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Laojun S, Changbunjong T, Chaiphongpachara T. Integrating wing morphometrics and mitochondrial DNA analysis to assess the filaria vector Mansonia uniformis (Diptera: Culicidae) populations in Thailand. Parasitol Res 2024; 123:283. [PMID: 39042222 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08295-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Mansonia uniformis (Diptera: Culicidae) is recognized as a vector of Brugia malayi and has been reported to transmit Wuchereria bancrofti, both causing lymphatic filariasis in humans. This study employed geometric morphometrics (GM) to investigate wing shape variation and analyzed genetic diversity through cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene analyses in Ma. uniformis populations across Thailand. Wing GM analyses indicated significant differences in wing shape based on Mahalanobis distances among nearly all population pairs (p < 0.05), with no significant correlation between wing shape and geographic distance (r = 0.210, p > 0.05). Genetic analyses identified 63 haplotypes and 49 polymorphic sites, with the overall population exhibiting a nucleotide diversity of 0.006 (± 0.001) and a haplotype diversity of 0.912 (± 0.017). Deviations from neutrality, as indicated by Tajima's D and Fu's FS tests for the overall Ma. uniformis populations in Thailand, were statistically significant and negative, suggesting population expansion (both p < 0.05). Analysis of molecular variance revealed no significant genetic structure when all populations were categorized based on collection sites and geographic regions. However, significant differences in FST values were observed between some populations. These findings enhance our understanding of the geographical and genetic factors influencing Ma. uniformis populations, which are crucial for developing effective control strategies in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedthapong Laojun
- Department of Public Health and Health Promotion, College of Allied Health Sciences, Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University, Samut Songkhram, 75000, Thailand
| | - Tanasak Changbunjong
- Department of Pre-Clinic and Applied Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals (MoZWE), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Tanawat Chaiphongpachara
- Department of Public Health and Health Promotion, College of Allied Health Sciences, Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University, Samut Songkhram, 75000, Thailand.
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Ramalingam B, Venkatesan V, Abraham PR, Adinarayanan S, Swaminathan S, Raju KHK, Hoti SL, Kumar A. Detection of Wuchereria bancrofti DNA in wild caught vector and non-vector mosquitoes: implications for elimination of lymphatic filariasis. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:291. [PMID: 38329553 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09256-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transmission Assessment Survey (TAS) is the WHO recommended method used for decision-making to stop or continue the MDA in lymphatic filariasis (LF) elimination programme. The WHO has also recommended Molecular Xenomonitoring (MX) of LF infection in vectors as an adjunct tool in settings under post-MDA or validation period. Screening of non-vectors by MX in post-MDA / validation settings could be useful to prevent a resurgence of LF infection, as there might be low abundance of vectors, especially in some seasons. In this study, we investigated the presence of LF infection in non-vectors in an area endemic for LF and has undergone many rounds of annual MDA with two drugs (Diethylcarbamazine and Albendazole, DA) and two rounds of triple drug regimens (Ivermectin + DA). METHODS AND RESULTS Mosquitoes were collected from selected villages of Yadgir district in Karnataka state, India, during 2019. A total of 680 female mosquitoes were collected, identified morphologically by species and separated as pools. The female mosquitoes belonging to 3 species viz., Anopheles subpictus, Culex gelidus and Culex quinquefaciatus were separated, pooled, and the DNA extracted using less expensive method and followed by LDR based real-time PCR assay for detecting Wuchereria bancrofti infection in vector as well as non-vector mosquitoes. One pool out of 6 pools of An. subpictus, 2 pools out of 6 pools of Cx. gelidus, and 4 pools out of 8 pools of Cx. quinquefaciatus were found to be positive for W. bancrofti infection by RT-PCR. The infection rate in vectors and non-vectors was found to be 1.8% (95% CI: 0.5-4.2%) and 0.9% (95% CI: 0.2-2.3%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed that non-vectors also harbour W. bancrofti, thus opening an opportunity of using these mosquitoes as surrogate vectors for assessing risk of transmission to humans in LF endemic and post MDA areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ashwani Kumar
- Centre for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 605102, India
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Kaboré DPA, Soma DD, Gil P, Kientega M, Sawadogo SP, Ouédraogo GA, Van de Perre P, Baldet T, Gutierrez S, Dabiré RK. Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) populations in contrasting areas of the western regions of Burkina Faso: species diversity, abundance and their implications for pathogen transmission. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:438. [PMID: 38012775 PMCID: PMC10683243 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-06050-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) can have a significant negative impact on human health. The urbanization of natural environments and their conversion for agricultural use, as well as human population growth, may affect mosquito populations and increase the risk of emerging or re-emerging mosquito-borne diseases. We report on the variety and number of adult mosquitoes found in four environments with varying degrees of human impact (rural, urban, rice fields, and forest) located in a savannah zone of West Africa. METHODS Mosquitoes were collected from two regions (Hauts-Bassins and Sud-Ouest) of Burkina Faso during five periods between August 2019 and June 2021. Sampling sites were grouped according to environment. Mosquitoes were collected using BG-Sentinel traps and double net traps, and Prokopack Aspirators. Statistical analyses were performed using R software version 4.1.2. Logistic regression, using generalised mixed linear models, was used to test the effect of environment on mosquito abundance and diversity. Alpha diversity analysis was also performed, using the vegan package. RESULTS A total of 10,625 adult mosquitoes were collected, belonging to 33 species and five genera: Culex, Aedes, Anopheles, Mansonia, and Ficalbia. The most dominant species were Culex quinquefasciatus, Anopheles gambiae sensu lato and Aedes aegypti. Alpha diversity was similar in the two regions. Habitat had a significant effect on mosquito species richness, the Shannon index and the Simpson index. The rural environment had the highest species richness (n = 28) followed by the forest environment (n = 24). The highest number of mosquitoes (4977/10,625) was collected in the urban environment. CONCLUSIONS The species composition of the mosquito populations depended on the type of environment, with fewer species in environments with a high human impact such as urban areas and rice fields. Due to the diversity and abundance of the mosquito vectors, the human populations of all of the environments examined are considered to be at potential risk of mosquito-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier P Alexandre Kaboré
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), 01BP 545, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
- Université Nazi BONI, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
| | - Dieudonné Diloma Soma
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), 01BP 545, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Université Nazi BONI, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Patricia Gil
- ASTRE Research Unit, CIRAD, INRAe, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Mahamadi Kientega
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), 01BP 545, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
- Université Nazi BONI, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Simon P Sawadogo
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), 01BP 545, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Philippe Van de Perre
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, INSERM, University of Montpellier, EFS; CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Baldet
- ASTRE Research Unit, CIRAD, INRAe, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Serafin Gutierrez
- ASTRE Research Unit, CIRAD, INRAe, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Roch K Dabiré
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), 01BP 545, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
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Oliveira TMP, Rojas MVR, Amorim JA, Alonso DP, de Carvalho DP, Ribeiro KAN, Sallum MAM. Bacterial diversity on larval and female Mansonia spp. from different localities of Porto Velho, Rondonia, Brazil. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293946. [PMID: 38011160 PMCID: PMC10681206 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies based on the bacterial diversity present in Mansonia spp. are limited; therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the bacterial diversity in females and larvae of Mansonia spp., describe the differences between the groups identified, and compare the microbiota of larvae from different collection sites. Sequences of the 16S rRNA region from the larvae and females of Mansonia spp. were analyzed. Diversity analyzes were performed to verify the possible bacterial differences between the groups and the collection sites. The results showed Pseudomonas was the most abundant genus in both females and larvae, followed by Wolbachia in females and Rikenellaceae and Desulfovibrio in larvae. Desulfovibrio and Sulfurospirillum, sulfate- and sulfur-reducing bacteria, respectively, were abundant on the larvae. Aminomonas, an amino acid-degrading bacterium, was found only in larvae, whereas Rickettsia was identified in females. Bacterial diversity was observed between females and larvae of Mansonia and between larvae from different collection sites. In addition, the results suggest that the environment influenced bacterial diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiane M. P. Oliveira
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Martha V. R. Rojas
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jandui A. Amorim
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Diego P. Alonso
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Instituto de Biotecnologia da UNESP (IBTEC-Campus Botucatu), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Maria Anice Mureb Sallum
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Mercant Osuna A, Gidley A, Mayi MPA, Bamou R, Dhokiya V, Antonio-Nkondjio C, Jeffries CL, Walker T. Diverse novel Wolbachia bacteria strains and genera-specific co-infections with Asaia bacteria in Culicine mosquitoes from ecologically diverse regions of Cameroon. Wellcome Open Res 2023; 8:267. [PMID: 37799509 PMCID: PMC10548110 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.18580.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia infects numerous species of insects and Wolbachia transinfection of Aedes mosquito species is now being used for biocontrol programs as Wolbachia strains can both inhibit arboviruses and invade wild mosquito populations. The discovery of novel, resident Wolbachia strains in mosquito species warrants further investigation as potential candidate strains for biocontrol strategies. Methods: We obtained mosquito specimens from diverse Culicine mosquitoes from Cameroon including ecologically diverse locations in the Central and West Regions. Wolbachia prevalence rates were assessed in addition to the environmentally acquired bacterial species Asaia in major Culicine genera. PCR-based methods were also used with phylogenetic analysis to confirm identities of host mosquito species and Wolbachia strains were classified using multi-locus sequence typing (MLST). Results: We report high Wolbachia prevalence rates for Culicine species, including in a large cohort of Aedes africanus collected from west Cameroon in which 100% of mono-specific pools were infected. Furthermore, co-infections with Asaia bacteria were observed across multiple genera, demonstrating that these two bacteria can co-exist in wild mosquito populations. Wolbachia strain MLST and phylogenetic analysis provided evidence for diverse Wolbachia strains in 13 different mosquito species across seven different genera. Full or partial MLST profiles were generated from resident Wolbachia strains in six Culex species ( quinquefasciatus, watti, cinerus, nigripalpus, perexiguus and rima), two Aedes species (africanus and denderensis) and in Mansonia uniformis, Catageiomyia argenteopunctata, Lutzia tigripes, Eretmapodites chrysogaster and Uranotaenia bilineata. Conclusions: Our study provides further evidence that Wolbachia is widespread within wild mosquito populations of diverse Culicine species and provides further candidate strains that could be investigated as future options for Wolbachia-based biocontrol to inhibit arbovirus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aina Mercant Osuna
