the ER and was often concentrated at certain regions of the ER that resembled ER-LD junction sites. FIT2 also colocalized at the ER with other proteins known to be involved in triacylglycerol biosynthesis or LD formation in plants, but not with ER resident proteins involved in electron transfer or ER-vesicle exit sites. Collectively, these results demonstrate that mouse FIT2 promotes LD accumulation in plants, a surprising functional conservation in the context of a plant cell given the apparent lack of FIT2 homologues in higher plants. These results suggest also that FIT2 expression represents an effective synthetic biology strategy for elaborating neutral lipid compartments in plant tissues for potential biofuel or bioproduct purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqi Cai
- Center for Plant Lipid ResearchUniversity of North TexasDentonTXUSA
| | | | - Ann Price
- Center for Plant Lipid ResearchUniversity of North TexasDentonTXUSA
| | - Thuy N. Nguyen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiologyUniversity of GuelphGuelphONCanada
- Present address: Department of Molecular GeneticsUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
| | - Satinder K. Gidda
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiologyUniversity of GuelphGuelphONCanada
| | - Samantha C. Watt
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiologyUniversity of GuelphGuelphONCanada
| | - Olga Yurchenko
- US Arid‐Land Agricultural Research CenterUSDA‐ARSMaricopaAZUSA
| | - Sunjung Park
- US Arid‐Land Agricultural Research CenterUSDA‐ARSMaricopaAZUSA
- Present address: Biology DepartmentCentral Arizona CollegeMaricopaAZ85138USA
| | - Drew Sturtevant
- Center for Plant Lipid ResearchUniversity of North TexasDentonTXUSA
| | - Robert T. Mullen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular BiologyUniversity of GuelphGuelphONCanada
| | - John M. Dyer
- US Arid‐Land Agricultural Research CenterUSDA‐ARSMaricopaAZUSA
| | - Kent D. Chapman
- Center for Plant Lipid ResearchUniversity of North TexasDentonTXUSA
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22
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Kumar M, Atanassov I, Turner S. Functional Analysis of Cellulose Synthase (CESA) Protein Class Specificity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 173:970-983. [PMID: 27923988 PMCID: PMC5291044 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The cellulose synthase complex (CSC) exhibits a 6-fold symmetry and is known as a "rosette." Each CSC is believed to contain between 18 and 24 CESA proteins that each synthesize an individual glucan chain. These chains form the microfibrils that confer the remarkable structural properties of cellulose. At least three different classes of CESA proteins are essential to form the CSC However, while organization of the CSC determines microfibril structure, how individual CESA proteins are organized within the CSC remains unclear. Parts of the plant CESA proteins map sufficiently well onto the bacterial CESA (BcsA) structure, indicating that they are likely to share a common catalytic mechanism. However, plant CESA proteins are much larger than the bacterial BcsA protein, prompting the suggestion that these plant-specific regions are important for interactions between CESA proteins and for conferring CESA class specificity. In this study, we have undertaken a comprehensive analysis of well-defined regions of secondary cell wall CESA proteins, with the aim of defining what distinguishes different CESA proteins and hence what determines the specificity of each CESA class. Our results demonstrate that CESA class specificity extends throughout the protein and not just in the highly variable regions. Furthermore, we find that different CESA isoforms vary greatly in their levels of site specificity and this is likely to be determined by the constraints imposed by their position within the CSC rather than their primary structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar
- University of Manchester, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Ivan Atanassov
- University of Manchester, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Turner
- University of Manchester, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
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23
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Lyczakowski JJ, Wicher KB, Terrett OM, Faria-Blanc N, Yu X, Brown D, Krogh KBRM, Dupree P, Busse-Wicher M. Removal of glucuronic acid from xylan is a strategy to improve the conversion of plant biomass to sugars for bioenergy. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:224. [PMID: 28932265 PMCID: PMC5606085 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0902-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant lignocellulosic biomass can be a source of fermentable sugars for the production of second generation biofuels and biochemicals. The recalcitrance of this plant material is one of the major obstacles in its conversion into sugars. Biomass is primarily composed of secondary cell walls, which is made of cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin. Xylan, a hemicellulose, binds to the cellulose microfibril and is hypothesised to form an interface between lignin and cellulose. Both softwood and hardwood xylan carry glucuronic acid side branches. As xylan branching may be important for biomass recalcitrance and softwood is an abundant, non-food competing, source of biomass it is important to investigate how conifer xylan is synthesised. RESULTS Here, we show using Arabidopsis gux mutant biomass that removal of glucuronosyl substitutions of xylan can allow 30% more glucose and over 700% more xylose to be released during saccharification. Ethanol yields obtained through enzymatic saccharification and fermentation of gux biomass were double those obtained for non-mutant material. Our analysis of additional xylan branching mutants demonstrates that absence of GlcA is unique in conferring the reduced recalcitrance phenotype. As in hardwoods, conifer xylan is branched with GlcA. We use transcriptomic analysis to identify conifer enzymes that might be responsible for addition of GlcA branches onto xylan in industrially important softwood. Using a combination of in vitro and in vivo activity assays, we demonstrate that a white spruce (Picea glauca) gene, PgGUX, encodes an active glucuronosyl transferase. Glucuronic acid introduced by PgGUX reduces the sugar release of Arabidopsis gux mutant biomass to wild-type levels indicating that it can fulfil the same biological function as native glucuronosylation. CONCLUSION Removal of glucuronic acid from xylan results in the largest increase in release of fermentable sugars from Arabidopsis plants that grow to the wild-type size. Additionally, plant material used in this work did not undergo any chemical pretreatment, and thus increased monosaccharide release from gux biomass can be achieved without the use of environmentally hazardous chemical pretreatment procedures. Therefore, the identification of a gymnosperm enzyme, likely to be responsible for softwood xylan glucuronosylation, provides a mutagenesis target for genetically improved forestry trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan J. Lyczakowski
