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Magwai T, Modjadji P, Choma S. Association of microalbuminuria with serum lipids and inflammatory markers in an adult population in the Dikgale Health and Demographic Surveillance System site, South Africa. Cardiovasc J Afr 2022; 33:234-242. [PMID: 35687086 PMCID: PMC9887442 DOI: 10.5830/cvja-2021-055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is evidence that microalbuminuria (urinary albumin excretion) is an early sign of vascular damage and an established risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. This study investigated the magnitude of microalbuminuria and its association with serum lipids and inflammatory markers among a rural black population residing in the Dikgale Health and Demographic Surveillance System site, South Africa. METHODS Data were collected from 602 presumably healthy participants (225 men and 377 women) aged ≥ 18 years. Biochemical data collection included serum lipids, glucose, insulin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), urine albumin and creatinine. Anthropometry and blood pressure were also measured. Microalbuminuria was diagnosed with an albumin-creatinine ratio of ≥ 2.5 mg/mmol in men and ≥ 3.5 mg/mmol in women. Data were analysed using SPSS version 22.0. RESULTS The mean age of participants was 48.63 ± 20.89 years. High percentages of microalbuminaria (35.7%), high levels of interleukin 6 (17.8%), hs-CRP (32.9%), triglycerides (TG) (26.1%), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (52.2%) and total cholesterol (32.0%), and low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (29.1%) were observed in the population. Increased glucose levels (32.8%), insulin resistance (27.6%), hypertension (45.8%), overweight (26.8%) and obesity (25.4%) were also prevalent. Microalbuminuria was associated with high hs-CRP and TG levels in the men (adjusted odds ratios = 9.434, 95% confidence interval: 1.753 - 50.778, p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS High prevalence of microalbuminuria, hypertension, insulin resistance, overweight and obesity, as well as abnormal levels of serum lipids and inflammatory markers were observed in the population. Microalbuminuria was associated with high hs-CRP and TG levels among men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thabo Magwai
- Department of Pathology and Medical Sciences, School of Health Care Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Limpopo, South Africa.
| | - Perpetua Modjadji
- Department of Pathology and Medical Sciences, School of Health Care Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Limpopo, South Africa; Department of Public Health, School of Health Care Sciences, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, South Africa
| | - Solomon Choma
- Department of Pathology and Medical Sciences, School of Health Care Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Limpopo, South Africa
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Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Amlodipine-Associated Genes and Their Correlation with Blood Pressure Control among South African Adults with Hypertension. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13081394. [PMID: 36011305 PMCID: PMC9407577 DOI: 10.3390/genes13081394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study describes the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in amlodipine-associated genes and assesses their correlation with blood pressure control among South African adults with hypertension. Methods: In total, 304 hypertensive patients on amlodipine treatment belonging to the indigenous Swati, Xhosa and Zulu population groups of South Africa were recruited between June 2017 and June 2019. Participants were categorized into: controlled (blood pressure < 140/90 mmHg) and uncontrolled (blood pressure ≥ 140/90 mmHg) hypertension. Thirteen SNPs in amlodipine pharmacogenes with a high PharmGKB evidence base were selected and genotyped using MassArray (Agena BioscienceTM). Logistic regression was fitted to identify significant associations between the SNPs and blood pressure control with amlodipine. Results: The majority of the participants were females (76.6%), older than 45 years (89.1%) and had uncontrolled hypertension (52.3%). Of the 13 SNPs genotyped, five SNPs, rs1042713 (minor allele frequency = 45.9%), rs10494366 (minor allele frequency = 35.3%), rs2239050 (minor allele frequency = 28.7%), rs2246709 (minor allele frequency = 51.6%) and rs4291 (minor allele frequency = 34.4%), were detected among the Xhosa participants, while none were detected among the Swati and Zulu tribal groups. Variants rs1042713 and rs10494366 demonstrated an expression frequency of 97.5% and 79.5%, respectively. Variant TA genotype of rs4291 was significantly associated with uncontrolled hypertension. No association was established between blood pressure response to amlodipine and the remaining four SNPs. Conclusions: This study reports the discovery of five SNPs in amlodipine genes (rs2239050, rs2246709, rs4291, rs1042713 and rs10494366) among the indigenous Xhosa-speaking tribe of South Africa. In addition, the TA genotype of rs4291 was associated with blood pressure control in this cohort. These findings might open doors for more pharmacogenomic studies, which could inform innovations to personalised anti-hypertensive treatment in the ethnically diverse population of South Africa.
