1
|
Silva CMDA, Dos Santos FN, Mota TF, Brodskyn CI, Fraga DBM, Magalhães-Junior JT. Identification of Lutzomyia longipalpis' using MALDI-TOF peptide/protein profiles. Acta Trop 2024; 257:107303. [PMID: 38950763 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Sand flies are vectors of great public health importance, since they constitute a group of hematophagous insects responsible for etiological agents transmission of zoonotic diseases such a visceral leishmaniasis. In face of the expansion of these diseases, efficient control strategies are needed which depend on comprehending the sand fly eco-epidemiology. In this regard, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry has been used for bacteria, fungi and yeast detection studies through peptide/protein profiles. However, little is known about interference of biological factors associated with vector ecology, such as blood meal preferences and even sand fly age on the peptide/protein profiles. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the differences in peptide/protein profiles of the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis, by means of MALDI-TOF, due to the sand fly's age, sex, blood meal source and Leishmania infantum infection. Sample preparation was made removing both head and last abdomen segments keeping the thorax, its appendices and the rest of the abdomen. Five specimens per pool were used to obtain peptide/protein extract of which 1 μL solution was deposited over 1 μL MALDI matrix dried. Characteristic spectra were analyzed using principal coordinate analysis as well as indicator species analysis to discriminate differences in sand flies's peptide/protein profile by sex, age, blood meal source and L. infantum infection. The results show that the evaluated variables produced distinct peptide/protein profiles, demonstrated by the identification of specific diagnostic ions. It was found that the interference of biological factors should be taken into account when using the MALDI-TOF analysis of sand fly species identification and eco-epidemiological applications in field studies. Based on our results, we believe that it is possible to identify infected specimens and the source of blood meal in a collection of wild sand flies, serving to measure infectivity and understand the dynamics of the vector's transmission chain. Our results may be useful for epidemiological studies that look at the ecology of sand flies and leishmaniasis, as well as for raising awareness of biological characteristics' impact on peptide/protein profiles in sand fly species identification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caliene Melo de Andrade Silva
- Universidade Federal do Oeste da Bahia (UFOB), Centro Multidisciplinar da Barra, Barra, Bahia, Brazil, 47100-000; Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IGM-FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, 40296-710.
| | - Fábio Neves Dos Santos
- Laboratório ThoMSon de Espectrometria de Massas, Instituto de Química, Universidade de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil, 13083-970; Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Campus Universitário de Ondina, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, 40170-290
| | - Tiago Feitosa Mota
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IGM-FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, 40296-710
| | - Claudia Ida Brodskyn
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IGM-FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, 40296-710
| | - Deborah Bittencourt Mothé Fraga
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (IGM-FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, 40296-710; Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, 40170-110
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tsikolia M, Tsafrakidou P, Gkektsian A, Miaoulis M, Rowland TE, Chaskopoulou A. Sand Fly larvae are capable of positive chemotaxis: a proof of concept study using Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae) as a model species. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 61:869-876. [PMID: 38781574 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjae072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Phlebotomine sand flies are important vectors of medical and veterinary importance, transmitting pathogens, such as the Leishmania parasites, responsible for 700,000 to 1 million new cases of leishmaniasis every year. The vast majority of the current sand fly surveillance and control tools are tailored against the adult stages, due to the limited knowledge on the ecology of the larval stages. Since vector control is primarily an ecological problem, an in-depth understanding of the behavior of the target insect pests across all the different life stages of their development is required prior to the development of effective control strategies. It is well known that chemical cues play an important role in insect behavior. While there are numerous studies investigating the behavior of adult sand flies in response to chemical sources, there is currently no information available on the response of their larval stages. In this study, novel bioassays were constructed to investigate the effect of chemical cues (gustatory and olfactory) on the behavior of Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli) sand fly larvae. The larvae exhibited a clear food preference within a few hours of exposure in a 2-choice bioassay, while, also, demonstrated positive chemotaxis in response to volatile stimuli emitted from their preferred food source. Identification of the specific chemical compounds (or the combination thereof) eliciting attractance response to sand fly immature stages could lead to the development of innovative, and targeted (larval-specific) tools for the surveillance, and management of these important public health pests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maia Tsikolia
- USDA-ARS, European Biological Control Laboratory, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Panagiota Tsafrakidou
- USDA-ARS, European Biological Control Laboratory, Thessaloniki, Greece
- American Farm School, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Arsen Gkektsian
- USDA-ARS, European Biological Control Laboratory, Thessaloniki, Greece
- American Farm School, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Michael Miaoulis
- USDA-ARS, European Biological Control Laboratory, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Tobin E Rowland
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Entomology Branch, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rodríguez-Rojas JJ, Lozano-Sardaneta YN, Fernández-Salas I, Sánchez-Casas RM, Becker I. Species diversity, barcode, detection of pathogens and blood meal pattern in Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae) from northeastern Mexico. Acta Trop 2024; 249:107064. [PMID: 37926385 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.107064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
More than 90 species of phlebotomines are vectors of parasites, bacteria, and viruses, which cause disease in animals and humans. Therefore, their study is necessary to establish prevention and control strategies. Mexico is an endemic country for leishmaniasis, mostly in the center and southern regions of the country, yet only few studies have been conducted in the northern part of the country. The present study aims to: (a) assess the alpha diversity of Phlebotominae in an annual cycle, (b) to correlate climatic variables with abundance, (c) to generate barcodes of these insects as part of the integrative taxonomy, and (d) to detect Leishmania, Wolbachia and blood sources in an area close to where a case of autochthonous leishmaniasis has been detected in Nuevo Leon, Mexico. A systematic sampling was conducted during three consecutive nights from 17:00 to 22:00 h., placing Shannon traps, CDC traps with incandescent light, and BG Sentinel 2 + BG Lure traps. A total catch effort of 660 nights/traps/hours was achieved, in which a total number of 707 phlebotomines (58% female and 42% male) of six species were collected and identified. The most abundant species were Psathyromyia cratifer (57%) and Psathyromyia shannoni sensu stricto (26%). The highest abundance (72%; 507/707) was collected during March, April and May 2021. Barcodes were generated for four species of phlebotomines, which represent new records for Mexico. For the molecular detection of microorganisms, 302 specimens were analyzed, although no specimens were positive for Leishmania spp. Wolbachia strains were detected in phlebotomines with an infection rate of 1.32% (4/302) and found in Pa. cratifer and Lu. cruciata. Likewise, human DNA was identified in female Lu. cruciata and Pa. cratifer phlebotomines. These findings indicate the presence of potential vector species of the parasite Leishmania spp. This result shows the need for further entomological surveillance to elucidate the transmission mechanisms in these northern areas of the country.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Jesús Rodríguez-Rojas
- Facultad de Medicina, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64460, Mexico
| | - Yokomi N Lozano-Sardaneta
- Facultad de Medicina, Centro de Medicina Tropical, Unidad de Medicina Experimental, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 06726, Mexico; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Biología, Colección Nacional de Insectos, Ciudad de México 06720, Mexico.
| | - Ildefonso Fernández-Salas
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Entomología Médica, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León 66455, Mexico
| | - Rosa María Sánchez-Casas
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, General Escobedo, Nuevo León, 66054, Mexico
| | - Ingeborg Becker
- Facultad de Medicina, Centro de Medicina Tropical, Unidad de Medicina Experimental, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 06726, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cannet A, Simon-Chane C, Histace A, Akhoundi M, Romain O, Souchaud M, Jacob P, Sereno D, Volf P, Dvorak V, Sereno D. Species identification of phlebotomine sandflies using deep learning and wing interferential pattern (WIP). Sci Rep 2023; 13:21389. [PMID: 38049590 PMCID: PMC10696019 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48685-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sandflies (Diptera; Psychodidae) are medical and veterinary vectors that transmit diverse parasitic, viral, and bacterial pathogens. Their identification has always been challenging, particularly at the specific and sub-specific levels, because it relies on examining minute and mostly internal structures. Here, to circumvent such limitations, we have evaluated the accuracy and reliability of Wing Interferential Patterns (WIPs) generated on the surface of sandfly wings in conjunction with deep learning (DL) procedures to assign specimens at various taxonomic levels. Our dataset proves that the method can accurately identify sandflies over other dipteran insects at the family, genus, subgenus, and species level with an accuracy higher than 77.0%, regardless of the taxonomic level challenged. This approach does not require inspection of internal organs to address identification, does not rely on identification keys, and can be implemented under field or near-field conditions, showing promise for sandfly pro-active and passive entomological surveys in an era of scarcity in medical entomologists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Cannet
- Direction des Affaires Sanitaires et Sociales de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, Nouméa, France
| | | | - Aymeric Histace
- ETIS UMR 8051, Cergy Paris University, ENSEA, CNRS, 95000, Cergy, France
| | | | | | - Marc Souchaud
- ETIS UMR 8051, Cergy Paris University, ENSEA, CNRS, 95000, Cergy, France
| | - Pierre Jacob
- ETIS UMR 8051, Cergy Paris University, ENSEA, CNRS, 95000, Cergy, France
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LaBRI, UMR 5800, 33400, Talence, France
| | - Darian Sereno
- InterTryp, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, Infectiology, Entomology and One Health Research Group, Montpellier, France
| | - Petr Volf
- Laboratory of Vector Biology, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vit Dvorak
- Laboratory of Vector Biology, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Denis Sereno
- InterTryp, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, Infectiology, Entomology and One Health Research Group, Montpellier, France.
- MIVEGEC, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Amoah K, Tan B, Zhang S, Chi S, Yang Q, Liu H, Yang Y, Zhang H, Dong X. Host gut-derived Bacillus probiotics supplementation improves growth performance, serum and liver immunity, gut health, and resistive capacity against Vibrio harveyi infection in hybrid grouper ( ♀Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × ♂ Epinephelus lanceolatus). ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2023; 14:163-184. [PMID: 37448647 PMCID: PMC10338153 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Several reports have revealed the vital role that probiotics play in fish growth and health. However, few works are available for host gut-derived probiotics on the growth, immunity, and gut microbiota of fish, especially in hybrid grouper (♀Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × ♂Epinephelus lanceolatus) due to their isolation difficulty and functional verification. This study aimed at assessing 3 host gut-derived Bacillus species' effects on the growth, immune and antioxidant-biochemical responses, haematological parameters, intestinal morphology, immune-related gene expression, gut microbiota, and disease resistance against Vibrio harveyi in hybrid grouper. A total of 480 hybrid grouper (initial weight = 9.03 ± 0.02 g) were randomly allotted into 4 groups, namely, the group fed a basal diet without probiotic inclusion (control, B0), the group fed the basal diet with Bacillus velezensis GPSAK4 (BV), the group fed the basal diet with Bacillus subtilis GPSAK9 (BS), and the group fed the basal diet with Bacillus tequilensis GPSAK2 (BT) strains at 1.0 × 109 CFU/g. After a 6-week feeding trial, the results revealed significant improvements (P < 0.05) in the growth performance, whole fish-body proximate composition, blood haematological parameters, serum, liver, and intestinal biochemical indexes, intestinal morphology, and protection against V. harveyi pathogen in the probiotic-treated groups compared with the untreated. Additionally, the expressions of intestinal tight junction genes (occludin and ZO1), pro- and anti-inflammatory genes, including IL1β, IL6, IL8, TNFα, MyD88, IL10, and TGFβ, were upregulated (P < 0.05) after Bacillus species administration. Host gut-derived Bacillus supplementation shaped the gut microbiota by significantly increasing (P < 0.05) the relative abundance of Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria (except the BS group), Acidobacteria (except the BT group), Cyanobacteria (except the BV and BT groups), and Verrucomicrobia phyla, as well as known beneficial genera (Romboutsia, Turicibacter, Epulopiscium, Clostridium_sensu_stricto 1 and 13, Lactobacillus, and Bacillus), but significantly decreased (P < 0.05) the abundance of Firmicutes, Chloroflexi, and Fusobacteria phyla, and purported pathogenic genera (Staphylococcus and Photobacterium) compared with the control group. Collectively, the results suggest that B. velezensis GPSAK4, B. subtilis GPSAK9 (especially this strain), B. tequilensis GPSAK2 dietary supplementation at 1.0 × 109 CFU/g has positive effects on the intestinal health of hybrid grouper via microbial composition modulation, thus enhancing the assimilation and absorption of nutrients to boost fish growth, immunity, and disease resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kwaku Amoah
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524088, China
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High-Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524088, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524000, China
| | - Beiping Tan
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524088, China
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High-Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524088, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524000, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524088, China
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High-Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524088, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524000, China
| | - Shuyan Chi
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524088, China
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High-Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524088, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524000, China
| | - Qihui Yang
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524088, China
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High-Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524088, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524000, China
| | - Hongyu Liu
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524088, China
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High-Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524088, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524000, China
| | - Yuanzhi Yang
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524088, China
| | - Haitao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524000, China
| | - Xiaohui Dong
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524088, China
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High-Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524088, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524000, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rodrigues BL, Galati EAB. Molecular taxonomy of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera, Psychodidae) with emphasis on DNA barcoding: A review. Acta Trop 2023; 238:106778. [PMID: 36435214 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The taxonomy and systematics of sand flies (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae) are one of the pillars of research aimed to identifying vector populations and the agents transmitted by these insects. Traditionally, the use of morphological traits has been the main line of evidence for the definition of species, but the use of DNA sequences is useful as an integrative approach for their delimitation. Here, we discuss the current status of the molecular taxonomy of sand flies, including their most sequenced molecular markers and the main results. Only about 37% of all sand fly species have been processed for any molecular marker and are publicly available in the NCBI GenBank or BOLD Systems databases. The genera Phlebotomus, Nyssomyia, Psathyromyia and Psychodopygus are well-sampled, accounting for more than 56% of their sequenced species. However, less than 34% of the species of Sergentomyia, Lutzomyia, Trichopygomyia and Trichophoromyia have been sampled, representing a major gap in the knowledge of these groups. The most sequenced molecular markers are those within mtDNA, especially the DNA barcoding fragment of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (coi) gene, which has shown promising results in detecting cryptic diversity within species. Few sequences of conserved genes have been generated, which hampers higher-level phylogenetic inferences. We argue that sand fly species should be sequenced for at least the coi DNA barcoding marker, but multiple markers with different mutation rates should be assessed, whenever possible, to generate multilocus analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Leite Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo (FSP/USP). Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715 - Cerqueira César, São Paulo SP, Brazil, 01246-904.
