1
|
Lan X, Qi D, Ren H, Liu T, Shao H, Zhang J. Chicoric acid ameliorates LPS-induced inflammatory injury in bovine lamellar keratinocytes by modulating the TLR4/MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21963. [PMID: 38082032 PMCID: PMC10713547 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49169-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Damage to lamellar keratinocytes, an essential cellular component of the epidermal layer of hoof tissue, can have a detrimental effect on hoof health and the overall production value of dairy cows. We isolated and cultured cow lamellar keratinocytes using the Dispase II and collagenase methods. We purified them by differential digestion and differential velocity adherent methods at each passaging and identified them by keratin 14 immunofluorescence. We established an in vitro model of inflammation in laminar keratinocytes using LPS and investigated whether chicoric acid protects against inflammatory responses by inhibiting the activation of the TLR4/MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway. The results showed that cow lamellar keratinocytes were successfully isolated and cultured by Dispase II combined with the collagenase method. In the in vitro inflammation model established by LPS, the Chicoric acid decreased the concentration of inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6), down-regulated the mRNA expression of TLR4 and MyD88 (P < 0.01), down-regulated the expression of TLR4, MyD88, p-ERK, p-p38, IKKβ, p-p65, p-p50 (P < 0.05), and increased the IκBα protein expression (P < 0.05). In conclusion, Chicoric acid successfully protected cow lamellar keratinocytes from LPS-induced inflammatory responses by modulating the TLR4/MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway and downregulating inflammatory mediators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Lan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Mechanism for Animal Disease and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Dongdong Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Hao Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Tao Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Hong Shao
- The Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiantao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Mechanism for Animal Disease and Comparative Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ogorevc J, Poklukar K, Dovč P. Establishment and characterization of proliferating primary cultures of equine epidermal keratinocytes. Anim Biotechnol 2019; 32:282-291. [PMID: 31736400 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2019.1687091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Skin-derived tissue cultures are a useful model to study molecular mechanisms of skin renewal and pathogenesis of dermal diseases. Horses often suffer from skin diseases, skin trauma and problems with proper wound healing, which could be improved by in vitro grown keratinocyte grafts. Herein we describe establishment and characterization of equine skin-derived primary cell cultures, using enzymatic and explant methods. The established cell lines of primary equine keratinocytes (peK) maintained high proliferative capacity for over five passages and expressed different epithelial/keratinocyte-specific markers. Characterization of the primary culture was performed in parallel with localization studies of the markers in the skin histological sections, using commercially available antibodies. Relative expression of typical differentiation stage-specific markers was determined in the established cell lines, using RT-qPCR. Basal (proliferating) keratinocytes were the predominant cell type in the established cell lines, but low expression of post-mitotic keratinocyte markers was also detected. Differences in marker expression were observed neither between the peK originating from two different animals nor between the peK established with two different methods (enzymatically or by explanting). The described methods in combination with the suggested characterization and differentiation markers are suitable for establishment of proliferating peK and evaluation of their differentiation status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jernej Ogorevc
- Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Domžale, Slovenia
| | - Klavdija Poklukar
- Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Domžale, Slovenia.,Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Peter Dovč
- Department of Animal Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Domžale, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang Q, Pinto VMR, Duan W, Paxton EE, Dessauer JH, Ryan W, Lopez MJ. In vitro Characteristics of Heterogeneous Equine Hoof Progenitor Cell Isolates. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:155. [PMID: 31355191 PMCID: PMC6637248 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Damage to an ectodermal-mesodermal interface like that in the equine hoof and human finger nail bed can permanently alter tissue structure and associated function. The purpose of this study was to establish and validate in vitro culture of primary progenitor cell isolates from the ectodermal-mesodermal tissue junction in equine hooves, the stratum internum, with and without chronic inflammation known to contribute to lifelong tissue defects. The following were evaluated in hoof stratum internum cell isolates up to 5 cell passages (P): expansion capacity by cell doublings and doubling time; plasticity with multi-lineage differentiation and colony-forming unit (CFU) frequency percentage; immunophenotype with immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry; gene expression with RT-PCR; and ultrastructure with transmission electron microscopy. The presence of keratin (K)14, 15 and K19 as well as cluster of differentiation (CD)44 and CD29 