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Alexandra Gidley
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Marie Paul Audrey Mayi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Yaounde 1, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- School of Biosciences & Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Roland Bamou
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, NIAID, NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Vecteurs-Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Research Unit of Biology and Applied Ecology (VBID-RUBAE), Department of Animal Biology, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
- Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Vishaal Dhokiya
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Christophe Antonio-Nkondjio
- Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Thomas Walker
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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Amorim JA, de Oliveira TMP, de Sá ILR, da Silva TP, Sallum MAM. DNA Barcodes of Mansonia ( Mansonia) Blanchard, 1901 (Diptera, Culicidae). Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1127. [PMID: 37372310 DOI: 10.3390/genes14061127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Females of the genus Mansonia feed on the blood of humans, livestock, and other vertebrates to develop their eggs. The females' biting behavior may cause severe disturbance to blood hosts, with a negative impact on public health and economics. Certain species have been identified as potential or effective disease vectors. The accurate species identification of field-collected specimens is of paramount importance for the success of monitoring and control strategies. Mansonia (Mansonia) morphological species boundaries are blurred by patterns of intraspecific heteromorphism and interspecific isomorphism. DNA barcodes can help to solve taxonomic controversies, especially if combined with other molecular tools. We used cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene 5' end (DNA barcode) sequences to identify 327 field-collected specimens of Mansonia (Mansonia) spp. The sampling encompassed males and females collected from three Brazilian regions and previously assigned to species based on their morphological characteristics. Eleven GenBank and BOLD sequences were added to the DNA barcode analyses. Initial morphospecies assignments were mostly corroborated by the results of five clustering methods based on Kimura two-parameter distance and maximum likelihood phylogeny. Five to eight molecular operational taxonomic units may represent taxonomically unknown species. The first DNA barcode records for Mansonia fonsecai, Mansonia iguassuensis, and Mansonia pseudotitillans are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jandui Almeida Amorim
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-904, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências e Matemática, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de São Paulo, São Paulo 01109-010, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Ivy Luizi Rodrigues de Sá
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-904, SP, Brazil
| | - Taires Peniche da Silva
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica, Instituto de Pesquisas Científicas e Tecnológicas do Estado do Amapá, Macapá 68903-419, AP, Brazil
| | - Maria Anice Mureb Sallum
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-904, SP, Brazil
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Kampango A, Pinto J, Abílio AP, Machoe E, Matusse J, McCall PJ. Characterisation of human exposure to nocturnal biting by malaria and arbovirus vectors in a rural community in Chókwè district, southern Mozambique. Wellcome Open Res 2023; 8:193. [PMID: 37484481 PMCID: PMC10357080 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.19278.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Understanding the magnitude of human exposure to mosquito biting is fundamental to reduce pathogen transmission. Here we report on a study quantifying the levels of mosquitoes attacking humans throughout the night in a rural area of Southern Mozambique. Methods: Surveys were carried out in Massavasse village, southern Mozambique. The abundance and composition of host-seeking mosquito communities at night were assessed by human-landing catches (HLC) at one-hour intervals. Periods when people were located predominantly outdoors or indoors were used to estimate the amount of residents' exposure to mosquito bites in either location, to explore the potential impact a bed net could have had in reducing biting by each vector species. Results: A total of 69,758 host-seeking female mosquitoes comprising 23 species in four genera were collected. The exposure to biting by virtually all vector species was consistently high outdoors, typically at early evening and morning, with exception of An. gambiae s.l which was likely of biting a person with nearly same intensity indoors and outdoors throughout the night. Bed nets use could have reduced biting by An. gambiae s.l (dominated by An. arabiensis), Ma. africana, Ma. uniformis, Cx. pipiens, Cx. antennatus, and Cx. poicilipes by 53%, 47%, 46%, 38%, 31%, and 28% respectively, compared to non-users. Conversely, a bed net user would have had little protection against An. pharoensis, An. ziemanni, An. tenebrosus, and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus biting exposures. Conclusions: This study showed that Massavasse residents were exposed to high levels of outdoor biting by malaria and arbovirus vectors that abound in the village. The findings help to identify entomological drivers of persistent malaria transmission in Mozambique and identify a wide range of arbovirus vectors nocturnally active in rural areas, many with outbreak potential. The study highlights the need for a surveillance system for monitoring arboviral diseases vectors in Mozambique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayubo Kampango
- Sector de Estudo de Vectores, Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), Maputo, Villa de Marracuene EN1, Plot 3943, Mozambique
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
| | - João Pinto
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (IHMT), Lisbon, Rua da Junqueira, 100 1349-008, Portugal
| | - Ana Paula Abílio
- Sector de Estudo de Vectores, Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), Maputo, Villa de Marracuene EN1, Plot 3943, Mozambique
| | - Elias Machoe
- Sector de Estudo de Vectores, Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), Maputo, Villa de Marracuene EN1, Plot 3943, Mozambique
| | - Júlio Matusse
- Sector de Estudo de Vectores, Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), Maputo, Villa de Marracuene EN1, Plot 3943, Mozambique
| | - Philip J. McCall
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Liverpool, Pembroke Place, L3 5QA, UK
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Adoha CJ, Sovi A, Yovogan B, Akinro B, Accrombessi M, Dangbénon E, Odjo EM, Sagbohan HW, Kpanou CD, Padonou GG, Messenger LA, Agbangla C, Ngufor C, Cook J, Protopopoff N, Akogbéto MC. Efficacy of Pyrethroid-Pyriproxyfen and Pyrethroid-Chlorfenapyr Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLINs) for the Control of Non- Anopheles Mosquitoes: Secondary Analysis from a Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial (cRCT). INSECTS 2023; 14:417. [PMID: 37233045 PMCID: PMC10231081 DOI: 10.3390/insects14050417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of a vector control tool in reducing mosquito biting is crucial for its acceptability. The present study compared the vector density of Culex spp. And Mansonia spp. across clusters, which received two dual-active ingredient (a.i.) long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and a standard pyrethroid-only LLIN, and assessed the seasonality of these mosquito genera. A total of 85,723 Culex spp. and 144,025 Mansonia spp. were caught over the study period. The density of Culex and Mansonia was reduced in all three arms over the study period. There was no evidence of a significant reduction in the indoor or outdoor density of Culex spp. in either dual-a.i. LLIN arm as compared to the standard pyrethroid-only net arm. A similar trend was observed with Mansonia spp. A high density of Culex spp. was found both in rainy and dry seasons, while for Mansonia spp., this was mainly observed during the rainy season. These results suggest that the novel insecticides in the dual-a.i. LLINs did not have an additional impact on these species and that pyrethroids might still be effective on them. Further work is required to determine whether these species of mosquitoes have resistance to the insecticides tested in this trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantin J. Adoha
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi 01 BP 526, Benin; (B.Y.); (E.M.O.); (H.W.S.); (G.G.P.)
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Cotonou 06 BP 2604, Benin; (B.A.); (C.D.K.); (C.N.); (M.C.A.)
| | - Arthur Sovi
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Cotonou 06 BP 2604, Benin; (B.A.); (C.D.K.); (C.N.); (M.C.A.)
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Disease Control Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK (N.P.)
- Faculté d’Agronomie, Université de Parakou, Parakou BP 123, Benin
| | - Boulais Yovogan
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi 01 BP 526, Benin; (B.Y.); (E.M.O.); (H.W.S.); (G.G.P.)
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Cotonou 06 BP 2604, Benin; (B.A.); (C.D.K.); (C.N.); (M.C.A.)
| | - Bruno Akinro
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Cotonou 06 BP 2604, Benin; (B.A.); (C.D.K.); (C.N.); (M.C.A.)
| | - Manfred Accrombessi
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Disease Control Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK (N.P.)
| | - Edouard Dangbénon
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Cotonou 06 BP 2604, Benin; (B.A.); (C.D.K.); (C.N.); (M.C.A.)
| | - Esdras M. Odjo
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi 01 BP 526, Benin; (B.Y.); (E.M.O.); (H.W.S.); (G.G.P.)
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Cotonou 06 BP 2604, Benin; (B.A.); (C.D.K.); (C.N.); (M.C.A.)
| | - Hermann Watson Sagbohan
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi 01 BP 526, Benin; (B.Y.); (E.M.O.); (H.W.S.); (G.G.P.)
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Cotonou 06 BP 2604, Benin; (B.A.); (C.D.K.); (C.N.); (M.C.A.)
| | - Casimir Dossou Kpanou
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Cotonou 06 BP 2604, Benin; (B.A.); (C.D.K.); (C.N.); (M.C.A.)
| | - Gil G. Padonou
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi 01 BP 526, Benin; (B.Y.); (E.M.O.); (H.W.S.); (G.G.P.)
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Cotonou 06 BP 2604, Benin; (B.A.); (C.D.K.); (C.N.); (M.C.A.)
| | - Louisa A. Messenger
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Disease Control Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK (N.P.)
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - Clément Agbangla
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi 01 BP 526, Benin; (B.Y.); (E.M.O.); (H.W.S.); (G.G.P.)
| | - Corine Ngufor
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Cotonou 06 BP 2604, Benin; (B.A.); (C.D.K.); (C.N.); (M.C.A.)
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Disease Control Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK (N.P.)
| | - Jackie Cook
- Medical Research Council (MRC) International Statistics and Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Natacha Protopopoff
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Disease Control Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK (N.P.)
| | - Martin C. Akogbéto
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Cotonou 06 BP 2604, Benin; (B.A.); (C.D.K.); (C.N.); (M.C.A.)
