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Lavan RP, Armstrong R, Newbury H, Normile D, Hubinois C. Flea and tick treatment satisfaction, preference, and adherence reported by cat owners in the US, UK, or France who treated their cats with transdermal fluralaner. Open Vet J 2021; 11:458-467. [PMID: 34722211 PMCID: PMC8541722 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2021.v11.i3.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fluralaner (Bravecto®) is an isoxazoline class compound that is the only topically applied systemic ectoparasiticide approved for dosing at up to 12-week intervals for flea and tick control in cats. Aim To describe veterinarian recommendations for ectoparasiticide medications used in the UK and France along with veterinary recommendations previously reported from the US, as well as to assess cat owners' experience with a commercial transdermal spot-on fluralaner formulation administered to cats in the US and similarly describe the experiences of cat owners from the UK or France who administered fluralaner for feline flea and tick prevention. Methods Clients of participating veterinary practices in the US, UK, or France who were visiting the clinic for a routine wellness visit, were currently treating their cat with fluralaner (Bravecto®), and had purchased at least two doses were asked to complete a short two-page survey about their experience with flea and tick medications including fluralaner and other products they may have been administered. Results Owners in the US (451 cats), UK (512 cats), and France (520 cats) completed surveys. Most cat owners (66%-75%) had previously administered other flea and tick products. More than 94% of cat owners surveyed in each country were satisfied or very satisfied with fluralaner. The most frequently reported benefit of using fluralaner was the 12-week dosing interval, selected by 76% of respondents in the US, 82% in the UK, and 70% in France. 79%-88% of cat owners (depending on the country) thought that dosing with extended duration fluralaner was more convenient than dosing with monthly flea and tick products and 86%-89% of cat owners that had used other flea and tick products preferred fluralaner over the other flea and tick products. Conclusion Veterinarians in the US, UK, and France recommended 12 months of flea protection and 9-11 months of tick protection per year, even though, in this study, cat owners usually purchased 1-3 months of protection per year. A longer flea and tick dosing interval, as seen with fluralaner, correlates with higher user satisfaction and preference among cat owners. Owners identified the 12-week dosing interval and single dose efficacy as the top reasons for selecting the fluralaner product for their cat. In all three countries, most cat owners indicated that they were more likely to deliver doses of extended duration fluralaner on time, compared to flea and tick products dosed monthly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Philip Lavan
- Center for Observational and Real-World Evidence, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
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Ovicidal action of insectoacaricide drugs sentry home, Neostomazan 1:200 manufacured by CEVA, Neostomazan 1:200 manufacured by product and Extrazol M on fleas Ctenocephalides spp. eggs. EUREKA: HEALTH SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.21303/2504-5679.2021.001692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the research. To compare the ovicidal efficiency of insectoacaricides of different composition and manufacturers on flea eggs (Ctenocephalides spp.) for treatemnt of the premises where animals live.
Materials and methods of the research. The study was conducted on the basis of the clinic of veterinary medicine "Vetservice" Sumy, laboratory "Veterinary Pharmacy" and "Innovative technologies and safety and quality of livestock products" of Sumy National Agrarian University. The ovicidal effect of insectoacaricides on flea eggs of Ctenocephalides spp. was studied. Ctenocephalides spp. eggs were selected from the pet bedding on which the animal spended most of its time, namely the cats. The studied material was selected with a cosmetic brush. Ctenocephalides spp. eggs were placed into a Petri dish of 10 eggs per each dish. The test material was introduced with a dental probe. There were 4 test dishes, which were treated with insectoacaricides (each test dish was treated with a separate drug) and 1 control dish with no treatment. Microscopy was conducted under a light microscope with magnification X8 of each egg, with following treatment of each egg with insectoacaricides. Monitoring was conducted in 24, 48 and 72 hours after treatment.
Results. Research has shown that drugs which demonstrated 100 % ovicidal effectiveness were Sentry Home (pyriproxyfen – 0.02 %, permethrin – 0.2 %, n-Octyl Bicyclohepten – 1.0 %) in 24 hours and Neostomazan (CEVA)(transmix – 5.0 g, tetramethrin – 0.5 g) in 72 hours.
Conclusions. Insectoacaricide drug Sentry Home (pyriproxyfen – 0.02 %, permethrin – 0.2 %, n-Octyl Bicyclohepten – 1.0 %), used for the treatment of the premises where the animals live, showed the most pronounced ovicidal effect in 24 hours.