| | - Eunice Aparecida Bianchi Galati
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo (FSP/USP). Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715 - Cerqueira César, São Paulo SP, Brazil, 01246-904
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sánchez-Juanes F, Calvo Sánchez N, Belhassen García M, Vieira Lista C, Román RM, Álamo Sanz R, Muro Álvarez A, Muñoz Bellido JL. Applications of MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry to the Identification of Parasites and Arthropod Vectors of Human Diseases. Microorganisms 2022; 10:2300. [PMID: 36422371 PMCID: PMC9695109 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10112300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Arthropod vectors and parasites are identified morphologically or, more recently, by molecular methods. Both methods are time consuming and require expertise and, in the case of molecular methods, specific devices. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) identification of bacteria has meant a major change in clinical microbiology laboratories because of its simplicity, speed and specificity, and its capacity to identify microorganisms, in some cases, directly from the sample (urine cultures, blood cultures). Recently, MALDI-TOF MS has been shown as useful for the identification of some parasites. On the other hand, the identification of vector arthropods and the control of their populations is essential for the control of diseases transmitted by arthropods, and in this aspect, it is crucial to have fast, simple and reliable methods for their identification. Ticks are blood-sucking arthropods with a worldwide distribution, that behave as efficient vectors of a wide group of human and animal pathogens, including bacteria, protozoa, viruses, and even helminths. They are capable of parasitizing numerous species of mammals, birds and reptiles. They constitute the second group of vectors of human diseases, after mosquitoes. MALDI-TOF MS has been shown as useful for the identification of different tick species, such as Ixodes, Rhipicephalus and Amblyomma. Some studies even suggest the possibility of being able to determine, through MALDI-TOF MS, if the arthropod is a carrier of certain microorganisms. Regarding mosquitoes, the main group of vector arthropods, the possibility of using MALDI-TOF MS for the identification of different species of Aedes and Anopheles has also been demonstrated. In this review, we address the possibilities of this technology for the identification of parasites and arthropod vectors, its characteristics, advantages and possible limitations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Sánchez-Juanes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Noelia Calvo Sánchez
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Moncef Belhassen García
- Department of Medicine-Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Universidad de Salamanca, CSIC, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Carmen Vieira Lista
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Raul Manzano Román
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rufino Álamo Sanz
- Public Health Information Service, Consejería de Sanidad, Junta de Castilla y León, 47007 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Antonio Muro Álvarez
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Universidad de Salamanca, CSIC, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Juan Luis Muñoz Bellido
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Universidad de Salamanca, CSIC, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Huguenin A, Pesson B, Kaltenbach ML, Diarra AZ, Parola P, Depaquit J, Randrianambinintsoa FJ. MALDI-TOF MS Limits for the Identification of Mediterranean Sandflies of the Subgenus Larroussius, with a Special Focus on the Phlebotomus perniciosus Complex. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10112135. [PMID: 36363727 PMCID: PMC9698236 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10112135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania infantum is the agent of visceral leishmaniasis in the Mediterranean basin. It is transmitted by sandflies of the subgenus Larroussius. Although Phlebotomus perniciosus is the most important vector in this area, an atypical Ph. perniciosus easily confused with Ph. longicuspis has been observed in North Africa. MALDI-TOF MS, an important tool for vector identification, has recently been applied for the identification of sandflies. Spectral databases presented in the literature, however, include only a limited number of Larroussius species. Our objective was to create an in-house database to identify Mediterranean sandflies and to evaluate the ability of MALDI-TOF MS to discriminate close species or atypical forms within the Larroussius subgenus. Field-caught specimens (n = 94) were identified morphologically as typical Ph. perniciosus (PN; n = 55), atypical Ph. perniciosus (PNA; n = 9), Ph. longicuspis (n = 9), Ph. ariasi (n = 9), Ph. mascittii (n = 3), Ph. neglectus (n = 5), Ph. perfiliewi (n = 1), Ph. similis (n = 9) and Ph. papatasi (n = 2). Identifications were confirmed by sequencing of the mtDNA CytB region and sixteen specimens were included in the in-house database. Blind assessment on 73 specimens (representing 1073 good quality spectra) showed a good agreement (98.5%) between MALDI-TOF MS and molecular identification. Discrepancies concerned confusions between Ph. perfiliewi and Ph. perniciosus. Hierarchical clustering did not allow classification of PN and PNA. The use of machine learning, however, allowed discernment between PN and PNA and between the lcus and lcx haplotypes of Ph. longicuspis (accuracy: 0.8938 with partial-least-square regression and random forest models). MALDI-TOF MS is a promising tool for the rapid and accurate identification of field-caught sandflies. The use of machine learning could allow to discriminate similar species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Huguenin
- EA 7510 ESCAPE, USC VECPAR, ANSES, SFR Cap Santé, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51096 Reims, France
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Pôle de Biologie Territoriale, CHU, 51100 Reims, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-3-26-78-4224
| | - Bernard Pesson
- EA 7510 ESCAPE, USC VECPAR, ANSES, SFR Cap Santé, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51096 Reims, France
| | - Matthieu L. Kaltenbach
- EA 7510 ESCAPE, USC VECPAR, ANSES, SFR Cap Santé, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51096 Reims, France
| | - Adama Zan Diarra
- IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille University, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Parola
- IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille University, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Jérôme Depaquit
- EA 7510 ESCAPE, USC VECPAR, ANSES, SFR Cap Santé, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51096 Reims, France
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Pôle de Biologie Territoriale, CHU, 51100 Reims, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bamou R, Costa MM, Diarra AZ, Martins AJ, Parola P, Almeras L. Enhanced procedures for mosquito identification by MALDI-TOF MS. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:240. [PMID: 35773735 PMCID: PMC9248115 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05361-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the last decade, an innovative approach has emerged for arthropod identification based on matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Increasing interest in applying the original technique for arthropod identification has led to the development of a variety of procedures for sample preparation and selection of body parts, among others. However, the absence of a consensual strategy hampers direct inter-study comparisons. Moreover, these different procedures are confusing to new users. Establishing optimized procedures and standardized protocols for mosquito identification by MALDI-TOF MS is therefore a necessity, and would notably enable the sharing of reference MS databases. Here, we assess the optimal conditions for mosquito identification using MALDI-TOF MS profiling. Methods Three homogenization methods, two of which were manual and one automatic, were used on three distinct body parts (legs, thorax, head) of two mosquito laboratory strains, Anopheles coluzzii and Aedes aegypti, and the results evaluated. The reproducibility of MS profiles, identification rate with relevant scores and the suitability of procedures for high-throughput analyses were the main criteria for establishing optimized guidelines. Additionally, the consequences of blood-feeding and geographical origin were evaluated using both laboratory strains and field-collected mosquitoes. Results Relevant score values for mosquito identification were obtained for all the three body parts assayed using MALDI-TOF MS profiling; however, the thorax and legs were the most suitable specimens, independently of homogenization method or species. Although the manual homogenization methods were associated with a high rate of identification on the three body parts, this homogenization mode is not adaptable to the processing of a large number of samples. Therefore, the automatic homogenization procedure was selected as the reference homogenization method. Blood-feeding status did not hamper the identification of mosquito species, despite the presence of MS peaks from original blood in the MS profiles of the three body parts tested from both species. Finally, a significant improvement in identification scores was obtained for field-collected specimens when MS spectra of species from the same geographical area were added to the database. Conclusion The results of the current study establish guidelines for the selection of mosquito anatomic parts and modality of sample preparation (e.g. homogenization) for future specimen identification by MALDI-TOF MS profiling. These standardized operational protocols could be used as references for creating an international MS database. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05361-0.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roland Bamou
- Aix-Marseille Univ., IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille, France.,IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Monique Melo Costa
- Aix-Marseille Univ., IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille, France.,IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France
| | - Adama Zan Diarra
- Aix-Marseille Univ., IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille, France.,IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Ademir Jesus Martins
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Controle de Artrópodes Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Laboratório Misto Internacional "Sentinela", FIOCRUZ, IRD, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Philippe Parola
- Aix-Marseille Univ., IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille, France.,IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Lionel Almeras
- Aix-Marseille Univ., IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille, France. .,IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France. .,Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Amoah K, Dong XH, Tan BP, Zhang S, Chi SY, Yang QH, Liu HY, Yan XB, Yang YZ, Zhang H. Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-Based Untargeted Metabolomics Reveals the Key Potential Biomarkers for Castor Meal-Induced Enteritis in Juvenile Hybrid Grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀ × E. lanceolatus♂). Front Nutr 2022; 9:847425. [PMID: 35811940 PMCID: PMC9261911 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.847425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The intensification of aquaculture to help kerb global food security issues has led to the quest for more economical new protein-rich ingredients for the feed-based aquaculture since fishmeal (FM, the ingredient with the finest protein and lipid profile) is losing its acceptability due to high cost and demand. Although very high in protein, castor meal (CM), a by-product after oil-extraction, is disposed-off due to the high presence of toxins. Concurrently, the agro-industrial wastes’ consistent production and disposal are of utmost concern; however, having better nutritional profiles of these wastes can lead to their adoption. This study was conducted to identify potential biomarkers of CM-induced enteritis in juvenile hybrid-grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀ × Epinephelus lanceolatus♂) using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) alongside their growth and distal intestinal (DI) health evaluation. A total of 360 fish (initial weight = 9.13 ± 0.01g) were randomly assigned into three groups, namely, fish-meal (FM) (control), 4% CM (CM4), and 20% CM (CM20). After the 56-days feeding-trial, the DI tissues of FM, CM4, and CM20 groups were collected for metabolomics analysis. Principal components analysis and partial least-squares discriminant-analysis (PLS-DA, used to differentiate the CM20 and CM4, from the FM group with satisfactory explanation and predictive ability) were used to analyze the UPLC-MS data. The results revealed a significant improvement in the growth, DI immune responses and digestive enzyme activities, and DI histological examinations in the CM4 group than the others. Nonetheless, CM20 replacement caused DI physiological damage and enteritis in grouper as shown by AB-PAS staining and scanning electron microscopy examinations, respectively. The most influential metabolites in DI contents identified as the potential biomarkers in the positive and negative modes using the metabolomics UPLC-MS profiles were 28 which included five organoheterocyclic compounds, seven lipids, and lipid-like molecules, seven organic oxygen compounds, two benzenoids, five organic acids and derivatives, one phenylpropanoids and polyketides, and one from nucleosides, nucleotides, and analogues superclass. The present study identified a broad array of DI tissue metabolites that differed between FM and CM diets, which provides a valuable reference for further managing fish intestinal health issues. A replacement level of 4% is recommended based on the growth and immunity of fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kwaku Amoah
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High-Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xiao-hui Dong
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High-Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Xiao-hui Dong,
| | - Bei-ping Tan
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High-Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High-Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Shu-yan Chi
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High-Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Qi-hui Yang
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High-Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Hong-yu Liu
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High-Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xiao-bo Yan
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High-Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Centre of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yuan-zhi Yang
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Haitao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhanjiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abdellahoum Z, Nebbak A, Lafri I, Kaced A, Bouhenna MM, Bachari K, Boumegoura A, Agred R, Boudchicha RH, Smadi MA, Maurin M, Bitam I. Identification of Algerian field-caught mosquito vectors by MALDI-TOF MS. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2022; 31:100735. [PMID: 35569916 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases represent a real threats worldwide, in reason of the lack of vaccine and cure for some diseases. Among arthropod vectors, mosquitoes are described to be the most dangerous animal on earth, resulting in an estimated 725,000 deaths per year due to their borne diseases. Geographical position of Algeria makes this country a high risk area for emerging and re-emerging diseases, such as dengue coming from north (Europe) and malaria from south (Africa). To prevent these threats, rapid and continuous surveillance of mosquito vectors is essential. For this purpose we aimed in this study to create a mosquito vectors locale database using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry technology for rapid identification of these arthropods. This methodology was validated by testing 211 mosquitoes, including four species (Aedes albopictus, Culex pipiens, Culex quinquefasciatus, and Culiseta longiareolata), in two northern wilayahs of Algeria (Algiers and Bejaia). Species determination by MALDI TOF MS was highly concordant with reference phenotypic and genetic methods. Using this MALDI-TOF MS tool will allow better surveillance of mosquito species able to transmit mosquito borne diseases in Algeria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zakaria Abdellahoum
- Laboratoire Biodiversité et Environnement: Interaction Génome, Faculté des Sciences Biologique, Université des Sciences et de la Technologie Houari Boumediene, Alger 16111, Algeria
| | - Amira Nebbak
- Centre de Recherche Scientifique et Technique en Analyses Physico-Chimiques (CRAPC), Zone Industrielle, BP 284 Bou-Ismail, Tipaza, Algeria
| | - Ismail Lafri
- Laboratoire des Biotechnologies Liées à la Reproduction Animale, Institut des Sciences Vétérinaires, Université Blida 1, BP 270 Blida, Algeria.