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Sharma JR, Mabhida SE, Myers B, Apalata T, Nicol E, Benjeddou M, Muller C, Johnson R. Prevalence of Hypertension and Its Associated Risk Factors in a Rural Black Population of Mthatha Town, South Africa. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:1215. [PMID: 33572921 PMCID: PMC7908535 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18031215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: The occurrence of hypertension has been increasing alarmingly in both low and middle-income countries. Despite acknowledging hypertension as the most common life-threatening risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), a dearth of data is available on the prevalence, awareness, and determinants of hypertension in rural parts of South Africa. The principal aim of the current study is to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of hypertension among a black rural African population from the Mtatha town of Eastern Cape Province. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study, and individuals over 18 years of age were randomly screened using a World Health Organization stepwise questionnaire. Sociodemographic information, anthropometric measurements, fasting blood glucose levels, and three independent blood pressure (BP) readings were measured. Blood pressure measurements were classified according to the American Heart Association guidelines. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine the significant predictors of hypertension. Results: Of the total participants (n = 556), 71% of individuals had BP scores in the hypertensive range. In univariate analysis, age, westernized diet, education, income, and diabetic status, as well as overweight/obese status were positively associated with the prevalence of hypertension. However, in a multivariate logistic regression analysis only, age, body mass index (BMI), diabetic status, and westernized diet were significantly associated with a higher risk of developing hypertension. Gender, age, and BMI were potential factors having a significant association with the treatment of hypertension. Individuals who did not consider the importance of medicine had higher chances of having their hypertension being untreated. Conclusions: Prevalence of hypertension was high among the black rural African population of Mthatha town. Gender, age, westernized diet, education level, income status, diabetic as well as overweight/obese status were the most significant predictors of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Rajan Sharma
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, Cape Town 7505, South Africa; (J.R.S.); (S.E.M.); (C.M.)
| | - Sihle E. Mabhida
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, Cape Town 7505, South Africa; (J.R.S.); (S.E.M.); (C.M.)
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa;
| | - Bronwyn Myers
- Division of Alcohol Tobacco and Other Drug Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, Cape Town 7505, South Africa;
- Division of Addiction Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Teke Apalata
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory-Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha 5117, South Africa;
| | - Edward Nicol
- Burden of Disease Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town 7505, South Africa;
- Division of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
| | - Mongi Benjeddou
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa;
| | - Christo Muller
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, Cape Town 7505, South Africa; (J.R.S.); (S.E.M.); (C.M.)
- Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
| | - Rabia Johnson
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, Cape Town 7505, South Africa; (J.R.S.); (S.E.M.); (C.M.)
- Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
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Peltzer K, Pengpid S, Sychareun V, Ferrer AJG, Low WY, Huu TN, Win HH, Rochmawati E, Turnbull N. Prehypertension and psychosocial risk factors among university students in ASEAN countries. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2017; 17:230. [PMID: 28835205 PMCID: PMC5569482 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-017-0666-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Existing evidence suggests that the cardiovascular morbidities are increasing among pre-hypertensive individuals compared to normal. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of prehypertension, hypertension and to identify psychosocial risk factors for prehypertension among university students in Association of South East Asian Nation (ASEAN) countries. Methods Based on a cross-sectional survey, the total sample included 4649 undergraduate university students (females = 65.3%; mean age 20.5, SD = 2.9, age range of 18–30 years) from 7 ASEAN countries (Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam). Blood pressure, anthropometric, health behaviour and psychosocial variables were measured. Results Overall, 19.0% of the undergraduate university students across ASEAN countries had prehypertension, 6.7% hypertension and 74.2% were normotensives. There was country variation in prehypertension prevalence, ranging from 11.3% in Indonesia and 11.5% in Malaysia to above 18% in Laos, Myanmar and Thailand. In multivariate analysis, sociodemographic variables (male gender, living in an upper middle income country, and living on campus or off campus on their own), nutrition and weight variables (not being underweight and obese, having once or more times soft drinks in a day and never or rarely having chocolate or candy), heavy drinking and having depressive symptoms were associated with prehypertension. Conclusion The study found a high prevalence of prehypertension in ASEAN university students. Several psychosocial risk factors including male gender, obesity, soft drinks consumption, heavy drinking and depression symptoms have been identified which can help in intervention programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Peltzer
- Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. .,Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
| | - Supa Pengpid
- ASEAN Institute for Health Development, Mahidol University, Salaya, Thailand.,Department of Research & Innovation, University of Limpopo, Polokwane, South Africa
| | - Vanphanom Sychareun
- Faculty of Postgraduate Studies, University of Health Sciences, Ministry of Health Vientiane, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Alice Joan G Ferrer
- Division of Social Sciences, University of the Philippines Visayas, Miagao, 5023, Iloilo, Philippines
| | - Wah Yun Low
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Thang Nguyen Huu
- Faculty of Public Health, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hla Hla Win
- Preventive and Social Medicine Department, University of Medicine 1, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Erna Rochmawati
- School of Nursing, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, Jl. Lingkar Selatan, Tamantirto, Kasihan, Bantul, DI Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Niruwan Turnbull
- Faculty of Public Health, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, Thailand
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Xiao J, Wu C, Xu G, Huang J, Gao Y, Lu Q, Hua T, Cai H. Association of physical activity with risk of metabolic syndrome: findings from a cross-sectional study conducted in rural area, Nantong, China. J Sports Sci 2016; 34:1839-48. [PMID: 26853182 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1140221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of metabolic syndrome increases rapidly worldwide, and its association with physical activity (PA) varies with race and lifestyles. Little is known about the association in rural China. The Nantong Metabolic Syndrome Study recruited 13,505 female and 6997 male participants in 2007 and 2008. Socio-demographic characteristics, and physiological and behavioural data were collected. Logistic regression model was applied to estimate associations of metabolic syndrome and its components with different PAs. The overall metabolic syndrome prevalence was 21.6% in current study. Increasing total PA or moderate-to-vigorous-intensity occupational PA was associated with decreasing 5%-60% risk of having metabolic syndrome and abnormal metabolic syndrome components in both genders. An association between leisure-time PA and blood pressure was found in men, but no associations between leisure-time PA and metabolic syndrome components were found in women. Commuting PA, such as walking and taking bus, by bicycle and walking only, was associated with decrease of 20%-45% risk of several abnormal metabolic syndrome components in women. This study provides information for future investigation into the nature of these associations so that recommendations can be developed to reduce the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components among rural population in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xiao
- a Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics , School of Public Health, Nantong University , Nantong , Jiangsu , P.R. China
| | - Chuanli Wu
- a Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics , School of Public Health, Nantong University , Nantong , Jiangsu , P.R. China