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Lavan R, Normile D, Armstrong R, Vaala W. Flea and tick treatment satisfaction, preference, and adherence of US cat owners prescribed topical fluralaner (Bravecto ® Topical Solution for Cats). Open Vet J 2021; 11:80-88. [PMID: 33898287 PMCID: PMC8057215 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v11i1.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Fluralaner is a novel isoxazoline compound and the only systemically distributed ectoparasiticide approved in the United States for redosing at up to 12-week intervals for flea and tick control in cats. Other feline ectoparasiticides, including other systemic isoxazolines, are approved for redosing at monthly intervals. A survey developed in 2016 to assess the satisfaction, preference, and adherence of dog owners prescribed fluralaner as an ectoparasiticide with the treatment and veterinary flea and tick protection recommendations was adapted for completion by cat owners in the USA. Aim: The study objective was to use cat-owner survey data obtained at US veterinary practices to assess client satisfaction and utilization practices for fluralaner, and to evaluate owner adherence to current flea and tick control recommendations. Methods: US veterinary practices (n = 26) were asked to obtain completed surveys for up to 25 active clients who were currently treating their cats with a topical preparation of fluralaner for flea and tick control. Clients who had previously used flea and tick products for cats other than fluralaner were enrolled in the study. Participating cat owners completed an 11-question survey on their satisfaction with, preference for, and adherence to treatment recommendations for topically applied fluralaner as a feline flea and tick control medication. Results: The average cat in this study had a mean (± SD) body weight of 5.1 (± 0.9) kg and was 7.1 (±1.4) years old. Most cats lived in a home versus an apartment and more than half spent some time outside. Satisfaction was assessed with a 5-point Likert scale, with nearly all cat owners (97%) indicating that they were satisfied or very satisfied with fluralaner. Most of them (66%) had previously used other monthly flea and tick products for cats. Owners were not excluded if they had previously used a canine flea and tick product. The extended dosing interval up to 12 weeks was the most frequently selected benefit of fluralaner. Nearly 9 out of 10 respondents indicated they readministered fluralaner mostly on time or delayed by a few days, and most said they were more likely to give a repeat dose of fluralaner at the recommended redosing interval compared to monthly products. 87% of the responding cat owners preferred topical fluralaner over the monthly flea and tick products they had used. Conclusion: The extended dosing interval of up to 12 weeks was the leading preference factor and the key driver of user satisfaction with fluralaner leading to improved adherence to redosing recommendations. Cat owners said they were more likely to administer fluralaner at the recommended redosing interval compared to monthly products, indicating that less frequent redosing contributes to improved adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Lavan
- Center for Observational and Real-World Evidence, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | | | - Rob Armstrong
- Merck Animal Health, 2 Giralda Farms, Madison, NJ, USA
| | - Wendy Vaala
- Merck Animal Health, 2 Giralda Farms, Madison, NJ, USA
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Monteiro HR, Pestana JLT, Novais SC, Soares AMVM, Lemos MFL. Toxicity of the insecticides spinosad and indoxacarb to the non-target aquatic midge Chironomus riparius. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 666:1283-1291. [PMID: 30970493 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Spinosad and indoxacarb are two relatively new insecticides mainly used in agriculture to control insect pests. However, at their current application rates, non-target aquatic insect species may also be impacted. In this study, larvae of the non-biting midge Chironomus riparius were exposed in the laboratory to both insecticides and their effects evaluated at the organismal level, using standard ecotoxicological tests, and at the biochemical level, by monitoring specific oxidative stress, neuronal, and energy metabolism biomarkers. Chronic exposure to both insecticides compromised growth and emergence of C. riparius. Short-term exposures revealed alterations at biochemical level that might be related to the toxicological targets of both insecticides. Growth and development time were the most sensitive endpoints at individual level for both pesticides, while at the biochemical level, the electron transport system activity was the most sensitive biomarker for spinosad exposure, suggesting an increase in energy demands associated with the activation of defense mechanisms. Glutathione-S-transferase was the most sensitive biomarker for indoxacarb exposure, underlining the role of this enzyme in the detoxification of indoxacarb. Additionally, changes in lactate dehydrogenase and glutathione peroxidase activities were observed for both insecticides, and evidences of oxidative damage were found for spinosad. This study contributes to the growing knowledge on sublethal effects of novel insecticides on non-target aquatic invertebrates and strengthens the usefulness of biochemical biomarkers to support the interpretation of their potentially deleterious effects on aquatic insects near agricultural fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo R Monteiro