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW UK
- Natural Material Innovation Centre, University of Cambridge, 1 Scroope Terrace, Cambridge, CB2 1PX UK
- OpenPlant Synthetic Biology Research Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge, CB2 3EA UK
| | - Krzysztof B. Wicher
- The Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QN UK
- Ossianix, Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Gunnels Wood Rd, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2FX UK
| | - Oliver M. Terrett
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW UK
| | - Nuno Faria-Blanc
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW UK
| | - Xiaolan Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW UK
| | - David Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW UK
- Present Address: Shell Global Solutions International BV, Lange Kleiweg 40, 2288 GK Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Kristian B. R. M. Krogh
- Department of Protein Biochemistry and Stability, Novozymes A/S, Krogshøjvej 36, 2880 Bagsværd, Denmark
| | - Paul Dupree
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW UK
- Natural Material Innovation Centre, University of Cambridge, 1 Scroope Terrace, Cambridge, CB2 1PX UK
- OpenPlant Synthetic Biology Research Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge, CB2 3EA UK
| | - Marta Busse-Wicher
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW UK
- Natural Material Innovation Centre, University of Cambridge, 1 Scroope Terrace, Cambridge, CB2 1PX UK
- OpenPlant Synthetic Biology Research Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge, CB2 3EA UK
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24
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Dezfulian MH, Jalili E, Roberto DKA, Moss BL, Khoo K, Nemhauser JL, Crosby WL. Oligomerization of SCFTIR1 Is Essential for Aux/IAA Degradation and Auxin Signaling in Arabidopsis. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006301. [PMID: 27618443 PMCID: PMC5019376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The phytohormone auxin is a key regulator of plant growth and development. Molecular studies in Arabidopsis have shown that auxin perception and signaling is mediated via TIR1/AFB–Aux/IAA co-receptors that assemble as part of the SCFTIR1/AFB E3 ubiquitin-ligase complex and direct the auxin-regulated degradation of Aux/IAA transcriptional repressors. Despite the importance of auxin signaling, little is known about the functional regulation of the TIR1/AFB receptor family. Here we show that TIR1 can oligomerize in planta via a set of spatially clustered amino acid residues. While none of the residues identified reside in the interaction interface of the TIR1-Aux/IAA degron, they nonetheless regulate the binding of TIR1 to Aux/IAA substrate proteins and their subsequent degradation in vivo as an essential aspect of auxin signaling. We propose oligomerization of TIR1 as a novel regulatory mechanism in the regulation of auxin-mediated plant patterning and development. The phytohormone auxin plays a diverse and critical role in plant growth and development. In Arabidopsis, the F-box protein TIR1 is a component of an E3 SCF ubiquitin-ligase complex that serves as the auxin receptor and directs the ubiquitin-dependent degradation of repressors of auxin signaling known as the Aux/IAA proteins. Little is known regarding the stoichiometry of the SKP1, CUL1, RBX1 and TIR1 subunits that comprise the SCFTIR1 complex. Here, we show that TIR1 is capable of oligomerization in planta. We also show that mutant alleles that abolish TIR1 oligomerization impair the degradation of known SCFTIR1 substrates and fail to restore auxin signaling and response in tir1 loss-of-function genetic backgrounds. The results suggest that TIR1 homo-oligomerization is an important aspect of the regulation of SCFTIR1 function and auxin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Espanta Jalili
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Don Karl A. Roberto
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Britney L. Moss
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kerry Khoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer L. Nemhauser
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - William L. Crosby
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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25
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Kumar M, Wightman R, Atanassov I, Gupta A, Hurst CH, Hemsley PA, Turner S. S-Acylation of the cellulose synthase complex is essential for its plasma membrane localization. Science 2016; 353:166-9. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf4009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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26
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Ding BJ, Carraher C, Löfstedt C. Sequence variation determining stereochemistry of a Δ11 desaturase active in moth sex pheromone biosynthesis. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 74:68-75. [PMID: 27163509 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A Δ11 desaturase from the oblique banded leaf roller moth Choristoneura rosaceana takes the saturated myristic acid and produces a mixture of (E)-11-tetradecenoate and (Z)-11-tetradecenoate with an excess of the Z isomer (35:65). A desaturase from the spotted fireworm moth Choristoneura parallela also operates on myristic acid substrate but produces almost pure (E)-11-tetradecenoate. The two desaturases share 92% amino acid identity and 97% amino acid similarity. There are 24 amino acids differing between these two desaturases. We constructed mutations at all of these positions to pinpoint the sites that determine the product stereochemistry. We demonstrated with a yeast functional assay that one amino acid at the cytosolic carboxyl terminus of the protein (258E) is critical for the Z activity of the C. rosaceana desaturase. Mutating the glutamic acid (E) into aspartic acid (D) transforms the C. rosaceana enzyme into a desaturase with C. parallela-like activity, whereas the reciprocal mutation of the C. parallela desaturase transformed it into an enzyme producing an intermediate 64:36 E/Z product ratio. We discuss the causal link between this amino acid change and the stereochemical properties of the desaturase and the role of desaturase mutations in pheromone evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Jian Ding
- Pheromone Group, Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 37, SE-22362, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Colm Carraher
- Pheromone Group, Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 37, SE-22362, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christer Löfstedt
- Pheromone Group, Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 37, SE-22362, Lund, Sweden
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27