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Koh C, Frangeul L, Blanc H, Ngoagouni C, Boyer S, Dussart P, Grau N, Girod R, Duchemin JB, Saleh MC. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences from 33 globally distributed mosquito species for improved metagenomics and species identification. eLife 2023; 12:82762. [PMID: 36688360 PMCID: PMC10014081 DOI: 10.7554/elife.82762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Total RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) is an important tool in the study of mosquitoes and the RNA viruses they vector as it allows assessment of both host and viral RNA in specimens. However, there are two main constraints. First, as with many other species, abundant mosquito ribosomal RNA (rRNA) serves as the predominant template from which sequences are generated, meaning that the desired host and viral templates are sequenced far less. Second, mosquito specimens captured in the field must be correctly identified, in some cases to the sub-species level. Here, we generate mosquito rRNA datasets which will substantially mitigate both of these problems. We describe a strategy to assemble novel rRNA sequences from mosquito specimens and produce an unprecedented dataset of 234 full-length 28S and 18S rRNA sequences of 33 medically important species from countries with known histories of mosquito-borne virus circulation (Cambodia, the Central African Republic, Madagascar, and French Guiana). These sequences will allow both physical and computational removal of rRNA from specimens during RNA-seq protocols. We also assess the utility of rRNA sequences for molecular taxonomy and compare phylogenies constructed using rRNA sequences versus those created using the gold standard for molecular species identification of specimens-the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene. We find that rRNA- and COI-derived phylogenetic trees are incongruent and that 28S and concatenated 28S+18S rRNA phylogenies reflect evolutionary relationships that are more aligned with contemporary mosquito systematics. This significant expansion to the current rRNA reference library for mosquitoes will improve mosquito RNA-seq metagenomics by permitting the optimization of species-specific rRNA depletion protocols for a broader range of species and streamlining species identification by rRNA sequence and phylogenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Koh
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Viruses and RNA Interference Unit, F-75015ParisFrance
| | - Lionel Frangeul
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Viruses and RNA Interference Unit, F-75015ParisFrance
| | - Hervé Blanc
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Viruses and RNA Interference Unit, F-75015ParisFrance
| | - Carine Ngoagouni
- Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Medical Entomology LaboratoryBanguiCentral African Republic
| | - Sébastien Boyer
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Medical and Veterinary Entomology UnitPhnom PenhCambodia
| | | | - Nina Grau
- Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Medical Entomology UnitAntananarivoMadagascar
| | - Romain Girod
- Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Medical Entomology UnitAntananarivoMadagascar
| | - Jean-Bernard Duchemin
- Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Vectopôle Amazonien Emile AbonnencCayenneFrench Guiana
| | - Maria-Carla Saleh
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Viruses and RNA Interference Unit, F-75015ParisFrance
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10
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Njenga SM, Kanyi HM, Mwatele CM, Mukoko DA, Bockarie MJ, Kelly-Hope LA. Integrated survey of helminthic neglected tropical diseases and comparison of two mosquito sampling methods for lymphatic filariasis molecular xenomonitoring in the River Galana area, Kilifi County, coastal Kenya. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278655. [PMID: 36490233 PMCID: PMC9733851 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A lymphatic filariasis (LF) endemic focus along the River Galana/ Sabaki in Kilifi County, coastal Kenya, provided a platform to conduct an integrated survey for three helminthic neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), namely soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH), schistosomiasis (SCH) and LF. Additionally, the study compared the performance of two mosquito trapping methods for LF molecular xenomonitoring (MX). Cross-sectional surveys measuring STH, SCH and LF prevalence were conducted in four villages. Mosquitoes were trapped using the CDC light trap (CDC-LT) and the Ifakara A tent trap (Ifakara-TT) methods and stored in pools which were tested for Wuchereria bancrofti DNA using the real-time polymerase chain reaction assay. A total of 907 people (436 adults; 471 children) participated in the parasitological testing. Among the STH infections, Trichuris trichiura and hookworms were most prevalent among the children and adult populations, respectively. The schistosome worm eggs detected belonged to the species Schistosoma haematobium and the prevalence of the infection was generally higher among the children compared with the adult population. The prevalence of LF infection among the adult population ranged from 1.8% to 7.6% across all 4 villages (P < 0.05). A total of 3,652 mosquitoes, including Anopheles, Culex, Mansonia, and Aedes species were collected. One mosquito pool consisting of Anopheles mosquitoes tested positive for filarial DNA out of 1,055 pools that were tested. The CDC-LT caught significantly more mosquitoes compared with the Ifakara-TT (P < 0.001). This study demonstrated that integrated epidemiological surveys using standard parasitological and entomological methods can provide useful information on co-endemic parasitic diseases which could help direct interventions and surveillance activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sammy M. Njenga
- Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Henry M. Kanyi
- Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Cassian M. Mwatele
- Eastern and Southern Africa Centre of International Parasite Control, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Dunstan A. Mukoko
- Division of Vector Borne and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Moses J. Bockarie
- School of Community Health Sciences, Njala University, Bo, Sierra Leone
| | - Louise A. Kelly-Hope
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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11
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Bamou R, Mayi MPA, Djiappi-Tchamen B, Nana-Ndjangwo SM, Nchoutpouen E, Cornel AJ, Awono-Ambene P, Parola P, Tchuinkam T, Antonio-Nkondjio C. An update on the mosquito fauna and mosquito-borne diseases distribution in Cameroon. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:527. [PMID: 34635176 PMCID: PMC8507310 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04950-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The expansion of mosquito-borne diseases such as dengue, yellow fever, and chikungunya in the past 15 years has ignited the need for active surveillance of common and neglected mosquito-borne infectious diseases. The surveillance should be designed to detect diseases and to provide relevant field-based data for developing and implementing effective control measures to prevent outbreaks before significant public health consequences can occur. Mosquitoes are important vectors of human and animal pathogens, and knowledge on their biodiversity and distribution in the Afrotropical region is needed for the development of evidence-based vector control strategies. Following a comprehensive literature search, an inventory of the diversity and distribution of mosquitoes as well as the different mosquito-borne diseases found in Cameroon was made. A total of 290 publications/reports and the mosquito catalogue website were consulted for the review. To date, about 307 species, four subspecies and one putative new species of Culicidae, comprising 60 species and one putative new species of Anopheles, 67 species and two subspecies of Culex, 77 species and one subspecies of Aedes, 31 species and one subspecies of Eretmapodites, two Mansonia, eight Coquillettidia, and 62 species with unknown medical and veterinary importance (Toxorhynchites, Uranotaenia, Mimomyia, Malaya, Hodgesia, Ficalbia, Orthopodomyia, Aedeomyia, and Culiseta and Lutzia) have been collected in Cameroon. Multiple mosquito species implicated in the transmission of pathogens within Anopheles, Culex, Aedes, Eretmapodites, Mansonia, and Coquillettidia have been reported in Cameroon. Furthermore, the presence of 26 human and zoonotic arboviral diseases, one helminthic disease, and two protozoal diseases has been reported. Information on the bionomics, taxonomy, and distribution of mosquito species will be useful for the development of integrated vector management programmes for the surveillance and elimination of mosquito-borne diseases in Cameroon. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Bamou
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Biology and Applied Ecology Research Unit (VBID-URBEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon. .,Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon. .,Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, UMR Vecteurs-Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Marseille, France. .,IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.
| | - Marie Paul Audrey Mayi
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Biology and Applied Ecology Research Unit (VBID-URBEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Borel Djiappi-Tchamen
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Biology and Applied Ecology Research Unit (VBID-URBEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon.,Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Stella Mariette Nana-Ndjangwo
- Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Laboratoire de Parasitologie et d'écologie, Université de Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Cameroun
| | - Elysée Nchoutpouen
- Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Antony John Cornel
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, Mosquito Control Research Laboratory, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Parfait Awono-Ambene
- Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Phillipe Parola
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, UMR Vecteurs-Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Marseille, France.,IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Timoléon Tchuinkam
- Vector Borne Diseases Laboratory of the Biology and Applied Ecology Research Unit (VBID-URBEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science of the University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Christophe Antonio-Nkondjio
- Organisation de Coordination pour la lutte Contre les Endémies en Afrique Centrale (OCEAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Vector Biology Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
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12
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Buxton M, Nyamukondiwa C, Wasserman RJ, Othenin-Girard V, Pigeault R, Christe P, Glaizot O. Surveillance Studies Reveal Diverse and Potentially Pathogenic-Incriminated Vector Mosquito Species across Major Botswana Touristic Hotspots. INSECTS 2021; 12:913. [PMID: 34680682 PMCID: PMC8537495 DOI: 10.3390/insects12100913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Vector mosquitoes contribute significantly to the global burden of diseases in humans, livestock and wildlife. As such, the spatial distribution and abundance of mosquito species and their surveillance cannot be ignored. Here, we surveyed mosquito species across major tourism hotspots in semi-arid Botswana, including, for the first time, the Central Kalahari Game Reserve. Our results reported several mosquito species across seven genera, belonging to Aedes, Anopheles, Culex, Mansonia, Mimomyia, Coquillettidia and Uranotaenia. These results document a significant species inventory that may inform early warning vector-borne disease control systems and likely help manage the risk of emerging and re-emerging mosquito-borne infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mmabaledi Buxton
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, P/Bag 016, Palapye 10071, Botswana; (C.N.); (R.J.W.)
| | - Casper Nyamukondiwa
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, P/Bag 016, Palapye 10071, Botswana; (C.N.); (R.J.W.)
| | - Ryan J. Wasserman
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, P/Bag 016, Palapye 10071, Botswana; (C.N.); (R.J.W.)
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - Victor Othenin-Girard
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (V.O.-G.); (R.P.); (P.C.); (O.G.)
| | - Romain Pigeault
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (V.O.-G.); (R.P.); (P.C.); (O.G.)
- EBI Ecologie & Biologie des Interactions (UMR 7267), Université de Poitiers, 86000 Poitiers, France
| | - Philippe Christe
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (V.O.-G.); (R.P.); (P.C.); (O.G.)
| | - Olivier Glaizot
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (V.O.-G.); (R.P.); (P.C.); (O.G.)