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal; MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Instituto Politécnico de Leiria, Peniche, Portugal; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Laboratory for Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - João L T Pestana
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sara C Novais
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Instituto Politécnico de Leiria, Peniche, Portugal
| | | | - Marco F L Lemos
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Instituto Politécnico de Leiria, Peniche, Portugal
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Junquera P, Hosking B, Gameiro M, Macdonald A. Benzoylphenyl ureas as veterinary antiparasitics. An overview and outlook with emphasis on efficacy, usage and resistance. Parasite 2019; 26:26. [PMID: 31041897 PMCID: PMC6492539 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2019026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Six benzoylphenyl ureas are currently used in formulations approved as veterinary medicines: diflubenzuron for fly control mainly on cattle, lice and blowfly strike control on sheep, and lice control on farmed salmonids; lufenuron for flea control on dogs and cats and for lice control on farmed salmonids; triflumuron for lice and blowfly strike control on sheep; fluazuron for tick control on cattle; teflubenzuron for lice control on farmed salmon; and novaluron for fly and tick control on cattle and for flea control on dogs. Resistance to diflubenzuron and triflumuron has already been reported for sheep body lice and blowflies, and to fluazuron in cattle ticks. These and other minor veterinary usages, as well as the current status of resistance, are reviewed and perspectives for future opportunities are discussed based on unexplored potentials and threats posed by future resistance development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barry Hosking
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Elanco Australasia Pty. Limited Kemps Creek 2178
NSW Australia
| | - Marta Gameiro
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Elanco Canada Limited 150 Research Lane, Suite 120 Guelph ON
N1G 4T2 Canada
| | - Alicia Macdonald
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Elanco Canada Limited 150 Research Lane, Suite 120 Guelph ON
N1G 4T2 Canada
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Gálvez R, Montoya A, Fontal F, Martínez De Murguía L, Miró G. Controlling phlebotomine sand flies to prevent canine Leishmania infantum infection: A case of knowing your enemy. Res Vet Sci 2018; 121:94-103. [PMID: 30366124 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniosis caused by Leishmania infantum is a widespread zoonotic disease that can be transmitted to animals and humans by their vectors, blood-sucking phlebotomine sand flies. To prevent canine leishmaniosis across the whole Mediterranean region, vector control is essential. Because of phlebotomine breeding sites are diverse, environmental larval controls have limited practical value. Control methods of adults are being evaluated, such as selective baits based on sugar feeding of males and females or Attractive Toxic Sugar Baits (ATSB), and the indoor use of Long-Lasting-Insecticidal Nets (LLINs) treated with permethrin to prevent sand fly bites complementing the Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) approach suggested by WHO. Although several strategies exist, the best control measure to prevent canine Leishmania infantum is to treat dogs using biocidal topical formulations based on legal insecticides (PTs18) or repellents (PTs19) (as collars, spot-ons and/or sprays) during the period when the vectors are active. This means we need to really know the biology and life cycle of the sand fly vector. According to available data, by mapping ambient temperatures we can already predict high risk areas where vector densities will be higher. In ongoing research, new candidates are emerging to fight against sand flies including natural plant extracts with low impacts on the environment and host animal. Other options in the future could be systemic insecticides to help reduce sand fly populations in high density areas. In parallel, health authorities and professionals involved in animal and public health (veterinarians, physicians, entomologists and epidemiologists) must work together in a One Health approach to minimize Leishmania infection. Veterinarians play a crucial role in liaising between key stake holders and dog owners to ensure the latter act responsibly in using repellents as a preventive measure against sand fly bites.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gálvez
- Grupo de Investigación Epicontrol-Carnívoros, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - A Montoya
- Grupo de Investigación Epicontrol-Carnívoros, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - F Fontal
- Laboratorio de Sanidad Ambiental Urbana, Tecnalia, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Gipuzkoa, Mikeletegi Pasealekua 2, Donostia-San Sebastián 20009, Spain
| | - L Martínez De Murguía
- Laboratorio de Sanidad Ambiental Urbana, Tecnalia, Parque Científico y Tecnológico de Gipuzkoa, Mikeletegi Pasealekua 2, Donostia-San Sebastián 20009, Spain
| | - G Miró
- Grupo de Investigación Epicontrol-Carnívoros, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain.