| | - Amel Kaced
- Centre de Recherche Scientifique et Technique en Analyses Physico-Chimiques (CRAPC), Zone Industrielle, BP 284 Bou-Ismail, Tipaza, Algeria
| | - Mustapha Mounir Bouhenna
- Centre de Recherche Scientifique et Technique en Analyses Physico-Chimiques (CRAPC), Zone Industrielle, BP 284 Bou-Ismail, Tipaza, Algeria
| | - Khaldoun Bachari
- Centre de Recherche Scientifique et Technique en Analyses Physico-Chimiques (CRAPC), Zone Industrielle, BP 284 Bou-Ismail, Tipaza, Algeria
| | - Ali Boumegoura
- National Centre for Biotechnology Research, Ali Mendjli Nouvelle Ville, UV 03, BP E73 Constantine, Algeria.
| | - Rym Agred
- National Centre for Biotechnology Research, Ali Mendjli Nouvelle Ville, UV 03, BP E73 Constantine, Algeria.
| | - Rima Hind Boudchicha
- National Centre for Biotechnology Research, Ali Mendjli Nouvelle Ville, UV 03, BP E73 Constantine, Algeria.
| | - Mustapha Adnane Smadi
- National Centre for Biotechnology Research, Ali Mendjli Nouvelle Ville, UV 03, BP E73 Constantine, Algeria; Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences Institute, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Batna 1, Batna, Algeria
| | - Max Maurin
- Centre National de Référence des Francisella, Institut de Biologie et de Pathologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, 38043 Grenoble, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, TIMC-IMAG, UMR5525, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38400, Saint Martin d'Heres, France.
| | - Idir Bitam
- Laboratoire Biodiversité et Environnement: Interaction Génome, Faculté des Sciences Biologique, Université des Sciences et de la Technologie Houari Boumediene, Alger 16111, Algeria; Ecole Supérieure des Sciences de l'Aliment et des Industries Alimentaires, Alger 16004, Algeria
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
M'madi Saidou A, Diarra AZ, Almeras L, Parola P. Identification of ticks from an old collection by MALDI-TOF MS. J Proteomics 2022; 264:104623. [PMID: 35623553 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2022.104623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective of this study is to find the optimal conditions for preparing the samples, resulting in quality, reproducible and specific MS spectra of the ticks, with a shelf life in 70% ethanol of more than ten years. Amblyomma (Am.) variegatum species which had been stored in alcohol for more than twenty years and for which numerous specimens were available were used to compare the performance of four protocols tested. Spectra of insufficient quality were obtained from Am. variegatum legs preserved in alcohol for long periods with the reference protocol, named DO that we had set up years ago. The same observation was made on the spectra from Am. variegatum legs from dry (evaporated alcohol, DO-mod protocol). With new protocols named ReDO and PReDO the spectra were of good quality with high intensities (> 3000 a.u.). Blind testing showed that 94%, and 93% of the spectra were correctly identified with relevant log score values (LSVs ≥1.8), respectively for ReDO and PReDO protocols. All soft ticks treated in this study by PReDO protocol exhibited low intensity spectra with background noise. This study revealed that MALDI-TOF MS is able to identify hard ticks stored during decades in alcohol or dry (evaporated alcohol). SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: The correct identification of ticks, including vectors responsible for the transmission of infectious diseases in humans and animals is essential for their control. MALDI-TOF MS, a proteomic tool that has emerged in recent years, has become an innovative, accurate and alternative tool for the identification of arthropods, including ticks. However, previous studies reported that preservation of arthropods in alcohol modified the MS spectra obtained from specimens of the same species freshly collected or frozenly stored. In this study, a standard protocol was established for the identification of tick collections which had been stored for more than ten years in alcohol. Four different protocols were assessed. The analysis of the results showed that among the four protocols tested, two protocols named ReDO (Rehydration and incubation of the legs in 40 μl of HPLC water for 12 h in a dry bath at 37°) and PreDO (Drying of the legs for 12 h in a dry bath at 37 °C followed by rehydration and incubation in 40 μl of HPLC water for 12 h.) seem to be more appropriate for the MALDI-TOF MS identification of ticks from old collections preserved in alcohol or dry. This study is promising for the future, as it will make it possible to create a MALDI-TOF MS database from a wide range of ticks which have been stored for a long time in alcohol or which are dry stored in laboratories and museums around the world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahamada M'madi Saidou
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Adama Zan Diarra
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Lionel Almeras
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France; Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Parola
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, Marseille, France; IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abdullah HHAM, Aboelsoued D, Farag TK, Abdel-Shafy S, Abdel Megeed KN, Parola P, Raoult D, Mediannikov O. Molecular characterization of some equine vector-borne diseases and associated arthropods in Egypt. Acta Trop 2022; 227:106274. [PMID: 34954258 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Equine vector-borne diseases (EVBDs) are emerging and re-emerging diseases, and most of them are zoonotic. This study aimed to investigate EVBDs in equines and associated arthropods (ticks and flies) from Egypt using molecular analyses, in addition to a preliminary characterization of associated ticks and flies by the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight (MALDI-TOF) and molecular techniques. In this study, 335 blood samples were obtained from equines that appeared to be in good health (320 horses and 15 donkeys) in Cairo and Beni Suef provinces, Egypt. From the same animals, 166 arthropods (105 sucking flies and 61 ticks) were collected. Ticks and flies were preliminary characterized by the MALDI-TOF and molecular tools. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) and standard PCR coupled with sequencing were performed on the DNA of equines, ticks, and flies to screen multiple pathogens. The MALDI-TOF and molecular characterization of arthropods revealed that louse fly (Hippobosca equina) and cattle tick (Rhipicephalus annulatus) infesting equines. Anaplasma platys-like (1.6%), Anaplasma marginale (1.6%), Candidatus Ehrlichia rustica (6.6%), a new Ehrlichia sp. (4.9%), and Borrelia theileri (3.3%) were identified in R. annulatus. Anaplasma sp. and Borrelia sp. DNAs were only detected in H. equina by qPCR. A. marginale, Anaplasma ovis, and Theileria ovis recorded the same low infection rate (0.6%) in donkeys, while horses were found to be infected with Theileria equi and a new Theileria sp. Africa with recorded prevalence rates of 1.2% and 2.7%, respectively. In conclusion, different pathogens were first detected such as A. platys-like, Candidatus E. rustica, and a new Ehrlichia sp. in R. annulatus; A. marginale, A. ovis, and T. ovis in donkeys; and a new Theileria sp. "Africa" in horses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hend H A M Abdullah
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt; Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.
| | - Dina Aboelsoued
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Tarek K Farag
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sobhy Abdel-Shafy
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Kadria N Abdel Megeed
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Philippe Parola
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Oleg Mediannikov
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Benallal KE, Garni R, Harrat Z, Volf P, Dvorak V. Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) of the Maghreb region: A systematic review of distribution, morphology, and role in the transmission of the pathogens. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0009952. [PMID: 34990451 PMCID: PMC8735671 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) are important vectors of various human and animal pathogens such as Bartonella bacilliformis, Phlebovirus, and parasitic protozoa of the genus Leishmania, causative agent of leishmaniases that account among most significant vector-borne diseases. The Maghreb countries Mauritania, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya occupy a vast area of North Africa and belong to most affected regions by these diseases. Locally varying climatic and ecological conditions support diverse sand fly fauna that includes many proven or suspected vectors. The aim of this review is to summarize often fragmented information and to provide an updated list of sand fly species of the Maghreb region with illustration of species-specific morphological features and maps of their reported distribution. MATERIALS AND METHODS The literature search focused on scholar databases to review information on the sand fly species distribution and their role in the disease transmissions in Mauritania, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya, surveying sources from the period between 1900 and 2020. Reported distribution of each species was collated using Google Earth, and distribution maps were drawn using ArcGIS software. Morphological illustrations were compiled from various published sources. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS In total, 32 species of the genera Phlebotomus (Ph.) and Sergentomyia (Se.) were reported in the Maghreb region (15 from Libya, 18 from Tunisia, 23 from Morocco, 24 from Algeria, and 9 from Mauritania). Phlebotomus mariae and Se. africana subsp. asiatica were recorded only in Morocco, Ph. mascitti, Se. hirtus, and Se. tiberiadis only in Algeria, whereas Ph. duboscqi, Se. dubia, Se. africana africana, Se. lesleyae, Se. magna, and Se. freetownensis were reported only from Mauritania. Our review has updated and summarized the geographic distribution of 26 species reported so far in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya, excluding Mauritania from a detailed analysis due to the unavailability of accurate distribution data. In addition, morphological differences important for species identification are summarized with particular attention to closely related species such as Ph. papatasi and Ph. bergeroti, Ph. chabaudi, and Ph. riouxi, and Se. christophersi and Se. clydei.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Eddine Benallal
- Laboratory of Parasitic Eco-Epidemiology and Genetic of Populations, Institut Pasteur of Algiers, Algiers, Algeria
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Rafik Garni
- Laboratory of Parasitic Eco-Epidemiology and Genetic of Populations, Institut Pasteur of Algiers, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Zoubir Harrat
- Laboratory of Parasitic Eco-Epidemiology and Genetic of Populations, Institut Pasteur of Algiers, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Petr Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vít Dvorak
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Novel attempt at discrimination of a bullet-shaped siphonophore (Family Diphyidae) using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-ToF MS). Sci Rep 2021; 11:19077. [PMID: 34561535 PMCID: PMC8463557 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98724-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
One major difficulty in identifying the gelatinous bodied bullet-shaped Siphonophore, Diphyids, is that their shape is deformed following ethanol fixation. Ethanol often is preferred over other fixatives, since samples fixed in ethanol can be used for molecular studies that can supplement morphological findings. To overcome this problem, we obtained protein mass spectra of ten species of Diphyidae found in the waters of the Kuroshio Current (Northwest Pacific and South Coast of South Korea) to test whether MALDI-ToF MS could be used as a methodology for species identification. In addition, a number of morphological characteristics that can be used with ethanol-treated samples was summarized. Concatenated phylogenetic analysis was also performed to determine the phylogenetic relationship by obtaining partial sequences of four genes (mtCOI, 16S rRNA, 18S rRNA, and ITS regions). Based on our integrative analysis, MALDI-ToF MS was evaluated as a potentially fast, inexpensive, and accurate tool for species identification along with conventional morphological and DNA barcoding for Diphyidae.
Collapse
|
16
|
Sousa-Paula LCD, Pessoa FAC, Otranto D, Dantas-Torres F. Beyond taxonomy: species complexes in New World phlebotomine sand flies. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 35:267-283. [PMID: 33480064 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A species complex (= species group, species series) is an assemblage of species, which are related morphologically and phylogenetically. Recent research has revealed several arthropod vector species that were believed to be a single nominal species actually representing a group of closely related species, which are sometimes morphologically indistinguishable at one or more developmental stages. In some instances, differences in terms of vector competence, capacity, or both have been recorded. It highlights the importance of detecting and studying species complexes to improve our understanding of pathogen transmission patterns, which may be vectored more or less efficiently by different species within the complex. Considering more than 540 species, about one-third of the phlebotomine sand flies in the New World present males and/or females morphologically indistinguishable to one or more species. Remarkably, several of these species may act in transmission of pathogenic agents. In this article, we review recent research on species complexes in phlebotomine sand flies from the Americas. Possible practical implications of recently acquired knowledge and future research needs are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L C de Sousa-Paula
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - F A C Pessoa
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Leônidas e Maria Deane Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - D Otranto
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | - F Dantas-Torres
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Șuleșco T, Erisoz Kasap O, Halada P, Oğuz G, Rusnac D, Gresova M, Alten B, Volf P, Dvorak V. Phlebotomine sand fly survey in the Republic of Moldova: species composition, distribution and host preferences. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:371. [PMID: 34289883 PMCID: PMC8293551 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04858-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodiae) in the Republic of Moldova have been understudied for decades. Our study provides a first update on their occurrence, species composition and bloodmeal sources after 50 years. METHODS During 5 seasons (2013-2017), 58 localities from 20 regions were surveyed for presence of sand flies using CDC light traps and manual aspirators. Species identification was done by a combination of morphological and molecular approaches (DNA barcoding, MALDI-TOF MS protein profiling). In engorged females, host blood was identified by three molecular techniques (RFLP, cytb sequencing and MALDI-TOF peptide mass mapping). Population structure of most abundant species was studied by cox1 haplotyping; phylogenetic analyses of ITS2 and cox1 genetic markers were used to resolve relationships of other detected species. RESULTS In total, 793 sand flies were collected at 30 (51.7%) localities from 12 regions of Moldova. Three species were identified by an integrative morphological and molecular approach: Phlebotomus papatasi, P. perfiliewi and Phlebotomus sp. (Adlerius), the first being the most abundant and widespread, markedly anthropophilic based on bloodmeal analyses, occurring also indoors and showing low population structure with only five haplotypes of cox1 detected. Distinct morphological and molecular characters of Phlebotomus sp. (Adlerius) specimens suggest the presence of a yet undescribed species. CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed the presence of stable sand fly populations of three species in Moldova that represent a biting nuisance as well as a potential threat of pathogen transmission and shall be further studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Șuleșco
- Laboratory of Entomology, Institute of Zoology, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova.
