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Li Y, Zheng M, Limbara S, Zhang S, Yu Y, Yu L, Jiao J. Effects of the Pituitary-targeted Gland Axes on Hepatic Lipid Homeostasis in Endocrine-associated Fatty Liver Disease-A Concept Worth Revisiting. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2024; 12:416-427. [PMID: 38638376 PMCID: PMC11022059 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2023.00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatic lipid homeostasis is not only essential for maintaining normal cellular and systemic metabolic function but is also closely related to the steatosis of the liver. The controversy over the nomenclature of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in the past three years has once again sparked in-depth discussions on the pathogenesis of this disease and its impact on systemic metabolism. Pituitary-targeted gland axes (PTGA), an important hormone-regulating system, are indispensable in lipid homeostasis. This review focuses on the roles of thyroid hormones, adrenal hormones, sex hormones, and their receptors in hepatic lipid homeostasis, and summarizes recent research on pituitary target gland axes-related drugs regulating hepatic lipid metabolism. It also calls on researchers and clinicians to recognize the concept of endocrine-associated fatty liver disease (EAFLD) and to re-examine human lipid metabolism from the macroscopic perspective of homeostatic balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifang Li
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Meina Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Steven Limbara
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yutao Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Le Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jian Jiao
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Hutchison AL, Tavaglione F, Romeo S, Charlton M. Endocrine aspects of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD): Beyond insulin resistance. J Hepatol 2023; 79:1524-1541. [PMID: 37730124 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
While the association of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) with obesity and insulin resistance is widely appreciated, there are a host of complex interactions between the liver and other endocrine axes. While it can be difficult to definitively distinguish direct causal relationships and those attributable to increased adipocyte mass, there is substantial evidence of the direct and indirect effects of endocrine dysregulation on the severity of MASLD, with strong evidence that low levels of growth hormone, sex hormones, and thyroid hormone promote the development and progression of disease. The impact of steroid hormones, e.g. cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone, and adipokines is much more divergent. Thoughtful assessment, based on individual risk factors and findings, and management of non-insulin endocrine axes is essential in the evaluation and management of MASLD. Multiple therapeutic options have emerged that leverage various endocrine axes to reduce the fibroinflammatory cascade in MASH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Federica Tavaglione
- Clinical Medicine and Hepatology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy; Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Stefano Romeo
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Cardiology Department, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Clinical Nutrition Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Michael Charlton
- Center for Liver Diseases, University of Chicago, United States.
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Vergroesen JE, Kaynak A, Aribas E, Kavousi M, van Meurs JBJ, Klaver CCW, Ramdas WD. Higher testosterone is associated with open-angle glaucoma in women: a genetic predisposition? Biol Sex Differ 2023; 14:27. [PMID: 37161452 PMCID: PMC10170716 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-023-00512-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Testosterone may be a possible modifiable risk factor for open-angle glaucoma (OAG) and intraocular pressure (IOP), but evidence has been scarce and conflicting. In this study we evaluated the association of testosterone and its genetic predisposition with incident (i) OAG, IOP, retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), and ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCL +). METHODS Participants aged 45-100 years were derived from the prospective, population-based Rotterdam Study. Ophthalmic examinations and serum testosterone measurements (including bioavailable and free testosterone) were performed from 1991 onwards. Follow-up took place every 4-5 years. A total of 187 out of 7898 participants were diagnosed with incident (i) OAG during follow-up. Genotyping was performed in 165 glaucoma cases and 6708 controls. We calculated sex-specific weighted genetic risk scores (GRS) for total and bioavailable testosterone. Associations with iOAG were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression. Associations with IOP, RNFL, and GCL + were analyzed with multivariable linear regression. Analyses were stratified on sex and adjusted for at least age, body mass index, and follow-up duration. RESULTS In