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Rust MK. The Biology and Ecology of Cat Fleas and Advancements in Their Pest Management: A Review. INSECTS 2017; 8:E118. [PMID: 29077073 PMCID: PMC5746801 DOI: 10.3390/insects8040118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The cat flea Ctenocephalides felis felis (Bouché) is the most important ectoparasite of domestic cats and dogs worldwide. It has been two decades since the last comprehensive review concerning the biology and ecology of C. f. felis and its management. Since then there have been major advances in our understanding of the diseases associated with C. f. felis and their implications for humans and their pets. Two rickettsial diseases, flea-borne spotted fever and murine typhus, have been identified in domestic animal populations and cat fleas. Cat fleas are the primary vector of Bartonella henselae (cat scratch fever) with the spread of the bacteria when flea feces are scratched in to bites or wounds. Flea allergic dermatitis (FAD) common in dogs and cats has been successfully treated and tapeworm infestations prevented with a number of new products being used to control fleas. There has been a continuous development of new products with novel chemistries that have focused on increased convenience and the control of fleas and other arthropod ectoparasites. The possibility of feral animals serving as potential reservoirs for flea infestations has taken on additional importance because of the lack of effective environmental controls in recent years. Physiological insecticide resistance in C. f. felis continues to be of concern, especially because pyrethroid resistance now appears to be more widespread. In spite of their broad use since 1994, there is little evidence that resistance has developed to many of the on-animal or oral treatments such as fipronil, imidacloprid or lufenuron. Reports of the perceived lack of performance of some of the new on-animal therapies have been attributed to compliance issues and their misuse. Consequentially, there is a continuing need for consumer awareness of products registered for cats and dogs and their safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Rust
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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Sierras A, Schal C. Comparison of ingestion and topical application of insecticides against the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2017; 73:521-527. [PMID: 27766740 PMCID: PMC5288133 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global prevalence of Cimex lectularius infestations has challenged current intervention efforts, as pyrethroid resistance has become ubiquitous, availability of labeled insecticides for bed bugs is limited, and non-chemical treatment options, such as heat, are often unaffordable. We evaluated representative insecticides toward the goal of developing a novel, ingestible liquid bait for hematophagous arthropods. RESULTS LC50 values were estimated for adult males and first instar nymphs of an insecticide-susceptible strain for abamectin, clothianidin, fipronil and indoxacarb, after ingestion from an artificial feeder. LD50 values were calculated based on the ingested blood volume. Ingested abamectin, clothianidin and fipronil caused rapid mortality in both life stages. Fipronil was ∼43-fold more effective by ingestion than by topical application. Indoxacarb and its bioactive metabolite decarbomethoxylated JW062 (DCJW) were ineffective at causing bed bug mortality even at concentrations as high as 1000 ng mL-1 blood. CONCLUSIONS Fipronil, clothianidin and abamectin have potential for being incorporated into a liquid bait for bed bug control; indoxacarb and DCJW were not effective. Bed bugs are a good candidate for an ingestible liquid bait because systemic formulations generally require less active ingredient than residual sprays, they remain contained and more effectively target hematophagous arthropods. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Coby Schal
- Correspondence to: Coby Schal, Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 7613, Raleigh NC 27695-7613, USA.
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In vitro efficacy of essential oils and extracts of Schinus molle L. against Ctenocephalides felis felis. Parasitology 2016; 143:627-38. [PMID: 26887529 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182016000081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Extracts and essential oils from plants are important natural sources of pesticides. These compounds are considered an alternative to control ectoparasites of veterinary importance. Schinus molle, an endemic species of Brazil, produces a high level of essential oil and several other compounds. The aim of this work was to determinate the chemical composition of extracts and essential oils of S. molle and further to evaluate the activity against eggs and adults of Ctenocephalides felis felis, a predominant flea that infests dogs and cats in Brazil. In an in vitro assay, the non-polar (n-hexane) extract showed 100% efficacy (800 µg cm(-2); LD50 = 524·80 µg cm(-2)) at 24 and 48 h. Its major compound was lupenone (50·25%). Essential oils from fruits and leaves were evaluated, and had 100% efficacy against adult fleas at 800 µg cm(-2) (LD50 = 353·95 µg cm(-2)) and at 50 µg cm(-2) (LD50 = 12·02 µg cm(-2)), respectively. On the other hand, the essential oil from fruits and leaves was not active against flea eggs. This is the first study that reports the insecticidal effects of essential oils and extracts obtained from Schinus molle against Ctenocephalides felis felis.