| | - Ozge Erisoz Kasap
- Department of Biology, Ecology Section, Faculty of Science, VERG Laboratories, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Petr Halada
- BioCeV, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Gizem Oğuz
- Department of Biology, Ecology Section, Faculty of Science, VERG Laboratories, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Dimian Rusnac
- Laboratory of Entomology, Institute of Zoology, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Marketa Gresova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Bulent Alten
- Department of Biology, Ecology Section, Faculty of Science, VERG Laboratories, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Petr Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vit Dvorak
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ngoy S, Diarra AZ, Laudisoit A, Gembu GC, Verheyen E, Mubenga O, Mbalitini SG, Baelo P, Laroche M, Parola P. Using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry to identify ticks collected on domestic and wild animals from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2021; 84:637-657. [PMID: 34146230 PMCID: PMC8257524 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-021-00629-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has recently emerged as an alternative to morphological and molecular tools to identify tick species. In this study, we set out to evaluate and confirm the ability of MALDI-TOF MS to identify different species of ticks collected in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and preserved in 70% ethanol. A total of 575 ticks, of which 530 were collected from domestic pigs and 45 from wild animals, were subjected to MALDI-TOF MS analysis to evaluate the intraspecies reproducibility and interspecies specificity of MS profiles obtained from the different species. Morphologically, the ticks belonged to seven different species, namely Rhipicephalus complanatus, Rhipicephalus congolensis, Haemaphysalis muhsamae, Ixodes cumulatimpunctatus, Amblyomma exornatum, Amblyomma compressum and an unidentified Rhipicephalus sp. A total of 535/575 (93%) of the spectra obtained were of good enough quality to be used for our analyses. Our home-made MALDI-TOF MS arthropod database was upgraded with spectra obtained from between one and five randomly selected specimens per species. For these reference specimens, molecular identification of the ticks was also made using 16S, 12S rDNA genes and the Cox1 mtDNA gene sequencing. The remaining good quality spectra were then queried against the upgraded MALDI-TOF MS database, showing that 100% were in agreement with the morphological identification, with logarithmic score values (LSVs) between 1.813 and 2.51. The consistency between our morphological, molecular and MALDI-TOF MS identification confirms the capability and precision of MALDI-TOF MS for tick identification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steve Ngoy
- Department of Zoology Centre de Surveillance de la Biodiversité, University of Kisangani, P.O. Box 2012, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Adama Zan Diarra
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | | | - Guy-Crispin Gembu
- Department of Zoology Centre de Surveillance de la Biodiversité, University of Kisangani, P.O. Box 2012, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Erik Verheyen
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, University of Antwerp, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
- OD Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, 1000, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Onésime Mubenga
- Department of Zoology Centre de Surveillance de la Biodiversité, University of Kisangani, P.O. Box 2012, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Faculté de Gestion des Ressources Naturelles Renouvelables, University of Kisangani, P.O. Box 2012, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Sylvestre Gambalemoke Mbalitini
- Department of Zoology Centre de Surveillance de la Biodiversité, University of Kisangani, P.O. Box 2012, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Pascal Baelo
- Department of Zoology Centre de Surveillance de la Biodiversité, University of Kisangani, P.O. Box 2012, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Maureen Laroche
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Parola
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France.
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kniha E, Milchram M, Dvořák V, Halada P, Obwaller AG, Poeppl W, Mooseder G, Volf P, Walochnik J. Ecology, seasonality and host preferences of Austrian Phlebotomus (Transphlebotomus) mascittii Grassi, 1908, populations. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:291. [PMID: 34051839 PMCID: PMC8164323 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04787-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sand flies are principal vectors of the protozoan parasites Leishmania spp. and are widely distributed in all warmer regions of the world, including the Mediterranean parts of Europe. In Central European countries, the sand fly fauna is still under investigation. Phlebotomus mascittii, a suspected but unproven vector of Leishmania infantum, is regarded as the most widely distributed species in Europe. However, many aspects of its biology and ecology remain poorly known. The aim of this study was to provide new data on the biology and ecology of Ph. mascittii in Austria to better understand its current distribution and potential dispersal. Methods Sand flies were collected by CDC light traps at four localities in Austria for 11 (2018) and 15 weeks (2019) during the active sand fly season. Climatic parameters (temperature, relative humidity, barometric pressure and wind speed) were retrospectively obtained for the trapping periods. Sand flies were identified by a combined approach (morphology, DNA barcoding, MALDI-TOF protein profiling), and blood meals of engorged females were analysed by DNA sequencing and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Results In total, 450 individuals of Ph. mascittii were caught. Activity was observed to start at the beginning of June and end at the end of August with peaks in mid-July at three locations and early August at one location. Increased activity was associated with relatively high temperatures and humidity. Also, more individuals were caught on nights with low barometric pressure. Analysis of five identified blood meals revealed chicken (Gallus gallus) and equine (Equus spp.) hosts. Sand fly abundance was generally associated with availability of hosts. Conclusion This study reports unexpectedly high numbers of Ph. mascittii at selected Austrian localities and provides the first detailed analysis of its ecology to date. Temperature and humidity were shown to be good predictors for sand fly activity. Blood meal analyses support the assumption that Ph. mascittii feeds on mammals as well as birds. The study significantly contributes to understanding the ecology of this sand fly species in Central Europe and facilitates prospective entomological surveys. ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-021-04787-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Kniha
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Milchram
- Institute of Zoology, Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vít Dvořák
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Halada
- BioCeV, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Adelheid G Obwaller
- Division of Science, Research and Development, Federal Ministry of Defence, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Poeppl
- Department of Dermatology and Tropical Medicine, Military Medical Cluster East, Austrian Armed Forces, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard Mooseder
- Department of Dermatology and Tropical Medicine, Military Medical Cluster East, Austrian Armed Forces, Vienna, Austria
| | - Petr Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Julia Walochnik
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Fall FK, Laroche M, Bossin H, Musso D, Parola P. Performance of MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry to Determine the Sex of Mosquitoes and Identify Specific Colonies from French Polynesia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2021; 104:1907-1916. [PMID: 33755583 PMCID: PMC8103438 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes are the main arthropod vectors of human pathogens. The current methods for mosquito identification include morphological and molecular methods. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), now routinely used for bacterial identification, has recently emerged in the field of entomology. The aim of this study was to use MALDI-TOF MS to identify mosquito colonies from French Polynesia. Five hundred specimens from French Polynesia belonging to three species, Aedes aegypti, Aedes polynesiensis, and Culex quinquefasciatus, were included in the study. Testing the legs of these mosquitoes by MALDI-TOF MS revealed a 100% correct identification of all specimens at the species level. The MALDI-TOF MS profiles obtained allowed differentiation of male from female mosquitoes and the specific identification of female mosquito colonies of the same species but different geographic origin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatou Kiné Fall
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France;,IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France;,Campus International IRD-UCAD de l’IRD, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Maureen Laroche
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France;,IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Hervé Bossin
- Medical Entomology Laboratory, Institut Louis Malardé, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Didier Musso
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France;,SELAS Eurofins Labazur Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Philippe Parola
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France;,IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France;,Address correspondence to Philippe Parola, VITROME, IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Blvd., Jean Moulin, Marseille 13005, France. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sevestre J, Diarra AZ, Laroche M, Almeras L, Parola P. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry: an emerging tool for studying the vectors of human infectious diseases. Future Microbiol 2021; 16:323-340. [PMID: 33733821 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2020-0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthropod vectors have historically been identified morphologically, and more recently using molecular biology methods. However, both of these methods are time-consuming and require specific expertise and equipment. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, which has revolutionized the routine identification of microorganisms in clinical microbiology laboratories, was recently successfully applied to the identification of arthropod vectors. Since then, the robustness of this identification technique has been confirmed, extended to a large panel of arthropod vectors, and assessed for detecting blood feeding behavior and identifying the infection status in regard to certain pathogenic agents. In this study, we summarize the state-of-the-art of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry applied to the identification of arthropod vectors (ticks, mosquitoes, phlebotomine sand-flies, fleas, triatomines, lice and Culicoides), their trophic preferences and their ability to discriminate between infection statuses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Sevestre
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France
| | - Adama Z Diarra
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France
| | - Maureen Laroche
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Lionel Almeras
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France.,Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Parola
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Mhaidi I, Ait Kbaich M, El Kacem S, Daoui O, Akarid K, Spitzova T, Halada P, Dvorak V, Lemrani M. Entomological study in an anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis focus in Morocco: Fauna survey, Leishmania infection screening, molecular characterization and MALDI-TOF MS protein profiling of relevant Phlebotomus species. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:1073-1083. [PMID: 33686765 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In Morocco, leishmaniases are a major public health problem due to their genetic diversity and geographical distribution. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is an infectious disease caused by various species of Leishmania and transmitted typically by bite of phlebotomine sand flies. This study identifies sand fly fauna in Ibaraghen village, province of Azilal, which is a focus of CL, by combination of morphological and molecular methods (sequencing of COI gene, MALDI-TOF MS protein profiling). Nested-kDNA PCR was used to detect and identify Leishmania species within potential vector species. 432 CDC light traps were placed at different heights above ground level at four capture sites during a whole year. Traps at 1.5 m above the ground yielded capture of sand flies almost double compared to above ground level (29.33%), while the collection reached 55.09% when the traps were placed 2.5 m above ground. A total of 2,830 sand flies were collected, 2,213 unfed specimens were morphologically identified, 990 males (44.73%) and 1,223 females (55.26%) of 13 species; ten Phlebotomus species and three Sergentomyia species. Six species were analysed by MALDI-TOF MS protein profiling (4 Phlebotomus and 2 Sergentomiya species), and their identification was confirmed by COI sequencing. 1,375 unfed females were screened for the presence of Leishmania by nested-kDNA PCR in pools, 11/30 pools of P. sergenti showing a single band of 750 bp corresponding to L. tropica. Our results confirm the role of P. sergenti as a proven vector in Azilal focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis; however, the relative abundance of other species known as vectors of Leishmania species emphasizes the risk of introduction of L. infantum and L. major in this province. For the first time in Morocco, a combined approach to identify sand flies by both morphology and molecular methods based on DNA barcoding and MALDI-TOF MS protein profiling was applied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Idris Mhaidi
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector-Borne-Diseases, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco.,Molecular Genetics and Immunophysiopathology Research Team, Health and Environment Laboratory, Aïn Chock Faculty of Sciences, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Mouad Ait Kbaich
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector-Borne-Diseases, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco.,Molecular Genetics and Immunophysiopathology Research Team, Health and Environment Laboratory, Aïn Chock Faculty of Sciences, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Sofia El Kacem
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector-Borne-Diseases, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco.,Laboratory of Biology and Health, Faculty of Sciences Ben M'Sik, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Othmane Daoui
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector-Borne-Diseases, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco.,Molecular Genetics and Immunophysiopathology Research Team, Health and Environment Laboratory, Aïn Chock Faculty of Sciences, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Khadija Akarid
- Molecular Genetics and Immunophysiopathology Research Team, Health and Environment Laboratory, Aïn Chock Faculty of Sciences, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Tatiana Spitzova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Halada
- BioCeV, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Vit Dvorak
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Meryem Lemrani
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector-Borne-Diseases, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, Casablanca, Morocco
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
New assessment of Anopheles vector species identification using MALDI-TOF MS. Malar J 2021; 20:33. [PMID: 33422056 PMCID: PMC7796594 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03557-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anopheles species identification is essential for an effective malaria vector control programme. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) has been developed to identify adult Anopheles species, using the legs or the cephalothorax. The protein repertoire from arthropods can vary according to compartment, but there is no general consensus regarding the anatomic part to be used. Methods To determine the body part of the Anopheles mosquitoes best suited for the identification of field specimens, a mass spectral library was generated with head, thorax with wings and legs of Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles funestus obtained from reference centres. The MSL was evaluated using two independent panels of 52 and 40 An. gambiae field-collected in Mali and Guinea, respectively. Geographic variability was also tested using the panel from Mali and several databases containing added specimens from Mali and Senegal. Results Using the head and a database without specimens from the same field collection, the proportion of interpretable and correct identifications was significantly higher than using the other body parts at a threshold value of 1.7 (p < 0.0001). The thorax of engorged specimens was negatively impacted by the blood meal after frozen storage. The addition of specimens from Mali into the database significantly improved the results of Mali panel (p < 0.0001), which became comparable between head and legs. With higher identification scores, the using of the head will allow to decrease the number of technical replicates of protein extract per specimen, which represents a significant improvement for routine use of MALDI-TOF MS. Conclusions The using of the head of Anopheles may improve the performance of MALDI-TOF MS. Region-specific mass spectrum databases will have to be produced. Further research is needed to improve the standardization in order to share online spectral databases.
Collapse
|
24
|
Kniha E, Dvořák V, Halada P, Milchram M, Obwaller AG, Kuhls K, Schlegel S, Köhsler M, Poeppl W, Bakran-Lebl K, Fuehrer HP, Volfová V, Mooseder G, Ivovic V, Volf P, Walochnik J. Integrative Approach to Phlebotomus mascittii Grassi, 1908: First Record in Vienna with New Morphological and Molecular Insights. Pathogens 2020; 9:E1032. [PMID: 33317097 PMCID: PMC7764109 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9121032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) are blood-feeding insects that transmit the protozoan parasites Leishmania spp. and various arthropod-borne (arbo) viruses. While in Mediterranean parts of Europe the sand fly fauna is diverse, in Central European countries including Austria mainly Phlebotomus mascittii is found, an assumed but unproven vector of Leishmania infantum. To update the currently understudied sand fly distribution in Austria, a sand fly survey was performed and other entomological catches were screened for sand flies. Seven new trapping locations of Ph. mascittii are reported including the first record in Vienna, representing also one of the first findings of this species in a city. Morphological identification, supported by fluorescence microscopy, was confirmed by two molecular approaches, including sequencing and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) protein profiling. Sand fly occurrence and activity were evaluated based on surveyed locations, habitat requirements and climatic parameters. Moreover, a first comparison of European Ph. mascittii populations was made by two marker genes, cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI), and cytochrome b (cytb), as well as MALDI-TOF mass spectra. Our study provides new important records of Ph. mascittii in Austria and valuable data for prospective entomological surveys. MALDI-TOF MS protein profiling was shown to be a reliable tool for differentiation between sand fly species. Rising temperatures and globalization demand for regular entomological surveys to monitor changes in species distribution and composition. This is also important with respect to the possible vector competence of Ph. mascittii.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Kniha
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (E.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Vít Dvořák
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University Prague, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic; (V.D.); (V.V.); (P.V.)
| | - Petr Halada
- BioCeV, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic;
| | - Markus Milchram
- Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, Institute of Zoology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, 1180 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Adelheid G. Obwaller
- Federal Ministry of Defence, Division of Science, Research and Development, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Katrin Kuhls
- Division Molecular Biotechnology and Functional Genomics, Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau, 15745 Wildau, Germany; (K.K.); (S.S.)
