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Winegar PH, Hudson GA, Dell LB, Astolfi MCT, Reed J, Payet RD, Ombredane HCJ, Iavarone AT, Chen Y, Gin JW, Petzold CJ, Osbourn AE, Keasling JD. Verazine biosynthesis from simple sugars in engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Metab Eng 2024; 85:145-158. [PMID: 39074544 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2024.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Steroidal alkaloids are FDA-approved drugs (e.g., Zytiga) and promising drug candidates/leads (e.g., cyclopamine); yet many of the ≥697 known steroidal alkaloid natural products remain underutilized as drugs because it can be challenging to scale their biosynthesis in their producing organisms. Cyclopamine is a steroidal alkaloid produced by corn lily (Veratrum spp.) plants, and it is an inhibitor of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway. Therefore, cyclopamine is an important drug candidate/lead to treat human diseases that are associated with dysregulated Hh signaling, such as basal cell carcinoma and acute myeloid leukemia. Cyclopamine and its semi-synthetic derivatives have been studied in (pre)clinical trials as Hh inhibitor-based drugs. However, challenges in scaling the production of cyclopamine have slowed efforts to improve its efficacy and safety profile through (bio)synthetic derivatization, often limiting drug development to synthetic analogs of cyclopamine such as the FDA-approved drugs Odomzo, Daurismo, and Erivedge. If a platform for the scalable and sustainable production of cyclopamine were established, then its (bio)synthetic derivatization, clinical development, and, ultimately, widespread distribution could be accelerated. Ongoing efforts to achieve this goal include the biosynthesis of cyclopamine in Veratrum plant cell culture and the semi-/total chemical synthesis of cyclopamine. Herein, this work advances efforts towards a promising future approach: the biosynthesis of cyclopamine in engineered microorganisms. We completed the heterologous microbial production of verazine (biosynthetic precursor to cyclopamine) from simple sugars (i.e., glucose and galactose) in engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) through the inducible upregulation of the native yeast mevalonate and lanosterol biosynthetic pathways, diversion of biosynthetic flux from ergosterol (i.e., native sterol in S. cerevisiae) to cholesterol (i.e., biosynthetic precursor to verazine), and expression of a refactored five-step verazine biosynthetic pathway. The engineered S. cerevisiae strain that produced verazine contains eight heterologous enzymes sourced from seven different species. Importantly, S. cerevisiae-produced verazine was indistinguishable via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry from both a commercial standard (Veratrum spp. plant-produced) and Nicotiana benthamiana-produced verazine. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing the heterologous production of a steroidal alkaloid in an engineered yeast. Verazine production was ultimately increased through design-build-test-learn cycles to a final titer of 83 ± 3 μg/L (4.1 ± 0.1 μg/g DCW). Together, this research lays the groundwork for future microbial biosynthesis of cyclopamine, (bio)synthetic derivatives of cyclopamine, and other steroidal alkaloid natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H Winegar
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA; Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA; California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3 Institute), University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Graham A Hudson
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA; Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA; California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3 Institute), University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Luisa B Dell
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA; Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Maria C T Astolfi
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA; Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - James Reed
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Rocky D Payet
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | | | - Anthony T Iavarone
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3 Institute), University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Yan Chen
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA; Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jennifer W Gin
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA; Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Christopher J Petzold
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA; Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Anne E Osbourn
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jay D Keasling
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA; Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA; California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3 Institute), University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 220, Kongens, Lyngby, 2800, Denmark.