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Armstrong RD, Liebenberg JE, Heaney K, Guerino F. Flea (Ctenocephalides felis) control efficacy of topical indoxacarb on dogs subsequently bathed with a chlorhexidine-ketoconazole shampoo. Aust Vet J 2015. [PMID: 26220323 PMCID: PMC5034855 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE An evaluation of the effect of chlorhexidine/ketoconazole shampoo baths on the flea control efficacy of indoxacarb applied topically to dogs. METHODS AND RESULTS We randomly allocated 18 healthy mixed-breed dogs to 3 groups: shampoo only; indoxacarb treated and medicated shampoo; and indoxacarb treated but not shampooed. Indoxacarb was administered on day 0 and dogs were shampooed on days 9 and 23. Dogs were infested with 100 adult Ctenocephalides felis initially 2 days before treatment and then weekly from days 7 to 28. Fleas were removed and counted 48 h post-infestation. CONCLUSION Medicated shampoo use did not significantly reduce indoxacarb efficacy against C. felis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J E Liebenberg
- ClinVet International, Bloemfontein, Republic of South Africa
| | - K Heaney
- MSD Animal Health, Madison, New Jersey, USA
| | - F Guerino
- MSD Animal Health, Madison, New Jersey, USA
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11
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Oxborough RM, N'Guessan R, Kitau J, Tungu PK, Malone D, Mosha FW, Rowland MW. A new class of insecticide for malaria vector control: evaluation of mosquito nets treated singly with indoxacarb (oxadiazine) or with a pyrethroid mixture against Anopheles gambiae and Culex quinquefasciatus. Malar J 2015; 14:353. [PMID: 26377930 PMCID: PMC4573922 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-015-0890-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Universal coverage with long-lasting insecticidal mosquito nets (LLIN) or indoor residual spraying (IRS) of houses remain the primary strategies for the control of mosquito vectors of malaria. Pyrethroid resistant malaria vectors are widespread throughout sub-Saharan Africa and new insecticides with different modes of action are urgently needed if malaria vector control is to remain effective. Indoxacarb is an oxadiazine insecticide that is effective as an oral and contact insecticide against a broad spectrum of agricultural pests and, due to its unique site of action, no cross-resistance has been detected through mechanisms associated with resistance to insecticides currently used in public health. METHODS WHO tunnel tests of host seeking mosquitoes were carried out as a forerunner to experimental hut trials, to provide information on dosage-dependent mortality, repellency, and blood-feeding inhibition. A dosage range of indoxacarb treated netting (100-1000 mg/m(2)) was tested against a pyrethroid susceptible strain of Anopheles gambiae. In addition, efficacy of indoxacarb 500 mg/m(2) was compared with a standard pyrethroid formulation against pyrethroid susceptible and resistant Culex quinquefasciatus. Dosages between 25 and 300 mg/m(2) indoxacarb were tested in tunnel tests and in ball-frame bioassays as mixtures with alphacypermethrin 25 mg/m(2) and were compared with singly applied treatments against an insectary reared pyrethroid resistant strain of Cx. quinquefasciatus originally collected in Cotonou, Benin. RESULTS There was a dosage-dependent response in terms of indoxacarb induced mortality, with dosages >100 mg/m(2) producing the best mortality response. In tunnel tests indoxacarb 500 mg/m(2) exceeded WHOPES thresholds with >80 % mortality of adult An. gambiae and blood-feeding inhibition of 75 %. No cross-resistance to indoxacarb was detected through mechanisms associated with resistance to pyrethroid insecticides and was equally effective against susceptible and resistant strains of Cx. quinquefasciatus. Indoxacarb 500 mg/m(2) killed 75 % of pyrethroid resistant Cx. quinquefasciatus compared with only 21 % mortality with alphacypermethrin 40 mg/m(2). Mixtures of indoxacarb with pyrethroid produced an additive response for both mortality and blood-feeding inhibition. The best performing mixture (indoxacarb 200 mg/m(2) + alphacypermethrin 25 mg/m(2)) killed 83 % of pyrethroid resistant Cx. quinquefasciatus and reduced blood-feeding by 88 %, while alphacypermethrin only killed 36 % and inhibited blood-feeding by 50 %. CONCLUSIONS New insecticides with different modes of action to those currently used in mosquito vector control are urgently needed. Indoxacarb shows great promise as a mixture with a pyrethroid and should be evaluated in experimental hut trials to determine performance against wild free-flying, pyrethroid resistant An. gambiae and wash-resistant formulations developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Oxborough
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. .,Department of Entomology and Parasitology, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. .,Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium, (PAMVERC), Moshi, Tanzania.