- Research Platform “Models & Simulation”, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), 15374 Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Susanne Schlegel
- Division Molecular Biotechnology and Functional Genomics, Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau, 15745 Wildau, Germany; (K.K.); (S.S.)
- Division Microsystems Engineering, Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau, 15745 Wildau, Germany
| | - Martina Köhsler
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (E.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Wolfgang Poeppl
- Department of Dermatology and Tropical Medicine, Military Medical Cluster East, Austrian Armed Forces, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (W.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Karin Bakran-Lebl
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (K.B.-L.); (H.-P.F.)
| | - Hans-Peter Fuehrer
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (K.B.-L.); (H.-P.F.)
| | - Věra Volfová
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University Prague, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic; (V.D.); (V.V.); (P.V.)
| | - Gerhard Mooseder
- Department of Dermatology and Tropical Medicine, Military Medical Cluster East, Austrian Armed Forces, 1210 Vienna, Austria; (W.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Vladimir Ivovic
- Department of Biodiversity, FAMNIT, University of Primorska, 6000 Koper-Capodistria, Slovenia;
| | - Petr Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University Prague, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic; (V.D.); (V.V.); (P.V.)
| | - Julia Walochnik
- Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (E.K.); (M.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
An integrative approach to identify sand fly vectors of leishmaniasis in Ethiopia by morphological and molecular techniques. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:580. [PMID: 33203446 PMCID: PMC7672994 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04450-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ethiopia is affected by human leishmaniasis caused by several Leishmania species and transmitted by a variety of sand fly vectors of the genus Phlebotomus. The sand fly fauna in Ethiopia is highly diverse and some species are closely related and similar in morphology, resulting in difficulties with species identification that requires deployment of molecular techniques. DNA barcoding entails high costs, requires time and lacks reference sequences for many Ethiopian species. Yet, proper species identification is pivotal for epidemiological surveillance as species differ in their actual involvement in transmission cycles. Recently, protein profiling using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry has been introduced as a promising technique for sand fly identification. Methods In our study, we used an integrative taxonomic approach to identify most of the important sand fly vectors of leishmaniasis in Ethiopia, applying three complementary methods: morphological assessment, sequencing analysis of two genetic markers, and MALDI-TOF MS protein profiling. Results Although morphological assessment resulted in some inconclusive identifications, both DNA- and protein-based techniques performed well, providing a similar hierarchical clustering pattern for the analyzed species. Both methods generated species-specific sequences or protein patterns for all species except for Phlebotomus pedifer and P. longipes, the two presumed vectors of Leishmania aethiopica, suggesting that they may represent a single species, P. longipes Parrot & Martin. All three approaches also revealed that the collected specimens of Adlerius sp. differ from P. (Adlerius) arabicus, the only species of Adlerius currently reported in Ethiopia, and molecular comparisons indicate that it may represent a yet undescribed new species. Conclusions Our study uses three complementary taxonomical methods for species identification of taxonomically challenging and yet medically import Ethiopian sand flies. The generated MALDI-TOF MS protein profiles resulted in unambiguous identifications, hence showing suitability of this technique for sand fly species identification. Furthermore, our results contribute to the still inadequate knowledge of the sand fly fauna of Ethiopia, a country severely burdened with human leishmaniasis.![]()
Collapse
|
26
|
Dvorak V, Kasap OE, Ivovic V, Mikov O, Stefanovska J, Martinkovic F, Omeragic J, Pajovic I, Baymak D, Oguz G, Hlavackova K, Gresova M, Gunay F, Vaselek S, Ayhan N, Lestinova T, Cvetkovikj A, Soldo DK, Katerinova I, Tchakarova S, Yılmaz A, Karaoglu B, Iranzo JR, Kadriaj P, Velo E, Ozbel Y, Petric D, Volf P, Alten B. Sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in eight Balkan countries: historical review and region-wide entomological survey. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:573. [PMID: 33176888 PMCID: PMC7661266 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04448-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) are medically important vectors of human and veterinary disease-causing agents. Among these, the genus Leishmania (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae), and phleboviruses are of utmost importance. Despite such significance, updated information about sand fly fauna is missing for Balkan countries where both sand flies and autochtonous leishmaniases are historically present and recently re-emerging. Therefore, a review of historical data on sand fly species composition and distribution in the region was followed by a large-scale entomological survey in eight Balkan countries to provide a recent update on local sand fly fauna. METHODS The literature search involved the period 1910-2019. The entomological survey was conducted at 1189 sampling stations in eight countries (Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia and Slovenia), covering 49 settlements and 358 sampling sites between June and October in the years 2014 and 2016, accumulating 130 sampling days. We performed a total of 1189 trapping nights at these stations using two types of traps (light and CO2 attraction traps) in each location. Sampling was performed with a minimal duration of 6 (Montenegro) and a maximal of 47 days (Serbia) between 0-1000 m.a.s.l. Collected sand flies were morphologically identified. RESULTS In total, 8490 sand fly specimens were collected. Morphological identification showed presence of 14 species belonging to genera Phlebotomus and Sergentomyia. Historical data were critically reviewed and updated with our recent findings. Six species were identified in Bosnia and Herzegovina (2 new records), 5 in Montenegro (2 new records), 5 in Croatia (2 new records), 9 in Bulgaria (5 new records), 11 in North Macedonia (1 new record), 10 in Serbia (no new records), 9 in Kosovo (3 new records) and 4 in Slovenia (no new records). CONCLUSIONS This study presents results of the first integrated sand fly fauna survey of such scale for the Balkan region, providing first data on sand fly populations for four countries in the study area and presenting new species records for six countries and updated species lists for all surveyed countries. Our findings demonstrate presence of proven and suspected vectors of several Leishmania species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vit Dvorak
- Faculty of Science, Department of Parasitology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ozge Erisoz Kasap
- Department of Biology, Ecology Section, Faculty of Science, VERG Laboratories, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Vladimir Ivovic
- Science and Research Centre, University of Primorska, Koper-Capodistra, Slovenia
| | - Ognyan Mikov
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, National Centre of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Jovana Stefanovska
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine-Skopje, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Franjo Martinkovic
- Department for Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases with Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jasmin Omeragic
- Veterinary Faculty, Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases of Animals, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Igor Pajovic
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Devrim Baymak
- National Institute of Public Health, Pristina, Kosovo
| | - Gizem Oguz
- Department of Biology, Ecology Section, Faculty of Science, VERG Laboratories, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kristyna Hlavackova
- Faculty of Science, Department of Parasitology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Gresova
- Faculty of Science, Department of Parasitology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Filiz Gunay
- Department of Biology, Ecology Section, Faculty of Science, VERG Laboratories, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Slavica Vaselek
- Faculty of Science, Department of Parasitology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Laboratory for Medical and Veterinary Entomology, Department of Plant and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nazli Ayhan
- Unite des Virus Emergents (UVE: Aix Marseille Univ IRD 190, INSERM 1207 IHU Mediterranee Infection), 13005 Marseille, France
- EA7310, Laboratoire de Virologie, Université de Corse-Inserm, 20250 Corte, France
| | - Tereza Lestinova
- Faculty of Science, Department of Parasitology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Aleksandar Cvetkovikj
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine-Skopje, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Darinka Klaric Soldo
- Veterinary Faculty, Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases of Animals, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Ivelina Katerinova
- National Diagnostic and Research Veterinary Medical Institute, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Simona Tchakarova
- National Diagnostic and Research Veterinary Medical Institute, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ayda Yılmaz
- Department of Biology, Ecology Section, Faculty of Science, VERG Laboratories, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Begum Karaoglu
- Department of Biology, Ecology Section, Faculty of Science, VERG Laboratories, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Jose Risueno Iranzo
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Perparim Kadriaj
- Department of Epidemiology and Control of Infectious Diseases Department, Institute of Public Health, Tirana, Albania
| | - Enkelejda Velo
- Department of Epidemiology and Control of Infectious Diseases Department, Institute of Public Health, Tirana, Albania
| | - Yusuf Ozbel
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Dusan Petric
- Laboratory for Medical and Veterinary Entomology, Department of Plant and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Petr Volf
- Faculty of Science, Department of Parasitology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Bulent Alten
- Department of Biology, Ecology Section, Faculty of Science, VERG Laboratories, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Dvořák V, Tsirigotakis N, Pavlou C, Dokianakis E, Akhoundi M, Halada P, Volf P, Depaquit J, Antoniou M. Sand fly fauna of Crete and the description of Phlebotomus (Adlerius) creticus n. sp. (Diptera: Psychodidae). Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:547. [PMID: 33148317 PMCID: PMC7640489 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04358-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Greek island of Crete is endemic for both visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and recently increasing cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). This study summarizes published data on the sand fly fauna of Crete, the results of new sand fly samplings and the description of a new sand fly species. METHODS All published and recent samplings were carried out using CDC light traps, sticky traps or mouth aspirators. The specific status of Phlebotomus (Adlerius) creticus n. sp., was assessed by morphological analysis, cytochrome b (cytb) sequencing and MALDI-TOF protein profiling. RESULTS Published data revealed the presence of 10 Phlebotomus spp. and 2 Sergentomyia spp. During presented field work, 608 specimens of 8 species of Phlebotomus and one species of Sergentomyia were collected. Both published data and present samplings revealed that the two most common and abundant species were Phlebotomus neglectus, a proven vector of Leishmania infantum causing VL, and Ph. similis, a suspected vector of L. tropica causing CL. In addition, the field surveys revealed the presence of a new species, Ph. (Adlerius) creticus n. sp. CONCLUSIONS The identification of the newly described species is based on both molecular and morphological criteria, showing distinct characters of the male genitalia that differentiate it from related species of the subgenus Adlerius as well as species-specific sequence of cytb and protein spectra generated by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vít Dvořák
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Nikolaos Tsirigotakis
- Laboratory of Clinical Bacteriology Parasitology Zoonoses and Geographical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Christoforos Pavlou
- Laboratory of Clinical Bacteriology Parasitology Zoonoses and Geographical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Emmanouil Dokianakis
- Laboratory of Clinical Bacteriology Parasitology Zoonoses and Geographical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Mohammad Akhoundi
- Département de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Hôpital Avicenne AP-HP, Bobigny, France
| | - Petr Halada
- BioCeV – Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jérôme Depaquit
- FEA7510 “ESCAPE”, USC ANSES “VECPAR”, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51, rue Cognacq-Jay, 51096 Reims cedex, Reims, France
| | - Maria Antoniou
- Laboratory of Clinical Bacteriology Parasitology Zoonoses and Geographical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Rot A, Meiswinkel R, Fleker M, Blum SE, Behar A. Towards modernizing the taxonomy of Mediterranean Culicoides using classical morphology, mtDNA barcoding, and MALDI-TOF MS protein profiling. Acta Trop 2020; 211:105628. [PMID: 32659282 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are a highly successful group of small (1-3 mm) hematophagous flies, infamous for the role they play as biological vectors for numerous pathogens of veterinary significance. The principal aim of the national animal disease surveillance program of Israel is to be able to rapidly sort and identify live field-captured insects including Culicoides for arbovirus screening. In this exploratory study, three identification methods-classical morphology, DNA barcoding, and MALDI-TOF MS-were applied simultaneously to individuals of 10 Culicoides species that commonly attack livestock in Israel. The strengths and limitations of the three methods are compared and evaluated. In essence, the CO1 barcoding and MALDI-TOF MS results closely matched those of classical morphology. Furthermore, at a higher level and in strong accordance with recognized subgenera, the 10 species, in the reconstructed phylogenies, coalesced into multiple deeper-branched monophyletic clades. However, some discrepancies between the molecular and protein profiling results did occur and proved difficult to assess in terms of taxonomic significance. This difficulty underscores how tricky it is to establish clear species limits when methods involving borderline cutoff values and similarity indices are used as a taxonomic aid. An added shortcoming of the pluralistic triple-method approach is that a significant percentage of the species-level depositions in the GenBank and BOLD databases are misidentified, hindering structured comparison and interpretation of the morphological and molecular results obtained. Aspects of the unresolved taxonomy of various biting midge assemblages within the Mediterranean basin, including minor changes to the Israeli Culicoides checklist, are discussed in light of the methods applied. It is observed that the direct access that classical morphology provides to the external environment (or species niche) is indispensable to the full and correct interpretation (and application) of concomitant molecular and protein profiling results. The Culicoides taxonomy of the future ought to be fully integrative, during which the assimilation of modern methodological advances should strengthen-rather than undermine-the morphological foundations laid down during the 260-year Linnaean epoch.