- Museum of Zoology, 1014 Lausanne, Switzerland
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13
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Mulyaningsih B, Umniyati SR, Hadisusanto S, Edyansyah E. Fauna associated with Malayan filariasis transmission in Banyuasin, South Sumatra, Indonesia. Vet World 2021; 14:1954-1959. [PMID: 34475722 PMCID: PMC8404132 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.1954-1959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Brugia malayi is known to be zoonotically important because it can be transmitted from animals (mammals and primates) to humans or from humans to humans through mosquito vectors. This study was conducted to explore the fauna associated with Malayan filariasis transmission in Sedang village, Suak Tapeh District, Banyuasin Regency, South Sumatra Province, Indonesia. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional research design with an observational and analytical approach was applied in this study, and it was conducted in May 2018. Mosquitoes were collected twice using human bait both inside and outside the house from 6:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m. The presence of competitors, predators, and reservoir hosts in the areas of five breeding habitats of Mansonia spp. was observed. The presence of microfilaria was confirmed under a microscope in night blood samples of inhabitants and cats. The presence of infective larvae (L3) of B. malayi was identified microscopically and based on the polymerase chain reaction method in female Mansonia mosquitoes. Results: A total of 12 mosquito species were found, among which Mansonia uniformis was the dominant mosquito, and the predominant competitor was Mansonia annulifera. Dragonflies, as predators were found in two breeding habitats and fish were found in one breeding habitat. The L3 of B. malayi were not identified in the mosquitoes, and the microfilariae of B. malayi were not found in the blood samples of inhabitants and cats. Conclusion: Although Mansonia mosquito population was abundant in Banyuasin Regency, the mosquito was not confirmed as an intermediate host of B. malayi, and the cat was not confirmed as a reservoir of B. malayi in the location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Budi Mulyaningsih
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Sitti Rahmah Umniyati
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Suwarno Hadisusanto
- Department of Tropical Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Erwin Edyansyah
- Postgraduate Program of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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14
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Dambach P, Bärnighausen T, Yadouleton A, Dambach M, Traoré I, Korir P, Ouedraogo S, Nikiema M, Sauerborn R, Becker N, Louis VR. Is biological larviciding against malaria a starting point for integrated multi-disease control? Observations from a cluster randomized trial in rural Burkina Faso. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253597. [PMID: 34143831 PMCID: PMC8213177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To evaluate the impact of anti-malaria biological larviciding with Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis on non-primary target mosquito species in a rural African setting. Methods A total of 127 villages were distributed in three study arms, each with different larviciding options in public spaces: i) no treatment, ii) full or iii) guided intervention. Geographically close villages were grouped in clusters to avoid contamination between treated and untreated villages. Adult mosquitoes were captured in light traps inside and outside houses during the rainy seasons of a baseline and an intervention year. After enumeration, a negative binomial regression was used to determine the reductions achieved in the different mosquito species through larviciding. Results Malaria larviciding interventions showed only limited or no impact against Culex mosquitoes; by contrast, reductions of up to 34% were achieved against Aedes when all detected breeding sites were treated. Culex mosquitoes were captured in high abundance in semi-urban settings while more Aedes were found in rural villages. Conclusions Future malaria larviciding programs should consider expanding onto the breeding habitats of other disease vectors, such as Aedes and Culex and evaluate their potential impact. Since the major cost components of such interventions are labor and transport, other disease vectors could be targeted at little additional cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Dambach
- Institute for Global Health, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Till Bärnighausen
- Institute for Global Health, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anges Yadouleton
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Benin
| | - Martin Dambach
- Institute of Zoology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Issouf Traoré
- Centre de Recherche en Santé de Nouna, Nouna, Burkina Faso
| | - Patricia Korir
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | - Rainer Sauerborn
- Institute for Global Health, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Norbert Becker
- German Mosquito Control Association (KABS), Speyer, Germany
| | - Valérie R. Louis
- Institute for Global Health, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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15
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da Silva AF, Dezordi FZ, Machado LC, de Oliveira RD, Qin S, Fan H, Zhang X, Tong Y, Silva MM, Loreto ELS, Wallau GL. Metatranscriptomic analysis identifies different viral-like sequences in two neotropical Mansoniini mosquito species. Virus Res 2021; 301:198455. [PMID: 34015364 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Mosquitoes interact with a wide range of viruses including both arboviruses and insect-specific viruses. This study aimed to characterize the RNA viruses that are interacting with Mansonia wilsoni and Coquillettidia hermanoi mosquito species. The total RNA extracted from mosquito pools were sequenced on a Ion torrent platform. Viral contigs were identified against viral databases and their evolutionary relationship were reconstructed. We identified a total of 107 viral sequences, 11 of which were assigned as endogenous viral elements, and at least six known viral families were identified. Phylogenetic reconstructions were performed for 4 viral families. All Mansoniini viruses investigated through phylogenetic analysis are closely related to insect-specific viruses found in other mosquito species although with considerable divergence at the amino acid level, suggesting that we have detected new viral lineages. This study enhanced our understanding about the virome of two sylvatic Mansoniini mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Freitas da Silva
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Biociências e Biotecnologia em Saúde, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Núcleo de Bioinformática, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Departamento de Entomologia, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Filipe Zimmer Dezordi
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Biociências e Biotecnologia em Saúde, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Núcleo de Bioinformática, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Departamento de Entomologia, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Laís Ceschini Machado
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Biociências e Biotecnologia em Saúde, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Dias de Oliveira
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Si Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hang Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xianglilan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yigang Tong
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering (BAIC-SM), College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Monica Medeiros Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, CCNE, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Elgion Lucio Silva Loreto
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, CCNE, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Luz Wallau
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Biociências e Biotecnologia em Saúde, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Núcleo de Bioinformática, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Departamento de Entomologia, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
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16
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Assessing the Filariasis Causing Parasites in Adult Mosquitoes and the Vector Mosquito Larval Breeding in Selected Medical Officer of Health Areas in Gampaha District, Sri Lanka. J Trop Med 2021; 2021:6643226. [PMID: 33927771 PMCID: PMC8053054 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6643226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of filariasis causing parasites in adult mosquitoes and vector mosquito larval breeding in four Medical Officer of Health (MOH) areas in Gampaha district, Sri Lanka. Adult female mosquitoes at their resting places were collected using a prokopack aspirator operated twice a day from 7.00 am to 8.00 am and 8.00 pm to 9 pm in predetermined dates. Microfilarial worms in dissected mosquitoes were morphologically identified. Nine species of mosquitoes, namely, Culex quinquefasciatus, Cx. pipiens, Cx. fuscocephala, Cx. gelidus, Armigeres subalbatus, Mansonia uniformis, Ma. annulifera, Aedes aegypti, and Ae. Albopictus, were captured. A total of 1194 mosquito larvae were collected that belonged into three genera, namely, Culex (62.73%), Armigeres (25.62%), and Mansonia (11.64%), from blocked drains, polluted drains, blocked canals, large polluted water bodies, stagnant water bodies, marsh lands, rice field mudflats, and concrete pits. Large polluted water bodies (Shannon-Wiener diversity index/H' = 1.5591) were the most diversed habitat type. In breeding water, average pH mainly lied in between 6 and 8 and average dissolved oxygen ranged from 3 to 7 mg/L. Cx. quinquefasciatus and Armigeres subalbatus adult female mosquitoes captured from Kelaniya MOH area were positive for microfilariae and were identified as Wuchereria bancrofti and Dirofilaria repens, respectively. This study concludes possible lymphatic filariasis situation is in extremely very low level persistent (0.06%) where transmission cannot be sustained and is restricted only to isolated pockets in the study area. The zoonotic strains of filariasis causing subcutaneous dirofilariasis in humans by Dirofilaria repens is continuing to survive due to the presence of stray dogs that serve as reservoir hosts.
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17
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Ridha MR, Rahayu N, Hairani B, Perwitasari D, Kusumaningtyas H. Biodiversity of mosquitoes and Mansonia uniformis as a potential vector of Wuchereria bancrofti in Hulu Sungai Utara District, South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Vet World 2020; 13:2815-2821. [PMID: 33488003 PMCID: PMC7811548 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.2815-2821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Lymphatic filariasis, also known as elephantiasis, still remains a problem in Indonesia. The primary causative species of this disease are the filarial worms Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia spp. This study was conducted to identify the diversity of species and behavior of mosquitoes and to determine the mosquitoes that could be potential vectors of filariasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mosquito samples derived from Hulu Sungai Utara (HSU) district in the 2017 multicenter study conducted in Indonesia were used in this cross-sectional study. The diversity of mosquito species was analyzed using the Shannon-Wiener diversity index. Mosquitoes were identified based on their species, and their DNA was isolated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Transcription-insulated isothermal PCR method was used to detect microfilariae/filaria larvae in the mosquitoes. RESULTS Biodiversity was found in 14 species of mosquitoes belonging to five genera. The maximum number of mosquitoes was recorded from the species Mansonia dives, Culex vishnui, Culex quinquefasciatus, and Mansonia uniformis. W. bancrofti infection was detected in M. uniformis at an infectivity rate of 0.3% (n=311). CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of M. uniformis species as a vector of W. bancrofti in HSU district, Indonesia. More efficient and accurate studies are required to aid in the lymphatic filariasis elimination programs in this subregion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Rasyid Ridha
- Tanah Bumbu Unit for Health Research and Development, National Institute of Health Research and Development, National Ministry of Health of Indonesia
| | - Nita Rahayu
- Tanah Bumbu Unit for Health Research and Development, National Institute of Health Research and Development, National Ministry of Health of Indonesia
| | - Budi Hairani
- Tanah Bumbu Unit for Health Research and Development, National Institute of Health Research and Development, National Ministry of Health of Indonesia
| | - Dian Perwitasari
- Center of Research and Development Public Health Effort, National Institute Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health, Indonesia
| | - Harninda Kusumaningtyas
- Tanah Bumbu Unit for Health Research and Development, National Institute of Health Research and Development, National Ministry of Health of Indonesia
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Dahmana H, Mediannikov O. Mosquito-Borne Diseases Emergence/Resurgence and How to Effectively Control It Biologically. Pathogens 2020; 9:E310. [PMID: 32340230 PMCID: PMC7238209 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9040310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Deadly pathogens and parasites are transmitted by vectors and the mosquito is considered the most threatening vector in public health, transmitting these pathogens to humans and animals. We are currently witnessing the emergence/resurgence in new regions/populations of the most important mosquito-borne diseases, such as arboviruses and malaria. This resurgence may be the consequence of numerous complex parameters, but the major cause remains the mismanagement of insecticide use and the emergence of resistance. Biological control programmes have rendered promising results but several highly effective techniques, such as genetic manipulation, remain insufficiently considered as a control mechanism. Currently, new strategies based on attractive toxic sugar baits and new agents, such as Wolbachia and Asaia, are being intensively studied for potential use as alternatives to chemicals. Research into new insecticides, Insect Growth Regulators, and repellent compounds is pressing, and the improvement of biological strategies may provide key solutions to prevent outbreaks, decrease the danger to at-risk populations, and mitigate resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Handi Dahmana
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, 13005 Marseille, France;
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Oleg Mediannikov
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, 13005 Marseille, France;
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
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19
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Bakker JW, Loy DE, Takken W, Hahn BH, Verhulst NO. Attraction of mosquitoes to primate odours and implications for zoonotic Plasmodium transmission. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 34:17-26. [PMID: 31420992 PMCID: PMC7002228 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases often originate from wildlife and can spill over into the human population. One of the most important determinants of vector-borne disease transmission is the host preference of mosquitoes. Mosquitoes with a specialised host preference are guided by body odours to find their hosts in addition to carbon dioxide. Little is known about the role of mosquito host preference in the spillover of pathogenic agents from humans towards animals and vice versa. In the Republic of Congo, the attraction of mosquitoes to primate host odours was determined, as well as their possible role as malaria vectors, using odour-baited traps mimicking the potential hosts of mosquitoes. Most of the mosquito species caught showed a generalistic host preference. Anopheles obscurus was the most abundant Anopheles mosquito, with a generalistic host preference observed from the olfactory response and the detection of various Plasmodium parasites. Interestingly, Culex decens showed a much higher attraction towards chimpanzee odours than to human or cow odours. Human Plasmodium parasites were observed in both human and chimpanzee blood, although not in the Anopheles mosquitoes that were collected. Understanding the role of mosquito host preference for cross-species parasite transmission provides information that will help to determine the risk of spillover of vector-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. W. Bakker
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - D. E. Loy
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAU.S.A.
