1
|
Kreutzer E, Short JL, Nicolazzo JA. Effect of Apolipoprotein E isoforms on the Abundance and Function of P-glycoprotein in Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells. Pharm Res 2024:10.1007/s11095-024-03731-0. [PMID: 38937373 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-024-03731-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) often require many medications; however, these medications are dosed using regimens recommended for individuals without AD. This is despite reduced abundance and function of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in AD, which can impact brain exposure of drugs. The fundamental mechanisms leading to reduced P-gp abundance in sporadic AD remain unknown; however, it is known that the apolipoprotein E (apoE) gene has the strongest genetic link to sporadic AD development, and apoE isoforms can differentially alter BBB function. The aim of this study was to assess if apoE affects P-gp abundance and function in an isoform-dependent manner using a human cerebral microvascular endothelial cell (hCMEC/D3) model. METHODS This study assessed the impact of apoE isoforms on P-gp abundance (by western blot) and function (by rhodamine 123 (R123) uptake) in hCMEC/D3 cells. Cells were exposed to recombinant apoE3 and apoE4 at 2 - 10 µg/mL over 24 - 72 hours. hCMEC/D3 cells were also exposed for 72 hours to astrocyte-conditioned media (ACM) from astrocytes expressing humanised apoE isoforms. RESULTS P-gp abundance in hCMEC/D3 cells was not altered by recombinant apoE4 relative to recombinant apoE3, nor did ACM containing human apoE isoforms alter P-gp abundance. R123 accumulation in hCMEC/D3 cells was also unchanged with recombinant apoE isoform treatments, suggesting no change to P-gp function, despite both abundance and function being altered by positive controls SR12813 (5 µM) and PSC 833 (5 µM), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Different apoE isoforms have no direct influence on P-gp abundance or function within this model, and further in vivo studies would be required to address whether P-gp abundance or function are reduced in sporadic AD in an apoE isoform-specific manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Kreutzer
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Jennifer L Short
- Monash Centre for Advanced mRNA Medicines Manufacturing and Workforce Training, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Joseph A Nicolazzo
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fujitani N, Akashi T, Saito M, Morita M, So T, Oka K. Increased neurotoxicity of high-density lipoprotein secreted from murine reactive astrocytes deficient in a peroxisomal very-long-chain fatty acid transporter Abcd1. J Inherit Metab Dis 2024; 47:289-301. [PMID: 38146202 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is a genetic neurodegenerative disorder caused by pathogenic variants in ABCD1, resulting in the accumulation of very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) in tissues. The etiology of X-ALD is unclear. Activated astrocytes play a pathological role in X-ALD. Recently, reactive astrocytes have been shown to induce neuronal cell death via saturated lipids in high-density lipoprotein (HDL), although how HDL from reactive astrocytes exhibits neurotoxic effects has yet to be determined. In this study, we obtained astrocytes from wild-type and Abcd1-deficient mice. HDL was purified from the culture supernatant of astrocytes, and the effect of HDL on neurons was evaluated in vitro. To our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that HDL obtained from Abcd1-deficient reactive astrocytes induces a significantly higher level of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, a marker of cell damage, from mouse primary cortical neurons as compared to HDL from wild-type reactive astrocytes. Notably, HDL from Abcd1-deficient astrocytes contained significantly high amounts of VLCFA-containing phosphatidylcholine (PC) and LysoPC. Activation of Abcd1-deficient astrocytes led to the production of HDL containing decreased amounts of PC with arachidonic acid in sn-2 acyl moieties and increased amounts of LysoPC, presumably through cytosolic phospholipase A2 α upregulation. These results suggest that compositional changes in PC and LysoPC in HDL, due to Abcd1 deficiency and astrocyte activation, may contribute to neuronal damage. Our findings provide novel insights into central nervous system pathology in X-ALD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Fujitani
- Sohyaku, Innovative Research Division, Research Unit/Neuroscience, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Tomoya Akashi
- Sohyaku, Innovative Research Division, DMPK Research Laboratories (Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics), Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Saito
- Sohyaku, Innovative Research Division, DMPK Research Laboratories (Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics), Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masashi Morita
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Takanori So
- Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kozo Oka
- Sohyaku, Innovative Research Division, Research Unit/Neuroscience, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Swinford CG, Risacher SL, Vosmeier A, Deardorff R, Chumin EJ, Dzemidzic M, Wu YC, Gao S, McDonald BC, Yoder KK, Unverzagt FW, Wang S, Farlow MR, Brosch JR, Clark DG, Apostolova LG, Sims J, Wang DJ, Saykin AJ. Amyloid and tau pathology are associated with cerebral blood flow in a mixed sample of nondemented older adults with and without vascular risk factors for Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2023; 130:103-113. [PMID: 37499587 PMCID: PMC10529454 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2023.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Identification of biomarkers for the early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an imperative step in developing effective treatments. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) is a potential early biomarker for AD; generally, older adults with AD have decreased CBF compared to normally aging peers. CBF deviates as the disease process and symptoms progress. However, further characterization of the relationships between CBF and AD risk factors and pathologies is still needed. We assessed the relationships between CBF quantified by arterial spin-labeled magnetic resonance imaging, hypertension, APOEε4, and tau and amyloid positron emission tomography in 77 older adults: cognitively normal, subjective cognitive decline, and mild cognitive impairment. Tau and amyloid aggregation were related to altered CBF, and some of these relationships were dependent on hypertension or APOEε4 status. Our findings suggest a complex relationship between risk factors, AD pathologies, and CBF that warrants future studies of CBF as a potential early biomarker for AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cecily G Swinford
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Indiana Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Shannon L Risacher
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Indiana Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Aaron Vosmeier
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Indiana Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Rachael Deardorff
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Indiana Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Evgeny J Chumin
- Indiana Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Indiana University Network Science Institute, Bloomington, IN, USA; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Mario Dzemidzic
- Indiana Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Yu-Chien Wu
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Indiana Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Sujuan Gao
- Indiana Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Biostatistics and Health Data Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Brenna C McDonald
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Indiana Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Karmen K Yoder
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Indiana Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Frederick W Unverzagt
- Indiana Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Sophia Wang
- Indiana Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Martin R Farlow
- Indiana Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jared R Brosch
- Indiana Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - David G Clark
- Indiana Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Liana G Apostolova
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Indiana Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Indiana University Network Science Institute, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Justin Sims
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Danny J Wang
- Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrew J Saykin
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Indiana Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Indiana University Network Science Institute, Bloomington, IN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhao J, Wang J, Zhao D, Wang L, Luo X. Association Between ABCA1 R219K Variant and Alzheimer's Disease: An Updated Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. Curr Alzheimer Res 2023; 19:734-741. [PMID: 36380407 DOI: 10.2174/1567205020666221114112838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over a dozen studies have investigated the effect of the R219K variant in the ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) gene on the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the results are conflicting. OBJECTIVE We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to comprehensively assess the association between the ABCA1 R219K variant and the risk of AD. METHODS Studies included in the meta-analysis were obtained by searching PubMed, Web of Science and AlzGene. Review Manager 5.4 was used for meta-analysis. Both the odds ratio (OR) and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to evaluate the effect of ABCA1 R219K polymorphism on AD susceptibility. Heterogeneity between the included studies was assessed using I2 statistics and Cochran Qtest. Funnel plots were used to assess publication bias. RESULTS A total of 14 eligible studies involving 10084 subjects were retrieved from PubMed, Web of Science and AlzGene. Meta-analysis results showed that R219K polymorphism was significantly associated with a decreased risk of AD in Chinese under a recessive model (OR = 0.67; 95% CI = 0.51- 0.88; P = 0.004). CONCLUSION The present meta-analysis indicated that the KK genotype of R219K polymorphism may act as a protective factor for AD in the Chinese population. Additional studies with larger sample sizes are needed to further confirm this association.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinrong Zhao
- Academy of Life Science, School of Medicine, Xi'an International University, Xi'an 710077, China.,Engineering Research Center of Personalized Anti-aging Health Product Development and Transformation, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710077, China
| | - Jinpei Wang
- Academy of Life Science, School of Medicine, Xi'an International University, Xi'an 710077, China.,Engineering Research Center of Personalized Anti-aging Health Product Development and Transformation, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710077, China
| | - Dong Zhao
- Academy of Life Science, School of Medicine, Xi'an International University, Xi'an 710077, China.,Engineering Research Center of Personalized Anti-aging Health Product Development and Transformation, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710077, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Academy of Life Science, School of Medicine, Xi'an International University, Xi'an 710077, China.,Engineering Research Center of Personalized Anti-aging Health Product Development and Transformation, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710077, China
| | - Xiaoe Luo
- Academy of Life Science, School of Medicine, Xi'an International University, Xi'an 710077, China.,Engineering Research Center of Personalized Anti-aging Health Product Development and Transformation, Universities of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an 710077, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fernández-Calle R, Konings SC, Frontiñán-Rubio J, García-Revilla J, Camprubí-Ferrer L, Svensson M, Martinson I, Boza-Serrano A, Venero JL, Nielsen HM, Gouras GK, Deierborg T. APOE in the bullseye of neurodegenerative diseases: impact of the APOE genotype in Alzheimer’s disease pathology and brain diseases. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:62. [PMID: 36153580 PMCID: PMC9509584 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00566-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
ApoE is the major lipid and cholesterol carrier in the CNS. There are three major human polymorphisms, apoE2, apoE3, and apoE4, and the genetic expression of APOE4 is one of the most influential risk factors for the development of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neuroinflammation has become the third hallmark of AD, together with Amyloid-β plaques and neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated aggregated tau protein. This review aims to broadly and extensively describe the differential aspects concerning apoE. Starting from the evolution of apoE to how APOE's single-nucleotide polymorphisms affect its structure, function, and involvement during health and disease. This review reflects on how APOE's polymorphisms impact critical aspects of AD pathology, such as the neuroinflammatory response, particularly the effect of APOE on astrocytic and microglial function and microglial dynamics, synaptic function, amyloid-β load, tau pathology, autophagy, and cell–cell communication. We discuss influential factors affecting AD pathology combined with the APOE genotype, such as sex, age, diet, physical exercise, current therapies and clinical trials in the AD field. The impact of the APOE genotype in other neurodegenerative diseases characterized by overt inflammation, e.g., alpha- synucleinopathies and Parkinson's disease, traumatic brain injury, stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis, is also addressed. Therefore, this review gathers the most relevant findings related to the APOE genotype up to date and its implications on AD and CNS pathologies to provide a deeper understanding of the knowledge in the APOE field.
Collapse
|
6
|
Giannisis A, Al-Grety A, Carlsson H, Patra K, Twohig D, Sando SB, Lauridsen C, Berge G, Grøntvedt GR, Bråthen G, White LR, Kultima K, Nielsen HM. Plasma apolipoprotein E levels in longitudinally followed patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Res Ther 2022; 14:115. [PMID: 36002891 PMCID: PMC9400269 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-022-01058-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Low levels of plasma apolipoprotein E (apoE) and presence of the APOE ε4 allele are associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Although the increased risk of AD in APOE ε4-carriers is well-established, the protein levels have received limited attention.