| | - Raphael N'Guessan
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. raphael.n'.,Laboratoire Nationale, Ministère de la Santé, CREC Laboratories, Centre de Recherche Entomologique de Cotonou, Cotonou 06, BP 2604, Benin. raphael.n'.,Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium, (PAMVERC), Moshi, Tanzania. raphael.n'
| | - Jovin Kitau
- Department of Entomology and Parasitology, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. .,Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium, (PAMVERC), Moshi, Tanzania.
| | - Patrick K Tungu
- Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium, (PAMVERC), Moshi, Tanzania. .,Amani Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Muheza, Tanzania.
| | - David Malone
- Innovative Vector Control Consortium (IVCC), Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK.
| | - Franklin W Mosha
- Department of Entomology and Parasitology, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. .,Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium, (PAMVERC), Moshi, Tanzania.
| | - Mark W Rowland
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. .,Pan-African Malaria Vector Research Consortium, (PAMVERC), Moshi, Tanzania.
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Dryden MW, Smith V, Bennett T, Math L, Kallman J, Heaney K, Sun F. Efficacy of fluralaner flavored chews (Bravecto) administered to dogs against the adult cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis felis and egg production. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:364. [PMID: 26160349 PMCID: PMC4498502 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0965-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fluralaner is a potent insecticide and acaricide with rapid and persistent efficacy. This study measured the efficacy of fluralaner flavored chews (Bravecto®, Merck Animal Health) administered to dogs against adult Ctenocephalides felis felis and egg production. Methods Twelve purpose-bred dogs were randomly allocated to two groups of six dogs each. Dogs in treatment group 1 were administered a single fluralaner flavored chew to achieve a minimum dose of at least 25 mg/kg while treatment group 2 served as untreated controls. On Days −2, 28, 56, 84, 91, 98, 105, 112, and 120 post-treatment, each dog was infested with approximately 200 unfed cat fleas, C. felis felis (KS1 strain). Forty-eight hours after treatment and 48 h after each infestation, eggs were collected over a 3-h period, counted and viability determined. Dogs were combed to remove any remaining fleas. Results Treatment of dogs with oral fluralaner provided a 100 % reduction in flea counts 48 h after treatment and within 48 h of every post-treatment infestation through Day122. Egg production from fluralaner treated dogs was reduced by 99.9 % (two eggs from one dog) within 48 h after treatment and not a single egg (100 % efficacy) was thereafter collected from treated dogs. Adult flea counts and egg production from the fluralaner-treated dogs were significantly lower than for non-treated controls at all post-treatment evaluations (P < 0.001). The two eggs collected from the single treated dog 48 h after treatment did not produce any adult fleas. As no additional eggs were collected from treated dogs, no viability assessment was performed. Conclusions A single oral dose of fluralaner flavored chews provided 100 % efficacy against repeated flea infestations on dogs for 4 months. Fluralaner reduced egg production of activity reproducing female fleas by 99.9 % and then killed every single female flea before any eggs could be produced following each subsequent re-infestation for the entire 122-day evaluation period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Dryden
- Dept. of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
| | - Vicki Smith
- Dept. of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
| | - Tashina Bennett
- Dept. of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
| | - Lisa Math
- Merck Animal Health, 2 Giralda Farms, Madison, NJ, 07940, USA.
| | - James Kallman
- Merck Animal Health, 2 Giralda Farms, Madison, NJ, 07940, USA.
| | - Kathleen Heaney
- Merck Animal Health, 2 Giralda Farms, Madison, NJ, 07940, USA.
| | - Fangshi Sun
- Merck Animal Health, 2 Giralda Farms, Madison, NJ, 07940, USA.