| | - W. Takken
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - B. H. Hahn
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAU.S.A.
| | - N. O. Verhulst
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
- National Centre for Vector Entomology, Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse FacultyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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20
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Thabet HS, Fawaz EY, Badziklou K, Tag ElDin RA, Kaldas RM, Fahmy NT, Tamekloe TA, Kere-Banla A, Diclaro JW. Preliminary Screening of Mosquito Spatial Distribution in Togo: With Special Focus on the Aedes (Diptera: Culicidae) Species. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 56:1154-1158. [PMID: 30927005 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The Togolese Republic has a tropical and humid climate which constitutes an ideal environment for mosquitoes to breed and transmit diseases. The Aedes mosquito is known to transmit yellow fever (YF), dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses in West Africa. Togo has been suffering from YF virus transmission, despite vaccination efforts. Unfortunately, there is scarcity in the data that reflect mosquito spatial distribution in Togo, specifically possible YF vectors. In the current study, mosquito surveillance efforts targeted areas with confirmed YF cases between July and August 2012. Indoor mosquitoes were collected using knockdown insecticide spraying, whereas Biogents (BG) traps were used to collect outdoor mosquito adults. Mosquito larval surveillance was conducted as well. In total, 17 species were identified. This investigation revealed the presence of medically important vectors in Togo, especially the Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Culicidae) which was collected in the four regions. Screening of all pools of female Aedes mosquitoes for YF, by real-time PCR, showed negative results. This is the first record for Coquillettidia flavocincta (Edwards) (Diptera: Culicidae) species in West Africa. This preliminary work serves as a baseline for further mosquito distribution studies in Togo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hala S Thabet
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3 (NAMRU-3), U.S. Agency for International Development, Maadi, Cairo, Egypt
- Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Emadeldin Y Fawaz
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3 (NAMRU-3), U.S. Agency for International Development, Maadi, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Reham A Tag ElDin
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3 (NAMRU-3), U.S. Agency for International Development, Maadi, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rania M Kaldas
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3 (NAMRU-3), U.S. Agency for International Development, Maadi, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nermeen T Fahmy
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3 (NAMRU-3), U.S. Agency for International Development, Maadi, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | - Joseph W Diclaro
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3 (NAMRU-3), U.S. Agency for International Development, Maadi, Cairo, Egypt
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21
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Karungu S, Atoni E, Ogalo J, Mwaliko C, Agwanda B, Yuan Z, Hu X. Mosquitoes of Etiological Concern in Kenya and Possible Control Strategies. INSECTS 2019; 10:E173. [PMID: 31208124 PMCID: PMC6627689 DOI: 10.3390/insects10060173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Kenya is among the most affected tropical countries with pathogen transmitting Culicidae vectors. For decades, insect vectors have contributed to the emergence and distribution of viral and parasitic pathogens. Outbreaks and diseases have a great impact on a country's economy, as resources that would otherwise be used for developmental projects are redirected to curb hospitalization cases and manage outbreaks. Infected invasive mosquito species have been shown to increasingly cross both local and global boarders due to the presence of increased environmental changes, trade, and tourism. In Kenya, there have been several mosquito-borne disease outbreaks such as the recent outbreaks along the coast of Kenya, involving chikungunya and dengue. This certainly calls for the implementation of strategies aimed at strengthening integrated vector management programs. In this review, we look at mosquitoes of public health concern in Kenya, while highlighting the pathogens they have been linked with over the years and across various regions. In addition, the major strategies that have previously been used in mosquito control and what more could be done to reduce or combat the menace caused by these hematophagous vectors are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Karungu
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Evans Atoni
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Joseph Ogalo
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Caroline Mwaliko
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Bernard Agwanda
- Mammalogy Section, National Museum of Kenya, P.O. Box 40658, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
| | - Zhiming Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Xiaomin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.
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22
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Pi-Bansa S, Osei JHN, Kartey-Attipoe WD, Elhassan E, Agyemang D, Otoo S, Dadzie SK, Appawu MA, Wilson MD, Koudou BG, de Souza DK, Utzinger J, Boakye DA. Assessing the Presence of Wuchereria bancrofti Infections in Vectors Using Xenomonitoring in Lymphatic Filariasis Endemic Districts in Ghana. Trop Med Infect Dis 2019; 4:tropicalmed4010049. [PMID: 30884886 PMCID: PMC6473662 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed4010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mass drug administration (MDA) is the current mainstay to interrupt the transmission of lymphatic filariasis. To monitor whether MDA is effective and transmission of lymphatic filariasis indeed has been interrupted, rigorous surveillance is required. Assessment of transmission by programme managers is usually done via serology. New research suggests that xenomonitoring holds promise for determining the success of lymphatic filariasis interventions. The objective of this study was to assess Wuchereria bancrofti infection in mosquitoes as a post-MDA surveillance tool using xenomonitoring. The study was carried out in four districts of Ghana; Ahanta West, Mpohor, Kassena Nankana West and Bongo. A suite of mosquito sampling methods was employed, including human landing collections, pyrethrum spray catches and window exit traps. Infection of W. bancrofti in mosquitoes was determined using dissection, conventional and real-time polymerase chain reaction and loop mediated isothermal amplification assays. Aedes, Anopheles coustani, An. gambiae, An. pharoensis, Culex and Mansonia mosquitoes were sampled in each of the four study districts. The dissected mosquitoes were positive for filarial infection using molecular assays. Dissected An. melas mosquitoes from Ahanta West district were the only species found positive for filarial parasites. We conclude that whilst samples extracted with Trizol reagent did not show any positives, molecular methods should still be considered for monitoring and surveillance of lymphatic filariasis transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sellase Pi-Bansa
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.
- University of Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland.
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, LG 581 Legon, Ghana.
| | - Joseph H N Osei
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, LG 581 Legon, Ghana.
- Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, LG 67 Legon, Ghana.
| | - Worlasi D Kartey-Attipoe
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, LG 581 Legon, Ghana.
| | | | | | - Sampson Otoo
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, LG 581 Legon, Ghana.
| | - Samuel K Dadzie
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, LG 581 Legon, Ghana.
| | - Maxwell A Appawu
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, LG 581 Legon, Ghana.
| | - Michael D Wilson
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, LG 581 Legon, Ghana.
| | - Benjamin G Koudou
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK.
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, 01 BP 1303, Abidjan 01, Côte d'Ivoire.
| | - Dziedzom K de Souza
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, LG 581 Legon, Ghana.
| | - Jürg Utzinger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.
- University of Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Daniel A Boakye
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, LG 581 Legon, Ghana.
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23
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Pi-Bansa S, Osei JHN, Frempong KK, Elhassan E, Akuoko OK, Agyemang D, Ahorlu C, Appawu MA, Koudou BG, Wilson MD, de Souza DK, Dadzie SK, Utzinger J, Boakye DA. Potential factors influencing lymphatic filariasis transmission in "hotspot" and "control" areas in Ghana: the importance of vectors. Infect Dis Poverty 2019; 8:9. [PMID: 30717788 PMCID: PMC6362603 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-019-0520-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mass drug administration (MDA) programmes for the control of lymphatic filariasis in Ghana, have been ongoing in some endemic districts for 16 years. The current study aimed to assess factors that govern the success of MDA programmes for breaking transmission of lymphatic filariasis in Ghana. METHODS The study was undertaken in two "hotspot" districts (Ahanta West and Kassena Nankana West) and two control districts (Mpohor and Bongo) in Ghana. Mosquitoes were collected and identified using morphological and molecular tools. A proportion of the cibarial armatures of each species was examined. Dissections were performed on Anopheles gambiae for filarial worm detection. A questionnaire was administered to obtain information on MDA compliance and vector control activities. Data were compared between districts to determine factors that might explain persistent transmission of lymphatic filariasis. RESULTS High numbers of mosquitoes were sampled in Ahanta West district compared to Mpohor district (F = 16.09, P = 0.002). There was no significant difference between the numbers of mosquitoes collected in Kassena Nankana West and Bongo districts (F = 2.16, P = 0.185). Mansonia species were predominant in Ahanta West district. An. coluzzii mosquitoes were prevalent in all districts. An. melas with infected and infective filarial worms was found only in Ahanta West district. No differences were found in cibarial teeth numbers and shape for mosquito species in the surveyed districts. Reported MDA coverage was high in all districts. The average use of bednet and indoor residual spraying was 82.4 and 66.2%, respectively. There was high compliance in the five preceding MDA rounds in Ahanta West and Kassena Nankana West districts, both considered hotspots of lymphatic filariasis transmission. CONCLUSIONS The study on persistent transmission of lymphatic filariasis in the two areas in Ghana present information that shows the importance of local understanding of factors affecting control and elimination of lymphatic filariasis. Unlike Kassena Nankana West district where transmission dynamics could be explained by initial infection prevalence and low vector densities, ongoing lymphatic filariasis transmission in Ahanta West district might be explained by high biting rates of An. gambiae and initial infection prevalence, coupled with high densities of An. melas and Mansonia vector species that have low or no teeth and exhibiting limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sellase Pi-Bansa
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland. .,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. .,Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.