was determined in situ with immunohistochemistry. To confirm in vivo extracellular matrix (ECM) formation, cell-scaffold (polyethylene glycol/poly-L-lactic acid and tricalcium phosphate/hydroxyapatite) constructs were evaluated with scanning electron microscopy 9 weeks after implantation in athymic mice. Cultured cells had characteristic progenitor cell morphology, expansion, CFU frequency percentage and adipocytic, osteoblastic, and neurocytic differentiation capacity. CD44, CD29, K14, K15 and K19 proteins were present in native hoof stratum internum. Cultured cells also expressed K15, K19 and desmogleins 1 and 3. Gene expression of CD105, CD44, K14, K15, sex determining region Y-box 2 (SOX2) and octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (OCT4) was confirmed in vitro. Cultured cells had large, eccentric nuclei, elongated mitochondria, and intracellular vacuoles. Scaffold implants with cells contained fibrous ECM 9 weeks after implantation compared to little or none on acellular scaffolds. In vitro expansion and plasticity and in vivo ECM deposition of heterogeneous, immature cell isolates from the ectodermal-mesodermal tissue interface of normal and chronically inflamed hooves are typical of primary cell isolates from other adult tissues, and they appear to have both mesodermal and ectodermal qualities in vitro. These results establish a unique cell culture model to target preventative and restorative therapies for ectodermal-mesodermal tissue junctions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingqiu Yang
- Laboratory for Equine and Comparative Orthopedic Research, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Vanessa Marigo Rocha Pinto
- Laboratory for Equine and Comparative Orthopedic Research, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Wei Duan
- Laboratory for Equine and Comparative Orthopedic Research, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Erica E Paxton
- Laboratory for Equine and Comparative Orthopedic Research, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Jenna H Dessauer
- Laboratory for Equine and Comparative Orthopedic Research, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - William Ryan
- Laboratory for Equine and Comparative Orthopedic Research, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Mandi J Lopez
- Laboratory for Equine and Comparative Orthopedic Research, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Baskerville CL, Chockalingham S, Harris PA, Bailey SR. The effect of insulin on equine lamellar basal epithelial cells mediated by the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5945. [PMID: 30519508 PMCID: PMC6275117 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In horses and ponies, insulin dysregulation leading to hyperinsulinemia may be associated with increased risk of laminitis, and prolonged infusion of insulin can induce the condition. It is unclear whether insulin may have a direct or indirect effect on the lamellar tissues. Insulin is structurally related to insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), and can bind the IGF-1 receptor, albeit at a lower affinity than IGF-1. Methods Immunohistochemistry was performed on formalin-fixed lamellar tissue sections from six normal horses, euthanised for non-research purposes, using an anti-IGF-1 receptor antibody. In further studies, lamellar epithelial cells were obtained by collagenase digestion from the hooves of 18 normal horses, also euthanised for non-research purposes, and incubated for 48 h in the presence of insulin (0–2,000 m IU/ml). The increase in cell numbers was determined using a cell proliferation assay, and compared to the effect of zero insulin using one-way ANOVA. Results Immunohistochemistry demonstrated IGF-1 receptors on lamellar epidermal epithelial cells. With cultured cells, insulin caused a concentration-dependent increase in cell proliferation compared to untreated cells (maximal effect 63.3 ± 12.8% more cells after 48 h with 1,000 m IU/ml insulin; P < 0.01). Co-incubation with a blocking antibody against the IGF-1 receptor significantly inhibited the proliferative effect of insulin (P < 0.01). Discussion These results demonstrate that IGF-1 receptors are present on lamellar epithelial cells. At high physiological concentrations, insulin may activate these cells, by a mechanism involving IGF-1 receptors, resulting in a proliferative effect. This mechanism could help to explain the link between hyperinsulinemia and laminitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Courtnay L Baskerville
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Subu Chockalingham
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Patricia A Harris
- Equine Studies Group, WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Simon R Bailey
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Alkhilaiwi F, Wang L, Zhou D, Raudsepp T, Ghosh S, Paul S, Palechor-Ceron N, Brandt S, Luff J, Liu X, Schlegel R, Yuan H. Long-term expansion of primary equine keratinocytes that maintain the ability to differentiate into stratified epidermis. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:181. [PMID: 29973296 PMCID: PMC6032561 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0918-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin injuries in horses frequently lead to chronic wounds that lack a keratinocyte cover essential for healing. The limited proliferation of equine keratinocytes using current protocols has limited their use for regenerative medicine. Previously, equine induced pluripotent stem cells (eiPSCs) have been produced, and eiPSCs could be differentiated into equine keratinocytes suitable for stem cell-based skin constructs. However, the procedure is technically challenging and time-consuming. The present study was designed to evaluate whether conditional reprogramming (CR) could expand primary equine keratinocytes rapidly in an undifferentiated state but retain their ability to differentiate normally and form stratified epithelium. METHODS Conditional reprogramming was used to isolate and propagate two equine keratinocyte cultures. PCR and FISH were employed to evaluate the equine origin of the cells and karyotyping to perform a chromosomal count. FACS analysis and immunofluorescence were used to determine the purity of equine keratinocytes and their proliferative state. Three-dimensional air-liquid interphase method was used to test the ability of cells to differentiate and form stratified squamous epithelium. RESULTS Conditional reprogramming was an efficient method to isolate and propagate two equine keratinocyte cultures. Cells were propagated at the rate of 2.39 days/doubling for more than 40 population doublings. A feeder-free culture method was also developed for long-term expansion. Rock-inhibitor is critical for both feeder and feeder-free conditions and for maintaining the proliferating cells in a stem-like state. PCR and FISH validated equine-specific markers in the cultures. Karyotyping showed normal equine 64, XY chromosomes. FACS using pan-cytokeratin antibodies showed a pure population of keratinocytes. When ROCK inhibitor was withdrawn and the cells were transferred to a three-dimensional air-liquid culture, they formed a well-differentiated stratified squamous epithelium, which was positive for terminal differentiation markers. CONCLUSIONS Our results prove that conditional reprogramming is the first method that allows for the rapid and continued in vitro propagation of primary equine keratinocytes. These unlimited supplies of autologous cells could be used to generate transplants without the risk of immune rejection. This offers the opportunity for treating recalcitrant horse wounds using autologous transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faris Alkhilaiwi
- Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057 USA
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057 USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057 USA
- College of Pharmacy, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Liqing Wang
- Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057 USA
| | - Dan Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057 USA
| | - Terje Raudsepp
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX USA
| | - Sharmila Ghosh
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX USA
| | - Siddartha Paul
- Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057 USA
| | - Nancy Palechor-Ceron
- Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057 USA
| | - Sabine Brandt
- Equine Clinic, VetOMICs Core Facility, Veterinary University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jennifer Luff
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA
| | - Xuefeng Liu
- Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057 USA
| | - Richard Schlegel
- Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057 USA
| | - Hang Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, DC 20057 USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Michler JK, Hillmann A, Savkovic V, Mülling CKW. Horse hair follicles: A novel dermal stem cell source for equine regenerative medicine. Cytometry A 2017; 93:104-114. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jule K. Michler
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Aline Hillmann
- Saxon Incubator for Clinical Translation; Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Vuk Savkovic
- Saxon Incubator for Clinical Translation; Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph K. W. Mülling
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Reisinger N, Schaumberger S, Nagl V, Hessenberger S, Schatzmayr G. Concentration Dependent Influence of Lipopolysaccharides on Separation of Hoof Explants and Supernatant Lactic Acid Concentration in an Ex Vivo/In Vitro Laminitis Model. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143754. [PMID: 26599864 PMCID: PMC4657978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Laminitis is one of the most common diseases in horses. It is not only painful for the animal, but also has a significant financial impact on the equine industry. This multifactorial disease affects the connective tissue of the hoof. However, the pathogenesis of laminitis is still not fully understood. Endotoxins, also known as lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and bacterial exotoxins seem to play an important role during the development of laminitis. The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of increasing LPS concentrations (0, 2.5, 5, 10, and 100 μg/mL) on cell viability of isolated epidermal and dermal hoof cells as well as on the tissue integrity of hoof explants. Furthermore, glucose, acetic acid, lactic acid, and propionic acid concentrations in explant supernatants were measured to evaluate the energy metabolism in the hoof tissue. LPS did not exhibit cytotoxic effects on epidermal or dermal cells. Force required to separate LPS treated hoof explants decreased in a concentration dependent manner. Specifically, explants incubated with 10 and 100 μg/mL needed significantly less force to separate compared to control explants. Lactic acid concentrations were significantly decreased in explants incubated with 5, 10, or 100 μg/mL LPS, while glucose, acetic acid and propionic acid concentrations were unaffected by LPS treatment. Our study indicates that LPS has no cytotoxic effect on epidermal and dermal cells isolated from hoof tissue, but impairs integrity of hoof explants. In addition, LPS led to an alteration of the lactic acid production in the lamellar tissue. Since our data highlight that LPS can affect the integrity of the equine hoof tissue in vitro, endotoxins should be further explored for their contribution to facilitate the development of laminitis.