Methods
We here report the total plasma apoE and apoE isoform levels at baseline from a longitudinally (24 months) followed cohort including controls (n = 39), patients with stable amnestic mild cognitive impairment during 24 months follow up (MCI-MCI, n = 30), patients with amnestic MCI (aMCI) that during follow-up were clinically diagnosed with AD with dementia (ADD) (MCI-ADD, n = 28), and patients with AD with dementia (ADD) at baseline (ADD, n = 28). We furthermore assessed associations between plasma apoE levels with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AD biomarkers and α-synuclein, as well as both CSF and plasma neurofilament light chain (NfL), YKL-40 and kallikrein 6.
Results
Irrespective of clinical diagnosis, the highest versus the lowest apoE levels were found in APOE ε2/ε3 versus APOE ε4/ε4 subjects, with the most prominent differences exhibited in females. Total plasma apoE levels were 32% and 21% higher in the controls versus MCI-ADD and ADD patients, respectively. Interestingly, MCI-ADD patients exhibited a 30% reduction in plasma apoE compared to MCI-MCI patients. This decrease appeared to be associated with brain amyloid-β (Aβ42) pathology regardless of disease status as assessed using the Amyloid, Tau, and Neurodegeneration (A/T/N) classification. In addition to the association between low plasma apoE and low levels of CSF Aβ42, lower apoE levels were also related to higher levels of CSF total tau (t-tau) and tau phosphorylated at Threonine 181 residue (p-tau) and NfL as well as a worse performance on the mini-mental-state-examination. In MCI-ADD patients, low levels of plasma apoE were associated with higher levels of CSF α-synuclein and kallikrein 6. No significant correlations between plasma apoE and the astrocytic inflammatory marker YKL40 were observed.
Conclusions
Our results demonstrate important associations between low plasma apoE levels, Aβ pathology, and progression from aMCI to a clinical ADD diagnosis.
Collapse
|
7
|
Rzagalinski I, Bogdanova A, Raghuraman BK, Geertsma ER, Hersemann L, Ziemssen T, Shevchenko A. FastCAT Accelerates Absolute Quantification of Proteins Using Multiple Short Nonpurified Chimeric Standards. J Proteome Res 2022; 21:1408-1417. [PMID: 35561006 PMCID: PMC9171895 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.2c00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Absolute (molar)
quantification of clinically relevant proteins
determines their reference values in liquid and solid biopsies. The
FastCAT (for Fast-track QconCAT) method employs multiple short (<50
kDa), stable-isotope labeled chimeric proteins (CPs) composed of concatenated
quantotypic (Q)-peptides representing the quantified proteins. Each
CP also comprises scrambled sequences of reference (R)-peptides that
relate its abundance to a single protein standard (bovine serum albumin,
BSA). FastCAT not only alleviates the need to purify CP or use sodium
dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) but
also improves the accuracy, precision, and dynamic range of the absolute
quantification by grouping Q-peptides according to the expected abundance
of the target proteins. We benchmarked FastCAT against the reference
method of MS Western and tested it in the direct molar quantification
of neurological markers in human cerebrospinal fluid at the low ng/mL
level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ignacy Rzagalinski
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Aliona Bogdanova
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Eric R Geertsma
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Lena Hersemann
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Tjalf Ziemssen
- Center of Clinical Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University of Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Andrej Shevchenko
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kusakari S, Nawa M, Hashimoto Y, Matsuoka M. CLSPCOL rescues Alzheimer’s disease mouse models. Transl Neurosci 2022; 13:11-19. [PMID: 35178248 PMCID: PMC8814939 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2022-0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Calmodulin-like skin protein (CLSP) inhibits Alzheimer’s disease (AD)-related neurotoxicity. The activity of CLSP is reduced in AD. To restore the CLSP activity, we developed a hybrid peptide named CLSPCOL, consisting of CLSP(1–61) and the collagen-homologous region (COL) of adiponectin. It was previously shown that the CLSPCOL-mediated restoration of the reduced CLSP activity alleviated memory impairment and neuronal synaptic loss in APPswe/PS1dE9 double transgenic mice (APP/PS1 mice) at an advanced phase. Here, we examined whether CLSPCOL is effective against the memory impairment of the APP/PS1 mice at an early phase, and the memory impairment, caused by the temporal disturbance of the cholinergic neurotransmission, that mimics a part of AD-linked neuronal abnormality. The CLSPCOL-mediated restoration of the CLSP activity corrected the impairment in acquisition of fear-conditioned memory at an early-phase AD model. A single subcutaneous injection of CLSPCOL rescued the short-term working memory impairment, caused by subcutaneous injection of scopolamine. We have concluded that CLSPCOL is a promising disease-modifying therapeutic agent for not only the advanced phase but also the early-phase AD. It also serves as a symptomatic modifier of AD by potentiating the cholinergic neurotransmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Kusakari
- Department of Pharmacology, Tokyo Medical University , 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-Ku , Tokyo 160-8402 , Japan
| | - Mikiro Nawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Tokyo Medical University , 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-Ku , Tokyo 160-8402 , Japan
| | - Yuichi Hashimoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Tokyo Medical University , 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-Ku , Tokyo 160-8402 , Japan
| | - Masaaki Matsuoka
- Department of Pharmacology, Tokyo Medical University , 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-Ku , Tokyo 160-8402 , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Endres K. Apolipoprotein A1, the neglected relative of Apolipoprotein E and its potential role in Alzheimer's disease. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:2141-2148. [PMID: 33818485 PMCID: PMC8354123 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.310669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipoproteins are multi-molecule assemblies with the primary function of transportation and processing of lipophilic substances within aqueous bodily fluids (blood, cerebrospinal fluid). Nevertheless, they also exert other physiological functions such as immune regulation. In particular, neurons are both sensitive to uncontrolled responses of the immune system and highly dependent on a controlled and sufficient supply of lipids. For this reason, the role of certain lipoproteins and their protein-component (apolipoproteins, Apo's) in neurological diseases is perceivable. ApoE, for example, is well-accepted as one of the major risk factors for sporadic Alzheimer's disease with a protective allele variant (ε2) and a risk-causing allele variant (ε4). ApoA1, the major protein component of high-density lipoproteins, is responsible for transportation of excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver. The protein is synthesized in the liver and intestine but also can enter the brain via the choroid plexus and thereby might have an impact on brain lipid homeostasis. This review focuses on the role of ApoA1 in Alzheimer's disease and discusses whether its role within this neurodegenerative disorder is specific or represents a general neuroprotective mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Endres
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Untere Zahlbacher Str. 8, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhu M, Jia L, Jia J. Inhibition of miR-96-5p May Reduce Aβ42/Aβ40 Ratio via Regulating ATP-binding cassette transporter A1. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 83:367-377. [PMID: 34334400 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Imbalance between amyloid-β (Aβ) production and clearance results in Aβ accumulation. Regulating Aβ levels is still a hot point in the research of Alzheimer's disease (AD). OBJECTIVE To identify the differential expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) and its upstream microRNA (miRNA) in AD models, and to explore their relationships with Aβ levels. METHODS Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blotting were performed to determine the expression of ABCA1 in 5xFAD mice, SH-SY5Y cells treated with Aβ oligomers and SH-SY5YAβPP695 cells (AD models). TargetScan was used to predict the upstream miRNAs for ABCA1. Dual-luciferase assay was conducted to identify the regulation of the miRNA on ABCA1. qRT-PCR was used to measure the expression of miRNA in AD models. Finally, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were performed to detect Aβ42 and Aβ40 levels. RESULTS The expression of ABCA1 was significantly downregulated in AD models at both mRNA and protein levels. Dual-luciferase assay showed that miR-96-5p could regulate the expression of ABCA1 through binding to the 3 untranslated region of ABCA1. The level of miR-96-5p was significantly elevated in AD models. The expression of ABCA1 was enhanced while Aβ42 levels and Aβ42/Aβ40 ratios were reduced in SH-SY5YAβPP695 cells after treated with miR-96-5p inhibitor. CONCLUSION The current study found that miR-96-5p is the upstream miRNA for ABCA1. Suppression of miR-96-5p in AD models could reduce Aβ42/Aβ40 ratios via upregulating the expression of ABCA1, indicating that miR-96-5p plays an important role in regulating the content of Aβ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhu
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Longfei Jia
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jianping Jia
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, P.R. China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, Beijing, P.R. China.,Clinical Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Memory Impairment, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China.,Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kim M, Bezprozvanny I. Differences in Recycling of Apolipoprotein E3 and E4-LDL Receptor Complexes-A Mechanistic Hypothesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5030. [PMID: 34068576 PMCID: PMC8126166 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22095030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is a protein that plays an important role in the transport of fatty acids and cholesterol and in cellular signaling. On the surface of the cells, ApoE lipoparticles bind to low density lipoprotein receptors (LDLR) that mediate the uptake of the lipids and downstream signaling events. There are three alleles of the human ApoE gene. Presence of ApoE4 allele is a major risk factor for developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other disorders late in life, but the mechanisms responsible for biological differences between different ApoE isoforms are not well understood. We here propose that the differences between ApoE isoforms can be explained by differences in the pH-dependence of the association between ApoE3 and ApoE4 isoforms and LDL-A repeats of LDLR. As a result, the following endocytosis ApoE3-associated LDLRs are recycled back to the plasma membrane but ApoE4-containing LDLR complexes are trapped in late endosomes and targeted for degradation. The proposed mechanism is predicted to lead to a reduction in steady-state surface levels of LDLRs and impaired cellular signaling in ApoE4-expressing cells. We hope that this proposal will stimulate experimental research in this direction that allows the testing of our hypothesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meewhi Kim
- Department of Physiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ilya Bezprozvanny
- Department of Physiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Peter the Great St. Petersburg State Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Restoration of the reduced CLSP activity alleviates memory impairment in Alzheimer disease. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:44. [PMID: 33441550 PMCID: PMC7806720 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-01168-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Calmodulin-like skin protein (CLSP), a secreted peptide, inhibits neuronal death in cell-based Alzheimer's disease (AD) models and transgenic overexpression of the CLSP gene suppresses synaptic loss and memory impairment in AD model mice, APPswe/PS1dE9 double transgenic mice (APP/PS1 mice). Despite the anticipated role of CLSP as an AD-suppressing factor, it remains unanswered whether the insufficiency of the CLSP activity is linked to the AD pathogenesis. In this study, we first show that adiponectin, a CLSP potentiator/protector, dominantly determines the CLSP activity in the central nervous system where there are sufficient concentrations of CLSP, higher concentrations of CLSP inhibitors such as apolipoprotein E, and smaller concentrations of adiponectin. We next show that both the levels of brain adiponectin and the intraneuronal levels of SH3BP5, an important effector of the CLSP signal, are reduced in both AD patients and APP/PS1 mice. Finally, the restoration of the CLSP activity by subcutaneous injection of a hybrid peptide named CLSPCOL consisting of CLSP(1-61) and the collagen-homologous region of adiponectin, which has more potent neuroprotective activity than CLSP, is insensitive to the suppression by the CLSP inhibitors, and is efficiently recruited into brains, alleviates dementia and synaptic loss in the aged APP/PS1 mice. Collectively, these results suggest that the reduction in the CLSP activity, likely caused by the reduction in the levels of adiponectin, leads to the insufficient protection of neurons from neurotoxicity in the AD brains and the restoration of the CLSP activity is a promising strategy for the treatment of AD.