| | - Joseph Harold Nyarko Osei
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.,Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Kwadwo Kyeremeh Frempong
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.,Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | | | - Osei Kweku Akuoko
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.,African Regional Postgraduate Programme in Insect Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | | | - Collins Ahorlu
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Maxwell Alexander Appawu
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Benjamin Guibehi Koudou
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.,Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Michael David Wilson
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Dziedzom Komi de Souza
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Samuel Kweku Dadzie
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Jürg Utzinger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Adjei Boakye
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
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24
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Minetti C, Tettevi EJ, Mechan F, Prada JM, Idun B, Biritwum NK, Osei-Atweneboana MY, Reimer LJ. Elimination within reach: A cross-sectional study highlighting the factors that contribute to persistent lymphatic filariasis in eight communities in rural Ghana. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0006994. [PMID: 30608931 PMCID: PMC6342320 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the progress achieved in scaling-up mass drug administration (MDA) for lymphatic filariasis (LF) in Ghana, communities with persistent LF still exist even after 10 years of community treatment. To understand the reasons for persistence, we conducted a study to assess the status of disease elimination and understand the adherence to interventions including MDA and insecticide treated nets. Methodology and principal findings We conducted a parasitological and epidemiological cross-sectional study in adults from eight villages still under MDA in the Northern Region savannah and the coastal Western Region of the country. Prevalence of filarial antigen ranged 0 to 32.4% and in five villages the prevalence of night blood microfilaria (mf) was above 1%, ranging from 0 to 5.7%. Median mf density was 67 mf/ml (range: 10–3,560). LF antigen positivity was positively associated with male sex but negatively associated with participating in MDA the previous year. Male sex was also associated with a decreased probability of participating in MDA. A stochastic model (TRANSFIL) was used to assess the expected microfilaria prevalence under different MDA coverage scenarios using historical data on one community in the Western Region. In this example, the model simulations suggested that the slow decline in mf prevalence is what we would expect given high baseline prevalence and a high correlation between MDA adherence from year to year, despite high MDA coverage. Conclusions There is a need for an integrated quantitative and qualitative research approach to identify the variations in prevalence, associated risk factors and intervention coverage and use levels between and within regions and districts. Such knowledge will help target resources and enhance surveillance to the communities most at risk and to reach the 2020 LF elimination goals in Ghana. Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a mosquito-borne disease and a leading cause of disability and chronic morbidity worldwide. Despite the progress achieved so far in stopping LF transmission by treating the affected communities with specific drugs over several years, areas where lymphatic filariasis persists still exist. Understanding the reasons behind this is pivotal to both reach and sustain elimination. We investigated the factors associated with filariasis persistence in various communities still under drug treatment from two regions of Ghana. We reported high variability in disease burden, adherence to drug treatment and mosquito net use between regions and communities. LF infection was associated with men and not taking the drugs, and men were also less likely to take treatment. Using mathematical modelling, we showed that slight increases in treatment coverage will accelerate elimination. Our findings highlight the reasons for LF persistence and provide guidance on how to successfully achieve elimination by refining drug treatment distribution and mosquito control interventions more tailored to individuals and communities. We also demonstrated the value of using field-collected data in mathematical models to assess the current status of disease elimination and to identify the gaps in control interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corrado Minetti
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Edward J. Tettevi
- Department of Environmental Biology and Health, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Water Research Institute, Accra, Ghana
| | - Frank Mechan
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Joaquín M. Prada
- Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Bright Idun
- Department of Environmental Biology and Health, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Water Research Institute, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Mike Yaw Osei-Atweneboana
- Department of Environmental Biology and Health, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Water Research Institute, Accra, Ghana
| | - Lisa J. Reimer
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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25
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Opoku M, Minetti C, Kartey-Attipoe WD, Otoo S, Otchere J, Gomes B, de Souza DK, Reimer LJ. An assessment of mosquito collection techniques for xenomonitoring of anopheline-transmitted Lymphatic Filariasis in Ghana. Parasitology 2018; 145:1783-1791. [PMID: 29898803 PMCID: PMC6533642 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182018000938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring vectors is relevant to ascertain transmission of lymphatic filariasis (LF). This may require the best sampling method that can capture high numbers of specific species to give indication of transmission. Gravid anophelines are good indicators for assessing transmission due to close contact with humans through blood meals. This study compared the efficiency of an Anopheles gravid trap (AGT) with other mosquito collection methods including the box and the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention gravid, light, exit and BioGent-sentinel traps, indoor resting collection (IRC) and pyrethrum spray catches across two endemic regions of Ghana. The AGT showed high trapping efficiency by collecting the highest mean number of anophelines per night in the Western (4.6) and Northern (7.3) regions compared with the outdoor collection methods. Additionally, IRC was similarly efficient in the Northern region (8.9) where vectors exhibit a high degree of endophily. AGT also showed good trapping potential for collecting Anopheles melas which is usually difficult to catch with existing methods. Screening of mosquitoes for infection showed a 0.80-3.01% Wuchereria bancrofti and 2.15-3.27% Plasmodium spp. in Anopheles gambiae. The AGT has shown to be appropriate for surveying Anopheles populations and can be useful for xenomonitoring for both LF and malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Millicent Opoku
- Vector Biology Department,Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine,Pembroke Place, L3 5QA, Liverpool,UK
| | - Corrado Minetti
- Vector Biology Department,Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine,Pembroke Place, L3 5QA, Liverpool,UK
| | - Worlasi D Kartey-Attipoe
- Department of Parasitology,Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana,Legon,Ghana
| | - Sampson Otoo
- Department of Parasitology,Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana,Legon,Ghana
| | - Joseph Otchere
- Department of Parasitology,Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana,Legon,Ghana
| | - Bruno Gomes
- Vector Biology Department,Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine,Pembroke Place, L3 5QA, Liverpool,UK
| | - Dziedzom K de Souza
- Department of Parasitology,Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana,Legon,Ghana
| | - Lisa J Reimer
- Vector Biology Department,Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine,Pembroke Place, L3 5QA, Liverpool,UK
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26
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de Souza DK, Otchere J, Ahorlu CS, Adu-Amankwah S, Larbi IA, Dumashie E, McCarthy FA, King SA, Otoo S, Osabutey D, Osei JHN, Sedzro KM, Asiedu O, Dadzie SK, Ayi I, Marfo B, Biritwum NK, Boakye DA. Low Microfilaremia Levels in Three Districts in Coastal Ghana with at Least 16 Years of Mass Drug Administration and Persistent Transmission of Lymphatic Filariasis. Trop Med Infect Dis 2018; 3:tropicalmed3040105. [PMID: 30274501 PMCID: PMC6306872 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed3040105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghana has been implementing mass drug administration (MDA) of ivermectin and albendazole for the elimination of lymphatic filariasis (LF) since the year 2000, as part of the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF). It was estimated that 5⁻6 years of treatment would be sufficient to eliminate the disease. Tremendous progress has been made over the years, and treatment has stopped in many disease endemic districts. However, despite the successful implementation of MDA, there are districts with persistent transmission. In this study we assessed the epidemiology of LF in three adjoining districts that have received at least 16 years of MDA. The assessments were undertaken one year after the last MDA. 1234 adults and 182 children below the age of 10 years were assessed. The overall prevalence of circulating filarial antigen in the study participants was 8.3% (95% CI: 6.9⁻9.9), with an estimated microfilaria prevalence of 1.2%. The microfilarial intensity in positive individuals ranged from 1 to 57 microfilariae/mL of blood. Higher antigen prevalence was detected in males (13.0%; 95% CI: 10.3⁻16.2) compared to females (5.5%; 95% CI: 4.1⁻7.2). The presence of infection was also highest in individuals involved in outdoor commercial activities, with the risks of infection being four- to five-fold higher among farmers, fishermen, drivers and artisans, compared to all other occupations. Using bednets or participating in MDA did not significantly influence the risk of infection. No children below the age of 10 years were found with infection. Detection of Wb123 antibodies for current infections indicated a prevalence of 14.4% (95% CI: 8.1⁻23.0) in antigen-positive individuals above 10 years of age. No antibodies were detected in children 10 years or below. Assessment of infection within the An. gambiae vectors of LF indicated an infection rate of 0.9% (95% CI: 0.3⁻2.1) and infectivity rate of 0.5% (95% CI: 0.1⁻1.6). These results indicate low-level transmission within the districts, and suggest that it will require targeted interventions in order to eliminate the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dziedzom K de Souza
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana.
| | - Joseph Otchere
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana.
| | - Collins S Ahorlu
- Department of Epidemiology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana.
| | - Susan Adu-Amankwah
- Department of Epidemiology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana.
| | - Irene A Larbi
- Department of Epidemiology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana.
| | - Edward Dumashie
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana.
| | - Frances A McCarthy
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana.
| | - Sandra A King
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana.
| | - Samson Otoo
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana.
| | - Dickson Osabutey
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana.
| | - Joseph H N Osei
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana.
| | - Kojo M Sedzro
- Department of Epidemiology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana.
| | - Odame Asiedu
- Neglected Tropical Diseases Programme, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Samuel K Dadzie
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana.
| | - Irene Ayi
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana.
| | - Benjamin Marfo
- Neglected Tropical Diseases Programme, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana.
| | | | - Daniel A Boakye
- Department of Parasitology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana.
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Pilotte N, Unnasch TR, Williams SA. The Current Status of Molecular Xenomonitoring for Lymphatic Filariasis and Onchocerciasis. Trends Parasitol 2017; 33:788-798. [PMID: 28756911 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The capacity of vector insect surveillance to provide estimates of pathogen prevalence and transmission potential has long been recognized within the global communities tasked with eliminating lymphatic filariasis (LF), the underlying cause of elephantiasis and hydrocele, and onchocerciasis (river blindness). Initially restricted to the practice of dissection, the potential of vector monitoring has grown due to the advent of molecular methods capable of increasing the sensitivity and throughput of testing. However, despite such advancement, operational research gaps remain. If insufficiently addressed, these gaps will reduce the utility of molecular xenomonitoring (MX) for onchocerciasis as elimination efforts expand into Africa. Similarly, such shortcomings will limit the programmatic usefulness of MX for LF, resulting in this technique's significant underutilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Pilotte
- Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, MA, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Thomas R Unnasch
- Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Steven A Williams
- Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, MA, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA.