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Bartlett M, Thompson B, Brabazon H, Del Gizzi R, Zhang T, Whipple C. Evolutionary Dynamics of Floral Homeotic Transcription Factor Protein-Protein Interactions. Mol Biol Evol 2016; 33:1486-501. [PMID: 26908583 PMCID: PMC4868119 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msw031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein–protein interactions (PPIs) have widely acknowledged roles in the regulation of development, but few studies have addressed the timing and mechanism of shifting PPIs over evolutionary history. The B-class MADS-box transcription factors, PISTILLATA (PI) and APETALA3 (AP3) are key regulators of floral development. PI-like (PIL) and AP3-like (AP3L) proteins from a number of plants, including Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) and the grass Zea mays (maize), bind DNA as obligate heterodimers. However, a PIL protein from the grass relative Joinvillea can bind DNA as a homodimer. To ascertain whether Joinvillea PIL homodimerization is an anomaly or indicative of broader trends, we characterized PIL dimerization across the Poales and uncovered unexpected evolutionary lability. Both obligate B-class heterodimerization and PIL homodimerization have evolved multiple times in the order, by distinct molecular mechanisms. For example, obligate B-class heterodimerization in maize evolved very recently from PIL homodimerization. A single amino acid change, fixed during domestication, is sufficient to toggle one maize PIL protein between homodimerization and obligate heterodimerization. We detected a signature of positive selection acting on residues preferentially clustered in predicted sites of contact between MADS-box monomers and dimers, and in motifs that mediate MADS PPI specificity in Arabidopsis. Changing one positively selected residue can alter PIL dimerization activity. Furthermore, ectopic expression of a Joinvillea PIL homodimer in Arabidopsis can homeotically transform sepals into petals. Our results provide a window into the evolutionary remodeling of PPIs, and show that novel interactions have the potential to alter plant form in a context-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelaine Bartlett
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst Department of Biology, Brigham Young University
| | | | | | | | - Thompson Zhang
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst
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28
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Qi Y, Liu X, Liang S, Wang R, Li Y, Zhao J, Shao J, An L, Yu F. A Putative Chloroplast Thylakoid Metalloprotease VIRESCENT3 Regulates Chloroplast Development in Arabidopsis thaliana. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:3319-32. [PMID: 26702056 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.681601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis and many other essential plant metabolic processes, and chloroplast development is an integral part of plant growth and development. Mutants defective in chloroplast development can display various color phenotypes including the intriguing virescence phenotype, which shows yellow/white coloration at the leaf base and greening toward the leaf tip. Through large scale genetic screens, we identified a series of new virescent mutants including virescent3-1 (vir3-1), vir4-1, and vir5-1 in Arabidopsis thaliana. We showed that VIR3 encodes a putative chloroplast metalloprotease by map-based cloning. Through site-directed mutagenesis, we showed that the conserved histidine 235 residue in the zinc binding motif HEAGH of VIR3 is indispensable for VIR3 accumulation in the chloroplast. The chloroplast localization of VIR3 was confirmed by the transient expression of VIR3-GFP in leaf protoplasts. Furthermore, taking advantage of transgenic lines expressing VIR3-FLAG, we demonstrated that VIR3 is an intrinsic thylakoid membrane protein that mainly resides in the stromal lamellae. Moreover, topology analysis using transgenic lines expressing a dual epitope-tagged VIR3 indicated that both the N and C termini of VIR3 are located in the stroma, and the catalytic domain of VIR3 is probably facing the stroma. Blue native gel analysis indicated that VIR3 is likely present as a monomer or part of a small complex in the thylakoid membrane. This work not only implicates VIR3 as a new factor involved in early chloroplast development but also provides more insight into the roles of chloroplast proteases in chloroplast biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Qi
- From the State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiayan Liu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Liang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Wang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanfeng Li
- From the State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhao
- From the State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingxia Shao
- From the State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun An
- From the State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Yu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
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29
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Cai Y, Goodman JM, Pyc M, Mullen RT, Dyer JM, Chapman KD. Arabidopsis SEIPIN Proteins Modulate Triacylglycerol Accumulation and Influence Lipid Droplet Proliferation. THE PLANT CELL 2015; 27:2616-36. [PMID: 26362606 PMCID: PMC4815042 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.15.00588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The lipodystrophy protein SEIPIN is important for lipid droplet (LD) biogenesis in human and yeast cells. In contrast with the single SEIPIN genes in humans and yeast, there are three SEIPIN homologs in Arabidopsis thaliana, designated SEIPIN1, SEIPIN2, and SEIPIN3. Essentially nothing is known about the functions of SEIPIN homologs in plants. Here, a yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) SEIPIN deletion mutant strain and a plant (Nicotiana benthamiana) transient expression system were used to test the ability of Arabidopsis SEIPINs to influence LD morphology. In both species, expression of SEIPIN1 promoted accumulation of large-sized lipid droplets, while expression of SEIPIN2 and especially SEIPIN3 promoted small LDs. Arabidopsis SEIPINs increased triacylglycerol levels and altered composition. In tobacco, endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized SEIPINs reorganized the normal, reticulated ER structure into discrete ER domains that colocalized with LDs. N-terminal deletions and swapping experiments of SEIPIN1 and 3 revealed that this region of SEIPIN determines LD size. Ectopic overexpression of SEIPIN1 in Arabidopsis resulted in increased numbers of large LDs in leaves, as well as in seeds, and increased seed oil content by up to 10% over wild-type seeds. By contrast, RNAi suppression of SEIPIN1 resulted in smaller seeds and, as a consequence, a reduction in the amount of oil per seed compared with the wild type. Overall, our results indicate that Arabidopsis SEIPINs are part of a conserved LD biogenesis machinery in eukaryotes and that in plants these proteins may have evolved specialized roles in the storage of neutral lipids by differentially modulating the number and sizes of lipid droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqi Cai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Plant Lipid Research, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203