| | - Guangfei Xu
- a Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics , School of Public Health, Nantong University , Nantong , Jiangsu , P.R. China
| | - Jianping Huang
- b Department of Chronic Disease and Prevention , Nantong Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Nantong , Jiangsu , P.R. China
| | - Yuexia Gao
- a Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics , School of Public Health, Nantong University , Nantong , Jiangsu , P.R. China
| | - Qingyun Lu
- a Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics , School of Public Health, Nantong University , Nantong , Jiangsu , P.R. China
| | - Tianqi Hua
- a Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics , School of Public Health, Nantong University , Nantong , Jiangsu , P.R. China
| | - Hui Cai
- a Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics , School of Public Health, Nantong University , Nantong , Jiangsu , P.R. China
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Xiao J, Shen C, Chu MJ, Gao YX, Xu GF, Huang JP, Xu QQ, Cai H. Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior Associated with Components of Metabolic Syndrome among People in Rural China. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147062. [PMID: 26789723 PMCID: PMC4720370 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Metabolic syndrome is prevalent worldwide and its prevalence is related to physical activity, race, and lifestyle. Little data is available for people living in rural areas of China. In this study we examined associations of physical activity and sedentary behaviors with metabolic syndrome components among people in rural China. Methods The Nantong Metabolic Syndrome Study recruited 13,505 female and 6,997 male participants between 2007 and 2008. Data of socio-demographic characteristics and lifestyle were collected. The associations of physical activity and sedentary behaviors with metabolic syndrome components were analyzed. Results Prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 21.6%. It was significantly lower in men than in women. Low risks of metabolic syndrome were observed in those who did less sitting and engaged in more vigorous physical activity. The highest tertile of vigorous physical activity was associated with 15–40% decreased odds of metabolic syndrome and all of its components, except for low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in men. Women with the highest tertile of moderate physical activity had 15–30% lower odds of central obesity, high glucose, and high triglycerides compared with those in the lowest tertile. Sitting time >42 hours per week had a 4%-12% attributable risk of metabolic syndrome, central obesity, and high triglycerides in both genders, and abnormal glucose and diastolic blood pressure in women. Sleeping for more than 8 hours per day was associated with risk of high serum glucose and lipids. Conclusions Our data suggested that physical activity has a preventive effect against metabolic syndrome and all its abnormal components, and that longer sitting time and sleep duration are associated with an increased risk of metabolic syndrome components, including central obesity and high triglycerides, glucose, and diastolic blood pressure. This study could provide information for future investigation into these associations. Also, recommendations are developed to reduce prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components in rural Chinese populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xiao
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226019, China
| | - Chong Shen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Min J. Chu
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226019, China
| | - Yue X. Gao
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226019, China
| | - Guang F. Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226019, China
| | - Jian P. Huang
- Department of Chronic Disease and Prevention, Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Nantong, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226007, China
| | - Qiong Q. Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226019, China
| | - Hui Cai
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226019, China
- * E-mail:
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Batubenga MM, Omole OB, Bondo MC. Factors associated with blood pressure control among patients attending the outpatient clinic of a South African district hospital. Trop Doct 2015; 45:225-30. [PMID: 26002722 DOI: 10.1177/0049475515587160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence and factors associated with blood pressure (BP) control. METHODS In a cross-sectional study involving 251 consecutively-sampled patients, a semi-structured questionnaire collected information on socio-demography, co-morbidities, hypertension treatments and BP control. Data analysis included descriptive statistics and logistic regression. RESULTS Most participants were: on treatment for >5 years (60.6%); on three or more drugs (93.6%); treated according to guidelines (77%); and reported not missing medications in the last week (86.5%). BP control was achieved in only 31.5% and 16.7% of participants at the current and last visits, respectively. In multivariate regression analysis, a history of myocardial infarction (odd ratio [OR] = 0.41; P = 0.04) and being divorced/widowed (OR = 3.1; P = 0.01) predicted poor BP control. CONCLUSION This study confirms the prevalent sub-optimal control of BP and suggests the need for further studies to examine the relationship between marital support, critical medical events and BP control.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Batubenga