Collapse
|
29
|
Gittens RA, Almanza A, Bennett KL, Mejía LC, Sanchez-Galan JE, Merchan F, Kern J, Miller MJ, Esser HJ, Hwang R, Dong M, De León LF, Álvarez E, Loaiza JR. Proteomic fingerprinting of Neotropical hard tick species (Acari: Ixodidae) using a self-curated mass spectra reference library. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008849. [PMID: 33108372 PMCID: PMC7647123 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight mass spectrometry is an analytical method that detects macromolecules that can be used for proteomic fingerprinting and taxonomic identification in arthropods. The conventional MALDI approach uses fresh laboratory-reared arthropod specimens to build a reference mass spectra library with high-quality standards required to achieve reliable identification. However, this may not be possible to accomplish in some arthropod groups that are difficult to rear under laboratory conditions, or for which only alcohol preserved samples are available. Here, we generated MALDI mass spectra of highly abundant proteins from the legs of 18 Neotropical species of adult field-collected hard ticks, several of which had not been analyzed by mass spectrometry before. We then used their mass spectra as fingerprints to identify each tick species by applying machine learning and pattern recognition algorithms that combined unsupervised and supervised clustering approaches. Both Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) classification algorithms were able to identify spectra from different tick species, with LDA achieving the best performance when applied to field-collected specimens that did have an existing entry in a reference library of arthropod protein spectra. These findings contribute to the growing literature that ascertains mass spectrometry as a rapid and effective method to complement other well-established techniques for taxonomic identification of disease vectors, which is the first step to predict and manage arthropod-borne pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rolando A. Gittens
- Centro de Biodiversidad y Descubrimiento de Drogas, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Panama, Republic of Panama
- Centro de Neurociencias, INDICASAT AIP, Panama, Republic of Panama
| | - Alejandro Almanza
- Centro de Biodiversidad y Descubrimiento de Drogas, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Panama, Republic of Panama
| | - Kelly L. Bennett
- Centro de Biodiversidad y Descubrimiento de Drogas, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Panama, Republic of Panama
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama, Republic of Panama
| | - Luis C. Mejía
- Centro de Biodiversidad y Descubrimiento de Drogas, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Panama, Republic of Panama
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama, Republic of Panama
| | - Javier E. Sanchez-Galan
- Centro de Biodiversidad y Descubrimiento de Drogas, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Panama, Republic of Panama
- Grupo de Investigación en Biotecnología, Bioinformática y Biología de Sistemas, Facultad de Ingeniería de Sistemas Computacionales, Universidad Tecnológica de Panamá, Panama, Republic of Panama
| | - Fernando Merchan
- Grupo de Investigación en Sistemas de Comunicaciones Digitales Avanzados, Facultad de Ingeniería Eléctrica, Universidad Tecnológica de Panamá, Panama, Republic of Panama
| | - Jonathan Kern
- Grupo de Investigación en Sistemas de Comunicaciones Digitales Avanzados, Facultad de Ingeniería Eléctrica, Universidad Tecnológica de Panamá, Panama, Republic of Panama
- ENSEIRB-MATMECA–Bordeaux INP, France
| | - Matthew J. Miller
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
- University of Alaska Museum, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, United States of America
| | - Helen J. Esser
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Robert Hwang
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, United States of America
| | - May Dong
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, United States of America
| | - Luis F. De León
- Centro de Biodiversidad y Descubrimiento de Drogas, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Panama, Republic of Panama
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Eric Álvarez
- Programa Centroamericano de Maestría en Entomología, Universidad de Panamá, Panama, Republic of Panama
| | - Jose R. Loaiza
- Centro de Biodiversidad y Descubrimiento de Drogas, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Panama, Republic of Panama
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama, Republic of Panama
- Programa Centroamericano de Maestría en Entomología, Universidad de Panamá, Panama, Republic of Panama
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wilke T, Renz J, Hauffe T, Delicado D, Peters J. Proteomic Fingerprinting Discriminates Cryptic Gastropod Species. MALACOLOGIA 2020. [DOI: 10.4002/040.063.0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wilke
- Department of Animal Ecology and Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26 (IFZ), D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Jasmin Renz
- Senckenberg Research Institute, German Center for Marine Biodiversity Research (DZMB), Südstrand 44, D-26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Torsten Hauffe
- Department of Animal Ecology and Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26 (IFZ), D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Diana Delicado
- Department of Animal Ecology and Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26 (IFZ), D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Janna Peters
- Senckenberg Research Institute, German Center for Marine Biodiversity Research (DZMB), Südstrand 44, D-26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Wijerathna T, Gunathilaka N. Morphological identification keys for adults of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Sri Lanka. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:450. [PMID: 32894177 PMCID: PMC7487486 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04305-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Phlebotomine sand flies are a medically important group of insects that is responsible for the transmission of leishmaniasis. Surveillance plays a major role in vector control programmes through exploring species abundance, potential entomological risk and designing appropriate control measures. In field surveillance programmes of such nature, morphological identification of vector species is of paramount importance. However, in Sri Lanka, there is no published taxonomic key available for the identification of leishmaniasis vectors. Method Identification keys for both male and females of the sand flies recorded in Sri Lanka were developed using morphological features. Main identification features were compared with the original observation of specimens collected from surveys and the use of published literature. Photographic illustrations of morphological features are included with the intention of making the keys user-friendly for non-taxonomists. Results A total of 22 sand fly species (Diptera: Psychodidae) of the genera Phlebotomus and Sergentomyia reported in Sri Lanka from 1910 to 2019 are included in the present work. Conclusion This simplified key, along with photographs taken from specimens would be beneficial to the health staff, entomologists and research staff who deal with leishmaniasis control programmes and vector-related studies.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tharaka Wijerathna
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka
| | - Nayana Gunathilaka
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Sales KGDS, Miranda DEDO, da Silva FJ, Otranto D, Figueredo LA, Dantas-Torres F. Evaluation of different storage times and preservation methods on phlebotomine sand fly DNA concentration and purity. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:399. [PMID: 32762709 PMCID: PMC7412822 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04270-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Different methods have been used to preserve phlebotomine sand flies for research purposes, including for taxonomic studies and detection of Leishmania spp. Here, we evaluated the effect of various preservation methods at different storage times on phlebotomine sand fly DNA concentration and purity. Methods Field-collected phlebotomine sand flies were individually stored in 70% ethanol (G1) and 95% ethanol (G2) at room temperature, 70% ethanol (G3) and 95% ethanol (G4) at 8 °C or frozen dry (i.e. no preservation solution) at − 20 °C (G5). DNA concentration and purity were assessed at various storage times (T1, ≤ 12 h; T2, 3 months; T3, 6 months; T4, 9 months; and T5, 12 months). Fragments of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and cacophony (CAC) genes of phlebotomine sand flies were also amplified. Results Mean DNA concentration (P = 0.178) and 260/280 purity ratios (P = 0.584) did not vary significantly among various preservation methods and storage times. Within each group, DNA concentration varied in G1 (Kruskal-Wallis H-test, P = 0.009) for T3 vs T4 (Dunn’s post-hoc, P < 0.05), and in G2 (Kruskal-Wallis H-test, P = 0.004) for T1 vs T2 and T1 vs T4 (Dunn’s post-hoc, P < 0.05). For 260/280 purity ratios, the only statistically significant difference was found for G5 (Kruskal-Wallis H-test, P = 0.020) between T1 vs T4 (Dunn’s post-hoc test, P < 0.05). The cox1 and CAC genes were successfully amplified, regardless of the preservation method and storage time; except in one sample from G2 at T1, for which the CAC gene failed to amplify. Conclusions The preservation methods and storage times herein evaluated did not affect the concentration and purity of DNA samples obtained from field-collected phlebotomine sand flies, for up to 12 months. Furthermore, these preservation methods did not interfere with PCR amplification of CAC and cox1 genes, being suitable for molecular analyses under the conditions studied herein.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fernando José da Silva
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Recife, Brazil
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy.,Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Luciana Aguiar Figueredo
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Recife, Brazil
| | - Filipe Dantas-Torres
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Recife, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Ouarti B, Laroche M, Righi S, Meguini MN, Benakhla A, Raoult D, Parola P. Development of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry for the identification of lice isolated from farm animals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 27:28. [PMID: 32351208 PMCID: PMC7191974 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2020026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is now routinely used for the rapid identification of microorganisms isolated from clinical samples and has been recently successfully applied to the identification of arthropods. In the present study, this proteomics tool was used to identify lice collected from livestock and poultry in Algeria. The MALDI-TOF MS spectra of 408 adult specimens were measured for 14 species, including Bovicola bovis, B. ovis, B. caprae, Haematopinus eurysternus, Linognathus africanus, L. vituli, Solenopotes capillatus, Menacanthus stramineus, Menopon gallinae, Chelopistes meleagridis, Goniocotes gallinae, Goniodes gigas, Lipeurus caponis and laboratory reared Pediculus humanus corporis. Good quality spectra were obtained for 305 samples. Spectral analysis revealed intra-species reproducibility and inter-species specificity that were consistent with the morphological classification. A blind test of 248 specimens was performed against the in-lab database upgraded with new spectra and validated using molecular tools. With identification percentages ranging from 76% to 100% alongside high identification scores (mean = 2.115), this study proposes MALDI-TOF MS as an effective tool for discriminating lice species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Basma Ouarti
- Aix Marseille Univ., IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France - IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Maureen Laroche
- Aix Marseille Univ., IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France - IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Souad Righi
- Université Chadli Bendjdid, Département des sciences Vétérinaire, 36000 El Tarf, Algeria
| | - Mohamed Nadir Meguini
- Université Chadli Bendjdid, Département des sciences Vétérinaire, 36000 El Tarf, Algeria - Institut des Sciences Vétérinaire et Agronomiques, Université Mohamed Cherif Messaadia, 41000 Souk-Ahras, Algeria
| | - Ahmed Benakhla
- Université Chadli Bendjdid, Département des sciences Vétérinaire, 36000 El Tarf, Algeria
| | - Didier Raoult
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France - Aix Marseille Univ., IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Parola
- Aix Marseille Univ., IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France - IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Schulz A, Karger A, Bettin B, Eisenbarth A, Sas MA, Silaghi C, Groschup MH. Molecular discrimination of Hyalomma tick species serving as reservoirs and vectors for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in sub-Saharan Africa. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2020; 11:101382. [PMID: 32008996 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The species identification of tick vectors of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), especially Hyalomma (H.) species, is a prerequisite to understand the eco-epidemiology of this disease and to reveal vector and virus reservoir species. However, the morphologic species discrimination can be difficult for damaged or blood-fed ticks and in case of species intercrosses. Therefore, we used matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis to distinguish the most common Hyalomma species from sub-Saharan Africa (H. truncatum, H. rufipes and H. dromedarii). Within the last years, MALDI-TOF MS analysis based on tick leg proteins has been shown to be a reliable method to distinguish several tick species. For this purpose, a reference spectral library of several European, American and African tick species was established. In this study, six different Hyalomma species were tested, all of which were all clearly distinguishable by mass spectrometric analyses. Moreover, MALDI TOF- MS was able to confirm morphologic findings where sequencing provided ambiguous results. In addition, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based on the CO1 gene amplification of ticks has been developed for the unequivocal species identification by amplicon sequencing and specific restriction endonuclease cleavage pattern analysis. RFLP proved to be a feasible auxiliary discrimination tool for selected Hyalomma species when access to sequencing methods is not available, as for instance during field studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Schulz
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - A Karger
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - B Bettin
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - A Eisenbarth
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - M A Sas
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - C Silaghi
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Infectology, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - M H Groschup
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
dos Santos Souza É, Fernandes RP, Guedes WN, dos Santos FN, Eberlin MN, Lopes NP, Padovani VD, da Rosa JA. Rhodnius spp. are differentiated based on the peptide/protein profile by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry and chemometric tools. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:1431-1439. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02376-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
36
|
Hlavackova K, Dvorak V, Chaskopoulou A, Volf P, Halada P. A novel MALDI-TOF MS-based method for blood meal identification in insect vectors: A proof of concept study on phlebotomine sand flies. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007669. [PMID: 31498786 PMCID: PMC6733444 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Identification of blood sources of hematophagous arthropods is crucial for understanding the transmission cycles of vector-borne diseases. Many different approaches towards host determination were proposed, including precipitin test, ELISA, DNA- and mass spectrometry-based methods; yet all face certain complications and limitations, mostly related to blood degradation. This study presents a novel method for blood meal identification, peptide mass mapping (PMM) analysis of host-specific hemoglobin peptides using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Methodology/Principal findings To identify blood meal source, proteins from abdomens of engorged sand fly females were extracted, cleaved by trypsin and peptide fragments of host hemoglobin were sequenced using MALDI-TOF MS. The method provided correct host identification of 100% experimentally fed sand flies until 36h post blood meal (PBM) and for 80% samples even 48h PBM. In females fed on two hosts, both blood meal sources were correctly assigned for 60% of specimens until 36h PBM. In a validation study on field-collected females, the method yielded unambiguous host determination for 96% of specimens. The suitability of PMM-based MALDI-TOF MS was proven experimentally also on lab-reared Culex mosquitoes. Conclusions/Significance PMM-based MALDI-TOF MS analysis targeting host specific hemoglobin peptides represents a sensitive and cost-effective method with a fast and simple preparation protocol. As demonstrated here on phlebotomine sand flies and mosquitoes, it allows reliable and rapid blood source determination even 48h PBM with minimal material input and provides more robust and specific results than other currently used methods. This approach was also successfully tested on field-caught engorged females and proved to be a promising useful tool for large-scale screening of host preferences studies. Unlike other methods including MALDI-TOF protein profiling, it allows correct identification of mixed blood meals as was demonstrated on both experimentally fed and field-collected sand flies. Leishmaniases belong among the most important and yet neglected vector-borne diseases, transmitted mostly by bite of female phlebotomine sand flies. To understand role of different reservoir hosts in the transmission cycles, it is important to determine blood meal sources of bloodfeeding females. Most of currently used methods face challenges due to tiny volumes of engorged blood, in case of mammals also enucleated, as well as quick progress of blood digestion which leads to rapid DNA and protein degradation. New approach towards blood source determination presented in this study is based on MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry that identifies unique peptide sequences of host hemoglobins, showing high precision and sensitivity together with a longer time period for successful host determination when compared to nowadays standardly used DNA sequencing. It was tested and verified on engorged phlebotomine sand flies from both laboratory colonies and natural endemic areas and also on Culex mosquitoes and shall be universal to hematophagous insects. Beside blood meal identification, it allows also the use of both morphological and molecular methods (DNA- or protein-based) for the species identification of the analysed specimen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristyna Hlavackova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vit Dvorak
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Petr Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Halada
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Vaselek S, Dvorak V, Hlavackova K, Ayhan N, Halada P, Oguz G, Ivović V, Ozbel Y, Charrel RN, Alten B, Petrić D. A survey of sand flies (Diptera, Phlebotominae) along recurrent transit routes in Serbia. Acta Trop 2019; 197:105063. [PMID: 31207207 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Serbia was a country endemic for leishmaniasis with rich and abundant sand fly fauna during the middle of the 20th century. After 1968, the disease was considered as eradicated, and as a consequence, all research on vectors and pathogens was neglected. The recent detection of Leishmania infantum in sand flies and confirmed cases of leishmaniasis in humans and dogs indicated the risk of re-emergence in Serbia. Also, for millions of refugees/immigrants, Serbia is a transit route between East-Mediterranean and Middle-East countries, and Central/North Europe, and it is under constant risk of vector and disease introduction. Primary objectives of this research were to determine which sand fly species are present around transit routes, whether they include vectors of the Leishmania spp. moreover, is/are Leishmania spp. present in the vectors. Surveys were conducted at 55 locations, organised in four clusters, which covered main immigrant routes and shelters/camps as well as tourist/trade transit routes. In total, 367 sand fly specimens were collected. Nine species were identified: Phlebotomus papatasi, P. perfiliewi, P. tobbi, P. neglectus, P. sergenti, P. alexandri, P. simici, P. balcanicus and P. mascittii. Detection of P. alexandri represents the first record in Serbia. The diversity of sand fly species increased while the number of collected specimens per night decreased during the period of research neglection. Phlebotomus neglectus, a proven vector of L. infantum, was a predominant species in all surveyed clusters, and in 56,52% of locations, it was the only species present. Although all detected species are regarded either as proven or suspected vectors of Leishmania spp., screening of females for Leishmania presence resulted negative. Our study provides insight into the significant changes of sand fly fauna in Serbia during the end of XX and beginning of XXI century. Diverse sand fly fauna in Serbia suggests that the establishment of new leishmaniasis foci is possible.