| | - Joel M Goodman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Michal Pyc
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Robert T Mullen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - John M Dyer
- U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138
| | - Kent D Chapman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Plant Lipid Research, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203
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30
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Fernandez A, Drozdzecki A, Hoogewijs K, Vassileva V, Madder A, Beeckman T, Hilson P. The GLV6/RGF8/CLEL2 peptide regulates early pericycle divisions during lateral root initiation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:5245-56. [PMID: 26163695 PMCID: PMC4526922 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Small peptides of the Arabidopsis GLV/RGF/CLEL family are involved in different developmental programmes, including meristem maintenance and gravitropic responses. In addition, our previous report suggested that they also participate in the formation of lateral roots. Specifically, GLV6 is transcribed during the first stages of primordium development and GLV6 overexpression results in a strong reduction of emerged lateral roots. To investigate the cause of this phenotype we analysed primordium development in gain-of-function (gof) mutants and found that GLV6 induces supernumerary pericycle divisions, hindering the formation of a dome-shaped primordium, a prerequisite for successful emergence. The GLV6 phenotype could be reproduced by ectopic expression of the gene only in xylem-pole pericycle cells. Furthermore, GLV6 seems to function at the very beginning of lateral root initiation because GLV6 excess-either gene overexpression or peptide treatment-disrupts the first asymmetric cell divisions required for proper primordium formation. Our results suggest that GLV6 acts during lateral root initiation controlling the patterning of the first pericycle divisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Fernandez
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium. Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andrzej Drozdzecki
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium. Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kurt Hoogewijs
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Valya Vassileva
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Annemieke Madder
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Beeckman
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium. Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Pierre Hilson
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium. Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium. INRA, UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France. AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000 Versailles, France
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31
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Scavuzzo-Duggan TR, Chaves AM, Roberts AW. A complementation assay for in vivo protein structure/function analysis in Physcomitrella patens (Funariaceae). APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2015; 3:apps1500023. [PMID: 26191463 PMCID: PMC4504723 DOI: 10.3732/apps.1500023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY A method for rapid in vivo functional analysis of engineered proteins was developed using Physcomitrella patens. METHODS AND RESULTS A complementation assay was designed for testing structure/function relationships in cellulose synthase (CESA) proteins. The components of the assay include (1) construction of test vectors that drive expression of epitope-tagged PpCESA5 carrying engineered mutations, (2) transformation of a ppcesa5 knockout line that fails to produce gametophores with test and control vectors, (3) scoring the stable transformants for gametophore production, (4) statistical analysis comparing complementation rates for test vectors to positive and negative control vectors, and (5) analysis of transgenic protein expression by Western blotting. The assay distinguished mutations that generate fully functional, nonfunctional, and partially functional proteins. CONCLUSIONS Compared with existing methods for in vivo testing of protein function, this complementation assay provides a rapid method for investigating protein structure/function relationships in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tess R. Scavuzzo-Duggan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 120 Flagg Road, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881 USA
| | - Arielle M. Chaves
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 120 Flagg Road, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881 USA
| | - Alison W. Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 120 Flagg Road, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881 USA
- Author for correspondence:
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RNAi Targeting Putative Genes in Phosphatidylcholine Turnover Results in Significant Change in Fatty Acid Composition in Crambe abyssinica Seed Oil. Lipids 2015; 50:407-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-015-4004-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Atanassov I, Stefanova K, Tomova I, Kamburova M. Seamless GFP and GFP-Amylase Cloning in Gateway Shuttle Vector, Expression of the Recombinant Proteins inE. ColiandBacillus Megateriumand Assessment of the GFP-Amylase Thermostability. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2014. [DOI: 10.5504/bbeq.2013.0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Soyk S, Simková K, Zürcher E, Luginbühl L, Brand LH, Vaughan CK, Wanke D, Zeeman SC. The Enzyme-Like Domain of Arabidopsis Nuclear β-Amylases Is Critical for DNA Sequence Recognition and Transcriptional Activation. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:1746-1763. [PMID: 24748042 PMCID: PMC4036583 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.123703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant BZR1-BAM transcription factors contain a β-amylase (BAM)-like domain, characteristic of proteins involved in starch breakdown. The enzyme-derived domains appear to be noncatalytic, but they determine the function of the two Arabidopsis thaliana BZR1-BAM isoforms (BAM7 and BAM8) during transcriptional initiation. Removal or swapping of the BAM domains demonstrates that the BAM7 BAM domain restricts DNA binding and transcriptional activation, while the BAM8 BAM domain allows both activities. Furthermore, we demonstrate that BAM7 and BAM8 interact on the protein level and cooperate during transcriptional regulation. Site-directed mutagenesis of residues in the BAM domain of BAM8 shows that its function as a transcriptional activator is independent of catalysis but requires an intact substrate binding site, suggesting it may bind a ligand. Microarray experiments with plants overexpressing truncated versions lacking the BAM domain indicate that the pseudo-enzymatic domain increases selectivity for the preferred cis-regulatory element BBRE (BZR1-BAM Responsive Element). Side specificity toward the G-box may allow crosstalk to other signaling networks. This work highlights the importance of the enzyme-derived domain of BZR1-BAMs, supporting their potential role as metabolic sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Soyk
- Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Klára Simková
- Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Evelyne Zürcher
- Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Luise H Brand
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Universität Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Cara K Vaughan
- School of Crystallography, Birkbeck College, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, United Kingdom
| | - Dierk Wanke
- Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen, Universität Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Samuel C Zeeman
- Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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Andrade MO, Farah CS, Wang N. The post-transcriptional regulator rsmA/csrA activates T3SS by stabilizing the 5' UTR of hrpG, the master regulator of hrp/hrc genes, in Xanthomonas. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1003945. [PMID: 24586158 PMCID: PMC3937308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The RsmA/CsrA family of the post-transcriptional regulators of bacteria is involved in the regulation of many cellular processes, including pathogenesis. In this study, we demonstrated that rsmA not only is required for the full virulence of the phytopathogenic bacterium Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (XCC) but also contributes to triggering the hypersensitive response (HR) in non-host plants. Deletion of rsmA resulted in significantly reduced virulence in the host plant sweet orange and a delayed and weakened HR in the non-host plant Nicotiana benthamiana. Microarray, quantitative reverse-transcription PCR, western-blotting, and GUS assays indicated that RsmA regulates the expression of the type 3 secretion system (T3SS) at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. The regulation of T3SS by RsmA is a universal phenomenon in T3SS-containing bacteria, but the specific mechanism seems to depend on the interaction between a particular bacterium and its hosts. For Xanthomonads, the mechanism by which RsmA activates T3SS remains unknown. Here, we show that RsmA activates the expression of T3SS-encoding hrp/hrc genes by directly binding to the 5′ untranslated region (UTR) of hrpG, the master regulator of the hrp/hrc genes in XCC. RsmA stabilizes hrpG mRNA, leading to increased accumulation of HrpG proteins and subsequently, the activation of hrp/hrc genes. The activation of the hrp/hrc genes by RsmA via HrpG was further supported by the observation that ectopic overexpression of hrpG in an rsmA mutant restored its ability to cause disease in host plants and trigger HR in non-host plants. RsmA also stabilizes the transcripts of another T3SS-associated hrpD operon by directly binding to the 5′ UTR region. Taken together, these data revealed that RsmA primarily activates T3SS by acting as a positive regulator of hrpG and that this regulation is critical to the pathogenicity of XCC. Pathogenic bacteria demonstrate sophisticated capacity to regulate gene expression to meet requirements of living in different environmental niches, including in the hosts. The activation of the Type 3 secretion system (T3SS) genes in response to the host enviroment is under the control of several factors, such as the post-transcriptional regulator RsmA/CsrA. Here, we show that RsmA contributes to the pathogenicity of Xanthomonas citri in host plants and the HR-triggering activity in non-host plants by regulating the expression of T3SS-encoding hrp/hrc genes. RsmA directly interacts with the 5′ UTRs of hrpG and hrpD mRNAs, which leads to increased HrpG protein levels by stabilizing the hrpG transcript. Further, overexpression of hrpG in an rsmA mutant restored its pathogenicity and ability to cause HR. The deletion of rsmA did not affect the phosphorylation of HrpG, which is also required for T3SS activation. This work provides mechanistic insights for the first time into RsmA-mediated regulation of T3SS gene expression by acting as a positive regulator of hrpG at the post-transcription level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxuel O. Andrade
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida, United States of America
| | - Chuck S. Farah
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nian Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ding BJ, Hofvander P, Wang HL, Durrett TP, Stymne S, Löfstedt C. A plant factory for moth pheromone production. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3353. [PMID: 24569486 PMCID: PMC3948062 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Moths depend on pheromone communication for mate finding and synthetic pheromones are used for monitoring or disruption of pheromone communication in pest insects. Here we produce moth sex pheromone, using Nicotiana benthamiana as a plant factory, by transient expression of up to four genes coding for consecutive biosynthetic steps. We specifically produce multicomponent sex pheromones for two species. The fatty alcohol fractions from the genetically modified plants are acetylated to mimic the respective sex pheromones of the small ermine moths Yponomeuta evonymella and Y. padella. These mixtures are very efficient and specific for trapping of male moths, matching the activity of conventionally produced pheromones. Our long-term vision is to design tailor-made production of any moth pheromone component in genetically modified plants. Such semisynthetic preparation of sex pheromones is a novel and cost-effective way of producing moderate to large quantities of pheromones with high purity and a minimum of hazardous waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Jian Ding
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 37, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Per Hofvander
- Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-23053 Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Hong-Lei Wang
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 37, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Timothy P. Durrett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Sten Stymne
- Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-23053 Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Christer Löfstedt
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 37, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden
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37