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13
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Williams H, Young DR, Qureshi T, Zoller H, Heckeroth AR. Fluralaner, a novel isoxazoline, prevents flea (Ctenocephalides felis) reproduction in vitro and in a simulated home environment. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:275. [PMID: 24946811 PMCID: PMC4067686 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fluralaner, a novel isoxazoline, has both acaricidal and insecticidal activity through potent blockage of GABA- and L-glutamate-gated chloride channels. This study investigated the in vitro and in vivo effects of fluralaner exposure on flea (Ctenocephalides felis) reproduction. Methods Blood spiked with sub-insecticidal fluralaner concentrations (between 0.09 and 50.0 ng/mL) was fed to fleas for 10 days using a membrane system. Cessation of reproduction in exposed fleas was assessed using flea survival, egg hatchability, and control of oviposition, pupae, and flea emergence. Fluralaner efficacy for in vivo Ctenocephalides (C.) felis control on dogs was assessed using a simulated flea-infested home environment. During a pre-treatment period, dogs were infested twice on days -28 and -21 with 100 adult unfed fleas to establish a thriving population by day 0 of the study. On day 0, one group of dogs was treated with fluralaner (Bravecto™; n = 10), while another group served as negative control (n = 10). Following treatment, dogs were infested three times with 50 fleas on days 22, 50 and 78 to simulate new infestations. Live flea counts were conducted weekly on all dogs for 12 weeks starting 1 day before treatment. Results Fluralaner potently inhibited flea reproduction capacity in vitro. Oviposition ceased completely at concentrations as low as 25.0 ng/mL. While no ovicidal effect was observed, fluralaner exerted a larvicidal effect at exceptionally low concentrations (6.25 ng/mL). In the simulated flea-infested home environment, flea-control efficacy on fluralaner-treated dogs was >99% at every time point measured for 12 weeks. No adverse events were observed in fluralaner-treated dogs. Conclusions Fluralaner completely controls egg laying, larval development and flea reproduction even at sub-insecticidal concentrations. Oral treatment of dogs with fluralaner is highly effective for eliminating fleas in a simulated flea-infested home environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Williams
- MSD Animal Health Innovation GmbH, Research Antiparasitics, Zur Propstei, 55270 Schwabenheim, Germany.
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14
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Fisara P, Sargent RM, Shipstone M, von Berky A, von Berky J. An open, self-controlled study on the efficacy of topical indoxacarb for eliminating fleas and clinical signs of flea-allergy dermatitis in client-owned dogs in Queensland, Australia. Vet Dermatol 2014; 25:195-e49. [PMID: 24797425 PMCID: PMC4258095 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine flea-allergy dermatitis (FAD), a hypersensitivity response to antigenic material in the saliva of feeding fleas, occurs worldwide and remains a common presentation in companion animal veterinary practice despite widespread availability of effective systemic and topical flea-control products. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To evaluate the clinical response in dogs with FAD treated topically with indoxacarb, a novel oxadiazine insecticide. ANIMALS Twenty-five client-owned dogs in Queensland, Australia diagnosed with pre-existing FAD on the basis of clinical signs, flea-antigen intradermal and serological tests. METHODS An open-label, noncontrolled study, in which all dogs were treated with topical indoxacarb at 4 week intervals, three times over 12 weeks. RESULTS Twenty-four dogs completed the study. Complete resolution of clinical signs of FAD was observed in 21 cases (87.5%), with nearly complete resolution or marked improvement in the remaining three cases. Mean clinical scores (Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index-03) were reduced by 93.3% at week 12. Mean owner-assessed pruritus scores were reduced by 88% by week 12. Mean flea counts reduced by 98.7 and 100% in weeks 8 and 12, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Topical indoxacarb treatment applied every 4 weeks for 12 weeks, without concomitant antipruritic or ectoparasiticide therapy, completely alleviated flea infestations in all dogs and associated clinical signs of FAD in a high proportion of this population of dogs in a challenging flea-infestation environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Fisara
- MSD Animal Health26 Artisan Road, Seven Hills, NSW, 2147, Australia
| | - Roger M Sargent
- MSD Animal Health26 Artisan Road, Seven Hills, NSW, 2147, Australia
| | - Michael Shipstone
- Dermatology for Animals263 Appleby Road, Stafford Heights, Qld, 4053, Australia
| | - Andrew von Berky
- von Berky Veterinary Services3 Hawthorne Street, Woody Point, Qld, 4019, Australia
| | - Janet von Berky
- von Berky Veterinary Services3 Hawthorne Street, Woody Point, Qld, 4019, Australia
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15
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Frenais R, Flochlay-Sigognault A, Milon-Harnois G. Anti-feeding efficacy of Activyl® Tick Plus topical treatment of dogs against Phlebotomus perniciosus. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:217. [PMID: 24886557 PMCID: PMC4030270 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Topical permethrin treatment is known to prevent feeding of sandflies on dogs. This study investigated the anti-feeding efficacy and the immediate insecticidal efficacy (knock-down effect) of topical treatment of dogs with a new commercially available combination of indoxacarb and permethrin (Activyl® Tick Plus), compared with a negative control. METHODS Sedated dogs were individually exposed to unfed female sandflies in a darkened chamber for one hour 2, 7, 14, 21 and 29 days after treatment. Mean fly feeding and survival rates in the two groups after one hour of exposure were used to calculate the anti-feeding efficacy and the knock-down effect, respectively. RESULTS On Days 2, 7, 14, 21 and 29 post treatment, the anti-feeding efficacy was 99, 98, 96, 88 and 84% based on geometric means. The mean number of fed sandflies in the treated group was significantly lower than in the control group mean at every evaluation time point. The knock-down effect, measured at one hour after exposure of the flies to treated dogs, was 32, 27, 9, 0 and 4% based on geometric means, at the same time points. The number of dead flies was significantly higher in the treated group on Days 2 and 7 post-treatment. No adverse effects of treatment were observed at any time during the study. CONCLUSIONS Activyl® Tick Plus treatment of dogs provided a high anti-feeding efficacy against Phlebotomus perniciosus from 2 to 21 days post treatment, with continuing significant anti-feeding to 29 days post-treatment, and was well tolerated. Some knock-down effect following one hour of exposure of flies to treated dogs was observed in the first week after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Régis Frenais
- MSD Animal Health Innovation SAS, 7 rue Olivier de Serres, CS 67131, Beaucouzé cedex 49071, France.