Collapse
|
8
|
Leise BS, Watts MR, Roy S, Yilmaz AS, Alder H, Belknap JK. Use of laser capture microdissection for the assessment of equine lamellar basal epithelial cell signalling in the early stages of laminitis. Equine Vet J 2014; 47:478-88. [PMID: 24750316 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Dysadhesion of laminar basal epithelial cells (LBECs) from the underlying dermis is the central event leading to structural failure in equine laminitis. Although many studies of sepsis-related laminitis have reported multiple events occurring throughout the lamellar tissue, there is minimal information regarding signalling events occurring specifically in LBECs. OBJECTIVES To determine signalling events in the LBECs during the early stages of carbohydrate-induced laminitis. STUDY DESIGN Experimental study. METHODS Eight horses were given an overload of carbohydrate (CHO) consisting of corn starch mixture via nasogastric tube. Prior to administration of CHO, lamellar biopsies were taken from the left forefoot (control [CON]). Biopsies were taken from the left hind foot at the onset of fever (developmental [DEV]) and from the right forefoot at the onset of Obel grade 1 lameness (OG1). Laminar basal epithelial cells were isolated from cryosections using a laser capture microdissection (LCM) microscope. Next generation sequencing (RNA-seq) was used to identify transcripts expressed in the LBECs for each time point and bioinformatic analysis was performed with thresholds for between group comparisons set at a greater than 2-fold change and P value ≤0.05. RESULTS Forty genes (22 increased/18 decreased) were significantly different from DEV time vs. CON and 107 genes (57 increased/50 decreased) were significantly different from OG1 time vs. CON. Significant increases in inflammatory genes were present in addition to significantly altered expression of genes related to extracellular matrix composition, stability and turnover. CONCLUSIONS Signalling related to inflammatory response and extracellular matrix regulation was strongly represented at the DEV and OG1 times. These results indicate that the LBEC is not only a casualty but also an active participant in lamellar events leading to structural failure of the digital lamellae in equine laminitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B S Leise
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
| | - M R Watts
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
| | - S Roy
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
| | - A S Yilmaz
- Biomedical Informatics Shared Resource, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, USA
| | - H Alder
- Biomedical Informatics Shared Resource, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, USA
| | - J K Belknap
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cerrato S, Ramió-Lluch L, Brazís P, Rabanal RM, Fondevila D, Puigdemont A. Development and characterization of an equine skin-equivalent model. Vet Dermatol 2014; 25:475-e77. [PMID: 25041278 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing interest in the biological and pathological study of equine skin owing to the high prevalence of cutaneous diseases in horses. However, knowledge of equine skin cell biology and cultures is limited by the low number of in vitro studies in the literature. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES The objective of the study was to develop and characterize an in vitro equine skin equivalent. METHODS Cultures of pure equine keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts were obtained by enzymatic digestion of skin biopsies. Fibroblasts were embedded into type I collagen matrices to obtain dermal scaffolds, the surface of which was seeded with keratinocytes. The three-dimensional cultures were exposed to the air-liquid interface to enable epidermal stratification. RESULTS After 14 days in air-exposed conditions, histological analysis showed that keratinocytes underwent differentiation into a multilayered epidermis. Immunohistochemical studies revealed the expression of epidermal cytokeratin in keratinocytes, whereas vimentin was expressed in dermal fibroblasts, as expected in equine skin. Immunostaining of Ki67 showed proliferative keratinocytes in the stratum basale. A continuous basement membrane at the dermo-epidermal junction was also detected immunohistochemically through the expression of its major components (type IV collagen and laminin 5). Ultrastructural analysis by electron microscopy showed desmosomes located among keratinocytes in all layers and hemidesmosomes among the basal keratinocytes and lamina densa. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE This study reports, for the first time, the development of an in vitro equine skin-equivalent model that resembles equine skin morphologically, immunohistochemically and ultrastructurally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Cerrato