Collapse
|
38
|
Rossel S, Martínez Arbizu P. Revealing higher than expected diversity of Harpacticoida (Crustacea:Copepoda) in the North Sea using MALDI-TOF MS and molecular barcoding. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9182. [PMID: 31235850 PMCID: PMC6591307 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45718-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The North Sea is one of the most extensively studied marine regions of the world. Hence, large amounts of molecular data for species identification are available in public repositories, and expectations to find numerous new species in this well-known region are rather low. However, molecular reference data for harpacticoid copepods from this area in particular but also for this group in general is scarce. By assessing COI barcodes and MALDI-TOF mass spectra for this group of small crustaceans, it was discovered that there is a huge unknown diversity in this area. In total, COI sequences for 548 specimens from 115 species of harpacticoid copepods are presented. Over 19% of these were new to science and ten MOTUs were found to be part of cryptic species complexes. MALDI-TOF mass spectra were assessed for 622 specimens from 75 species. Because results were in concordance with species delimitation by COI barcoding and also enabled recognition of possible cryptic species, the discriminative power of this technique for biodiversity assessments is highlighted. Findings imply, species diversity in this group may be largely underestimated and total species number can be expected to be much higher than previously assumed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Rossel
- Senckenberg Research Institute, German Centre for Marine Biodiversity Research (DZMB), Südstrand 44, 26382, Wilhelmshaven, Germany. .,Marine Biodiversity Research, Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.
| | - P Martínez Arbizu
- Senckenberg Research Institute, German Centre for Marine Biodiversity Research (DZMB), Südstrand 44, 26382, Wilhelmshaven, Germany.,Marine Biodiversity Research, Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Arfuso F, Gaglio G, Abbate JM, Caracappa G, Lupia A, Napoli E, Giarratana F, Latrofa MS, Giannetto S, Otranto D, Brianti E. Identification of phlebotomine sand flies through MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and in-house reference database. Acta Trop 2019; 194:47-52. [PMID: 30871992 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Phlebotomine sand flies are vectors for many pathogens responsible for human and animal diseases worldwide. Their identification at species level is of importance in epidemiological studies and control programmes. MALDI-TOF MS has been increasingly investigated as an alternative approach to the conventional identification of arthropods species. To establish an in-house protein spectra database for a quick and reliable species identification of phlebotomine sand flies, 166 field-caught sand fly specimens, morphologically identified as Phlebotomus perniciosus (no = 56; 26 males and 30 females), Phlebotomus neglectus (no = 4 males), Phlebotomus sergenti (no = 6; 4 males and 2 females) and Sergentomyia minuta (no = 100; 45 males and 55 females), were subjected to MALDI-TOF MS analyses. Out of 166, 149 specimens (89.8%) produced consistent species-specific protein spectra. Good quality database for P. perniciosus and S. minuta were generated; no databases have yet constructed for P. neglectus and P. sergenti due to the low number of specimens examined. The identification of 80 sand flies (no = 20 P. perniciosus; no = 60 S. minuta) were confirmed using the new generated SuperSpectra as validation test. The results reported support the use of MALDI-TOF MS for rapid, simple and reliable phlebotomine sand fly species identification suggesting its usefulness in accurate survey studies, ultimately improving biological and epidemiological knowledge on these important vectors of pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Arfuso
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Gabriella Gaglio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Jessica Maria Abbate
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Giulia Caracappa
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Angelo Lupia
- Biologist Practitioner, Via A. Gramsci 15, 88050, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Ettore Napoli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Filippo Giarratana
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Stefania Latrofa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Strada prov.le per Casamassima km. 3, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Salvatore Giannetto
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Strada prov.le per Casamassima km. 3, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Emanuele Brianti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Polo Universitario Annunziata, 98168, Messina, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Cazan CD, Păstrav IR, Ionică AM, Oguz G, Erisoz Kasap O, Dvorak V, Halada P, Dumitrache MO, Volf P, Alten B, Mihalca AD. Updates on the distribution and diversity of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Romania. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:247. [PMID: 31109351 PMCID: PMC6528238 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3507-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) are haematophagous insects that transmit the protozoan parasite Leishmania infantum (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae), the main causative agent of both zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and canine leishmaniasis (CanL) in the Mediterranean basin. Eight species of sand flies have been previously recorded in Romania: Phlebotomus papatasi, Phlebotomus alexandri, Phlebotomus sergenti, Phlebotomus perfiliewi, Phlebotomus neglectus, Phlebotomus longiductus, Phlebotomus balcanicus and Sergentomyia minuta. Three of them (P. perfiliewi, P. neglectus and P. balcanicus) were incriminated as vectors of L. infantum. Recent reports of autochthonous CanL in Romania require updates on sand fly distribution and diversity in this country. METHODS Between 2013-2014 and 2016-2018, CDC light traps and mouth aspirators were used to collect sand flies in 132 locations from Romania, indoors and around various animal species shelters. Species identification of collected specimens was done using morphological keys, genetic tools and MALDI-TOF protein profiling. RESULTS Sand flies were present in seven localities (5.3%): Eibenthal, Baia Nouă, Gura Văii (south-western Romania, Mehedinţi County); Fundătura, Pâhneşti, Epureni (eastern Romania, Vaslui County); and Schitu (southern Romania, Giurgiu County). Of the total number of collected sand flies (n = 251), 209 (83.27%) were Phlebotomus neglectus, 39 (15.53%) P. perfiliewi, 1 (0.40%) P. papatasi, 1 (0.40%) P. balcanicus and 1 (0.40%) P. sergenti (sensu lato). CONCLUSIONS We confirmed the presence of five sand fly species previously recorded in Romania. However, their updated distribution differs from historical data. The diversity of sand fly species in Romania and their presence in areas with Mediterranean climatic influences constitutes a threat for the reemergence of vector-borne diseases. In the context of CanL and VL reemergence in Romania, but also due to imported cases of the diseases in both humans and dogs, updates on vector distribution are imperative.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Daniela Cazan
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioana Raluca Păstrav
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Angela Monica Ionică
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Gizem Oguz
- Department of Biology, Ecology Section, Faculty of Science, VERG Laboratories, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ozge Erisoz Kasap
- Department of Biology, Ecology Section, Faculty of Science, VERG Laboratories, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Vit Dvorak
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Halada
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mirabela Oana Dumitrache
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Petr Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Bulent Alten
- Department of Biology, Ecology Section, Faculty of Science, VERG Laboratories, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Andrei Daniel Mihalca
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Feucherolles M, Poppert S, Utzinger J, Becker SL. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry as a diagnostic tool in human and veterinary helminthology: a systematic review. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:245. [PMID: 31101120 PMCID: PMC6525464 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3493-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) has become a widely used technique for the rapid and accurate identification of bacteria, mycobacteria and certain fungal pathogens in the clinical microbiology laboratory. Thus far, only few attempts have been made to apply the technique in clinical parasitology, particularly regarding helminth identification. METHODS We systematically reviewed the scientific literature on studies pertaining to MALDI-TOF MS as a diagnostic technique for helminths (cestodes, nematodes and trematodes) of medical and veterinary importance. Readily available electronic databases (i.e. PubMed/MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library, Web of Science and Google Scholar) were searched from inception to 10 October 2018, without restriction on year of publication or language. The titles and abstracts of studies were screened for eligibility by two independent reviewers. Relevant articles were read in full and included in the systematic review. RESULTS A total of 84 peer-reviewed articles were considered for the final analysis. Most papers reported on the application of MALDI-TOF for the study of Caenorhabditis elegans, and the technique was primarily used for identification of specific proteins rather than entire pathogens. Since 2015, a small number of studies documented the successful use of MALDI-TOF MS for species-specific identification of nematodes of human and veterinary importance, such as Trichinella spp. and Dirofilaria spp. However, the quality of available data and the number of examined helminth samples was low. CONCLUSIONS Data on the use of MALDI-TOF MS for the diagnosis of helminths are scarce, but recent evidence suggests a potential role for a reliable identification of nematodes. Future research should explore the diagnostic accuracy of MALDI-TOF MS for identification of (i) adult helminths, larvae and eggs shed in faecal samples; and (ii) helminth-related proteins that are detectable in serum or body fluids of infected individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Feucherolles
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Environmental Research and Innovation, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Sven Poppert
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Utzinger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sören L Becker
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Loaiza JR, Almanza A, Rojas JC, Mejía L, Cervantes ND, Sanchez-Galan JE, Merchán F, Grillet A, Miller MJ, De León LF, Gittens RA. Application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry to identify species of Neotropical Anopheles vectors of malaria. Malar J 2019; 18:95. [PMID: 30902057 PMCID: PMC6431007 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2723-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria control in Panama is problematic due to the high diversity of morphologically similar Anopheles mosquito species, which makes identification of vectors of human Plasmodium challenging. Strategies by Panamanian health authorities to bring malaria under control targeting Anopheles vectors could be ineffective if they tackle a misidentified species. Methods A rapid mass spectrometry identification procedure was developed to accurately and timely sort out field-collected Neotropical Anopheles mosquitoes into vector and non-vector species. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectra of highly-abundant proteins were generated from laboratory-reared mosquitoes using different extraction protocols, body parts, and sexes to minimize the amount of material from specimen vouchers needed and optimize the protocol for taxonomic identification. Subsequently, the mass spectra of field-collected Neotropical Anopheles mosquito species were classified using a combination of custom-made unsupervised (i.e., Principal component analysis—PCA) and supervised (i.e., Linear discriminant analysis—LDA) classification algorithms. Results Regardless of the protocol used or the mosquito species and sex, the legs contained the least intra-specific variability with enough well-preserved proteins to differentiate among distinct biological species, consistent with previous literature. After minimizing the amount of material needed from the voucher, one leg was enough to produce reliable spectra between specimens. Further, both PCA and LDA were able to classify up to 12 mosquito species, from different subgenera and seven geographically spread localities across Panama using mass spectra from one leg pair. LDA demonstrated high discriminatory power and consistency, with validation and cross-validation positive identification rates above 93% at the species level. Conclusion The selected sample processing procedure can be used to identify field-collected Anopheles species, including vectors of Plasmodium, in a short period of time, with a minimal amount of tissue and without the need of an expert mosquito taxonomist. This strategy to analyse protein spectra overcomes the drawbacks of working without a reference library to classify unknown samples. Finally, this MALDI approach can aid ongoing malaria eradication efforts in Panama and other countries with large number of mosquito’s species by improving vector surveillance in epidemic-prone sites such as indigenous Comarcas. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-019-2723-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose R Loaiza
- Centro de Biodiversidad y Descubrimiento de Drogas, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), City of Knowledge, Panama, 0843-01103, Republic of Panama.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama, Republic of Panama.,Programa Centroamericano de Maestría en Entomología, Universidad de Panamá, Panama, Republic of Panama
| | - Alejandro Almanza
- Centro de Biodiversidad y Descubrimiento de Drogas, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), City of Knowledge, Panama, 0843-01103, Republic of Panama
| | - Juan C Rojas
- Centro de Biodiversidad y Descubrimiento de Drogas, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), City of Knowledge, Panama, 0843-01103, Republic of Panama
| | - Luis Mejía
- Centro de Biodiversidad y Descubrimiento de Drogas, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), City of Knowledge, Panama, 0843-01103, Republic of Panama.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama, Republic of Panama
| | - Norma D Cervantes
- College of Health Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Javier E Sanchez-Galan
- Centro de Biodiversidad y Descubrimiento de Drogas, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), City of Knowledge, Panama, 0843-01103, Republic of Panama.,Grupo de Investigación en Biotecnología, Bioinformática y Biología de Sistemas, Centro de Producción e Investigaciones Agroindustriales, Universidad Tecnológica de Panamá, Panama, Republic of Panama
| | - Fernando Merchán
- Grupo de Investigación en Sistemas de Comunicaciones Digitales Avanzados, Facultad de Ingeniería Eléctrica, Universidad Tecnológica de Panamá, Panama, Republic of Panama
| | - Arnaud Grillet
- Grupo de Investigación en Sistemas de Comunicaciones Digitales Avanzados, Facultad de Ingeniería Eléctrica, Universidad Tecnológica de Panamá, Panama, Republic of Panama.,ENSEIRB-MATMECA-Bordeaux INP, Talence, France
| | - Matthew J Miller
- Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History and Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Luis F De León
- Centro de Biodiversidad y Descubrimiento de Drogas, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), City of Knowledge, Panama, 0843-01103, Republic of Panama.,Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rolando A Gittens
- Centro de Biodiversidad y Descubrimiento de Drogas, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), City of Knowledge, Panama, 0843-01103, Republic of Panama. .,Centro de Neurociencias, INDICASAT AIP, Panama, Republic of Panama.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Identification of French Guiana sand flies using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry with a new mass spectra library. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007031. [PMID: 30707700 PMCID: PMC6373979 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phlebotomine sand flies are insects that are highly relevant in medicine, particularly as the sole proven vectors of leishmaniasis. Accurate identification of sand fly species is an essential prerequisite for eco-epidemiological studies aiming to better understand the disease. Traditional morphological identification is painstaking and time-consuming, and molecular methods for extensive screening remain expensive. Recent studies have shown that matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is a promising tool for rapid and cost-effective identification of arthropod vectors, including sand flies. The aim of this study was to validate the use of MALDI-TOF MS for the identification of Northern Amazonian sand flies. We constituted a MALDI-TOF MS reference database comprising 29 species of sand flies that were field-collected in French Guiana, which are expected to cover many of the more common species of the Northern Amazonian region, including known vectors of leishmaniasis. Carrying out a blind test, all the sand flies tested (n = 157) with a log (score) threshold greater than 1.7 were correctly identified at the species level. We confirmed that MALDI-TOF MS protein profiling is a useful tool for the study of sand flies, including neotropical species, known for their great diversity. An application that includes the spectra generated here will be available to the scientific community in the near future via an online platform. Phlebotomine sand flies are small insects, mostly known for their role in the transmission of Leishmania parasites to humans and other mammals. In French Guiana, the main clinical form of the disease manifests as cutaneous lesions also called American cutaneous leishmaniasis. The transmission of Leishmania from wild mammals to humans depends on the species of sand fly involved in the transmission. To better understand the mechanism of disease transmission, it is essential to accurately identify sand flies, including both vector and non-vector species. Until now, sand flies have mainly been identified using morphological and molecular methods. Recent studies have shown that a new tool based on protein profiling compiled in a library of spectra may be useful for the identification of arthropod vectors. This tool has the advantage of being less time-consuming, less expensive and does not require technical skills. The aim of this study was to assess the usefulness and accuracy of this new tool in identifying Northern Amazonian sand flies.