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Kumar K, Yadav S, Purayannur S, Verma PK. An alternative approach in Gateway(®) cloning when the bacterial antibiotic selection cassettes of the entry clone and destination vector are the same. Mol Biotechnol 2013; 54:133-40. [PMID: 22555852 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-012-9549-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Gateway(®) recombination technology has revolutionized the method of gene cloning for functional analyses and high-throughput ORFeome projects. In general, Gateway cloning is highly efficient because after LR recombination and bacterial transformation, only cells containing the recombinant destination clone are selected on an antibiotic selection plate. However, when the antibiotic resistance gene for bacterial selection is the same in the entry and destination vectors, the direct selection of recombinant destination clones on an antibiotic plate is difficult. Here, we demonstrate an efficient and comprehensive approach to obtain positive destination clones directly on an antibiotic selection plate in this situation. The strategy involves polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-mediated amplification of the entry clone using entry vector-specific primers that bind outside the attL sequences and the subsequent use of this purified PCR product for LR recombination with the destination vector. Our results suggest that cloning of linear DNA fragments into circular destination vectors through LR recombination is an efficient method for inserts up to 7 kb in size. Using this approach, the yield of colony PCR positive destination clones was 100 % for genes of various sizes tested in our experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Kumar
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India.
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De Clercq I, Vermeirssen V, Van Aken O, Vandepoele K, Murcha MW, Law SR, Inzé A, Ng S, Ivanova A, Rombaut D, van de Cotte B, Jaspers P, Van de Peer Y, Kangasjärvi J, Whelan J, Van Breusegem F. The membrane-bound NAC transcription factor ANAC013 functions in mitochondrial retrograde regulation of the oxidative stress response in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:3472-90. [PMID: 24045019 PMCID: PMC3809544 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.117168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Upon disturbance of their function by stress, mitochondria can signal to the nucleus to steer the expression of responsive genes. This mitochondria-to-nucleus communication is often referred to as mitochondrial retrograde regulation (MRR). Although reactive oxygen species and calcium are likely candidate signaling molecules for MRR, the protein signaling components in plants remain largely unknown. Through meta-analysis of transcriptome data, we detected a set of genes that are common and robust targets of MRR and used them as a bait to identify its transcriptional regulators. In the upstream regions of these mitochondrial dysfunction stimulon (MDS) genes, we found a cis-regulatory element, the mitochondrial dysfunction motif (MDM), which is necessary and sufficient for gene expression under various mitochondrial perturbation conditions. Yeast one-hybrid analysis and electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed that the transmembrane domain-containing no apical meristem/Arabidopsis transcription activation factor/cup-shaped cotyledon transcription factors (ANAC013, ANAC016, ANAC017, ANAC053, and ANAC078) bound to the MDM cis-regulatory element. We demonstrate that ANAC013 mediates MRR-induced expression of the MDS genes by direct interaction with the MDM cis-regulatory element and triggers increased oxidative stress tolerance. In conclusion, we characterized ANAC013 as a regulator of MRR upon stress in Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge De Clercq
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Vanessa Vermeirssen
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Olivier Van Aken
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Klaas Vandepoele
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Monika W. Murcha
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Simon R. Law
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Annelies Inzé
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sophia Ng
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Aneta Ivanova
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Debbie Rombaut
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Brigitte van de Cotte
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pinja Jaspers
- Plant Biology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yves Van de Peer
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jaakko Kangasjärvi
- Plant Biology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - James Whelan
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Botany, School of Life Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Frank Van Breusegem
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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Taipale M, Krykbaeva I, Whitesell L, Santagata S, Zhang J, Liu Q, Gray NS, Lindquist S. Chaperones as thermodynamic sensors of drug-target interactions reveal kinase inhibitor specificities in living cells. Nat Biotechnol 2013; 31:630-7. [PMID: 23811600 PMCID: PMC3774174 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.2620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between the HSP90 chaperone and its client kinases is sensitive to the conformational status of the kinase, and stabilization of the kinase fold by small molecules strongly decreases chaperone interaction. Here we exploit this observation and assay small-molecule binding to kinases in living cells, using chaperones as 'thermodynamic sensors'. The method allows determination of target specificities of both ATP-competitive and allosteric inhibitors in the kinases' native cellular context in high throughput. We profile target specificities of 30 diverse kinase inhibitors against >300 kinases. Demonstrating the value of the assay, we identify ETV6-NTRK3 as a target of the FDA-approved drug crizotinib (Xalkori). Crizotinib inhibits proliferation of ETV6-NTRK3-dependent tumor cells with nanomolar potency and induces the regression of established tumor xenografts in mice. Finally, we show that our approach is applicable to other chaperone and target classes by assaying HSP70/steroid hormone receptor and CDC37/kinase interactions, suggesting that chaperone interactions will have broad application in detecting drug-target interactions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikko Taipale
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Irina Krykbaeva
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Luke Whitesell
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Sandro Santagata
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jianming Zhang
- Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Qingsong Liu
- Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nathanael S. Gray
- Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School and Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Susan Lindquist