- UNIVET, Edifici Astrolabio, Avinguda Cerdanyola 92, 08172, Sant Cugat del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Evans NJ, Brown JM, Scholey R, Murray RD, Birtles RJ, Hart CA, Carter SD. Differential inflammatory responses of bovine foot skin fibroblasts and keratinocytes to digital dermatitis treponemes. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 161:12-20. [PMID: 25022220 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bovine digital dermatitis (BDD) is a serious infectious inflammatory lameness causing pain and suffering to many cattle worldwide and which has severe economic implications. This study set out to investigate relationships between the treponemes considered causal of BDD and the local inflammatory response of the bovine host. Here we describe, for the first time, the isolation of bovine foot skin keratinocytes and fibroblasts as separate cell lineages. These cell lines were then exposed to treponeme whole-cell sonicates, and the gene expression of selected host inflammatory mediators investigated using quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR. Several genes, including those encoding RANTES/CCL5, MMP12, TNFα, TGFβ and TIMP3 were significantly upregulated in fibroblasts exposed to whole-cell sonicates derived from BDD treponeme phylotypes. For each of the above genes there were similar fibroblast expression increases for all three BDD treponeme phylotypes tested, suggesting common virulence mechanisms. With bovine foot skin keratinocytes, we were unable to detect expression of RANTES/CCL5 and after incubation with BDD treponeme constituents we were unable to observe any significant changes in expression of inflammatory mediators tested. These contrasting results suggest fibroblasts rather than keratinocytes may be an important shared target of pathogenesis for BDD treponemes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Evans
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK.
| | - Jennifer M Brown
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK
| | - Rachel Scholey
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK
| | - Richard D Murray
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Richard J Birtles
- School of Environment & Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, UK
| | - C Anthony Hart
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK
| | - Stuart D Carter
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Broeckx SY, Maes S, Martinello T, Aerts D, Chiers K, Mariën T, Patruno M, Franco-Obregón A, Spaas JH. Equine Epidermis: A Source of Epithelial-Like Stem/Progenitor Cells with In Vitro and In Vivo Regenerative Capacities. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:1134-48. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Y. Broeckx
- Global Stem cell Technology, Meldert-Lummen, Belgium
- Pell Cell Medicals, Opglabbeek, Belgium
| | | | - Tiziana Martinello
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | | | - Koen Chiers
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Tom Mariën
- Equitom Equine Hospital, Meldert-Lummen, Belgium
| | - Marco Patruno
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Alfredo Franco-Obregón
- Department of Biomechanics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jan H. Spaas
- Global Stem cell Technology, Meldert-Lummen, Belgium
- Pell Cell Medicals, Opglabbeek, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Skin extracellular matrix components accelerate the regenerative potential of Lin− cells. Open Life Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.2478/s11535-013-0283-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractDue to their unique properties, bone marrow-derived Lin− cells can be used to regenerate damaged tissues, including skin. The objective of our study was to determine the influence of the skin tissue-specific microenvironment on mouse Lin− cell proliferation and migration in vitro. Cells were analyzed for the expression of stem/progenitor surface markers by flow cytometry. Proliferation of MACS-purified cells in 3D cultures was investigated by WST-8 assay. Lin− cell migration was evaluated by in vitro scratch assay. The results obtained show that basement membrane matrix is more effective for Lin− cell proliferation in vitro. However, type I collagen matrix better enhances the re-epithelization process, that depends on the cell migratory properties. These studies are important for preparing cells to be used in transplantation.
Collapse
|
13
|
Sharma R, Barakzai SZ, Taylor SE, Donadeu FX. Epidermal-like architecture obtained from equine keratinocytes in three-dimensional cultures. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2013; 10:627-36. [DOI: 10.1002/term.1788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Sharma
- The Roslin Institute; University of Edinburgh; Easter Bush Midlothian UK
| | - Safia Z. Barakzai
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies; University of Edinburgh; Easter Bush Midlothian UK
| | - Sarah E. Taylor
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies; University of Edinburgh; Easter Bush Midlothian UK
| | - F. Xavier Donadeu
- The Roslin Institute; University of Edinburgh; Easter Bush Midlothian UK
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies; University of Edinburgh; Easter Bush Midlothian UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lamellar leukocyte infiltration and involvement of IL-6 during oligofructose-induced equine laminitis development. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 144:120-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|