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16
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Coles TB, Dryden MW. Insecticide/acaricide resistance in fleas and ticks infesting dogs and cats. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:8. [PMID: 24393426 PMCID: PMC3891977 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This review defines insecticide/acaricide resistance and describes the history, evolution, types, mechanisms, and detection of resistance as it applies to chemicals currently used against fleas and ticks of dogs and cats and summarizes resistance reported to date. We introduce the concept of refugia as it applies to flea and tick resistance and discuss strategies to minimize the impact and inevitable onset of resistance to newer classes of insecticides. Our purpose is to provide the veterinary practitioner with information needed to investigate suspected lack of efficacy, respond to lack of efficacy complaints from their clients, and evaluate the relative importance of resistance as they strive to relieve their patients and satisfy their clients when faced with flea and tick infestations that are difficult to resolve. We conclude that causality of suspected lack of insecticide/acaricide efficacy is most likely treatment deficiency, not resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tad B Coles
- Medical Writing and Veterinary Consulting, Overland Park, KS 66212, USA
| | - Michael W Dryden
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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17
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Dryden MW, Payne PA, Smith V, Chwala M, Jones E, Davenport J, Fadl G, Martinez-Perez de Zeiders MF, Heaney K, Ford P, Sun F. Evaluation of indoxacarb and fipronil (s)-methoprene topical spot-on formulations to control flea populations in naturally infested dogs and cats in private residences in Tampa FL. USA. Parasit Vectors 2013; 6:366. [PMID: 24373508 PMCID: PMC3892057 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A study was conducted to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of two different spot-on topical flea products to control flea infestations on naturally infested dogs and cats in Tampa, FL USA. Methods Thirty-two dogs and 3 cats with natural flea infestations living in 18 homes were treated topically with a 19.53% w/w spot-on formulation of indoxacarb. Another thirty dogs and 2 cats living in 19 different homes were treated topically with either fipronil (9.8% w/w)/(s)-methoprene (8.89% w/w) or fipronil (9.8% w/w)/(s)-methoprene (11.8% w/w), respectively. All products were applied according to label directions by study investigators on day 0 and again between days 28 and 30. Flea populations on pets were assessed using visual area counts and premise flea infestations were assessed using intermittent-light flea traps on days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28–30, 40–45, and 54–60. Results A single application of the indoxacarb or fipronil (s)-methoprene formulations reduced flea populations on pets by 97.8% and 85.5%, respectively within 7 days. One month (28–30 days) after treatment the indoxacarb and fipronil (s)-methoprene formulations reduced on-animal flea burdens by 95.0% and 49.5%, respectively. Following two monthly applications of either the indoxacarb or fipronil (s)-methoprene formulations, pet flea burdens were reduced by 99.1% and 54.8%, respectively, by days 54 – 60. At the end of the two month study, 77.1% and 15.6% of the dogs and cats in the indoxacarb and fipronil (s)-methoprene treatment groups, respectively were flea free. Flea numbers in the indoor-premises were markedly reduced in both treatment groups by days 54–60, with 97.7% and 84.6% reductions in intermittent-light flea trap counts in the indoxacarb and fipronil (s)-methoprene treatment groups, respectively. Conclusions This in-home investigation conducted during the summer of 2013 in subtropical Tampa, FL, is the first published U.S field investigation of the indoxacarb topical formulation. The indoxacarb formulation was able to effectively control flea populations in heavily flea infested pets and homes. The efficacy achieved by the fipronil (s)-methoprene formulation against flea infestations on these pets was lower than in previous investigations using the same study design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Dryden
- Dept, of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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