men, testosterone was not associated with iOAG. However, the GRS for higher total testosterone was associated with an increased iOAG risk (odds ratio [OR] with 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 2.48 [1.18; 5.22], per unit). In women, higher values of bioavailable testosterone (2.05 [1.00; 4.18] per nmol/L) and free testosterone (1.79 [1.00; 3.20] per ng/dL) were significantly associated with increased risk of iOAG. Moreover, the GRS for higher bioavailable testosterone was associated with an increased iOAG risk (2.48 [1.09; 5.65], per unit). Higher bioavailable and free testosterone were adversely associated with IOP (0.58 [0.05; 1.10] per nmol/L and 0.47 [0.04; 0.90] per ng/dL). Higher total testosterone was inversely associated with peripapillary RNFL and GCL + (Beta [95% CI]: - 3.54 [- 7.02; - 0.06] per nmol/L and - 2.18 [- 4.11; - 0.25] per nmol/L, respectively). CONCLUSIONS In women, higher testosterone levels increased the risk of iOAG. Both IOP-dependent and IOP-independent mechanisms may underlie this association. Managing testosterone levels may be particularly relevant for the prevention of neurodegeneration in the eye. Future research should confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joëlle E Vergroesen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adem Kaynak
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elif Aribas
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maryam Kavousi
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joyce B J van Meurs
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline C W Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology, University of Basel, CH-4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wishal D Ramdas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Insight into Potential Interactions of Thyroid Hormones, Sex Hormones and Their Stimulating Hormones in the Development of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12080718. [PMID: 36005590 PMCID: PMC9414490 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12080718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is a common manifestation of metabolic syndrome. In addition to lifestyle, endocrine hormones play a role in the dysregulation of hepatic metabolism. The most common endocrine hormones contributing to metabolic syndrome are alterations in the levels of thyroid hormones (THs, predominantly in subclinical hypothyroidism) and of sex hormones (in menopause). These hormonal changes influence hepatic lipid and glucose metabolism and may increase hepatic fat accumulation. This review compares the effects of sex hormones, THs and the respective stimulating hormones, Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH), on the development of hepatosteatosis. TSH and FSH may be more relevant to the dysregulation of hepatic metabolism than the peripheral hormones because metabolic changes were identified when only levels of the stimulating hormones were abnormal and the peripheral hormones were still in the reference range. Increased TSH and FSH levels appear to have additive effects on the development of NAFLD and to act independently from each other.
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Krysiak R, Basiak M, Okopień B. Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Rosuvastatin-Treated Men with Mixed Dyslipidemia and Early-Onset Androgenic Alopecia. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26102844. [PMID: 34064815 PMCID: PMC8151490 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26102844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Men with early-onset androgenetic alopecia are characterized by hormonal profiles similar to those observed in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. The purpose of this research was to investigate levels of cardiometabolic risk factors in 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA)-treated men with early-onset androgenic alopecia. We studied two matched rosuvastatin-treated groups of men with mixed dyslipidemia: subjects with early-onset androgenic alopecia (group A) and subjects with normal hair growth (group B). Plasma lipids, glucose homeostasis markers, and levels of sex hormones, uric acid, hsCRP, homocysteine, fibrinogen, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D were measured before entering the study and six months later. Both groups differed in insulin sensitivity and levels of calculated bioavailable testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate, uric acid, hsCRP, fibrinogen, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Though observed in both study groups, treatment-induced reductions in total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, hsCRP, and fibrinogen were more pronounced in group B than group A. Moreover, only in group A did rosuvastatin deteriorate insulin sensitivity, and only in group B did the drug affect uric acid, homocysteine, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D. The impact of rosuvastatin on cardiometabolic risk factors correlated with insulin sensitivity, calculated bioavailable testosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate. The obtained results suggest that men with early-onset androgenic alopecia may benefit to a lesser degree from rosuvastatin treatment than their peers.