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Dirks ML, McDougal OM. Pharmacology of Veratrum californicum Alkaloids as Hedgehog Pathway Antagonists. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:123. [PMID: 38256956 PMCID: PMC10821092 DOI: 10.3390/ph17010123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Veratrum californicum contains steroidal alkaloids that function as inhibitors of hedgehog (Hh) signaling, a pathway involved in the growth and differentiation of cells and normal tissue development. This same Hh pathway is abnormally active for cell proliferation in more than 20 types of cancer. In this current study, alkaloids have been extracted from the root and rhizome of V. californicum, followed by their separation into five fractions using high performance liquid chromatography. Mass spectrometry was used to identify the presence of twenty-five alkaloids, nine more than are commonly cited in literature reports, and the Bruker Compass Data Analysis software was used to predict the molecular formula for every detected alkaloid. The Gli activity of the raw extract and each fraction were compared to 0.1 µM cyclopamine, and fractions 1, 2, and 4 showed increased bioactivity through suppression of the Hh signaling pathway. Fractions 2 and 4 had enhanced bioactivity, but fraction 1 was most effective in inhibiting Hh signaling. The composition of fraction 1 consisted of veratrosine, cycloposine, and potential isomers of each.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison L. Dirks
- Biomolecular Sciences Graduate Programs, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA;
| | - Owen M. McDougal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
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3
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Shao H, Liu W, Liu M, He H, Zhou QL, Zhu SF, Gao S. Asymmetric Synthesis of Cyclopamine, a Hedgehog (Hh) Signaling Pathway Inhibitor. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25086-25092. [PMID: 37948601 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Cyclopamine is a teratogenic steroidal alkaloid, which inhibits the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway by targeting the Smoothened (Smo) receptor. Suppression of Hh signaling with synthetic small molecules has been pursued as a therapeutic approach for the treatment of cancer. We report herein the asymmetric synthesis of cyclopamine based on a two-stage relay strategy. Stage-I: total synthesis of veratramine through a convergent approach, wherein a crucial photoinduced excited-state Nazarov reaction was applied to construct the basic [6-6-5-6] skeleton of C-nor-D-homo-steroid. Stage-II: conversion of veratramine to cyclopamine was achieved through a sequence of chemo-selective redox manipulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Shao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Wenheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular and Process engineering, SKLPMPE, Sinopec research institute of petroleum processing Co., LTD., Beijing 100083, China, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Muhan Liu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Haibing He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular and Process engineering, SKLPMPE, Sinopec research institute of petroleum processing Co., LTD., Beijing 100083, China, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Qi-Lin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shou-Fei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shuanhu Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular and Process engineering, SKLPMPE, Sinopec research institute of petroleum processing Co., LTD., Beijing 100083, China, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
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Yuan W, Ma J, Liu X, Zi C, Xi Y, Shen X, Li G, Sheng J, Wang X. Steroidal Alkaloids from the Roots of Veratrum mengtzeanum Loes. with Their Anti-Inflammatory Activities. Molecules 2023; 28:7116. [PMID: 37894597 PMCID: PMC10609212 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The phytochemical investigation of Veratrum mengtzeanum Loes. roots resulted in the isolation and characterization of two novel, namely Mengtzeanines A (1), Mengtzeanines B (2), and eight known steroidal alkaloids (3-10). Their structural properties were assessed though extensive spectroscopic techniques. All constituents 1-10 were analyzed for suppression of NO formation in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages. Among them, constituent 6 (Verazine) showed inhibition against LPS-induced NO production (IC50 = 20.41 μM). Additionally, compound 6 could inhibit the secretion of IL1β, IL6, and TNFα, and downregulate the productions of iNOS and COX2 in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages. Further experiments revealed that 6 exhibited a potent anti-inflammatory level in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages via inhibiting NF-κB, and triggering of Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 axis, implying that compound 6 may be a promising candidate for treating inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Yuan
- College of Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (W.Y.); (C.Z.); (Y.X.); (X.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Pu′er Tea, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (J.M.); (X.L.)
| | - Jinrong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Pu′er Tea, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (J.M.); (X.L.)
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Xinlan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pu′er Tea, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (J.M.); (X.L.)
- College of Food Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Chengting Zi
- College of Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (W.Y.); (C.Z.); (Y.X.); (X.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Pu′er Tea, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (J.M.); (X.L.)
| | - Yongkai Xi
- College of Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (W.Y.); (C.Z.); (Y.X.); (X.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Pu′er Tea, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (J.M.); (X.L.)
| | - Xiaojing Shen
- College of Science, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (W.Y.); (C.Z.); (Y.X.); (X.S.)
| | - Guodong Li
- College of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China;
| | - Jun Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Pu′er Tea, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (J.M.); (X.L.)
| | - Xuanjun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pu′er Tea, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China; (J.M.); (X.L.)
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Dirks ML, Seale JT, Collins JM, McDougal OM. Review: Veratrum californicum Alkaloids. Molecules 2021; 26:5934. [PMID: 34641477 PMCID: PMC8513088 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Veratrum spp. grow throughout the world and are especially prevalent in high mountain meadows of North America. All parts of Veratrum plants have been used for the treatment of ailments including injuries, hypertension, and rheumatic pain since as far back as the 1600s. Of the 17-45 Veratrum spp., Veratrum californicum alkaloids have been proven to possess favorable medicinal properties associated with inhibition of hedgehog (Hh) pathway signaling. Aberrant Hh signaling leads to proliferation of over 20 cancers, including basal cell carcinoma, prostate and colon among others. Six of the most well-studied V. californicum alkaloids are cyclopamine (1), veratramine (2), isorubijervine (3), muldamine (4), cycloposine (5), and veratrosine (6). Recent inspection of the ethanolic extract from V. californicum root and rhizome via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry has detected up to five additional alkaloids that are proposed to be verazine (7), etioline (8), tetrahydrojervine (9), dihydrojervine (10), 22-keto-26-aminocholesterol (11). For each alkaloid identified or proposed in V. californicum, this review surveys literature precedents for extraction methods, isolation, identification, characterization and bioactivity to guide natural product drug discovery associated with this medicinal plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison L. Dirks
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA; (M.L.D.); (J.T.S.)