Collapse
|
13
|
Phan LMT, Hoang TX, Vo TAT, Kim JY, Lee SM, Cho WW, Kim YH, Choi SH, Cho S. Nanobiosensors for Non-Amyloidbeta-Tau Biomarkers as Advanced Reporters of Alzheimer's Disease. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:E913. [PMID: 33171630 PMCID: PMC7695150 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10110913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging nanomaterials providing benefits in sensitivity, specificity and cost-effectiveness are being widely investigated for biosensors in the application of Alzheimer's disease (AD) diagnosis. Core biomarkers amyloid-beta (Aβ) and Tau have been considered as key neuropathological hallmarks of AD. However, they did not sufficiently reflect clinical severity and therapeutic response, proving the difficulty of the Aβ- and Tau-targeting therapies in clinical trials. In recent years, there has still been a shortage of sensors for non-Aβ-Tau pathophysiological biomarkers that serve as advanced reporters for the early diagnosis of AD, predict AD progression, and monitor the treatment response. Nanomaterial-based sensors measuring multiple non-Aβ-Tau biomarkers could improve the capacity of AD progression characterization and supervised treatment, facilitating the comprehensive management of AD. This is the first review to principally represent current nanobiosensors for non-Aβ-Tau biomarker and that strategically deliberates future perspectives on the merit of non-Aβ-Tau biomarkers, in combination with Aβ and Tau, for the accurate diagnosis and prognosis of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Le Minh Tu Phan
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam-si 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, The University of Danang, Danang 550000, Vietnam
| | - Thi Xoan Hoang
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Seongnam 461-701, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (T.X.H.); (T.A.T.V.); (J.Y.K.)
| | - Thuy Anh Thu Vo
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Seongnam 461-701, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (T.X.H.); (T.A.T.V.); (J.Y.K.)
| | - Jae Young Kim
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Seongnam 461-701, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (T.X.H.); (T.A.T.V.); (J.Y.K.)
| | - Sang-Myung Lee
- Cantis Inc., Ansan-si 15588, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (S.-M.L.); (W.W.C.)
| | - Won Woo Cho
- Cantis Inc., Ansan-si 15588, Gyeonggi-do, Korea; (S.-M.L.); (W.W.C.)
| | - Young Hyo Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22332, Korea;
| | - Seong Hye Choi
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon 22332, Korea;
| | - Sungbo Cho
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam-si 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, GAIHST, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
McComb M, Krikheli M, Uher T, Browne RW, Srpova B, Oechtering J, Maceski AM, Tyblova M, Jakimovski D, Ramasamy DP, Bergsland N, Krasensky J, Noskova L, Fialova L, Weinstock-Guttman B, Havrdova EK, Vaneckova M, Zivadinov R, Horakova D, Kuhle J, Ramanathan M. Neuroprotective associations of apolipoproteins A-I and A-II with neurofilament levels in early multiple sclerosis. J Clin Lipidol 2020; 14:675-684.e2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
15
|
Vogelgsang J, Vukovich R, Wedekind D, Wiltfang J. Higher Level of Mismatch in APOEε4 Carriers for Amyloid-Beta Peptide Alzheimer's Disease Biomarkers in Cerebrospinal Fluid. ASN Neuro 2020; 11:1759091419845524. [PMID: 31104469 PMCID: PMC6535906 DOI: 10.1177/1759091419845524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers are widely used in the diagnosis of dementia. Even though there is a causal correlation between apolipoprotein E ( APOE) genotype and amyloid-beta (Aβ), the determination of APOE is currently not supported by national or international guidelines. We compared parallel measured CSF biomarkers of two independent laboratories from 126 patients who underwent clinical dementia diagnostics regarding the APOE genotype. APOE ε4 reduces Aβ1-42 (Aβ42) and Aβ42 to Aβ 1-40 ratio (Aβ42/40) but not total Tau or phospho-181 Tau CSF levels. Higher discordance rates were observed for Aβ42 and subsequently for Aβ42/40 in APOE ε4 carriers compared with noncarriers, and the correlation between the two laboratories was significantly lower for Aβ42 in APOE ε4 positive patients compared with patients without APOE ε4. These observations demonstrate that the evaluation of CSF Aβ biomarkers needs to be interpreted carefully in the clinical context. Different immunoassays, disparate cutoff values, and APOE should be respected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Vogelgsang
- 1 Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Goettingen, Georg-August-University, Germany
| | - Ruth Vukovich
- 1 Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Goettingen, Georg-August-University, Germany
| | - Dirk Wedekind
- 1 Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Goettingen, Georg-August-University, Germany
| | - Jens Wiltfang
- 1 Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Goettingen, Georg-August-University, Germany.,2 German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Goettingen, Germany.,3 iBiMED, Medical Science Department, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Orchard PJ, Markowski TW, Higgins L, Raymond GV, Nascene DR, Miller WP, Pierpont EI, Lund TC. Association between APOE4 and biomarkers in cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7858. [PMID: 31133696 PMCID: PMC6536544 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44140-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy (cALD) is an inflammatory neurodegenerative disease associated with mutation of the ABCD1 gene. Proteomic analysis of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) from young males with active cALD revealed markers of inflammation including APOE4. APOE4 genotype has been associated with an inferior prognosis following acute and chronic neurologic injury. We assessed APOE4 inheritance among 83 consecutive young males with cALD prior to hematopoietic cell transplant and its association with markers of cerebral disease. The allele frequency of APOE4 was not significantly different from that of the general population at 17%. Young males with cALD that were APOE4 carriers had similar CSF protein and chitotriosidase activity to that of non-carriers. In contrast, APOE4 carriers had an increased burden of cerebral disease involvement as determined by MRI severity score (10.5 vs 7.0 points, p = 0.01), higher gadolinium intensity score (2.0 vs 1.3 points, p = 0.007), inferior neurologic function (neurologic function score 2.4 vs 1.0, p = 0.001), and elevated CSF MMP2 levels compared to that of non-carriers (13168 vs 9472 pg/mL, p = 0.01). These are the first data showing that APOE4 is associated with increased severity of cerebral disease in cALD and suggest it may be a modifier of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Orchard
- University of Minnesota, Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation, 55455, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Todd W Markowski
- University of Minnesota, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, 55455, Minneapolis, USA
| | - LeeAnn Higgins
- University of Minnesota, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, 55455, Minneapolis, USA
| | | | - David R Nascene
- University of Minnesota, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, 55455, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Weston P Miller
- University of Minnesota, Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation, 55455, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Elizabeth I Pierpont
- University of Minnesota, Division of Clinical Behavioral Neuroscience, 55455, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Troy C Lund
- University of Minnesota, Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation, 55455, Minneapolis, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Over the last decade over 40 loci have been associated with risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, most studies have either focused on identifying risk loci or performing unbiased screens without a focus on protective variation in AD. Here, we provide a review of known protective variants in AD and their putative mechanisms of action. Additionally, we recommend strategies for finding new protective variants. RECENT FINDINGS Recent Genome-Wide Association Studies have identified both common and rare protective variants associated with AD. These include variants in or near APP, APOE, PLCG2, MS4A, MAPT-KANSL1, RAB10, ABCA1, CCL11, SORL1, NOCT, SCL24A4-RIN3, CASS4, EPHA1, SPPL2A, and NFIC. SUMMARY There are very few protective variants with functional evidence and a derived allele with a frequency below 20%. Additional fine mapping and multi-omic studies are needed to further validate and characterize known variants as well as specialized genome-wide scans to identify novel variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shea J Andrews
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Equal first author
| | - Brian Fulton-Howard
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Equal first author
| | - Alison Goate
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Administration of Downstream ApoE Attenuates the Adverse Effect of Brain ABCA1 Deficiency on Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113368. [PMID: 30373276 PMCID: PMC6274914 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ATP-binding cassette transporter member A1 (ABCA1) and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) are major cholesterol transporters that play important roles in cholesterol homeostasis in the brain. Previous research demonstrated that specific deletion of brain-ABCA1 (ABCA1-B/-B) reduced brain grey matter (GM) and white matter (WM) density in the ischemic brain and decreased functional outcomes after stroke. However, the downstream molecular mechanism underlying brain ABCA1-deficiency-induced deficits after stroke is not fully understood. Adult male ABCA1-B/-B and ABCA1-floxed control mice were subjected to distal middle-cerebral artery occlusion and were intraventricularly infused with artificial mouse cerebrospinal fluid as vehicle control or recombinant human ApoE2 into the ischemic brain starting 24 h after stroke for 14 days. The ApoE/apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2)/high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels and GM/WM remodeling and functional outcome were measured. Although ApoE2 increased brain ApoE/HDL levels and GM/WM density, negligible functional improvement was observed in ABCA1-floxed-stroke mice. ApoE2-administered ABCA1-B/-B stroke mice exhibited elevated levels of brain ApoE/ApoER2/HDL, increased GM/WM density, and neurogenesis in both the ischemic ipsilateral and contralateral brain, as well as improved neurological function compared with the vehicle-control ABCA1-B/-B stroke mice 14 days after stroke. Ischemic lesion volume was not significantly different between the two groups. In vitro supplementation of ApoE2 into primary cortical neurons and primary oligodendrocyte-progenitor cells (OPCs) significantly increased ApoER2 expression and enhanced cholesterol uptake. ApoE2 promoted neurite outgrowth after oxygen-glucose deprivation and axonal outgrowth of neurons, and increased proliferation/survival of OPCs derived from ABCA1-B/-B mice. Our data indicate that administration of ApoE2 minimizes the adverse effects of ABCA1 deficiency after stroke, at least partially by promoting cholesterol traffic/redistribution and GM/WM remodeling via increasing the ApoE/HDL/ApoER2 signaling pathway.
Collapse
|
19
|
APOE and Alzheimer's Disease: Evidence Mounts that Targeting APOE4 may Combat Alzheimer's Pathogenesis. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:2450-2465. [PMID: 30032423 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1237-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an immutable neurodegenerative disease featured by the two hallmark brain pathologies that are the extracellular amyloid ß (Aß) and intraneuronal tau protein. People carrying the APOE4 allele are at high risk of AD concerning the ones carrying the ε3 allele, while the ε2 allele abates risk. ApoE isoforms exert a central role in controlling the transport of brain lipid, neuronal signaling, mitochondrial function, glucose metabolism, and neuroinflammation. Regardless of widespread indispensable studies, the appropriate function of APOE in AD etiology stays ambiguous. Existing proof recommends that the disparate outcomes of ApoE isoforms on Aβ accretion and clearance have a distinct function in AD pathogenesis. ApoE-lipoproteins combine diverse cell-surface receptors to transport lipids and moreover to lipophilic Aβ peptide, that is believed to begin deadly events that generate neurodegeneration in the AD. ApoE has great influence in tau pathogenesis, tau-mediated neurodegeneration, and neuroinflammation, as well as α-synucleinopathy, lipid metabolism, and synaptic plasticity despite the presence of Aβ pathology. ApoE4 shows the deleterious effect for AD while the lack of ApoE4 is defensive. Therapeutic strategies primarily depend on APOE suggest to lessen the noxious effects of ApoE4 and reestablish the protective aptitudes of ApoE. This appraisal represents the critical interactions of APOE and AD pathology, existing facts on ApoE levels in the central nervous system (CNS), and the credible active stratagems for AD therapy by aiming ApoE. This review also highlighted utmost ApoE targeting therapeutic tactics that are crucial for controlling Alzheimer's pathogenesis.