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Behairy A, Mohamed WAM, Ebraheim LLM, Soliman MM, Abd-Elhakim YM, El-Sharkawy NI, Saber TM, El Deib MM. Boldenone Undecylenate-Mediated Hepatorenal Impairment by Oxidative Damage and Dysregulation of Heat Shock Protein 90 and Androgen Receptors Expressions: Vitamin C Preventive Role. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:651497. [PMID: 33986679 PMCID: PMC8111012 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.651497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Boldenone Undecylenate (BLD) is a synthetic derivative of testosterone and a widely used anabolic androgenic steroid. The health risk of BLD use as a pharmaceutical or dietary supplement is still underestimated and under-reported. Vitamin C (VC) has been recognized as an antioxidant with prominent hepatorenal protective effects. This study investigated the possible preventive activity of VC against BLD-induced hepatorenal damage. Forty adult male Wistar rats were classified into five groups: control, vehicle control, VC (orally given 120 mg/kg b. wt./day), BLD (intramuscularly injected 5 mg/kg b. wt./week), and BLD + VC-treated groups. The experiment continued for eight weeks. Serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were measured. Serum contents of total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), globulin, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), and very-low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL-C) were also assayed. Urea, creatinine, and uric acid levels were determined together with sodium and potassium electrolytes measuring. Moreover, oxidative stress indicators including reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and glutathione reductase (GSR) as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured in both hepatic and renal tissues. Corresponding histological examination of renal and hepatic tissues was conducted. Besides, immunohistochemical evaluations for androgen receptors protein (AR) and heat shock protein 90 (Hsp 90) expressions were performed. BLD caused significant rises in serum ALT, AST, TP, ALB, TC, TG, LDL-C, VLDL-C, urea, creatinine, uric acid, potassium, and MDA levels. Further, BLD-injected rats showed significant declines in the serum levels of HDL-C, sodium, GSH, GPx, GST, and GSR. Besides, distinct histopathological perturbations were detected in renal and hepatic tissues of BLD-injected rats. AR and Hsp 90 immunoexpression were increased in hepatic and renal tissues. In contrast, VC significantly reversed the BLD-induced hepatorenal damage in co-treated rats but not ameliorated AR protein overexpression. VC could be an efficient preventive supplement for mitigating BLD-induced hepatorenal damage, possibly via controlling oxidative stress events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany Behairy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Wafaa A M Mohamed
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Lamiaa L M Ebraheim
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Mohamed Soliman
- Clinical Laboratory Sciences Department, Turabah University College, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasmina M Abd-Elhakim
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Nabela I El-Sharkawy
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Taghred M Saber
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Maha M El Deib
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Li L, Liu K, Fang D. Single Cell Electrochemiluminescence Analysis of Cholesterol in Plasma Membrane during Testosterone Treatment. ELECTROANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201900561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linyu Li
- School of Pharmacy and Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine Nanjing Medical University Nanjing, Jiangsu 211126 China
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital Fudan University Shanghai 200040 China
| | - Kang Liu
- School of Pharmacy and Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine Nanjing Medical University Nanjing, Jiangsu 211126 China
| | - Danjun Fang
- School of Pharmacy and Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine Nanjing Medical University Nanjing, Jiangsu 211126 China
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Petrov PD, Fernández-Murga L, Conde I, Martínez-Sena T, Guzmán C, Castell JV, Jover R. Epistane, an anabolic steroid used for recreational purposes, causes cholestasis with elevated levels of cholic acid conjugates, by upregulating bile acid synthesis (CYP8B1) and cross-talking with nuclear receptors in human hepatocytes. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:589-607. [PMID: 31894354 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02643-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Anabolic-androgenic steroids are testosterone derivatives, used by body-builders to increase muscle mass. Epistane (EPI) is an orally administered 17α-alkylated testosterone derivative with 2a-3a epithio ring. We identified four individuals who, after EPI consumption, developed long-lasting cholestasis. The bile acid (BA) profile of three patients was characterized, as well the molecular mechanisms involved in this pathology. The serum BA pool was increased from 14 to 61-fold, basically on account of primary conjugated BA (cholic acid (CA) conjugates), whereas secondary BA were very low. In in vitro experiments with cultured human hepatocytes, EPI caused the accumulation of glycoCA in the medium. Moreover, as low as 0.01 μM EPI upregulated the expression of key BA synthesis genes (CYP7A1, by 65% and CYP8B1, by 67%) and BA transporters (NTCP, OSTA and BSEP), and downregulated FGF19. EPI increased the uptake/accumulation of a fluorescent BA analogue in hepatocytes by 50-70%. Results also evidenced, that 40 μM EPI trans-activated the nuclear receptors LXR and PXR. More importantly, 0.01 μM EPI activated AR in hepatocytes, leading to an increase in the expression of CYP8B1. In samples from a human liver bank, we proved that the expression of AR was positively correlated with that of CYP8B1 in men. Taken together, we conclude that EPI could cause cholestasis by inducing BA synthesis and favouring BA accumulation in hepatocytes, at least in part by AR activation. We anticipate that the large phenotypic variability of BA synthesis enzymes and transport genes in man provide a putative explanation for the idiosyncratic nature of EPI-induced cholestasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petar D Petrov
- Unidad Mixta de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Av. Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leonor Fernández-Murga
- Unidad Mixta de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Av. Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain
| | - Isabel Conde
- Unidad Mixta de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Av. Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain.,Unidad de Hepatotoxicidad Clínica, Servicio de Medicina Digestiva, Sección Hepatología, Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Teresa Martínez-Sena
- Unidad Mixta de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Av. Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carla Guzmán
- Unidad Mixta de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Av. Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain
| | - José Vicente Castell
- Unidad Mixta de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Av. Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain. .,Departamento de Bioquímica Y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ramiro Jover
- Unidad Mixta de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), Av. Fernando Abril Martorell 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain. .,Departamento de Bioquímica Y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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Cvitanović Tomaš T, Urlep Ž, Moškon M, Mraz M, Rozman D. LiverSex Computational Model: Sexual Aspects in Hepatic Metabolism and Abnormalities. Front Physiol 2018; 9:360. [PMID: 29706895 PMCID: PMC5907313 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is to date the best example of a sexually dimorphic non-reproductive organ. Over 1,000 genes are differentially expressed between sexes indicating that female and male livers are two metabolically distinct organs. The spectrum of liver diseases is broad and is usually prevalent in one or the other sex, with different contributing genetic and environmental factors. It is thus difficult to predict individual's disease outcomes and treatment options. Systems approaches including mathematical modeling can aid importantly in understanding the multifactorial liver disease etiology leading toward tailored diagnostics, prognostics and therapy. The currently established computational models of hepatic metabolism that have proven to be essential for understanding of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are limited to the description of gender-independent response or reflect solely the response of the males. Herein we present LiverSex, the first sex-based multi-tissue and multi-level liver metabolic computational model. The model was constructed based on in silico liver model SteatoNet and the object-oriented modeling. The crucial factor in adaptation of liver metabolism to the sex is the inclusion of estrogen and androgen receptor responses to respective hormones and the link to sex-differences in growth hormone release. The model was extensively validated on literature data and experimental data obtained from wild type C57BL/6 mice fed with regular chow and western diet. These experimental results show extensive sex-dependent changes and could not be reproduced in silico with the uniform model SteatoNet. LiverSex represents the first large-scale liver metabolic model, which allows a detailed insight into the sex-dependent complex liver pathologies, and how the genetic and environmental factors interact with the sex in disease appearance and progression. We used the model to identify the most important sex-dependent metabolic pathways, which are involved in accumulation of triglycerides representing initial steps of NAFLD. We identified PGC1A, PPARα, FXR, and LXR as regulatory factors that could become important in sex-dependent personalized treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Cvitanović Tomaš
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Žiga Urlep
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miha Moškon