| | - Jared T. Seale
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA; (M.L.D.); (J.T.S.)
| | - Joseph M. Collins
- Biomolecular Sciences Ph.D. Program, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA;
| | - Owen M. McDougal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA; (M.L.D.); (J.T.S.)
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6
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Sant KE, Jacobs HM, Xu J, Borofski KA, Moss LG, Moss JB, Timme-Laragy AR. Assessment of Toxicological Perturbations and Variants of Pancreatic Islet Development in the Zebrafish Model. TOXICS 2016; 4. [PMID: 28393070 PMCID: PMC5380372 DOI: 10.3390/toxics4030020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The pancreatic islets, largely comprised of insulin-producing beta cells, play a critical role in endocrine signaling and glucose homeostasis. Because they have low levels of antioxidant defenses and a high perfusion rate, the endocrine islets may be a highly susceptible target tissue of chemical exposures. However, this endpoint, as well as the integrity of the surrounding exocrine pancreas, is often overlooked in studies of developmental toxicology. Disruption of development by toxicants can alter cell fate and migration, resulting in structural alterations that are difficult to detect in mammalian embryo systems, but that are easily observed in the zebrafish embryo model (Danio rerio). Using endogenously expressed fluorescent protein markers for developing zebrafish beta cells and exocrine pancreas tissue, we documented differences in islet area and incidence rates of islet morphological variants in zebrafish embryos between 48 and 96 h post fertilization (hpf), raised under control conditions commonly used in embryotoxicity assays. We identified critical windows for chemical exposures during which increased incidences of endocrine pancreas abnormalities were observed following exposure to cyclopamine (2–12 hpf), Mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) (3–48 hpf), and Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) (3–48 hpf). Both islet area and length of the exocrine pancreas were sensitive to oxidative stress from exposure to the oxidant tert-butyl hydroperoxide during a highly proliferative critical window (72 hpf). Finally, pancreatic dysmorphogenesis following developmental exposures is discussed with respect to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karilyn E. Sant
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; (K.E.S.); (H.M.J.); (J.X.); (K.A.B.)
| | - Haydee M. Jacobs
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; (K.E.S.); (H.M.J.); (J.X.); (K.A.B.)
| | - Jiali Xu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; (K.E.S.); (H.M.J.); (J.X.); (K.A.B.)
| | - Katrina A. Borofski
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; (K.E.S.); (H.M.J.); (J.X.); (K.A.B.)
| | - Larry G. Moss
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Endocrine Division, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27701, USA; (L.G.M.); (J.B.M.)
| | - Jennifer B. Moss
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Endocrine Division, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27701, USA; (L.G.M.); (J.B.M.)