Collapse
|
44
|
Karger A, Bettin B, Gethmann JM, Klaus C. Whole animal matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry of ticks - Are spectra of Ixodes ricinus nymphs influenced by environmental, spatial, and temporal factors? PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210590. [PMID: 30645604 PMCID: PMC6333373 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the recent years matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) has become a useful tool to characterize arthropod species and their different stages of development. It was reported for sand flies and mosquitoes at immature stages and also assumed for ticks that geographic location can have a subtle influence on MALDI-TOF mass spectra which allows the discrimination of animals with specific local variations of the MALDI-TOF MS phenotype. It is so far uncertain, however, if these mass-spectrometric differences are based on genetic variation or on spectral features which depend on environmental or temporal features. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of the geographic location, environmental factors and the season of the year on the MALDI-TOF mass spectra of Ixodes (I.) ricinus nymphs and if spectral variation would allow to draw conclusions with respect to the tick’s provenience or conditions that influence the tick life cycle. Application of multivariate statistical models on spectra of ticks collected in different seasons and different habitats and locations within Germany showed that the impact of the location seemed to be small while season and habitat seemed to have stronger impact on the MALDI-TOF mass spectra. Possibilities and limitations of MALDI-TOF mass spectra to draw conclusions on the tick life cycle are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Axel Karger
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Barbara Bettin
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Joern M. Gethmann
- Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Christine Klaus
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Jena, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Merchant A, Yu T, Shi J, Zhou X. Development of a Diagnostic Marker for Phlebotomus papatasi to Initiate a Potential Vector Surveillance Program in North America. INSECTS 2018; 9:insects9040162. [PMID: 30424532 PMCID: PMC6315872 DOI: 10.3390/insects9040162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phlebotomus papatasi, an Old World sand fly species, is primarily responsible for the transmission of leishmaniasis, a highly infectious and potentially lethal disease. International travel, especially military rotations, between domestic locations and P. papatasi-prevalent regions in the Middle East poses an imminent threat to the public health of US citizens. Because of its small size and cryptic morphology, identification of P. papatasi is challenging and labor-intensive. Here, we developed a ribosomal DNA-polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based diagnostic assay that is capable of detecting P. papatasi genomic DNA from mixed samples containing multiple sand flies native to the Americas. Serial dilution of P. papatasi samples demonstrated that this diagnostic assay could detect one P. papatasi from up to 255 non-target sand flies. Due to its simplicity, sensitivity and specificity, this rapid identification tool is suited for a long-term surveillance program to screen for the presence of P. papatasi in the continental United States and to reveal geographical regions potentially vulnerable to sand fly-borne diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Austin Merchant
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA.
| | - Tian Yu
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA.
| | - Jizhe Shi
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA.
| | - Xuguo Zhou
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Vega-Rúa A, Pagès N, Fontaine A, Nuccio C, Hery L, Goindin D, Gustave J, Almeras L. Improvement of mosquito identification by MALDI-TOF MS biotyping using protein signatures from two body parts. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:574. [PMID: 30390691 PMCID: PMC6215610 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3157-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry technology (MALDI-TOF MS) is an innovative tool that has been shown to be effective for the identification of numerous arthropod groups including mosquitoes. A critical step in the implementation of MALDI-TOF MS identification is the creation of spectra databases (DB) for the species of interest. Mosquito legs were the body part most frequently used to create identification DB. However, legs are one of the most fragile mosquito compartments, which can put identification at risk. Here, we assessed whether mosquito thoraxes could also be used as a relevant body part for mosquito species identification using a MALDI-TOF MS biotyping strategy; we propose a double DB query strategy to reinforce identification success. Methods Thoraxes and legs from 91 mosquito specimens belonging to seven mosquito species collected in six localities from Guadeloupe, and two laboratory strains, Aedes aegypti BORA and Aedes albopictus Marseille, were dissected and analyzed by MALDI-TOF MS. Molecular identification using cox1 gene sequencing was also conducted on representative specimens to confirm their identification. Results MS profiles obtained with both thoraxes and legs were highly compartment-specific, species-specific and species-reproducible, allowing high identification scores (log-score values, LSVs) when queried against the in-house MS reference spectra DB (thorax LSVs range: 2.260–2.783, leg LSVs range: 2.132–2.753). Conclusions Both thoraxes and legs could be used for a double DB query in order to reinforce the success and accuracy of MALDI-TOF MS identification. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-3157-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anubis Vega-Rúa
- Laboratory of Vector Control Research, Environment and Health Unit, Institut Pasteur de la Guadeloupe, 97183, Les Abymes, Guadeloupe, France.
| | - Nonito Pagès
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, F-97170, Petit Bourg, Guadeloupe, France.,ASTRE, CIRAD, INRA, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Albin Fontaine
- Unité de Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département des Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, UMR Vecteurs - Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), IHU - Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 bd Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille, cedex 5, France
| | - Christopher Nuccio
- Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, SSA, IRBA, MCT, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Lyza Hery
- Laboratory of Vector Control Research, Environment and Health Unit, Institut Pasteur de la Guadeloupe, 97183, Les Abymes, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Daniella Goindin
- Laboratory of Vector Control Research, Environment and Health Unit, Institut Pasteur de la Guadeloupe, 97183, Les Abymes, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Joel Gustave
- Vector Control Service of Guadeloupe, Regional Health Agency, Airport Zone South Raizet, 97139, Les Abymes, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Lionel Almeras
- Unité de Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département des Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Université, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, UMR Vecteurs - Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), IHU - Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 bd Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille, cedex 5, France
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
Australian mosquito species significantly impact human health through nuisance biting and the transmission of endemic and exotic pathogens. Surveillance programmes designed to provide an early warning of mosquito-borne disease risk require reliable identification of mosquitoes. This study aimed to investigate the viability of Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) as a rapid and inexpensive approach to the identification of Australian mosquitoes and was validated using a three-step taxonomic approach. A total of 300 mosquitoes representing 21 species were collected from south-eastern New South Wales and morphologically identified. The legs from the mosquitoes were removed and subjected to MALDI-TOF MS analysis. Fifty-eight mosquitoes were sequenced at the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox1) gene region and genetic relationships were analysed. We create the first MALDI-TOF MS spectra database of Australian mosquito species including 19 species. We clearly demonstrate the accuracy of MALDI-TOF MS for identification of Australian mosquitoes. It is especially useful for assessing gaps in the effectiveness of DNA barcoding by differentiating closely related taxa. Indeed, cox1 DNA barcoding was not able to differentiate members of the Culex pipiens group, Cx. quinquefasciatus and Cx. pipiens molestus, but these specimens were correctly identified using MALDI-TOF MS.
Collapse
|
48
|
Niare S, Tandina F, Davoust B, Doumbo O, Raoult D, Parola P, Almeras L. Accurate identification of Anopheles gambiae Giles trophic preferences by MALDI-TOF MS. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 63:410-419. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
49
|
Halada P, Hlavackova K, Risueño J, Berriatua E, Volf P, Dvorak V. Effect of trapping method on species identification of phlebotomine sandflies by MALDI-TOF MS protein profiling. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 32:388-392. [PMID: 29774958 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) (Newstead, 1911) are blood-feeding insects that transmit human pathogens including Leishmania (Trypanosomatida: Trypanosomatidae) parasites, causative agents of the leishmaniases. To elucidate Leishmania transmission cycles, conclusive identification of vector species is essential. Molecular approaches including matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) protein profiling have recently emerged to complement morphological identification. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the trap type used to collect sandflies, specifically Centers for Disease Control (CDC) light or sticky traps, the two most commonly used in sandfly surveys, on subsequent MALDI-TOF MS protein profiling. Specimens of five species (Phlebotomus ariasi, Phlebotomus papatasi, Phlebotomus perniciosus, Phlebotomus sergenti, Sergentomyia minuta) collected in periurban and agricultural habitats in southeast Spain were subjected to protein profiling. Acquired protein spectra were queried against an in-house reference database and their quality assessed to evaluate the trap type effect. The results indicate that trap choice can substantially affect the quality of protein spectra in collected sandflies. Whereas specimens retrieved from light traps produced intense and reproducible spectra that allowed reliable species determination, profiles of specimens from sticky traps were compromised and often did not enable correct identification. Sticky traps should therefore not be used in surveys that deploy MALDI-TOF MS protein profiling for species identification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Halada
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - K Hlavackova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Risueño
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - E Berriatua
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - P Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - V Dvorak
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Mewara A, Sharma M, Kaura T, Zaman K, Yadav R, Sehgal R. Rapid identification of medically important mosquitoes by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:281. [PMID: 29720246 PMCID: PMC5932809 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2854-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Accurate and rapid identification of dipteran vectors is integral for entomological surveys and is a vital component of control programs for mosquito-borne diseases. Conventionally, morphological features are used for mosquito identification, which suffer from biological and geographical variations and lack of standardization. We used matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) for protein profiling of mosquito species from North India with the aim of creating a MALDI-TOF MS database and evaluating it. Methods Mosquito larvae were collected from different rural and urban areas and reared to adult stages. The adult mosquitoes of four medically important genera, Anopheles, Aedes, Culex and Armigerus, were morphologically identified to the species level and confirmed by ITS2-specific PCR sequencing. The cephalothoraces of the adult specimens were subjected to MALDI-TOF analysis and the signature peak spectra were selected for creation of database, which was then evaluated to identify 60 blinded mosquito specimens. Results Reproducible MALDI-TOF MS spectra spanning over 2–14 kDa m/z range were produced for nine mosquito species: Anopheles (An. stephensi, An. culicifacies and An. annularis); Aedes (Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus); Culex (Cx. quinquefasciatus, Cx. vishnui and Cx. tritaenorhynchus); and Armigerus (Ar. subalbatus). Genus- and species-specific peaks were identified to create the database and a score of > 1.8 was used to denote reliable identification. The average numbers of peaks obtained were 55–60 for Anopheles, 80–100 for Aedes, 30–60 for Culex and 45–50 peaks for Armigeres species. Of the 60 coded samples, 58 (96.67%) were correctly identified by MALDI-TOF MS with a score > 1.8, while there were two unreliable identifications (both Cx. quinquefasciatus with scores < 1.8). Conclusions MALDI-TOF MS appears to be a pragmatic technique for accurate and rapid identification of mosquito species. The database needs to be expanded to include species from different geographical regions and also different life-cycle stages to fully harness the technique for entomological surveillance programs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-2854-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Mewara
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Sector 12, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
| | - Megha Sharma
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Sector 12, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Taruna Kaura
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Sector 12, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Kamran Zaman
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Sector 12, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Rakesh Yadav
- Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Sector 12, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Sector 12, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| |
Collapse
|