- Faculty of Computer and Information Science, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miha Mraz
- Faculty of Computer and Information Science, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damjana Rozman
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Zarei M, Zaeemi M, Rashidlamir A. Effects of testosterone enanthate treatment in conjunction with resistance training on thyroid hormones and lipid profile in male Wistar rats. Andrologia 2017; 50. [PMID: 28736926 DOI: 10.1111/and.12862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the effects of 8-week administration of testosterone enanthate (TE) in conjunction with resistance training on thyroid hormones and lipid profiles. Sixty male adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups: C: olive oil, RT: resistance training + olive oil, LD: TE (20 mg/kg), HD: TE (50 mg/kg), RT + LD: RT + TE (20 mg/kg), RT + HD: RT + TE (50 mg/kg). The RT consisted of climbing (5 reps/3 sets) a ladder carrying a load suspended from the tail. At the end, blood specimens were obtained from the orbital sinus and serum concentration of T4, T3, TSH and lipid profiles was determined. The serum concentration of TSH significantly increased in RT + HD group compared to C, and the serum concentration of T4 significantly decreased in LD, HD, RT + LD and RT + HD groups compared to the C and RT groups (p < .05). The concentration of HDL and cholesterol significantly decreased in HD and RT + HD groups compared with C group (p < .05). Both decreased T4 and increased TSH in the RT + HD group likely suggested a primary hypothyroidism as a complication of high-dose administration of testosterone enanthate along with resistance training. Alteration in lipid profile was another complication observed in rats received high doses of testosterone enanthate.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zarei
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - M Zaeemi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - A Rashidlamir
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Department of Physical Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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Downey CL, Young A, Burton EF, Graham SM, Macfarlane RJ, Tsapakis EM, Tsiridis E. Dementia and osteoporosis in a geriatric population: Is there a common link? World J Orthop 2017; 8:412-423. [PMID: 28567345 PMCID: PMC5434348 DOI: 10.5312/wjo.v8.i5.412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine the existence of a common pathological link between dementia and osteoporosis through reviewing the current evidence base.
METHODS This paper reviews the current literature on osteoporosis and dementia in order to ascertain evidence of a common predisposing aetiology. A literature search of Ovid MED-LINE (1950 to June 2016) was conducted. The keywords “osteoporosis”, “osteoporotic fracture”, “dementia” and “Alzheimer’s disease” (AD) were used to determine the theoretical links with the most significant evidence base behind them. The key links were found to be vitamins D and K, calcium, thyroid disease, statins, alcohol and sex steroids. These subjects were then searched in combination with the previous terms and the resulting papers manually examined. Theoretical, in vitro and in vivo research were all used to inform this review which focuses on the most well developed theoretical common causes for dementia (predominantly Alzheimer’s type) and osteoporosis.
RESULTS Dementia and osteoporosis are multifaceted disease processes with similar epidemiology and a marked increase in prevalence in elderly populations. The existence of a common link between the two has been suggested despite a lack of clear pathological overlap in our current understanding. Research to date has tended to be fragmented and relatively weak in nature with multiple confounding factors reflecting the difficulties of in vivo experimentation in the population of interest. Despite exploration of various possible mechanisms in search for a link between the two pathologies, this paper found that it is possible that these associations are coincidental due to the nature of the evidence available. One finding in this review is that prior investigation into common aetiologies has found raised amyloid beta peptide levels in osteoporotic bone tissue, with a hypothesis that amyloid beta disorders are systemic disorders resulting in differing tissue manifestations. However, our findings were that the most compelling evidence of a common yet independent aetiology lies in the APOE4 allele, which is a well-established risk for AD but also carries an independent association with fracture risk. The mechanism behind this is thought to be the reduced plasma vitamin K levels in individuals exhibiting the APOE4 allele which may be amplified by the nutritional deficiencies associated with dementia, which are known to include vitamins K and D. The vitamin theory postulates that malnutrition and reduced exposure to sunlight in patients with AD leads to vitamin deficiencies.
CONCLUSION Robust evidence remains to be produced regarding potential links and regarding the exact aetiology of these diseases and remains relevant given the burden of dementia and osteoporosis in our ageing population. Future research into amyloid beta, APOE4 and vitamins K and D as the most promising aetiological links should be welcomed.