Collapse
|
20
|
Muñoz SS, Li H, Ruberu K, Chu Q, Saghatelian A, Ooi L, Garner B. The serine protease HtrA1 contributes to the formation of an extracellular 25-kDa apolipoprotein E fragment that stimulates neuritogenesis. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:4071-4084. [PMID: 29414786 PMCID: PMC5857987 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.001278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein-E (apoE) is a glycoprotein highly expressed in the brain, where it appears to play a role in lipid transport, β-amyloid clearance, and neuronal signaling. ApoE proteolytic fragments are also present in the brain, but the enzymes responsible for apoE fragmentation are unknown, and the biological activity of specific apoE fragments remains to be determined. Here we utilized SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cells differentiated into neurons with all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) to study extracellular apoE proteolysis. ApoE fragments were detectable in culture supernatants after 3 days, and their levels were increased for up to 9 days in the presence of ATRA. The concentration of apoE fragments was positively correlated with levels of the neuronal maturation markers (PSD95 and SMI32). The most abundant apoE fragments were 25- and 28-kDa N-terminal fragments that both contained sialylated glycosylation and bound to heparin. We detected apoE fragments only in the extracellular milieu and not in cell lysates, suggesting that an extracellular protease contributes to apoE fragmentation. Of note, siRNA-mediated knockdown of high-temperature requirement serine peptidase A1 (HtrA1) and a specific HtrA1 inhibitor reduced apoE 25-kDa fragment formation by 41 and 86%, respectively. Recombinant 25-kDa fragment apoE and full-length apoE both stimulated neuritogenesis in vitro, increasing neuroblastoma neurite growth by more than 2-fold over a 6-day period. This study provides a cellular model for assessing apoE proteolysis, indicates that HtrA1 regulates apoE 25-kDa fragment formation under physiological conditions, and reveals a new neurotrophic function for the apoE 25-kDa fragment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Sanz Muñoz
- From the Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute and
- the School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia and
| | - Hongyun Li
- From the Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute and
- the School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia and
| | - Kalani Ruberu
- From the Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute and
- the School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia and
| | - Qian Chu
- the Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Alan Saghatelian
- the Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Lezanne Ooi
- From the Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute and
- the School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia and
| | - Brett Garner
- From the Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute and
- the School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia and
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Cai R, Han J, Sun J, Huang R, Tian S, Shen Y, Wang S. Effects of ABCA1 R219K Polymorphism and Serum Lipid Profiles on Mild Cognitive Impairment in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:257. [PMID: 28824418 PMCID: PMC5540897 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Accumulated evidence suggests that adverse lipid changes are risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and neurodegenerative disorders. The ATP-binding cassette A1 transporter (ABCA1) gene contributes to both lipid processing and amyloid-β formation and thus shows promise as a biological target in the pathology of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in T2DM. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the interactions among lipids, ABCA1 R219K polymorphism, and cognitive function in T2DM. Methods: Clinical parameters, including lipids, were measured. The testing scores of different cognitive domains were recorded, and the ABCA1 R219K polymorphisms were analyzed. Results: A total of 226 patients, including 124 MCI patients and 102 controls, were enrolled in this study. T2DM patients with MCI showed lower cognitive functions, serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL-c), and apolipoprotein A1 (apoA-I) levels; and higher total cholesterol level than the controls. Serum HDL-c (P = 0.001) and apoA-I (P = 0.016) were positively associated with the MoCA score in MCI patients. Further stratification analyses revealed that the subjects with higher HDL-c concentration showed better attention and memory for verbal, visual, and logical functions than the group with lower HDL-c concentration (P < 0.05). No significant differences were observed among the distributions of ABCA1 R219K variants between MCI patients and controls; however, the KK genotype carriers presented higher apoA-I levels than those with RR genotype in MCI individuals. Conclusion: This study does not support the association between R219K polymorphism and T2DM-related MCI. However, our data suggested that the serum HDL-c level might positively influence cognition, especially memory function, in T2DM patients. Further studies are needed to determine the interaction between lipids and ABCA1 genotype and its effect on cognition in T2DM patients. Trial registration: Advanced Glycation End Products Induced Cognitive Impairment in Diabetes: BDNF Signal Meditated Hippocampal Neurogenesis ChiCTR-OCC-15006060; http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=10536.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Cai
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast UniversityNanjing, China.,Medical school of Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Jing Han
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Rong Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Sai Tian
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Yanjue Shen
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Shaohua Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast UniversityNanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Nielsen HM, Chen K, Lee W, Chen Y, Bauer RJ, Reiman E, Caselli R, Bu G. Peripheral apoE isoform levels in cognitively normal APOE ε3/ε4 individuals are associated with regional gray matter volume and cerebral glucose metabolism. Alzheimers Res Ther 2017; 9:5. [PMID: 28137305 PMCID: PMC5282900 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-016-0231-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carriers of the APOE ε4 allele are at increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD), and have been shown to have reduced cerebral metabolic rate of glucose (CMRgl) in the same brain areas frequently affected in AD. These individuals also exhibit reduced plasma levels of apolipoprotein E (apoE) attributed to a specific decrease in the apoE4 isoform as determined by quantification of individual apoE isoforms in APOE ε4 heterozygotes. Whether low plasma apoE levels are associated with structural and functional brain measurements and cognitive performance remains to be investigated. METHODS Using quantitative mass spectrometry we quantified the plasma levels of total apoE and the individual apoE3 and apoE4 isoforms in 128 cognitively normal APOE ε3/ε4 individuals included in the Arizona APOE cohort. All included individuals had undergone extensive neuropsychological testing and 25 had in addition undergone FDG-PET and MRI to determine CMRgl and regional gray matter volume (GMV). RESULTS Our results demonstrated higher apoE4 levels in females versus males and an age-dependent increase in the apoE3 isoform levels in females only. Importantly, a higher relative ratio of apoE4 over apoE3 was associated with GMV loss in the right posterior cingulate and with reduced CMRgl bilaterally in the anterior cingulate and in the right hippocampal area. Additional exploratory analysis revealed several negative associations between total plasma apoE, individual apoE isoform levels, GMV and CMRgl predominantly in the frontal, occipital and temporal areas. Finally, our results indicated only weak associations between apoE plasma levels and cognitive performance which further appear to be affected by sex. CONCLUSIONS Our study proposes a sex-dependent and age-dependent variation in plasma apoE isoform levels and concludes that peripheral apoE levels are associated with GMV, CMRgl and possibly cognitive performance in cognitively healthy individuals with a genetic predisposition to AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henrietta M. Nielsen
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 4500 San Pablo Rd, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
- Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusväg 16B, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kewei Chen
- Banner Alzheimer’s Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85012 USA
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281 USA
- Arizona Alzheimer’s Consortium, Phoenix, AZ 85012 USA
| | - Wendy Lee
- Banner Alzheimer’s Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85012 USA
- Arizona Alzheimer’s Consortium, Phoenix, AZ 85012 USA
| | - Yinghua Chen
- Banner Alzheimer’s Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85012 USA
- Arizona Alzheimer’s Consortium, Phoenix, AZ 85012 USA
| | - Robert J. Bauer
- Banner Alzheimer’s Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85012 USA
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281 USA
- Arizona Alzheimer’s Consortium, Phoenix, AZ 85012 USA
| | - Eric Reiman
- Banner Alzheimer’s Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85012 USA
- Arizona Alzheimer’s Consortium, Phoenix, AZ 85012 USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
- Division of Neurogenomics, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85004 USA
| | - Richard Caselli
- Arizona Alzheimer’s Consortium, Phoenix, AZ 85012 USA
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Scottsdale, AZ 85259 USA
| | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 4500 San Pablo Rd, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Howell JC, Parker MW, Watts KD, Kollhoff A, Tsvetkova DZ, Hu WT. Research Lumbar Punctures among African Americans and Caucasians: Perception Predicts Experience. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:296. [PMID: 27994549 PMCID: PMC5133251 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
African Americans are under-represented in Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related biomarker studies, and it has been speculated that mistrust plays a major factor in the recruitment of African Americans for studies involving invasive procedures such as the lumbar puncture (LP). We set out to determine factors associated with non-participation in a biomarker study aiming to explore cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AD biomarker differences between older African Americans and Caucasians. We also surveyed participants' procedure-related perception (a standard medical procedure vs. a frightening invasive procedure) and reluctance, as well as the rate and type of post-procedure discomfort and complications. Among 288 subjects approached for study participation, 145 (50.3%) refused participation with concerns over LP being the most commonly reported reason. Relatively more African Americans than Caucasians reported concerns over LP as the main reason for non-participation (46% vs. 25%, p = 0.03), but more African Americans also did not provide a specific reason for non-participation. Among those who completed study participation (including the LP), African Americans and Caucasians were similar in pre-LP perceptions and reluctance, as well as post-LP rates of discomfort or complication. Perceiving LP as a frightening invasive procedure, not race, is associated with increased likelihood of post-LP discomfort or complication (RR 6.2, 95% confidence interval 1.1-37.0). Our results indicate that LP is a well perceived procedure in a cohort of African American and Caucasian research participants, and is associated with few serious complications. The pre-procedure perception that the LP is a frightening invasive procedure significantly increases the risk of self-reported discomfort of complications, and African Americans may be more likely to turn down study participation because of the LP. Future studies will need to address factors associated with negative LP perceptions to further assure participants and reduce complication rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Howell
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of MedicineAtlanta, GA, USA; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research, Emory University School of MedicineAtlanta, GA, USA; Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Emory University School of MedicineAtlanta, GA, USA
| | - Monica W Parker
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of MedicineAtlanta, GA, USA; Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Emory University School of MedicineAtlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kelly D Watts