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Abdel-Shafi IR, Shoieb EY, Attia SS, Rubio JM, Ta-Tang TH, El-Badry AA. Molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis of Wuchereria bancrofti from human blood samples in Egypt. Parasitol Res 2017; 116:963-970. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5372-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Okorie PN, de Souza DK. Prospects, drawbacks and future needs of xenomonitoring for the endpoint evaluation of lymphatic filariasis elimination programs in Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2016; 110:90-7. [PMID: 26822601 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trv104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a debilitating disease caused by Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi and B. timori parasitic worms and transmitted by Culex, Anopheles, Aedes and Mansonia mosquitoes. Mass drug administration (MDA) to reduce the infection levels in the human population is the key component of LF elimination programs. However, the potential of the use of vector control is gaining recognition as a tool that can complement MDA. The method of monitoring the parasites in mosquito vectors is known as xenomonitoring. Monitoring of vectors for filarial larvae is an important assessment tool for LF elimination programs. Xenomonitoring has the advantage of giving a real-time estimate of disease, because the pre-patent period may take months after infection in humans. It is a non-invasive sensitive tool for assessing the presence of LF in endemic areas. The aim of this review is to discuss the prospects, challenges and needs of xenomonitoring as a public health tool, in the post-MDA evaluation activities of national LF elimination programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia N Okorie
- Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Dziedzom K de Souza
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
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Ajamma YU, Villinger J, Omondi D, Salifu D, Onchuru TO, Njoroge L, Muigai AWT, Masiga DK. Composition and Genetic Diversity of Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) on Islands and Mainland Shores of Kenya's Lakes Victoria and Baringo. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 53:1348-1363. [PMID: 27402888 PMCID: PMC5106823 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The Lake Baringo and Lake Victoria regions of Kenya are associated with high seroprevalence of mosquito-transmitted arboviruses. However, molecular identification of potential mosquito vector species, including morphologically identified ones, remains scarce. To estimate the diversity, abundance, and distribution of mosquito vectors on the mainland shores and adjacent inhabited islands in these regions, we collected and morphologically identified adult and immature mosquitoes and obtained the corresponding sequence variation at cytochrome c oxidase 1 (COI) and internal transcribed spacer region 2 (ITS2) gene regions. A total of 63 species (including five subspecies) were collected from both study areas, 47 of which have previously been implicated as disease vectors. Fourteen species were found only on island sites, which are rarely included in mosquito diversity surveys. We collected more mosquitoes, yet with lower species composition, at Lake Baringo (40,229 mosquitoes, 32 species) than at Lake Victoria (22,393 mosquitoes, 54 species). Phylogenetic analysis of COI gene sequences revealed Culex perexiguus and Cx tenagius that could not be distinguished morphologically. Most Culex species clustered into a heterogeneous clade with closely related sequences, while Culex pipiens clustered into two distinct COI and ITS2 clades. These data suggest limitations in current morphological identification keys. This is the first DNA barcode report of Kenyan mosquitoes. To improve mosquito species identification, morphological identifications should be supported by their molecular data, while diversity surveys should target both adults and immatures. The diversity of native mosquito disease vectors identified in this study impacts disease transmission risks to humans and livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Ukamaka Ajamma
- Martin Lüscher Emerging Infectious Diseases (ML-EID) Laboratory, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Kasarani, P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya (; ; ; ; ; )
- Department of Botany (Genetics), Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Juja, P. O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jandouwe Villinger
- Martin Lüscher Emerging Infectious Diseases (ML-EID) Laboratory, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Kasarani, P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya (; ; ; ; ; )
| | - David Omondi
- Martin Lüscher Emerging Infectious Diseases (ML-EID) Laboratory, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Kasarani, P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya (; ; ; ; ; )
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Egerton University, P. O. Box 536-20115, Egerton, Kenya
- Molecular Biology and Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Biosciences, University of Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Daisy Salifu
- Martin Lüscher Emerging Infectious Diseases (ML-EID) Laboratory, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Kasarani, P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya (; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Thomas Ogao Onchuru
- Martin Lüscher Emerging Infectious Diseases (ML-EID) Laboratory, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Kasarani, P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya (; ; ; ; ; )
- Insect Symbiosis Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology (MPI-CE), Hans-Knoll Str. 8, 07745-Jena, Germany
- Department for Evolutionary Ecology, Institute for Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Johann-Joachim-Becher-Weg 13, 55128 Mainz, Germany, and
| | - Laban Njoroge
- Invertebrates Zoology Section, National Museums of Kenya, P. O. Box 40658-00100, Museum Hill Rd., Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Anne W T Muigai
- Department of Botany (Genetics), Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Juja, P. O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Daniel K Masiga
- Martin Lüscher Emerging Infectious Diseases (ML-EID) Laboratory, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Kasarani, P. O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya (; ; ; ; ; )
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Can Lymphatic Filariasis Be Eliminated by 2020? Trends Parasitol 2016; 33:83-92. [PMID: 27765440 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Interventions against neglected tropical diseases (NTD), including lymphatic filariasis (LF), scaled up dramatically after the signing of the London Declaration (LD) in 2012. LF is targeted for elimination by 2020, but some countries are considered not on track to meet the 2020 target using the recommended preventive chemotherapy and morbidity management strategies. In this Opinion article we review the prospects for achieving LF elimination by 2020 in the light of the renewed global action against NTDs and the global efforts to achieve the sustainable development goals (SDGs) by 2030. We conclude that LF can be eliminated by 2020 using cross-sectoral and integrated approaches because of the compound effect of the other SDG activities related to poverty reduction and water and sanitation.
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Agossa FR, Gnanguenon V, Anagonou R, Azondekon R, Aïzoun N, Sovi A, Oké-Agbo F, Sèzonlin M, Akogbéto MC. Impact of Insecticide Resistance on the Effectiveness of Pyrethroid-Based Malaria Vectors Control Tools in Benin: Decreased Toxicity and Repellent Effect. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145207. [PMID: 26674643 PMCID: PMC4682945 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first evidence of pyrethroids resistance in 1999 in Benin, mutations have rapidly increased in mosquitoes and it is now difficult to design a study including a control area where malaria vectors are fully susceptible. Few studies have assessed the after effect of resistance on the success of pyrethroid based prevention methods in mosquito populations. We therefore assessed the impact of resistance on the effectiveness of pyrethroids based indoor residual spraying (IRS) in semi-field conditions and long lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) in laboratory conditions. The results observed showed low repulsion and low toxicity of pyrethroids compounds in the test populations. The toxicity of pyrethroids used in IRS was significantly low with An. gambiae s.l (< 46%) but high for other predominant species such as Mansonia africana (93% to 97%). There were significant differences in terms of the repellent effect expressed as exophily and deterrence compared to the untreated huts (P<0.001). Furthermore, mortality was 23.71% for OlyseNet® and 39.06% for PermaNet®. However, with laboratory susceptible "Kisumu", mortality was 100% for both nets suggesting a resistance within the wild mosquito populations. Thus treatment with pyrethroids at World Health Organization recommended dose will not be effective at reducing malaria in the coming years. Therefore it is necessary to study how insecticide resistance decreases the efficacy of particular pyrethroids used in pyrethroid-based vector control so that a targeted approach can be adopted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiacre R. Agossa
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Benin
| | | | | | | | - Nazaire Aïzoun
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Benin
| | - Arthur Sovi
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Benin
| | | | - Michel Sèzonlin
- Laboratoire Evolution, Biodiversité des Arthropodes et Assainissement, FAST—UAC, Abomey-Calavi, Bénin
| | - Martin C. Akogbéto
- Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou (CREC), Cotonou, Benin
- Laboratoire Evolution, Biodiversité des Arthropodes et Assainissement, FAST—UAC, Abomey-Calavi, Bénin
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P. Rebollo M, Sime H, Assefa A, Cano J, Deribe K, Gonzalez-Escalada A, Shafi O, Davey G, Brooker SJ, Kebede A, Bockarie MJ. Shrinking the Lymphatic Filariasis Map of Ethiopia: Reassessing the Population at Risk through Nationwide Mapping. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004172. [PMID: 26539700 PMCID: PMC4634982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mapping of lymphatic filariasis (LF) is essential for the delineation of endemic implementation units and determining the population at risk that will be targeted for mass drug administration (MDA). Prior to the current study, only 116 of the 832 woredas (districts) in Ethiopia had been mapped for LF. The aim of this study was to perform a nationwide mapping exercise to determine the number of people that should be targeted for MDA in 2016 when national coverage was anticipated. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDING A two-stage cluster purposive sampling was used to conduct a community-based cross-sectional survey for an integrated mapping of LF and podoconiosis, in seven regional states and two city administrations. Two communities in each woreda were purposely selected using the World Health Organization (WHO) mapping strategy for LF based on sampling 100 individuals per community and two purposely selected communities per woreda. Overall, 130 166 people were examined in 1315 communities in 658 woredas. In total, 140 people were found to be positive for circulating LF antigen by immunochromatographic card test (ICT) in 89 communities. Based on WHO guidelines, 75 of the 658 woredas surveyed in the nine regions were found to be endemic for LF with a 2016 projected population of 9 267 410 residing in areas of active disease transmission. Combining these results with other data it is estimated that 11 580 010 people in 112 woredas will be exposed to infection in 2016. CONCLUSIONS We have conducted nationwide mapping of LF in Ethiopia and demonstrated that the number of people living in LF endemic areas is 60% lower than current estimates. We also showed that integrated mapping of multiple NTDs is feasible and cost effective and if properly planned, can be quickly achieved at national scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria P. Rebollo
- Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Heven Sime
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Jorge Cano
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kebede Deribe
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom
- School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Oumer Shafi
- Federal Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Gail Davey
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J. Brooker
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amha Kebede
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Moses J. Bockarie
- Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Department of Parasitology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Rahola N, Makanga B, Yangari P, Jiolle D, Fontenille D, Renaud F, Ollomo B, Ayala D, Prugnolle F, Paupy C. Description of Anopheles gabonensis, a new species potentially involved in rodent malaria transmission in Gabon, Central Africa. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 28:628-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Cano J, Rebollo MP, Golding N, Pullan RL, Crellen T, Soler A, Kelly-Hope LA, Lindsay SW, Hay SI, Bockarie MJ, Brooker SJ. The global distribution and transmission limits of lymphatic filariasis: past and present. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:466. [PMID: 25303991 PMCID: PMC4197264 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-014-0466-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is one of the neglected tropical diseases targeted for global elimination by 2020 and to guide elimination efforts countries have, in recent years, conducted extensive mapping surveys. Documenting the past and present distribution of LF and its environmental limits is important for a number of reasons. Here, we present an initiative to develop a global atlas of LF and present a new global map of the limits of LF transmission. METHODS We undertook a systematic search and assembly of prevalence data worldwide and used a suite of environmental and climatic data and boosted regression trees (BRT) modelling to map the transmission limits of LF. RESULTS Data were identified for 66 of the 72 countries currently endemic and for a further 17 countries where LF is no longer endemic. Our map highlights a restricted and highly heterogeneous distribution in sub-Saharan Africa, with transmission more widespread in West Africa compared to east, central and southern Africa where pockets of transmission occur. Contemporary transmission occurs across much of south and South-east Asia and the Pacific. Interestingly, the risk map reflects environmental conditions suitable for LF transmission across Central and South America, including the southern States of America, although active transmission is only known in a few isolated foci. In countries that have eliminated LF, our predictions of environmental suitability are consistent with historical distribution. CONCLUSIONS The global distribution of LF is highly heterogeneous and geographically targeted and sustained control will be required to achieve elimination. This first global map can help evaluate the progress of interventions and guide surveillance activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Cano
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Maria P Rebollo
- NTD Support Center, Task Force for Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, United States of America.