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Biochemical and oxidative stress markers in the liver and kidneys of rats submitted to different protocols of anabolic steroids. Mol Cell Biochem 2016; 425:181-189. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-016-2872-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Börjesson A, Gårevik N, Dahl ML, Rane A, Ekström L. Recruitment to doping and help-seeking behavior of eight female AAS users. SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT PREVENTION AND POLICY 2016; 11:11. [PMID: 26945991 PMCID: PMC4779574 DOI: 10.1186/s13011-016-0056-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Doping with anabolic androgenic steroids in sports has now developed to a widespread use of these agents among young people outside the sport. This is of major concern to the society. The purpose of the use is mainly for aesthetic reasons and is seen as a male phenomenon. But use also occurs in women where the knowledge is scarce. Our aim was to identify the pattern of doping agents in eight female cases and compare them with similar data from men. METHODS Eight female users were recruited through Anti-Doping Hot-Line, a national telephone counseling service on doping issues during the years 1998-2004. The use was confirmed with urine doping analysis at the Doping Laboratory. The characteristic of use, co-use of narcotics/other doping agents, exercise pattern, adverse-side effects, family history and reason to begin was evaluated. RESULTS The women used on average 1.9 different anabolic androgenic steroids and clenbuterol preparations. Ephedrine and growth hormone were co-used in five and one of the women, respectively. Three women reported co-use of narcotics (cannabis and cocaine). The average duration of anabolic agent use before contacting health care was 58 weeks (range 7-104). Side effects for anabolic androgenic steroids (n = 5) included voice changes, clitoral enlargement, body hair growth, whereas women using clenbuterol (n = 2) reported tachycardia and depression. All women except one had a man in close relationship encouraging them to begin with the doping agents. CONCLUSIONS The use of doping agents in our eight women was different from that in male users. The women used less doping agents and were more prone to contact the health care, at an earlier stage, probably due to the adverse effects. The co-use with ephedrine, growth hormone and cannabis appeared to be in the same range as in men. This is the first study showing that a man in close relationship may motivate a woman to use anabolic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annica Börjesson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Nina Gårevik
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Marja-Liisa Dahl
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Anders Rane
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Lena Ekström
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-141 86, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Gårevik N, Börjesson A, Choong E, Ekström L, Lehtihet M. Impact of single-dose nandrolone decanoate on gonadotropins, blood lipids and HMG CoA reductase in healthy men. Andrologia 2015; 48:595-600. [DOI: 10.1111/and.12488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- N. Gårevik
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology; Department of Laboratory Medicine/Huddinge; Karolinska Institute; Karolinska University Hospital; Huddinge Sweden
| | - A. Börjesson
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology; Department of Laboratory Medicine/Huddinge; Karolinska Institute; Karolinska University Hospital; Huddinge Sweden
| | - E. Choong
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology; Department of Laboratory Medicine/Huddinge; Karolinska Institute; Karolinska University Hospital; Huddinge Sweden
| | - L. Ekström
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology; Department of Laboratory Medicine/Huddinge; Karolinska Institute; Karolinska University Hospital; Huddinge Sweden
| | - M. Lehtihet
- Department of Medicine/Huddinge; Karolinska Institute and Centre for Andrology and Sexual Medicine; Karolinska University Hospital; Huddinge Sweden
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Wang Z, Bai Y, Yu J, Liu H, Cheng Y, Liu Y, Xie X, Ma J, Bao J. Caveolae regulate vasoconstriction of conduit arteries to angiotensin II in hindlimb unweighted rats. J Physiol 2015; 593:4561-74. [PMID: 26260249 DOI: 10.1113/jp270823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Weightlessness induces the functional remodelling of arteries, but the changes to angiotensin II (Ang II)-elicited vasoconstriction and the underlying mechanism have never been reported. Caveolae are invaginations of the cell membrane crucial for the contraction of vascular smooth muscle cells, so we investigated the adaptation of Ang II-elicited vasoconstriction to simulated weightlessness and the role of caveolae in it. The 4 week hindlimb unweighted (HU) rat was used to simulate the effects of weightlessness. Ang