| | - Alicia R. Timme-Laragy
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; (K.E.S.); (H.M.J.); (J.X.); (K.A.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-413-545-7423
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García-Varela R, Fajardo Ramírez OR, Serna-Saldivar SO, Altamirano J, Cardineau GA. Cancer cell specific cytotoxic effect of Rhoeo discolor extracts and solvent fractions. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 190:46-58. [PMID: 27235722 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Traditional or folk medicine has led to the discovery of important bioactive substances used in several health-related areas. Phytochemicals in Rhoeo discolor (R. discolor) extracts have proven to have important cancer cell specific cytotoxic activity. In the present research, we determined the cytotoxic effect of extracts of R. discolor, a plant commonly used in Mexico for both medicinal and ornamental purposes. AIM OF THE STUDY We evaluated the cytotoxic effects against three representative human cancer cell lines: HT-29 colon cancer, Hep-G2 liver cancer and PC-3 prostate cancer cell lines, as well as a control fibroblast cell line NIH 3T3. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ten different crude extracts were tested along with fractions derived from the five most bioactive crude extracts. Analytical data, HPLC-MS-TOF, revealed a high content of phenolic compounds such as anthocyanins, ferulic, vanillic, chlorogenic and p-coumaric acid in the extracts. Phenolic compounds have previously been reported as health beneficial with antioxidant and potential cancer specific cytotoxic effects. RESULTS Studies revealed that low concentrations of these crude bioactive extracts (10µg/ml) and their fractions (50µg/ml) were effective as cancer specific cytotoxic agents, since they caused a significant proliferation inhibition on cancer cell lines (up to 94.2% in HT-29, 92.9% in Hep-G2 and 61.8% in PC-3 of apoptosis induction) with little harm to the control cell line (no higher than 28.3% apoptosis induction), and, importantly, the most effective extracts were mainly water, methanol and ethanol based. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that a diet containing these compounds may function as a medical aid or chemoprotective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca García-Varela
- Centro de Biotecnología FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, C.P. 64849 Monterrey, NL, México; Centro de Agrobiotecnología, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, C.P. 64849 Monterrey, NL, México
| | - Oscar Raúl Fajardo Ramírez
- Centro de Innovación y Transferida en Salud, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Av. Morones Prieto No. 3000 Pte., Col. Los Doctores, C.P. 64710 Monterrey, NL, México
| | - Sergio O Serna-Saldivar
- Centro de Biotecnología FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, C.P. 64849 Monterrey, NL, México; Instituto de Cardiología y Medicina Vascular, Escuela de Medicina, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Batallón San Patricio 112 Col. Valle de San Agustín CP 66278, San Pedro Garza García, Nuevo León, México
| | - Julio Altamirano
- Instituto de Cardiología y Medicina Vascular, Escuela de Medicina, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Batallón San Patricio 112 Col. Valle de San Agustín CP 66278, San Pedro Garza García, Nuevo León, México
| | - Guy A Cardineau
- Centro de Biotecnología FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, C.P. 64849 Monterrey, NL, México; Centro de Agrobiotecnología, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, C.P. 64849 Monterrey, NL, México.
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8
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Turner MW, Cruz R, Mattos J, Baughman N, Elwell J, Fothergill J, Nielsen A, Brookhouse J, Bartlett A, Malek P, Pu X, King MD, McDougal OM. Cyclopamine bioactivity by extraction method from Veratrum californicum. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:3752-7. [PMID: 27338657 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Revised: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Veratrum californicum, commonly referred to as corn lily or Californian false hellebore, grows in high mountain meadows and produces the steroidal alkaloid cyclopamine, a potent inhibitor of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway. The Hh pathway is a crucial regulator of many fundamental processes during vertebrate embryonic development. However, constitutive activation of the Hh pathway contributes to the progression of various cancers. In the present study, a direct correlation was made between the extraction efficiency for cyclopamine from root and rhizome by eight methods, and the associated biological activity in Shh-Light II cells using the Dual-Glo® Luciferase Assay System. Alkaloid recovery ranged from 0.39 to 8.03mg/g, with ethanol soak being determined to be the superior method for obtaining biologically active cyclopamine. Acidic ethanol and supercritical extractions yielded degraded or contaminated cyclopamine with lower antagonistic activity towards Hh signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Turner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID 83725, United States; Biomolecular Sciences Ph.D. Program, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID 83725, United States
| | - Roberto Cruz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID 83725, United States
| | - Jared Mattos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID 83725, United States
| | - Nic Baughman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID 83725, United States
| | - Jordan Elwell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID 83725, United States
| | - Jenny Fothergill
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID 83725, United States
| | - Anna Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID 83725, United States
| | - Jessica Brookhouse
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID 83725, United States
| | - Ashton Bartlett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID 83725, United States
| | - Petr Malek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID 83725, United States
| | - Xinzhu Pu
- Biomolecular Research Center, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID 83725, United States
| | - Matthew D King
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID 83725, United States
| | - Owen M McDougal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID 83725, United States.
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9
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Abstract
This survey on steroidal alkaloids of the Veratrum and Solanum family isolated between 1974 and 2014 includes 187 compounds and 197 references. New developments in the chemistry and biology of this family of natural products with a special focus on the medicinal relevance of the jervanine alkaloid cyclopamine are discussed.