- Department of Parasitology, Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
| | - Nick Golding
- Department of Zoology, Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Tinbergen Building, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK.
| | - Rachel L Pullan
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Thomas Crellen
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Anna Soler
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Louise A Kelly-Hope
- Department of Parasitology, Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
| | - Steve W Lindsay
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom.
| | - Simon I Hay
- Department of Zoology, Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Tinbergen Building, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK.
| | - Moses J Bockarie
- Department of Parasitology, Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
| | - Simon J Brooker
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
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de Souza DK, Osei-Poku J, Blum J, Baidoo H, Brown CA, Lawson BW, Wilson MD, Bockarie MJ, Boakye DA. The epidemiology of lymphatic filariasis in Ghana, explained by the possible existence of two strains of Wuchereria bancrofti. Pan Afr Med J 2014; 17:133. [PMID: 25374638 PMCID: PMC4218648 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2014.17.133.3370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Lymphatic filariasis is a debilitating disease caused by the filarial worm Wuchereria bancrofti. It is earmarked for elimination by the year 2020 through the Global Program for the Elimination of LF (GPELF). In Ghana, mass treatment has been on-going since the year 2000. Earlier studies have revealed differing epidemiology of LF in the North and South of Ghana. This study was therefore aimed at understanding the possible impacts of W. bancrofti diversity on the epidemiology and control of LF in Ghana. Methods The Mitochondrial, Cytochrome C Oxidase I gene of W. bancrofti samples was sequenced and analyzed. The test sequences were grouped into infrapopulations, and pairwise differences (π) and mutation rates (θ) were computed. The amount of variance within and among populations was also computed using the AMOVA. The evolutionary history was inferred using the Maximum Parsimony method. Results Seven samples from the South and 15 samples from the North were sequenced, and submitted to GenBank with accession numbers GQ479497- GQ479518. The results revealed higher mutation frequencies in the southern population, compared to the northern population. Haplotype analyses revealed a total of 11 haplotypes (Hap) in all the 22 DNA sequences, with high genetic variation and polymorphisms within the southern samples. Conclusion This study showed that there is considerable genetic variability within W. bancrofti populations in Ghana, differences that might explain the observed epidemiology of LF. Further studies are however required for an in-depth understanding of LF epidemiology and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dziedzom Komi de Souza
- Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon-Ghana
| | - Jewelna Osei-Poku
- Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon-Ghana
| | - Julia Blum
- Yale College, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 06510, USA
| | - Helena Baidoo
- Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon-Ghana
| | - Charles Addoquaye Brown
- Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon-Ghana
| | - Bernard Walter Lawson
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Michael David Wilson
- Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon-Ghana
| | - Moses John Bockarie
- Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool-UK
| | - Daniel Adjei Boakye
- Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon-Ghana
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Kudom AA, Mensah BA, Nunoo J. Assessment of anti mosquito measures in households and resistance status of Culex species in urban areas in southern Ghana: Implications for the sustainability of ITN use. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2013; 6:859-64. [DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(13)60153-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Adeleke MA, Adebimpe WO, Hassan AO, Oladejo SO, Olaoye I, Olatunde GO, Adewole T. Larval habitats of mosquito fauna in Osogbo metropolis, Southwestern Nigeria. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2013; 3:673-7. [PMID: 23998005 DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(13)60137-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the larval habitats of mosquito fauna and possible impact of land use/ land cover changes on the epidemiology of mosquito-borne diseases in Osogbo metropolis, Southwestern, Nigeria. METHODS All accessible larval habitats were surveyed between May and September, 2011 in Osogbo metropolis while Land Use/ Land cover of the city was analyzed using 2 Lansat Multispectral Scanner satellite imagery of SPOT 1986 and LANDSAT TM 2009. RESULTS A total of six species namely, Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, Aedes vittatus, Anopheles gambiae complex, Culex quinquefasciatus and Eretmapodite chrysogaster were encountered during the study. The occurrence and contribution of disused tyres was significantly higher (P<0.05) than the other habitats encountered, while there were no significant differences in the contribution of gutters/run-offs, septic tanks/ drums, ground pools/open drains and discarded containers to the breeding of mosquitoes (P>0.05). The accessible land use/ land covered of the study area between 1986 and 2009 showed that the wet land coverage and settlement area increased from 0.19 to 9.09 hectare and 1.00 to 2.01 hectare respectively while the forest area decreased from 60.18 to 50.14 hectare. CONCLUSION The contribution of the habitats coupled with the increasing rate of flooded environment which could provide ample breeding sites for mosquitoes call for sustained environmental sanitation and management in Osogbo metropolis.
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Joseph SK, Ramaswamy K. Single multivalent vaccination boosted by trickle larval infection confers protection against experimental lymphatic filariasis. Vaccine 2013; 31:3320-6. [PMID: 23735679 PMCID: PMC3713514 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.05.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The multivalent vaccine BmHAT, consisting of the Brugia malayi infective larval (L3) antigens heat shock protein12.6 (HSP12.6), abundant larval transcript-2 (ALT-2) and tetraspanin large extra cellular loop (TSP-LEL), was shown to be protective in rodent models from our laboratory. We hypothesize that since these antigens were identified using protective antibodies from immune endemic normal individuals, the multivalent vaccine can be augmented by natural L3 infections providing protection to the vaccinated host. This hypothesis was tested using single dose of DNA and protein or protein alone of the BmHAT vaccination in gerbils followed by live trickle L3 infection as booster dose. Vaccine-induced protection in gerbils was determined by worm establishment, micropore chamber assay and by antibody dependant cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) assay. Results were compared with the traditional prime-boost vaccination regimen. Gerbils vaccinated with BmHAT and boosted with L3 trickle infection were protected 51% (BmHAT DNA-protein) and 48% (BmHAT protein) respectively. BmHAT vaccination plus L3 trickle booster generated significant titer of antigen-specific IgG antibodies comparable to the traditional prime boost vaccination approach. BmHAT vaccination plus L3 trickle booster also generated antigen-specific cells in the spleen of vaccinated animals and these cells secreted predominantly IFN-γ and IL-4 in response to the vaccine antigens. These studies thus show that single dose of BmHAT multivalent vaccination followed by L3 trickle booster infection can confer significant protection against lymphatic filariasis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Helminth/blood
- Antibody Formation
- Antibody Specificity
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity
- Antigens, Helminth/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Helminth/genetics
- Antigens, Helminth/immunology
- Brugia malayi/immunology
- Elephantiasis, Filarial/immunology
- Elephantiasis, Filarial/prevention & control
- Gerbillinae
- Immunization
- Immunization, Secondary
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Interleukin-4/immunology
- Larva/immunology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/immunology
- Vaccination/methods
- Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Vaccines/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- SK Joseph
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, USA
- NIH/NIAID/LMIV Twinbrook I, 5640 Fishers Lane, Rockville MD-20852
| | - K Ramaswamy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, Rockford, USA
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McNulty SN, Mitreva M, Weil GJ, Fischer PU. Inter and intra-specific diversity of parasites that cause lymphatic filariasis. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2012. [PMID: 23201850 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis is caused by three closely related nematode parasites: Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi and Brugia timori. These species have many ecological variants that differ in several aspects of their biology such as mosquito vector species, host range, periodicity, and morphology. Although the genome of B. malayi (the first genome sequenced from a parasitic nematode) has been available for more than five years, very little is known about genetic variability among the lymphatic dwelling filariae. The genetic diversity among these worms is not only interesting from a biological perspective, but it may have important practical implications for the Global Program to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis, as the parasites may respond differently to diagnostic tests and/or medical interventions. Therefore, better information on their genetic variability is urgently needed. With improved methods for nucleic acid extraction and recent advances in sequencing chemistry and instrumentation, this gap can be filled relatively inexpensively. Improved information on filarial genetic diversity may increase the chances of success for lymphatic filariasis elimination programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha N McNulty
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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Abstract
Wolbachia bacteria are common endosymbionts of insects, and some strains are known to protect their hosts against RNA viruses and other parasites. This has led to the suggestion that releasing Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes could prevent the transmission of arboviruses and other human parasites. We have identified Wolbachia in Kenyan populations of the yellow fever vector Aedes bromeliae and its relative Aedes metallicus, and in Mansonia uniformis and Mansonia africana, which are vectors of lymphatic filariasis. These Wolbachia strains cluster together on the bacterial phylogeny, and belong to bacterial clades that have recombined with other unrelated strains. These new Wolbachia strains may be affecting disease transmission rates of infected mosquito species, and could be transferred into other mosquito vectors as part of control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jewelna Osei-Poku
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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de Souza DK, Koudou B, Kelly-Hope LA, Wilson MD, Bockarie MJ, Boakye DA. Diversity and transmission competence in lymphatic filariasis vectors in West Africa, and the implications for accelerated elimination of Anopheles-transmitted filariasis. Parasit Vectors 2012; 5:259. [PMID: 23151383 PMCID: PMC3533928 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-5-259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic Filariasis (LF) is targeted for elimination by the Global Programme for the Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF). The strategy adopted is based on the density dependent phenomenon of Facilitation, which hypothesizes that in an area where the vector species transmitting Wuchereria bancrofti are Anopheles mosquitoes, it is feasible to eliminate LF using Mass Drug Administration (MDA) because of the inability of Anopheles species to transmit low-density microfilaraemia. Even though earlier studies have shown Anopheles species can exhibit the process of Facilitation in West Africa, observations point towards the process of Limitation in certain areas, in which case vector control is recommended. Studies on Anopheles species in West Africa have also shown genetic differentiation, cryptic taxa and speciation, insecticide resistance and the existence of molecular and chromosomal forms, all of which could influence the vectorial capacity of the mosquitoes and ultimately the elimination goal. This paper outlines the uniqueness of LF vectors in West Africa and the challenges it poses to the 2020 elimination goal, based on the current MDA strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dziedzom K de Souza
- Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon-Accra, Ghana
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