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of MedicineAtlanta, GA, USA; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research, Emory University School of MedicineAtlanta, GA, USA; Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Emory University School of MedicineAtlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alexander Kollhoff
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of MedicineAtlanta, GA, USA; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research, Emory University School of MedicineAtlanta, GA, USA; Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Emory University School of MedicineAtlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dobromira Z Tsvetkova
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of MedicineAtlanta, GA, USA; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research, Emory University School of MedicineAtlanta, GA, USA
| | - William T Hu
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of MedicineAtlanta, GA, USA; Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research, Emory University School of MedicineAtlanta, GA, USA; Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Emory University School of MedicineAtlanta, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Fan J, Zareyan S, Zhao W, Shimizu Y, Pfeifer TA, Tak JH, Isman MB, Van den Hoven B, Duggan ME, Wood MW, Wellington CL, Kulic I. Identification of a Chrysanthemic Ester as an Apolipoprotein E Inducer in Astrocytes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162384. [PMID: 27598782 PMCID: PMC5012716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene is the most highly associated susceptibility locus for late onset Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), and augmenting the beneficial physiological functions of apoE is a proposed therapeutic strategy. In a high throughput phenotypic screen for small molecules that enhance apoE secretion from human CCF-STTG1 astrocytoma cells, we show the chrysanthemic ester 82879 robustly increases expressed apoE up to 9.4-fold and secreted apoE up to 6-fold and is associated with increased total cholesterol in conditioned media. Compound 82879 is unique as structural analogues, including pyrethroid esters, show no effect on apoE expression or secretion. 82879 also stimulates liver x receptor (LXR) target genes including ATP binding cassette A1 (ABCA1), LXRα and inducible degrader of low density lipoprotein receptor (IDOL) at both mRNA and protein levels. In particular, the lipid transporter ABCA1 was increased by up to 10.6-fold upon 82879 treatment. The findings from CCF-STTG1 cells were confirmed in primary human astrocytes from three donors, where increased apoE and ABCA1 was observed along with elevated secretion of high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-like apoE particles. Nuclear receptor transactivation assays revealed modest direct LXR agonism by compound 82879, yet 10 μM of 82879 significantly upregulated apoE mRNA in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) depleted of both LXRα and LXRβ, demonstrating that 82879 can also induce apoE expression independent of LXR transactivation. By contrast, deletion of LXRs in MEFs completely blocked mRNA changes in ABCA1 even at 10 μM of 82879, indicating the ability of 82879 to stimulate ABCA1 expression is entirely dependent on LXR transactivation. Taken together, compound 82879 is a novel chrysanthemic ester capable of modulating apoE secretion as well as apoE-associated lipid metabolic pathways in astrocytes, which is structurally and mechanistically distinct from known LXR agonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianjia Fan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Shahab Zareyan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Wenchen Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yoko Shimizu
- Centre for Drug Research and Development, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tom A. Pfeifer
- Centre for Drug Research and Development, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jun-Hyung Tak
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Murray B. Isman
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Mark E. Duggan
- AstraZeneca, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael W. Wood
- AstraZeneca, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Cheryl L. Wellington
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Iva Kulic
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Mahley RW. Central Nervous System Lipoproteins: ApoE and Regulation of Cholesterol Metabolism. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:1305-15. [PMID: 27174096 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.307023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
ApoE on high-density lipoproteins is primarily responsible for lipid transport and cholesterol homeostasis in the central nervous system (CNS). Normally produced mostly by astrocytes, apoE is also produced under neuropathologic conditions by neurons. ApoE on high-density lipoproteins is critical in redistributing cholesterol and phospholipids for membrane repair and remodeling. The 3 main structural isoforms differ in their effectiveness. Unlike apoE2 and apoE3, apoE4 has markedly altered CNS metabolism, is associated with Alzheimer disease and other neurodegenerative disorders, and is expressed at lower levels in brain and cerebrospinal fluid. ApoE4-expressing cultured astrocytes and neurons have reduced cholesterol and phospholipid secretion, decreased lipid-binding capacity, and increased intracellular degradation. Two structural features are responsible for apoE4 dysfunction: domain interaction, in which arginine-61 interacts ionically with glutamic acid-255, and a less stable conformation than apoE3 and apoE2. Blocking domain interaction by gene targeting (replacing arginine-61 with threonine) or by small-molecule structure correctors increases CNS apoE4 levels and lipid-binding capacity and decreases intracellular degradation. Small molecules (drugs) that disrupt domain interaction, so-called structure correctors, could prevent the apoE4-associated neuropathology by blocking the formation of neurotoxic fragments. Understanding how to modulate CNS cholesterol transport and metabolism is providing important insights into CNS health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Mahley
- From the Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA; and Departments of Pathology and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Dong X, Liu T, Xu S, Zhu L, Zhang P, Cheng A, Qian Q. The relevance of ABCA1 R219K polymorphisms and serum ABCA1 protein concentration to Parkinson’s disease pathogenesis and classification: a case–control study. Genes Genomics 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-015-0354-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
27
|
Moya-Alvarado G, Gershoni-Emek N, Perlson E, Bronfman FC. Neurodegeneration and Alzheimer's disease (AD). What Can Proteomics Tell Us About the Alzheimer's Brain? Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 15:409-25. [PMID: 26657538 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.r115.053330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's diseases (AD), are becoming more prevalent as the population ages. However, the mechanisms that lead to synapse destabilization and neuron death remain elusive. The advent of proteomics has allowed for high-throughput screening methods to search for biomarkers that could lead to early diagnosis and treatment and to identify alterations in the cellular proteome that could provide insight into disease etiology and possible treatment avenues. In this review, we have concentrated mainly on the findings that are related to how and whether proteomics studies have contributed to two aspects of AD research, the development of biomarkers for clinical diagnostics, and the recognition of proteins that can help elucidate the pathways leading to AD brain pathology. As a result of these studies, several candidate cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers are now available for further validation in different AD cohorts. Studies in AD brain and AD transgenic models support the notion that oxidative damage results in the alterations of metabolic enzymes and that mitochondrial dysfunction is central to AD neuropathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Moya-Alvarado
- From the ‡Millennium Nucleus of Regenerative Biology (MINREB) and CARE Center, Department of Physiology,Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Noga Gershoni-Emek
- §Sagol School of Neuroscience and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Eran Perlson
- §Sagol School of Neuroscience and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Francisca C Bronfman
- From the ‡Millennium Nucleus of Regenerative Biology (MINREB) and CARE Center, Department of Physiology,Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.;
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Talwar P, Sinha J, Grover S, Agarwal R, Kushwaha S, Srivastava MVP, Kukreti R. Meta-analysis of apolipoprotein E levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Sci 2015; 360:179-87. [PMID: 26723997 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The possible association between Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been studied extensively. However, previous findings have been inconsistent. We conducted a meta-analysis of observational studies, seeking to provide insights into ApoE's potential as a biomarker for AD. A systematic literature search of PubMed (MEDLINE), EMBASE, and Web of Science was performed to retrieve relevant studies evaluating ApoE levels in CSF from AD subjects and controls. The association between ApoE levels in the CSF and AD was estimated by the weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) using a random-effect model. We identified 24 studies that included 1064AD cases and 1338 non-demented controls. Although the pooled WMD did not indicate a significant association between AD and ApoE levels (-0.30mg/l; 95% CI: -0.69 to 0.09; P=0.13), sub-group analysis controlling for patient sample size (n≥43) revealed significantly lower ApoE levels (WMD: -0.66mg/l; 95% CI: -1.02 to -0.31; P=0.0002) among patients with AD than in controls. Publication bias was absent and sensitivity analysis did not result in any significant change in the pooled estimates, indicating highly stable results. The present meta-analysis indicates the potential of CSF ApoE levels as a predictor of AD association.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Talwar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB) Campus, New Delhi, India; Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi, India
| | - Juhi Sinha
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi, India
| | - Sandeep Grover
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi, India; Department of Paediatrics, Division of Pneumonology-Immunology, Charité University Medical Centre, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rachna Agarwal
- Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences (IHBAS), Delhi, India
| | - Suman Kushwaha
- Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences (IHBAS), Delhi, India
| | - M V Padma Srivastava
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Ritushree Kukreti
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB) Campus, New Delhi, India; Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Delhi, India.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) contains diverse lipid particles, including lipoproteins that are distinct from their plasma counterparts and contain apolipoprotein (apo) E isoforms, apoJ, and apoAI, and extracellular vesicles, which can be detected by annexin V binding. The aim of this study was to develop a method to quantify CSF particles and evaluate their relationship to aging and neurodegenerative diseases. We used a flow cytometric assay to detect annexin V-, apoE-, apoAI-, apoJ-, and amyloid (A) β42-positive particles in CSF from 131 research volunteers who were neurologically normal or had mild cognitive impairment (MCI), Alzheimer disease (AD) dementia, or Parkinson disease. APOE ε4/ε4 participants had CSF apoE-positive particles that were more frequently larger but at an 88% lower level versus those in APOE ε3/ε3 or APOE ε3/ε4 patients; this finding was reproduced in conditioned medium from mouse primary glial cell cultures with targeted replacement of apoE. Cerebrospinal fluid apoE-positive and β-amyloid (Aβ42)-positive particle concentrations were persistently reduced one-third to one-half in middle and older age subjects; apoAI-positive particle concentration progressively increased approximately 2-fold with age. Both apoAI-positive and annexin V-positive CSF particle levels were reduced one-third to one-half in CSF of MCI and/or AD dementia patients versus age-matched controls. Our approach provides new methods to investigate CNS lipid biology in relation to neurodegeneration and perhaps develop new biomarkers for diagnosis or treatment monitoring.