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Yu Y, Li H, Jiang Y. Separation and Preparation of Five Cyclopamine Analogs from Rhizomes ofVeratrum oxysepalumTurcz. by Two-Step High-Speed Counter-Current Chromatography. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2014.942744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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11
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A convenient and efficient one-pot conversion of peimisine into cyclopamine. Fitoterapia 2012; 83:1238-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2012.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Gao S, Wang Q, Wang G, Lomenick B, Liu J, Fan CW, Deng LW, Huang J, Lum L, Chen C. The Chemistry and Biology of Nakiterpiosin - C-nor-D-Homosteroids. Synlett 2012; 16:2298-2310. [PMID: 23226922 PMCID: PMC3515072 DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1290460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Isolated from the sponge Terpios hoshinota that causes coral black disease, nakiterpiosin was the first C-nor-D-homosteroid discovered from a marine source. We provide in this account an overview of the chemistry and biology of this natural product. We also include a short history of the synthesis of C-nor-D-homosteroids and the results of some unpublished biological studies of nakiterpiosin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuanhu Gao
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Qiaoling Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Gelin Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Brett Lomenick
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chih-Wei Fan
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA, Fax +1(214)6480320
| | - Lih-Wen Deng
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Lawrence Lum
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA, Fax +1(214)6480320
| | - Chuo Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
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Isaacs AK, Xiang C, Baubet V, Dahmane N, Winkler JD. Studies directed toward the elucidation of the pharmacophore of steroid-based Sonic Hedgehog signaling inhibitors. Org Lett 2011; 13:5140-3. [PMID: 21905689 DOI: 10.1021/ol202020c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Previous work from our laboratory has established that the readily available steroid-based analog 2 of cyclopamine 1 is, like 1, a highly potent inhibitor of Hedgehog signaling. The first structure-activity relationship studies on 2, i.e., the synthesis and biological evaluation of both the C-17 epi analog 4 and the C-3 deoxy analog 11, both of which are more potent than cyclopamine 1, are described. The implications of these results for the emerging pharmacophore of these Sonic Hedgehog signaling inhibitors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- André K Isaacs
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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14
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Heretsch P, Tzagkaroulaki L, Giannis A. Cyclopamine and hedgehog signaling: chemistry, biology, medical perspectives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:3418-27. [PMID: 20429080 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200906967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
When Odysseus left the devastated city of Troy after ten years of siege he could not foresee the perils he still had to face. The encounter with the cyclops, a giant with only one eye placed in the middle of its forehead, was doubtlessly one of the creepiest and most dangerous of his adventures. In the end, Odysseus could only escape with the help of a sheep. Whether Homers cyclops was inspired by the observation of terribly malformed neonates remains speculative. However, when sheep herders in Idaho in the middle of the 20th century faced an increasing number of cyclops-like sheep in their herds, a unique cascade of chemical, biological, and medicinal discoveries was initiated. This Minireview tells this story and shows its impact on modern biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Heretsch
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Johannisallee 29, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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15
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Heretsch P, Tzagkaroulaki L, Giannis A. Cyclopamin und der Hedgehog-Signaltransduktionsweg: Chemie, Biologie, medizinische Perspektiven. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200906967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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16
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Giannis A, Heretsch P, Sarli V, Stößel A. Synthesis of Cyclopamine Using a Biomimetic and Diastereoselective Approach. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:7911-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200902520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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17
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Giannis A, Heretsch P, Sarli V, Stößel A. Synthese von Cyclopamin unter Verwendung biomimetischer und diastereoselektiver Transformationen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200902520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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18
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Li HY, Xu W, Li HL, Zhang WD, Hu LW. LC-MS-MS Method for the Determination of Protoveratrine A in Rat Plasma. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-008-0936-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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19
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Tremblay MR, Nevalainen M, Nair SJ, Porter JR, Castro AC, Behnke ML, Yu LC, Hagel M, White K, Faia K, Grenier L, Campbell MJ, Cushing J, Woodward CN, Hoyt J, Foley MA, Read MA, Sydor JR, Tong JK, Palombella VJ, McGovern K, Adams J. Semisynthetic Cyclopamine Analogues as Potent and Orally Bioavailable Hedgehog Pathway Antagonists. J Med Chem 2008; 51:6646-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jm8008508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin R. Tremblay
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 780 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Marta Nevalainen
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 780 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Somarajan J. Nair
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 780 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - James R. Porter
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 780 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Alfredo C. Castro
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 780 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Mark L. Behnke
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 780 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Lin-Chen Yu
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 780 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Margit Hagel
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 780 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Kerry White
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 780 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Kerrie Faia
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 780 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Louis Grenier
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 780 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Matthew J. Campbell
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 780 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Jill Cushing
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 780 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Caroline N. Woodward
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 780 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Jennifer Hoyt
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 780 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Michael A. Foley
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 780 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Margaret A. Read
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 780 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Jens R. Sydor
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 780 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Jeffrey K. Tong
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 780 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Vito J. Palombella
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 780 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Karen McGovern
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 780 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Julian Adams
- Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 780 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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