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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Moderation of Arabidopsis root stemness by CLAVATA1 and ARABIDOPSIS CRINKLY4 receptor kinase complexes. Curr Biol 2013; 23:362-71. [PMID: 23394827 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The root system of higher plants originates from the activity of a root meristem, which comprises a group of highly specialized and long-lasting stem cells. Their maintenance and number is controlled by the quiescent center (QC) cells and by feedback signaling from differentiated cells. Root meristems may have evolved from structurally distinct shoot meristems; however, no common player acting in stemness control has been found so far. RESULTS We show that CLAVATA1 (CLV1), a key receptor kinase in shoot stemness maintenance, performs a similar but distinct role in root meristems. We report that CLV1 is signaling, activated by the peptide ligand CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION40 (CLE40), together with the receptor kinase ARABIDOPSIS CRINKLY4 (ACR4) to restrict root stemness. Both CLV1 and ACR4 overlap in their expression domains in the distal root meristem and localize to the plasma membrane (PM) and plasmodesmata (PDs), where ACR4 preferentially accumulates. Using multiparameter fluorescence image spectroscopy (MFIS), we show that CLV1 and ACR4 can form homo- and heteromeric complexes that differ in their composition depending on their subcellular localization. CONCLUSIONS We hypothesize that these homo- and heteromeric complexes may differentially regulate distal root meristem maintenance. We conclude that essential components of the ancestral shoot stemness regulatory system also act in the root and that the specific interaction of CLV1 with ACR4 serves to moderate and control stemness homeostasis in the root meristem. The structural differences between these two meristem types may have necessitated this recruitment of ACR4 for signaling by CLV1.
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Nagels Durand A, Moses T, De Clercq R, Goossens A, Pauwels L. A MultiSite Gateway™ vector set for the functional analysis of genes in the model Saccharomyces cerevisiae. BMC Mol Biol 2012; 13:30. [PMID: 22994806 PMCID: PMC3519679 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-13-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recombinatorial cloning using the GatewayTM technology has been the method of choice for high-throughput omics projects, resulting in the availability of entire ORFeomes in GatewayTM compatible vectors. The MultiSite GatewayTM system allows combining multiple genetic fragments such as promoter, ORF and epitope tag in one single reaction. To date, this technology has not been accessible in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, one of the most widely used experimental systems in molecular biology, due to the lack of appropriate destination vectors. Results Here, we present a set of three-fragment MultiSite GatewayTM destination vectors that have been developed for gene expression in S. cerevisiae and that allow the assembly of any promoter, open reading frame, epitope tag arrangement in combination with any of four auxotrophic markers and three distinct replication mechanisms. As an example of its applicability, we used yeast three-hybrid to provide evidence for the assembly of a ternary complex of plant proteins involved in jasmonate signalling and consisting of the JAZ, NINJA and TOPLESS proteins. Conclusion Our vectors make MultiSite GatewayTM cloning accessible in S. cerevisiae and implement a fast and versatile cloning method for the high-throughput functional analysis of (heterologous) proteins in one of the most widely used model organisms for molecular biology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Nagels Durand
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052, Gent, Belgium
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Zaidi I, González A, Touzri M, Alvarez MC, Ramos J, Masmoudi K, Ariño J, Hanin M. The wheat MAP kinase phosphatase 1 confers higher lithium tolerance in yeast. FEMS Yeast Res 2012; 12:774-84. [PMID: 22741610 DOI: 10.1111/j.1567-1364.2012.00827.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The durum wheat TMKP1 gene encodes a MAP kinase phosphatase. When overexpressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, TMKP1 leads to salt stress tolerance (especially LiCl ), which is dependent on the phosphatase activity of the protein. The TMKP1-associated Li(+) resistance is restricted to a galactose-containing medium. Interestingly, this salt tolerance is abolished in the absence of one member of the yeast type 2C Ser/Thr protein phosphatase family (Ptc1) but not when other members such as Ptc2 or Ptc3 are lacking. Increased Li(+) tolerance is not mediated by regulation of the P-type ATPase Ena1, a major determinant for salt tolerance. In contrast, the effect of TMKP1 depends on Hal3 (a negative regulator of Ppz phosphatases) and on the presence of the high-affinity potassium transporters Trk1/Trk2. Tolerance to Li(+) is also abolished in cells lacking the aldose reductase Gre3, previously shown to be involved in the resistance to this cation. This study provides evidence that the wheat TMKP1 phosphatase is contributing to reduce the exacerbated lithium toxicity in galactose-grown cells, in a way that depends on the presence of the potassium Trk transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikram Zaidi
- Laboratory of Plant Protection and Improvement, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
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Abstract
In vitro-based analyses of monoterpene synthase (mono-TPS) enzymes have led to a wealth of knowledge regarding their catalytic behavior, the mechanistic principles governing their product specificity, and the molecular basis for their evolution. However, the efficient production of active enzymes in Escherichia coli or yeast can be challenging. Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression in tobacco leaves is increasingly being used as a viable alternative to in vitro-based approaches for the production and functional analysis of a wide range of plant proteins. Transient expression is well suited for qualitative and semiquantitative analyses of mono-TPS enzyme product specificity and, in conjunction with standard volatile analysis techniques, provides an efficient tool for screening mono-TPS function in planta. The primary advantages of this system for mono-TPS analysis are that both mono-TPS genomic clones and cDNAs can be cloned directly into plant expression vectors without modification and expressed enzymes can be analyzed without the need for purification or endogenous precursor addition. Here, we describe a simple and cost-effective method for the in planta functional analysis of plant mono-TPS enzymes. This method can accommodate both the analysis of single genes and the scaling for more high-throughput functional screening of mono-TPS gene families or mutant libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sol A Green
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand.