Collapse
|
30
|
Spellman DS, Wildsmith KR, Honigberg LA, Tuefferd M, Baker D, Raghavan N, Nairn AC, Croteau P, Schirm M, Allard R, Lamontagne J, Chelsky D, Hoffmann S, Potter WZ. Development and evaluation of a multiplexed mass spectrometry based assay for measuring candidate peptide biomarkers in Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) CSF. Proteomics Clin Appl 2015; 9:715-31. [PMID: 25676562 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201400178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We describe the outcome of the Biomarkers Consortium CSF Proteomics Project (where CSF is cerebral spinal fluid), a public-private partnership of government, academia, nonprofit, and industry. The goal of this study was to evaluate a multiplexed MS-based approach for the qualification of candidate Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers using CSF samples from the AD Neuroimaging Initiative. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Reproducibility of sample processing, analytic variability, and ability to detect a variety of analytes of interest were thoroughly investigated. Multiple approaches to statistical analyses assessed whether panel analytes were associated with baseline pathology (mild cognitive impairment (MCI), AD) versus healthy controls or associated with progression for MCI patients, and included (i) univariate association analyses, (ii) univariate prediction models, (iii) exploratory multivariate analyses, and (iv) supervised multivariate analysis. RESULTS A robust targeted MS-based approach for the qualification of candidate AD biomarkers was developed. The results identified several peptides with potential diagnostic or predictive utility, with the most significant differences observed for the following peptides for differentiating (including peptides from hemoglobin A, hemoglobin B, and superoxide dismutase) or predicting (including peptides from neuronal pentraxin-2, neurosecretory protein VGF (VGF), and secretogranin-2) progression versus nonprogression from MCI to AD. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE These data provide potential insights into the biology of CSF in AD and MCI progression and provide a novel tool for AD researchers and clinicians working to improve diagnostic accuracy, evaluation of treatment efficacy, and early diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Spellman
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Kristin R Wildsmith
- Department of Pharmacodynamic Biomarkers within Development Sciences, Genentech, Inc (a member of the Roche Group), South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lee A Honigberg
- Department of Pharmacodynamic Biomarkers within Development Sciences, Genentech, Inc (a member of the Roche Group), South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marianne Tuefferd
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development LLC, Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Beerse, Belgium
| | - David Baker
- Janssen Research & Development LLC, Titusville, NJ, USA
| | | | - Angus C Nairn
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | - Rene Allard
- Caprion Pharmaceuticals, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Steven Hoffmann
- Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, Inc, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Bachmeier C, Shackleton B, Ojo J, Paris D, Mullan M, Crawford F. Apolipoprotein E isoform-specific effects on lipoprotein receptor processing. Neuromolecular Med 2014; 16:686-96. [PMID: 25015123 PMCID: PMC4280344 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-014-8318-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Recent findings indicate an isoform-specific role for apolipoprotein E (apoE) in the elimination of beta-amyloid (Aβ) from the brain. ApoE is closely associated with various lipoprotein receptors, which contribute to Aβ brain removal via metabolic clearance or transit across the blood–brain barrier (BBB). These receptors are subject to ectodomain shedding at the cell surface, which alters endocytic transport and mitigates Aβ elimination. To further understand the manner in which apoE influences Aβ brain clearance, these studies investigated the effect of apoE on lipoprotein receptor shedding. Consistent with prior reports, we observed an increased shedding of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and the LDLR-related protein 1 (LRP1) following Aβ exposure in human brain endothelial cells. When Aβ was co-treated with each apoE isoform, there was a reduction in Aβ-induced shedding with apoE2 and apoE3, while lipoprotein receptor shedding in the presence of apoE4 remained increased. Likewise, intracranial administration of Aβ to apoE-targeted replacement mice (expressing the human apoE isoforms) resulted in an isoform-dependent effect on lipoprotein receptor shedding in the brain (apoE4 > apoE3 > apoE2). Moreover, these results show a strong inverse correlation with our prior work in apoE transgenic mice in which apoE4 animals showed reduced Aβ clearance across the BBB compared to apoE3 animals. Based on these results, apoE4 appears less efficient than other apoE isoforms in regulating lipoprotein receptor shedding, which may explain the differential effects of these isoforms in removing Aβ from the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corbin Bachmeier
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, Florida 34243, USA
| | - Ben Shackleton
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, Florida 34243, USA
| | - Joseph Ojo
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, Florida 34243, USA
| | - Daniel Paris
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, Florida 34243, USA
| | - Michael Mullan
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, Florida 34243, USA
| | - Fiona Crawford
- The Roskamp Institute, 2040 Whitfield Avenue, Sarasota, Florida 34243, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Koldamova R, Fitz NF, Lefterov I. ATP-binding cassette transporter A1: from metabolism to neurodegeneration. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 72 Pt A:13-21. [PMID: 24844148 PMCID: PMC4302328 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) mediates cholesterol efflux to lipid-free apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) and apolipoprotein E (apoE). ABCA1 is an essential regulator of high density lipoproteins (HDL) and reverse cholesterol transport - a role that determines its importance for atherosclerosis. Over the last 10 years studies have provided convincing evidence that ABCA1, via its control of apoE lipidation, also has a role in Alzheimer's disease (AD). A series of reports have revealed a significant impact of ABCA1 on Aβ deposition and clearance in AD model mice, as well as an association of common and rare ABCA1 gene variants with the risk for AD. Since APOE is the major genetic risk factor for late onset AD, the regulation of apoE level or its functionality by ABCA1 may prove significant for AD pathogenesis. ABCA1 is transcriptionally regulated by Liver X Receptors (LXR) and Retinoic X Receptors (RXR) which provides a starting point for drug discovery and development of synthetic LXR and RXR agonists for treatment of metabolic and neurodegenerative disorders. This review summarizes the recent results of research on ABCA1, particularly relevant to atherosclerosis and AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Radosveta Koldamova
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
| | - Nicholas F Fitz
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Iliya Lefterov
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
de la Escosura-Muñiz A, Plichta Z, Horák D, Merkoçi A. Alzheimer's disease biomarkers detection in human samples by efficient capturing through porous magnetic microspheres and labelling with electrocatalytic gold nanoparticles. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 67:162-9. [PMID: 25153932 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.07.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A nanobiosensor based on the use of porous magnetic microspheres (PMM) as efficient capturing/pre-concentrating platform is presented for detection of Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers. These PMMs prepared by a multistep swelling polymerization combined with iron oxide precipitation afford carboxyl functional groups suitable for immobilization of antibodies on the particle surface allowing an enhanced efficiency in the capturing of AD biomarkers from human serum samples. The AD biomarkers signaling is produced by gold nanoparticle (AuNP) tags monitored through their electrocatalytic effect towards hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Novel properties of PMMs in terms of high functionality and high active area available for enhanced catalytic activity of the captured AuNPs electrocatalytic tags are exploited for the first time. A thorough characterization by scanning transmission electron microscope in high angle annular dark field mode (STEM-HAADF) demonstrates the enhanced ability of PMMs to capture a higher quantity of analyte and consequently of electrocatalytic label, when compared with commercially available microspheres. The optimized and characterized PMMs are also applied for the first time for the detection of beta amyloid and ApoE at clinical relevant levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), serum and plasma samples of patients suffering from AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo de la Escosura-Muñiz
- ICN2 - Nanobioelectronics & Biosensors Group, Institut Catala de Nanociencia i Nanotecnologia, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Barcelona) 08193, Spain
| | - Zdeněk Plichta
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovského Sq. 2, Prague 6 162 06, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Horák
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovského Sq. 2, Prague 6 162 06, Czech Republic
| | - Arben Merkoçi
- ICN2 - Nanobioelectronics & Biosensors Group, Institut Catala de Nanociencia i Nanotecnologia, Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Barcelona) 08193, Spain; ICREA - Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona 08010, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Toledo JB, Da X, Weiner MW, Wolk DA, Xie SX, Arnold SE, Davatzikos C, Shaw LM, Trojanowski JQ. CSF Apo-E levels associate with cognitive decline and MRI changes. Acta Neuropathol 2014; 127:621-32. [PMID: 24385135 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-013-1236-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele is the most important genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and it is thought to do so by modulating levels of its product, apolipoprotein E (Apo-E), and regulating amyloid-β (Aβ) clearance. However, information on clinical and biomarker correlates of Apo-E proteins is scarce. We examined the relationship of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma Apo-E protein levels, and APOE genotype to cognition and AD biomarker changes in 311 AD neuroimaging initiative subjects with CSF Apo-E measurements and 565 subjects with plasma Apo-E measurements. At baseline, higher CSF Apo-E levels were associated with higher total and phosphorylated CSF tau levels. CSF Apo-E levels were associated with longitudinal cognitive decline, MCI conversion to dementia, and gray matter atrophy rate in total tau/Aβ1-42 ratio and APOE genotype-adjusted analyses. In analyses stratified by APOE genotype, our results were only significant in the group without the ε4 allele. Baseline CSF Apo-E levels did not predict longitudinal CSF Aβ or tau changes. Plasma Apo-E levels show a mild correlation with CSF Apo-E levels, but were not associated with longitudinal cognitive and MRI changes. Based on our analyses, we speculate that increased CSF Apo-E2 or -E3 levels might represent a protective response to injury in AD and may have neuroprotective effects by decreasing neuronal damage independent of tau and amyloid deposition in addition to its effects on amyloid clearance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jon B Toledo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute on Aging, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, HUP, Maloney 3rd, 36th and Spruce Streets, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-4283, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Kanekiyo T, Xu H, Bu G. ApoE and Aβ in Alzheimer's disease: accidental encounters or partners? Neuron 2014; 81:740-54. [PMID: 24559670 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 408] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Among the three human apolipoprotein E (apoE) isoforms, apoE4 increases the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). While transporting cholesterol is a primary function, apoE also regulates amyloid-β (Aβ) metabolism, aggregation, and deposition. Although earlier work suggests that different affinities of apoE isoforms to Aβ might account for their effects on Aβ clearance, recent studies indicate that apoE also competes with Aβ for cellular uptake through apoE receptors. Thus, several factors probably determine the variable effects apoE has on Aβ. In this Review, we examine biochemical, structural, and functional studies and propose testable models that address the complex mechanisms underlying apoE-Aβ interaction and how apoE4 may increase AD risk and also serve as a target pathway for therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takahisa Kanekiyo
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Apolipoprotein E, amyloid-beta, and neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Bull 2014; 30:317-30. [PMID: 24652457 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-013-1422-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation and deposition of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides in the brain. Neuroinflammation occurs in the AD brain and plays a critical role in the neurodegenerative pathology. Particularly, Aβ evokes an inflammatory response that leads to synaptic dysfunction, neuronal death, and neurodegeneration. Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) proteins are involved in cholesterol transport, Aβ binding and clearance, and synaptic functions in the brain. The ApoE4 isoform is a key risk factor for AD, while the ApoE2 isoform has a neuroprotective effect. However, studies have reached different conclusions about the roles of the isoforms; some show that both ApoE3 and ApoE4 have anti-inflammatory effects, while others show that ApoE4 causes a predisposition to inflammation or promotes an inflammatory response following lipopolysaccharide treatment. These discrepancies may result from the differences in models, cell types, experimental conditions, and inflammatory stimuli used. Further, little was known about the role of ApoE isoforms in the Aβ-induced inflammatory response and in the neuroinflammation of AD. Our recent work showed that ApoE isoforms differentially regulate and modify the Aβ-induced inflammatory response in neural cells, with ApoE2 suppressing and ApoE4 promoting the response. In this article, we review the roles, mechanisms, and interrelations among Aβ, ApoE, and neuroinflammation in AD.