II-elicited vasoconstriction was measured by isometric force recording. The morphology of caveolae was examined by transmission electron microscope. The binding of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1 ) and caveolin-1 (cav-1) was examined by coimmunoprecipitation and Western blot. We found that the maximal developing force (E(max)) of Ang II-elicited vasoconstriction was decreased in abdominal aorta by 30.6%, unchanged in thoracic aorta and increased in carotid artery by 17.9% after HU, while EC50 of the response was increased in all three arteries (P < 0.05). AT1 desensitization upon activation was significantly reduced by HU in all three arteries, as was the number of caveolae (P < 0.05). Furthermore, Ang II promoted the binding of AT1 and cav-1 significantly in control but not HU arteries. Both the number of caveolae and the binding of AT1 and cav-1 in HU arteries were restored by cholesterol pretreatment which also reinstated the change in EC50 as well as the level of AT1 desensitization. These results indicate that modified caveolae in vascular smooth muscle cells could interfere with the binding of AT1 and cav-1 mediating the adaptation of Ang II-elicited vasoconstriction to HU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongchao Wang
- Department of Aerospace Physiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, P. R. China
| | - Yungang Bai
- Department of Aerospace Physiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, P. R. China
| | - Jinwen Yu
- Department of Aerospace Physiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, P. R. China
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Aerospace Physiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, P. R. China
| | - Yaoping Cheng
- Department of Aerospace Hygiene, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, P. R. China
| | - Yonghong Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xi Jing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoping Xie
- Department of Aerospace Hygiene, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, P. R. China
| | - Jin Ma
- Department of Aerospace Physiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, P. R. China
| | - Junxiang Bao
- Department of Aerospace Hygiene, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, P. R. China
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Samieinasab MR, Shahraki MR, Samieinasab F, Najafi S. Influence of nandrolone decanoate administration on serum lipids and liver enzymes in rats. ARYA ATHEROSCLEROSIS 2015; 11:256-60. [PMID: 26478734 PMCID: PMC4593662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anabolic-androgenic steroids have been associated with several side effects range. This experimental study was conducted to evaluate the effects of nandrolone decanoate (ND, an anabolic steroid) on lipid profile and liver enzymes in rats in Iran. METHODS Forty adult male and female of Wistar strain rats were randomly assigned to four groups of 10 animals each: male control, female control, ND-male treated (15 mg/kg b.w./day), and ND-female treated (15 mg/kg b.w./day). Serum concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were measured in all studied groups. RESULTS Treating rats with ND (case group) resulted in a significant elevation of TC (69.4 ± 8.7), TG (101.6 ± 32.9) and ALT (72.2 ± 13.8) and significant reduction of LDL (6.4 ± 2.6) and AST (138.7 ± 19.4) as compared to control group in female rats. ND supplementation (case group) significantly increased TC (64.4 ± 6.2), AST (255.0 ± 32.0), and ALT (84.3 ± 3.8) in comparison with the control group in male rats. CONCLUSION Overall, our result indicated that the ND use can cause a negative effect on lipid profile and liver enzyme in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Samieinasab
- Assistant Professor, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Shahraki
- Associate Professor, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Fatemah Samieinasab
- Ayatollah Golpayegani Hospital, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran,Correspondence to: Fatemah Samieinasab,
| | - Somayeh Najafi
- MSc Student, Cardiac Rehabilitation Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Shen M, Shi H. Sex Hormones and Their Receptors Regulate Liver Energy Homeostasis. Int J Endocrinol 2015; 2015:294278. [PMID: 26491440 PMCID: PMC4600502 DOI: 10.1155/2015/294278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is one of the most essential organs involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis. Hepatic steatosis, a major manifestation of metabolic syndrome, is associated with imbalance between lipid formation and breakdown, glucose production and catabolism, and cholesterol synthesis and secretion. Epidemiological studies show sex difference in the prevalence in fatty liver disease and suggest that sex hormones may play vital roles in regulating hepatic steatosis. In this review, we summarize current literature and discuss the role of estrogens and androgens and the mechanisms through which estrogen receptors and androgen receptors regulate lipid and glucose metabolism in the liver. In females, estradiol regulates liver metabolism via estrogen receptors by decreasing lipogenesis, gluconeogenesis, and fatty acid uptake, while enhancing lipolysis, cholesterol secretion, and glucose catabolism. In males, testosterone works via androgen receptors to increase insulin receptor expression and glycogen synthesis, decrease glucose uptake and lipogenesis, and promote cholesterol storage in the liver. These recent integrated concepts suggest that sex hormone receptors could be potential promising targets for the prevention of hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minqian Shen