- Specialist Family Physician, Department of Family Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - O B Omole
- Head of Clinical unit and Senior Lecturer, Department of Family Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - M C Bondo
- Head of Clinical unit and Senior Lecturer, Department of Family Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Afrifa-Anane E, Agyemang C, Codjoe SNA, Ogedegbe G, de-Graft Aikins A. The association of physical activity, body mass index and the blood pressure levels among urban poor youth in Accra, Ghana. BMC Public Health 2015; 15:269. [PMID: 25881047 PMCID: PMC4376361 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-1546-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Globally, there is an increasing prevalence of high blood pressure (HBP) among adults and youth. However, the mechanisms of how the risk factors (physical inactivity and obesity) relate with blood pressure (BP) are not well known especially among the urban poor youth in low and middle income countries. Meanwhile childhood and adolescent physical inactivity and obesity, particularly in conditions of poverty, predispose individuals to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in later life. The aim of this study was to assess the BP levels and to examine its associations with physical activity (PA) and body mass index (BMI) amongst urban poor youth in Accra, Ghana. Methods We studied 201 youth aged 15–24 years in three urban poor communities in Accra, Ghana. Height, weight and BP were measured in all subjects. PA levels were assessed using the Edulink Urban Health and Poverty project questionnaire. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine the factors influencing BP levels. Results The proportion of pre-hypertension and hypertension among the youth was 32.3% and 4%, respectively. The rates of pre-hypertension (42.0 vs. 24.8) and hypertension (6.8 vs. 1.8) were higher in males than in females. More than three-quarters (84.1%) of the youth were not physically active. Females were more physically inactive compared to the males (94.7% vs. 70.5%). The average BMI was 22.8 kg/m2. For overweight (17.7 vs. 6.8) and obesity (13.3 vs. 2.3), females had higher rates than males. BMI was positively related to systolic BP, and significantly associated with systolic BP (β = 1.4, p < 0.000 and β = 0.8, p < 0.000; respectively for male and female youth) compared to diastolic BP. Youth with low PA had raised BP. Conclusion The positive association of BMI and BP in the study communities suggests the need for health measures to tackle their increase and related public health consequences. Further studies on BP and other risk factors among the youth of rural populations and other developing countries will be important to stall the rising prevalence and implications for adult morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Afrifa-Anane
- Regional Institute for Population Studies, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 96, Legon, Ghana.
| | - Charles Agyemang
- Department of Public Health Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Samuel Nii Ardey Codjoe
- Regional Institute for Population Studies, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 96, Legon, Ghana.
| | - Gbenga Ogedegbe
- Centre for Healthful Behaviour Change, New York University, School of Medicine, New York, USA.
| | - Ama de-Graft Aikins
- Regional Institute for Population Studies, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 96, Legon, Ghana.
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Mkhonto SS, Labadarios D, Mabaso MLH. Retraction: Association of body weight and physical activity with blood pressure in a rural population in the Dikgale village of Limpopo Province in South Africa. BMC Res Notes 2013; 6:422. [PMID: 24139640 PMCID: PMC4016245 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-6-422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Kengne AP, Echouffo-Tcheugui JB, Sobngwi E, Mbanya JC. New insights on diabetes mellitus and obesity in Africa-part 1: prevalence, pathogenesis and comorbidities. Heart 2013; 99:979-83. [PMID: 23680891 DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2012-303316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence continues to accumulate on the rising burden of diabetes mellitus at a higher pace in Africa. In a series of two papers, we sought to summarise recent evidence on diabetes and obesity in Africa based on a systematic review of studies published between January 2002 and October 2012. This first paper on the prevalence, pathogenesis and comorbidities shows that the increase in diabetes prevalence has paralleled that of obesity in Africa. Recent surveys on diabetes and obesity have been largely suboptimal. Hence, the need for more representative and robust continent-wide prevalence figures, which may be somehow achieved through pooling of existing data. Prospective studies linking environmental risk factors to disease occurrence and outcomes remain scarce, and genetic factors for diabetes or obesity have not been extensively assessed. The health consequences of diabetes are manifold, and include a complex interaction with other conditions like HIV infection and sickle cell disease/trait.
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