Collapse
|
37
|
Zhao J, Fu Y, Liu CC, Shinohara M, Nielsen HM, Dong Q, Kanekiyo T, Bu G. Retinoic acid isomers facilitate apolipoprotein E production and lipidation in astrocytes through the retinoid X receptor/retinoic acid receptor pathway. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:11282-11292. [PMID: 24599963 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.526095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is the major cholesterol transport protein in the brain. Among the three human APOE alleles (APOE2, APOE3, and APOE4), APOE4 is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer disease (AD). The accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) is a central event in AD pathogenesis. Increasing evidence demonstrates that apoE isoforms differentially regulate AD-related pathways through both Aβ-dependent and -independent mechanisms; therefore, modulating apoE secretion, lipidation, and function might be an attractive approach for AD therapy. We performed a drug screen for compounds that modulate apoE production in immortalized astrocytes derived from apoE3-targeted replacement mice. Here, we report that retinoic acid (RA) isomers, including all-trans-RA, 9-cis-RA, and 13-cis-RA, significantly increase apoE secretion to ~4-fold of control through retinoid X receptor (RXR) and RA receptor. These effects on modulating apoE are comparable with the effects recently reported for the RXR agonist bexarotene. Furthermore, all of these compounds increased the expression of the cholesterol transporter ABCA1 and ABCG1 levels and decreased cellular uptake of Aβ in an apoE-dependent manner. Both bexarotene and 9-cis-RA promote the lipidation status of apoE, in which 9-cis-RA promotes a stronger effect and exhibits less cytotoxicity compared with bexarotene. Importantly, we showed that oral administration of bexarotene and 9-cis-RA significantly increases apoE, ABCA1, and ABCG1 levels in mouse brains. Taken together, our results demonstrate that RXR/RA receptor agonists, including several RA isomers, are effective modulators of apoE secretion and lipidation and may be explored as potential drugs for AD therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- From the Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China,; the Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, and
| | - Yuan Fu
- the Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, and
| | - Chia-Chen Liu
- the Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, and; the Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Mitsuru Shinohara
- the Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, and
| | - Henrietta M Nielsen
- the Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, and
| | - Qiang Dong
- From the Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Takahisa Kanekiyo
- the Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, and
| | - Guojun Bu
- the Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, and; the Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Schmidt C, Becker H, Zerr I. Cerebrospinal fluid apolipoprotein E concentration and severity of cognitive impairment in patients with newly diagnosed Alzheimer's disease. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2014; 29:54-60. [PMID: 24277910 PMCID: PMC11008136 DOI: 10.1177/1533317513505133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE Apolipoprotein E (apoE) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Altered cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma levels have been previously reported in patients with AD. We hypothesized that CSF apoE levels of patients with newly diagnosed AD might be associated with their cognitive performance. METHODS Patients with AD (N = 71) enrolled into an observational study underwent neuropsychological testing (Consortium to Establish a Registry for AD [CERAD] plus) at time of diagnosis. The CSF was obtained, and apoE concentrations were determined. Generalized linear models were constructed to assess the associations of apoE and neuropsychological measures while adjusting for important potential confounders. RESULTS No association of CSF apoE levels and cognitive function could be demonstrated. Still, the use of neuroleptic drugs, female gender, preprogression time, and lower education were linked to worse cognitive function in some domains. CONCLUSION The CSF apoE appears not to be suitable as a biochemical surrogate of cognitive function in AD under the given circumstances. By means of longitudinal analyses, potential associations with the velocity of decline will be investigated in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Dementia Center, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Harry Becker
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Dementia Center, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Inga Zerr
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Dementia Center, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Martínez-Morillo E, Nielsen HM, Batruch I, Drabovich AP, Begcevic I, Lopez MF, Minthon L, Bu G, Mattsson N, Portelius E, Hansson O, Diamandis EP. Assessment of peptide chemical modifications on the development of an accurate and precise multiplex selected reaction monitoring assay for apolipoprotein e isoforms. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:1077-87. [PMID: 24392642 DOI: 10.1021/pr401060x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is a polymorphic protein that plays a major role in lipid metabolism in the central nervous system and periphery. It has three common allelic isoforms, ApoE2, ApoE3, and ApoE4, that differ in only one or two amino acids. ApoE isoforms have been associated with the occurrence and progression of several pathological conditions, such as coronary atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. The aim of this study was to develop a mass spectrometry (MS)-based assay for absolute quantification of ApoE isoforms in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma samples using isotope-labeled peptides. The assay included five tryptic peptides: CLAVYQAGAR (ApoE2), LGADMEDVCGR (ApoE2 and 3), LAVYQAGAR (ApoE3 and 4), LGADMEDVR (ApoE4), and LGPLVEQGR (total ApoE). Both cerebrospinal fluid and plasma samples were assayed to validate the method. The digestion yield and the extension of chemical modifications in selected amino acid residues (methionine oxidation, glutamine deamidation, and cyclization of N-terminus carbamidomethylcysteine) were also studied. The ApoE phenotype was successfully assigned to all samples analyzed in a blinded manner. The method showed good linearity (R(2) > 0.99) and reproducibility (within laboratory imprecision <13%). The comparison of the MS-based assay with an ELISA for total ApoE concentration showed a moderate correlation (R(2) = 0.59). This MS-based assay can serve as an important tool in clinical studies aiming to elucidate the association between ApoE genotype, total ApoE, and ApoE isoform concentrations in various disorders related to ApoE polymorphisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Martínez-Morillo
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Joseph and Wolf Lebovic Health Complex, Mount Sinai Hospital , 60 Murray Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3L9 Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Tai LM, Mehra S, Shete V, Estus S, Rebeck GW, Bu G, LaDu MJ. Soluble apoE/Aβ complex: mechanism and therapeutic target for APOE4-induced AD risk. Mol Neurodegener 2014; 9:2. [PMID: 24386905 PMCID: PMC3897976 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-9-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The APOE4 allele of apolipoprotein E (apoE) is the greatest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD) compared to APOE2 and APOE3. Amyloid-β (Aβ), particularly in a soluble oligomeric form (oAβ), is considered a proximal cause of neurodegeneration in AD. Emerging data indicate that levels of soluble oAβ are increased with APOE4, providing a potential mechanism of APOE4-induced AD risk. However, the pathway(s) by which apoE4 may increase oAβ levels are unclear and the subject of continued inquiry. In this editorial review, we present the hypothesis that apoE isoform-specific interactions with Aβ, namely apoE/Aβ complex, modulate Aβ levels. Specifically, we propose that compared to apoE3, apoE4-containing lipoproteins are less lipidated, leading to less stable apoE4/Aβ complexes, resulting in reduced apoE4/Aβ levels and increased accumulation, particularly of oAβ. Evidence that support or counter this argument, as well as the therapeutic significance of this pathway to neurodegeneration, are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leon M Tai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 808 S. Wood St., M/C 512, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Shipra Mehra
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 808 S. Wood St., M/C 512, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Varsha Shete
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 808 S. Wood St., M/C 512, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Steve Estus
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - G William Rebeck
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Mary Jo LaDu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 808 S. Wood St., M/C 512, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Rungta RL, Choi HB, Lin PJ, Ko RW, Ashby D, Nair J, Manoharan M, Cullis PR, Macvicar BA. Lipid Nanoparticle Delivery of siRNA to Silence Neuronal Gene Expression in the Brain. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2013; 2:e136. [PMID: 24301867 PMCID: PMC3889191 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2013.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Manipulation of gene expression in the brain is fundamental for understanding the function of proteins involved in neuronal processes. In this article, we show a method for using small interfering RNA (siRNA) in lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) to efficiently silence neuronal gene expression in cell culture and in the brain in vivo through intracranial injection. We show that neurons accumulate these LNPs in an apolipoprotein E-dependent fashion, resulting in very efficient uptake in cell culture (100%) with little apparent toxicity. In vivo, intracortical or intracerebroventricular (ICV) siRNA-LNP injections resulted in knockdown of target genes either in discrete regions around the injection site or in more widespread areas following ICV injections with no apparent toxicity or immune reactions from the LNPs. Effective targeted knockdown was demonstrated by showing that intracortical delivery of siRNA against GRIN1 (encoding GluN1 subunit of the NMDA receptor (NMDAR)) selectively reduced synaptic NMDAR currents in vivo as compared with synaptic AMPA receptor currents. Therefore, LNP delivery of siRNA rapidly manipulates expression of proteins involved in neuronal processes in vivo, possibly enabling the development of gene therapies for neurological disorders.Molecular Therapy-Nucleic Acids (2013) 2, e136; doi:10.1038/mtna.2013.65; published online 3 December 2013.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ravi L Rungta
- Brain Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kandimalla RJL, Wani WY, Anand R, Kaushal A, Prabhakar S, Grover VK, Bharadwaj N, Jain K, Gill KD. Apolipoprotein E levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of north Indian patients with Alzheimer's disease. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2013; 28:258-62. [PMID: 23612909 PMCID: PMC10852682 DOI: 10.1177/1533317513481097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is multifactorial involving both genetic and environmental factors. Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene plays a pivotal role in risk and age of onset of AD. Although it is broadly accepted that ApoE genotype is linked to the pathogenesis of AD, there are still controversial results regarding the association of ApoE levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) with the occurrence of AD. Some studies have shown a positive correlation between CSF ApoE levels and AD, whereas others showed no link. In this study, we measured ApoE levels to assess the usefulness of CSF ApoE as a diagnostic marker of AD by comparing the levels in 3 patient groups and in control participants. No significant difference was observed in CSF ApoE concentrations between the patients with AD and the controls. So, it appears that CSF ApoE measurement does not offer any diagnostic advantage for AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Willayat Yousuf Wani
- Department of Biochemistry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
- Contributed equally to this work
| | - R. Anand
- Department of Biochemistry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Alka Kaushal
- Department of Biochemistry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sudesh Prabhakar
- Department of Neurology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vinod K. Grover
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive care, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Neerja Bharadwaj
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive care, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kajal Jain
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive care, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kiran Dip Gill
- Department of Biochemistry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (Apo-E) is a major cholesterol carrier that supports lipid transport and injury repair in the brain. APOE polymorphic alleles are the main genetic determinants of Alzheimer disease (AD) risk: individuals carrying the ε4 allele are at increased risk of AD compared with those carrying the more common ε3 allele, whereas the ε2 allele decreases risk. Presence of the APOE ε4 allele is also associated with increased risk of cerebral amyloid angiopathy and age-related cognitive decline during normal ageing. Apo-E-lipoproteins bind to several cell-surface receptors to deliver lipids, and also to hydrophobic amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide, which is thought to initiate toxic events that lead to synaptic dysfunction and neurodegeneration in AD. Apo-E isoforms differentially regulate Aβ aggregation and clearance in the brain, and have distinct functions in regulating brain lipid transport, glucose metabolism, neuronal signalling, neuroinflammation, and mitochondrial function. In this Review, we describe current knowledge on Apo-E in the CNS, with a particular emphasis on the clinical and pathological features associated with carriers of different Apo-E isoforms. We also discuss Aβ-dependent and Aβ-independent mechanisms that link Apo-E4 status with AD risk, and consider how to design effective strategies for AD therapy by targeting Apo-E.
Collapse
|
44
|
Abca1 deficiency affects Alzheimer's disease-like phenotype in human ApoE4 but not in ApoE3-targeted replacement mice. J Neurosci 2012; 32:13125-36. [PMID: 22993429 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1937-12.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) transporter regulates cholesterol efflux and is an essential mediator of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) formation. In amyloid precursor protein (APP) transgenic mice, Abca1 deficiency increased amyloid deposition in the brain paralleled by decreased levels of Apolipoprotein E (ApoE). The APOEε4 allele is the major genetic risk factor of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we reveal the effect of Abca1 deficiency on phenotype in mice expressing human ApoE3 or ApoE4. We used APP/E3 and APP/E4 mice generated by crossing APP/PS1ΔE9 transgenic mice to human APOE3- and APOE4-targeted replacement mice and examined Abca1 gene dose effect on amyloid deposition and cognition. The results from two behavior tests demonstrate that lack of one copy of Abca1 significantly exacerbates memory deficits in APP/E4/Abca1(-/+) but not in APP/E3/Abca1(-/+) mice. The data for amyloid plaques and insoluble amyloid-β (Aβ) also show that Abca1 hemizygosity increases Aβ deposition only in APP/E4/Abca1(-/+) but not in APP/E3/Abca1(-/+) mice. Our in vivo microdialysis assays indicate that Abca1 deficiency significantly decreases Aβ clearance in ApoE4-expressing mice, while the effect of Abca1 on Aβ clearance in ApoE3-expressing mice was insignificant. In addition, we demonstrate that plasma HDL and Aβ42 levels in APP/E4/Abca1(-/+) mice are significantly decreased, and there is a negative correlation between plasma HDL and amyloid plaques in brain, suggesting that plasma lipoproteins may be involved in Aβ clearance. Overall, our results prove that the presence of functional Abca1 significantly influences the phenotype of APP mice expressing human ApoE4 and further substantiate therapeutic approaches in AD based on ABCA1-APOE regulatory axis.