- Cell, Molecular, and Structural Biology, Department of Biology, Miami University, 700 E. High Street, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Haifei Shi
- Cell, Molecular, and Structural Biology, Department of Biology, Miami University, 700 E. High Street, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
- *Haifei Shi:
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Gårevik N, Rane A, Björkhem-Bergman L, Ekström L. Effects of different doses of testosterone on gonadotropins, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, and blood lipids in healthy men. Subst Abuse Rehabil 2014; 5:121-7. [PMID: 25525405 PMCID: PMC4266340 DOI: 10.2147/sar.s71285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To study the effect and time profile of different doses of testosterone enanthate on the blood lipid profile and gonadotropins. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Twenty-five healthy male volunteers aged 27-43 years were given 500 mg, 250 mg, and 125 mg of testosterone enanthate as single intramuscular doses of Testoviron(®) Depot. Luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), blood lipid profile (total cholesterol, plasma [p-] low-density lipoprotein, p-high-density lipoprotein [HDL], p-apolipoprotein A1 [ApoA1], p-apolipoprotein B, p-triglycerides, p-lipoprotein(a), serum [s-] testosterone, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3) were analyzed prior to, and 4 and 14 days after dosing. Testosterone and epitestosterone in urine (testosterone/epitestosterone ratio) were analyzed prior to each dose after a washout period of 6-8 weeks. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION All doses investigated suppressed the LH and FSH concentrations in serum. LH remained suppressed 6 weeks after the 500 mg dose. These results indicate that testosterone has a more profound endocrine effect on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis than was previously thought. There was no alteration in 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels after testosterone administration compared to baseline levels. The 250 and 500 mg doses induced decreased concentrations of ApoA1 and HDL, whereas the lowest dose (125 mg) did not have any effect on the lipid profile. CONCLUSION The single doses of testosterone produced a dose-dependent increase in serum testosterone concentrations together with suppression of s-LH and s-FSH. Alterations in ApoA1 and HDL were observed after the two highest single doses. It is possible that long-time abuse of anabolic androgenic steroids will lead to alteration in vitamin D status. Knowledge and understanding of the side effects of anabolic androgenic steroids are important to the treatment and care of abusers of testosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Gårevik
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Rane
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Linda Björkhem-Bergman
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Ekström
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Duan Y, Fu W, Wang S, Ni Y, Zhao R. Cholesterol deregulation induced by chronic corticosterone (CORT) stress in pectoralis major of broiler chickens. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2014; 176:59-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Santos MAPD, Oliveira CVCD, Silva AS. Adverse cardiovascular effects from the use of anabolic-androgenic steroids as ergogenic resources. Subst Use Misuse 2014; 49:1132-7. [PMID: 24832723 DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2014.903751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This review evaluates the documented cardiovascular functioning among anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) users. AAS users manifest a reduction in HDL cholesterol, increased inflammatory markers, and oxidative stress. Strong evidence associating AAS use with blood pressure at hypertensive levels, as well as hypertrophy and cardiac dysfunction has also been reported. Both epidemiological and autopsy studies attest the relationship between AAS use and early mortality. The review's limitations are noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Antonio Pereira dos Santos
- 1Departamento de Biofísica e Fisiologia, Campus Universitário Ministro Petrônio Portella, Universidade Federal do Piauí , Teresina-PI , Brasil
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