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The P7-1 protein of southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus, a fijivirus, induces the formation of tubular structures in insect cells. Arch Virol 2011; 156:1729-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-011-1041-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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De Boer K, Tilleman S, Pauwels L, Vanden Bossche R, De Sutter V, Vanderhaeghen R, Hilson P, Hamill JD, Goossens A. APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR and basic helix-loop-helix tobacco transcription factors cooperatively mediate jasmonate-elicited nicotine biosynthesis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 66:1053-65. [PMID: 21418355 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04566.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factors of the plant-specific apetala2/ethylene response factor (AP2/ERF) family control plant secondary metabolism, often as part of signalling cascades induced by jasmonate (JA) or other elicitors. Here, we functionally characterized the JA-inducible tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) AP2/ERF factor ORC1, one of the members of the NIC2-locus ERFs that control nicotine biosynthesis and a close homologue of ORCA3, a transcriptional activator of alkaloid biosynthesis in Catharanthus roseus. ORC1 positively regulated the transcription of several structural genes coding for the enzymes involved in nicotine biosynthesis. Accordingly, overexpression of ORC1 was sufficient to stimulate alkaloid biosynthesis in tobacco plants and tree tobacco (Nicotiana glauca) root cultures. In contrast to ORCA3 in C. roseus, which needs only the GCC motif in the promoters of the alkaloid synthesis genes to induce their expression, ORC1 required the presence of both GCC-motif and G-box elements in the promoters of the tobacco nicotine biosynthesis genes for maximum transactivation. Correspondingly, combined application with the JA-inducible Nicotiana basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) factors that bind the G-box element in these promoters enhanced ORC1 action. Conversely, overaccumulation of JAZ repressor proteins that block bHLH activity reduced ORC1 functionality. Finally, the activity of both ORC1 and bHLH proteins was post-translationally upregulated by a JA-modulated phosphorylation cascade, in which a specific mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, JA-factor stimulating MAPKK1 (JAM1), was identified. This study highlights the complexity of the molecular machinery involved in the regulation of tobacco alkaloid biosynthesis and provides mechanistic insights about its transcriptional regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen De Boer
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic. 3800, Australia
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Abstract
Using nicking DNA endonuclease (NiDE), we developed a novel technique to clone DNA fragments into plasmids. We created a NiDE cassette consisting of two inverted NiDE substrate sites sandwiching an asymmetric four-base sequence, and NiDE cleavage resulted in 14-base single-stranded termini at both ends of the vector and insert. This method can therefore be used as a ligation-independent cloning strategy to generate recombinant constructs rapidly. In addition, we designed and constructed a simple and specific vector from an Escherichia coli plasmid back-bone to complement this cloning method. By cloning cDNAs into this modified vector, we confirmed the predicted feasibility and applicability of this cloning method.
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Alvarez C, Lozano-Juste J, Romero LC, García I, Gotor C, León J. Inhibition of Arabidopsis O-acetylserine(thiol)lyase A1 by tyrosine nitration. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:578-86. [PMID: 21047785 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.147678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The last step of sulfur assimilation is catalyzed by O-acetylserine(thiol)lyase (OASTL) enzymes. OASTLs are encoded by a multigene family in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Cytosolic OASA1 enzyme is the main source of OASTL activity and thus crucial for cysteine homeostasis. We found that nitrating conditions after exposure to peroxynitrite strongly inhibited OASTL activity. Among OASTLs, OASA1 was markedly sensitive to nitration as demonstrated by the comparative analysis of OASTL activity in nitrated crude protein extracts from wild type and different oastl mutants. Furthermore, nitration assays on purified recombinant OASA1 protein led to 90% reduction of the activity due to inhibition of the enzyme, as no degradation of the protein occurred under these conditions. The reduced activity was due to nitration of the protein because selective scavenging of peroxynitrite with epicatechin impaired OASA1 nitration and the concomitant inhibition of OASTL activity. Inhibition of OASA1 activity upon nitration correlated with the identification of a modified OASA1 protein containing 3-nitroTyr(302) residue. The essential role of the Tyr(302) residue for the catalytic activity was further demonstrated by the loss of OASTL activity of a Y302A-mutated version of OASA1. Inhibition caused by Tyr(302) nitration on OASA1 activity seems to be due to a drastically reduced O-acetylserine substrate binding to the nitrated protein, and also to reduced stabilization of the pyridoxal-5'-phosphate cofactor through hydrogen bonds. This is the first report identifying a Tyr nitration site of a plant protein with functional effect and the first post-translational modification identified in OASA1 enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Consolación Alvarez
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla, Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
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