Collapse
|
45
|
Wang XF, Cao YW, Feng ZZ, Fu D, Ma YS, Zhang F, Jiang XX, Shao YC. Quantitative assessment of the effect of ABCA1 gene polymorphism on the risk of Alzheimer's disease. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 40:779-85. [PMID: 23111454 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-2115-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) is a membrane-associated protein which has attracted considerable attention as a candidate gene for Alzheimer's disease (AD) based on its function as a key factor in lipid metabolism by mediating cellular cholesterol efflux, the rate-limiting step in the production of nascent high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles. The relationship between ABCA1 common variations (R219 K rs2230806, I883 M rs4149313 and R1587 K rs2230808) and AD has been reported in various ethnic groups; however, these studies have yielded contradictory results. To investigate this inconsistency, we performed a meta-analysis of 13 studies involving a total of 12,248 subjects to evaluate the effect of ABCA1 on genetic susceptibility for AD. Overall, the summary OR of AD was 1.01 (95 % CI: 0.93-1.10; P = 0.77), 1.10 (95 % CI: 0.96-1.26; P = 0.16), and 1.08 (95 % CI: 0.96-1.23; P = 0.21) for R219 K, I883 M and R1587 K polymorphism, respectively. No significant results were observed in dominant and recessive when compared with wild genotype for these polymorphisms. In the stratified analyses by ethnicity and sample size, no evidence of any gene-disease association was obtained. In conclusion, the present meta-analysis does not support the notion that common SNPs on ABCA1 is a major genetic risk factor for AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Feng Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Jiang M, Lv L, Wang H, Yang X, Ji H, Zhou F, Zhu W, Cai L, Gu X, Sun J, Dong Q. Meta-analysis on association between the ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 gene (ABCA1) and Alzheimer's disease. Gene 2012; 510:147-53. [PMID: 22982414 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In the past decade, a number of case-control studies have been carried out to investigate the relationship between ABCA1 polymorphisms and Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, these studies have yielded contradictory results. To investigate this inconsistency, a meta-analysis was performed. METHODS Databases including PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE and CNKI were searched to find relevant studies. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to assess the strength of association. RESULTS A total of 13 case-control studies, involving 6214 patients and 6034 controls for ABCA1 polymorphisms were included. In a combined analysis, the summary per-allele odds ratio for AD of the 219K was 1.03 (95% CI: 0.93-1.14, p=0.56). A meta-analysis of studies on the 883M and 1587K variant showed no significant overall association with AD, yielding a per-allele odds ratio of 1.10 (95% CI: 0.96-1.26, p=0.16), and 1.09 (95% CI: 0.97-1.24, p=0.16) respectively. Similar results were also found for heterozygous and homozygous. In the subgroup analysis by ethnicity, sample size, APOE status and onset type, no significant associations were found in almost all genetic models. CONCLUSIONS In summary, there was no significant association detected between ABCA1 R219K, I883M and R1587K polymorphisms and risk for AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Pudong New Area Gongli Hospital, 219 Miao Pu Road, Shanghai 200135, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Cruchaga C, Kauwe JSK, Nowotny P, Bales K, Pickering EH, Mayo K, Bertelsen S, Hinrichs A, Fagan AM, Holtzman DM, Morris JC, Goate AM. Cerebrospinal fluid APOE levels: an endophenotype for genetic studies for Alzheimer's disease. Hum Mol Genet 2012; 21:4558-71. [PMID: 22821396 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype is the major genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). We have access to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma APOE protein levels from 641 individuals and genome-wide genotyped data from 570 of these samples. The aim of this study was to test whether CSF or plasma APOE levels could be a useful endophenotype for AD and to identify genetic variants associated with APOE levels. We found that CSF (P = 8.15 × 10(-4)) but not plasma (P = 0.071) APOE protein levels are significantly associated with CSF Aβ(42) levels. We used Mendelian randomization and genetic variants as instrumental variables to confirm that the association of CSF APOE with CSF Aβ(42) levels and clinical dementia rating (CDR) is not because of a reverse causation or confounding effect. In addition the association of CSF APOE with Aβ(42) levels was independent of the APOE ε4 genotype, suggesting that APOE levels in CSF may be a useful endophenotype for AD. We performed a genome-wide association study to identify genetic variants associated with CSF APOE levels: the APOE ε4 genotype was the strongest single-genetic factor associated with CSF APOE protein levels (P = 6.9 × 10(-13)). In aggregate, the Illumina chip single nucleotide polymorphisms explain 72% of the variability in CSF APOE protein levels, whereas the APOE ε4 genotype alone explains 8% of the variability. No other genetic variant reached the genome-wide significance threshold, but nine additional variants exhibited a P-value <10(-6). Pathway mining analysis indicated that these nine additional loci are involved in lipid metabolism (P = 4.49 × 10(-9)).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Sun YM, Li HL, Guo QH, Wu P, Hong Z, Lu CZ, Wu ZY. The polymorphism of the ATP-binding cassette transporter 1 gene modulates Alzheimer disease risk in Chinese Han ethnic population. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2012; 20:603-11. [PMID: 22377775 DOI: 10.1097/jgp.0b013e3182423b6a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies highlight a potential role of cholesterol metabolic disturbance in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer disease (AD). The adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette transporter 1 (ABCA1) gene resides within proximity of linkage peaks on chromosome 9q influence AD and plays a key role in cellular cholesterol efflux in the brain. METHODS We studied the role of R219K and V825I polymorphisms of ABCA1 in modulating the risk of AD in 321 AD patients and 349 comparisons of Chinese Han. Genotyping of R219K and V825I were performed by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. RESULTS The genotype distribution of R219K was different with more RK in total AD group (χ(2) = 8.705, df = 2, p = 0.013), late-onset AD (LOAD) group (χ(2) = 10.636, df = 2, p = 0.005), APOE non-ε4ε4 group (χ(2) = 9.900, df = 2, p = 0.007), and female AD group (χ(2) = 8.369, df = 2, p = 0.015). Logistic regression manifested the risk of AD increased in RK carriers in total AD group (Wald = 6.102, df = 1, p = 0.014, odds ratio [OR]: 1.546, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.094-2.185), LOAD group (Wald = 7.746, df = 1, p = 0.005, OR: 1.921, 95% CI: 1.213-3.041), and APOE non-ε4ε4 group (Wald = 6.399, df = 1, p = 0.011, OR: 1.586, 95% CI: 1.109-2.266). K allele (RK + KK) also increased the risk of AD compared with RR allele in LOAD group (Wald = 4.750, df = 1, p = 0.029, OR: 1.619, 95% CI: 1.050-2.497). However, no discrepancy was found in V825I. In R219K, age at onset (AAO) was significantly lower by 4.9 years on average in patients of KK genotype than those of RK in APOE ε4 carrying group and higher by 5.5 years in patients of KK genotype than those of RR in APOE ε4 noncarrying group. In V825I, AAO was diseased by 4.3 years in II genotype compared with VV genotype in APOE ε4 noncarrying group and 3.4 years in APOE ε4ε4 noncarrying group. CONCLUSION The results indicated that the RK genotype or K allele (RK + KK) of R219K may relate to the development of AD in the east of China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Min Sun
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Wildsmith KR, Basak JM, Patterson BW, Pyatkivskyy Y, Kim J, Yarasheski KE, Wang JX, Mawuenyega KG, Jiang H, Parsadanian M, Yoon H, Kasten T, Sigurdson WC, Xiong C, Goate A, Holtzman DM, Bateman RJ. In vivo human apolipoprotein E isoform fractional turnover rates in the CNS. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38013. [PMID: 22675504 PMCID: PMC3366983 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is the strongest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease and has been implicated in the risk for other neurological disorders. The three common ApoE isoforms (ApoE2, E3, and E4) each differ by a single amino acid, with ApoE4 increasing and ApoE2 decreasing the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Both the isoform and amount of ApoE in the brain modulate AD pathology by altering the extent of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide deposition. Therefore, quantifying ApoE isoform production and clearance rates may advance our understanding of the role of ApoE in health and disease. To measure the kinetics of ApoE in the central nervous system (CNS), we applied in vivo stable isotope labeling to quantify the fractional turnover rates of ApoE isoforms in 18 cognitively-normal adults and in ApoE3 and ApoE4 targeted-replacement mice. No isoform-specific differences in CNS ApoE3 and ApoE4 turnover rates were observed when measured in human CSF or mouse brain. However, CNS and peripheral ApoE isoform turnover rates differed substantially, which is consistent with previous reports and suggests that the pathways responsible for ApoE metabolism are different in the CNS and the periphery. We also demonstrate a slower turnover rate for CSF ApoE than that for amyloid beta, another molecule critically important in AD pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin R. Wildsmith
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jacob M. Basak
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Bruce W. Patterson
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Yuriy Pyatkivskyy
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jungsu Kim
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Kevin E. Yarasheski
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jennifer X. Wang
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Kwasi G. Mawuenyega
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Maia Parsadanian
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Hyejin Yoon
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Tom Kasten
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Wendy C. Sigurdson
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Chengjie Xiong
- Department of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Alison Goate
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Knight Alzheimer‘s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - David M. Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Knight Alzheimer‘s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Randall J. Bateman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Piehler AP, Ozcürümez M, Kaminski WE. A-Subclass ATP-Binding Cassette Proteins in Brain Lipid Homeostasis and Neurodegeneration. Front Psychiatry 2012; 3:17. [PMID: 22403555 PMCID: PMC3293240 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2012.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 02/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The A-subclass of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters comprises 12 structurally related members of the evolutionarily highly conserved superfamily of ABC transporters. ABCA transporters represent a subgroup of "full-size" multispan transporters of which several members have been shown to mediate the transport of a variety of physiologic lipid compounds across membrane barriers. The importance of ABCA transporters in human disease is documented by the observations that so far four members of this protein family (ABCA1, ABCA3, ABCA4, ABCA12) have been causatively linked to monogenetic disorders including familial high-density lipoprotein deficiency, neonatal surfactant deficiency, degenerative retinopathies, and congenital keratinization disorders. Recent research also point to a significant contribution of several A-subfamily ABC transporters to neurodegenerative diseases, in particular Alzheimer's disease (AD). This review will give a summary of our current knowledge of the A-subclass of ABC transporters with a special focus on brain lipid homeostasis and their involvement in AD.
Collapse
|