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Chakraborty S, Nandi P, Mishra J, Niharika, Roy A, Manna S, Baral T, Mishra P, Mishra PK, Patra SK. Molecular mechanisms in regulation of autophagy and apoptosis in view of epigenetic regulation of genes and involvement of liquid-liquid phase separation. Cancer Lett 2024; 587:216779. [PMID: 38458592 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Cellular physiology is critically regulated by multiple signaling nexuses, among which cell death mechanisms play crucial roles in controlling the homeostatic landscape at the tissue level within an organism. Apoptosis, also known as programmed cell death, can be induced by external and internal stimuli directing the cells to commit suicide in unfavourable conditions. In contrast, stress conditions like nutrient deprivation, infection and hypoxia trigger autophagy, which is lysosome-mediated processing of damaged cellular organelle for recycling of the degraded products, including amino acids. Apparently, apoptosis and autophagy both are catabolic and tumor-suppressive pathways; apoptosis is essential during development and cancer cell death, while autophagy promotes cell survival under stress. Moreover, autophagy plays dual role during cancer development and progression by facilitating the survival of cancer cells under stressed conditions and inducing death in extreme adversity. Despite having two different molecular mechanisms, both apoptosis and autophagy are interconnected by several crosslinking intermediates. Epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation, post-translational modification of histone tails, and miRNA play a pivotal role in regulating genes involved in both autophagy and apoptosis. Both autophagic and apoptotic genes can undergo various epigenetic modifications and promote or inhibit these processes under normal and cancerous conditions. Epigenetic modifiers are uniquely important in controlling the signaling pathways regulating autophagy and apoptosis. Therefore, these epigenetic modifiers of both autophagic and apoptotic genes can act as novel therapeutic targets against cancers. Additionally, liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) also modulates the aggregation of misfolded proteins and provokes autophagy in the cytosolic environment. This review deals with the molecular mechanisms of both autophagy and apoptosis including crosstalk between them; emphasizing epigenetic regulation, involvement of LLPS therein, and possible therapeutic approaches against cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhajit Chakraborty
- Epigenetics and Cancer Research Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Group, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India
| | - Piyasa Nandi
- Epigenetics and Cancer Research Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Group, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India
| | - Jagdish Mishra
- Epigenetics and Cancer Research Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Group, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India
| | - Niharika
- Epigenetics and Cancer Research Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Group, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India
| | - Ankan Roy
- Epigenetics and Cancer Research Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Group, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India
| | - Soumen Manna
- Epigenetics and Cancer Research Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Group, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India
| | - Tirthankar Baral
- Epigenetics and Cancer Research Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Group, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India
| | - Prahallad Mishra
- Epigenetics and Cancer Research Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Group, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India
| | - Pradyumna Kumar Mishra
- Department of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, 462 030, MP, India
| | - Samir Kumar Patra
- Epigenetics and Cancer Research Laboratory, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Group, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India.
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Chowdhury SG, Karmakar P. Revealing the role of epigenetic and post-translational modulations of autophagy proteins in the regulation of autophagy and cancer: a therapeutic approach. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 51:3. [PMID: 38063905 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08961-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a process that is characterized by the destruction of redundant components and the removal of dysfunctional ones to maintain cellular homeostasis. Autophagy dysregulation has been linked to various illnesses, such as neurodegenerative disorders and cancer. The precise transcription of the genes involved in autophagy is regulated by a network of epigenetic factors. This includes histone modifications and histone-modifying enzymes. Epigenetics is a broad category of heritable, reversible changes in gene expression that do not include changes to DNA sequences, such as chromatin remodeling, histone modifications, and DNA methylation. In addition to affecting the genes that are involved in autophagy, the epigenetic machinery can also alter the signals that control this process. In cancer, autophagy plays a dual role by preventing the development of tumors on one hand and this process may suppress tumor progression. This may be the control of an oncogene that prevents autophagy while, conversely, tumor suppression may promote it. The development of new therapeutic strategies for autophagy-related disorders could be initiated by gaining a deeper understanding of its intricate regulatory framework. There is evidence showing that certain machineries and regulators of autophagy are affected by post-translational and epigenetic modifications, which can lead to alterations in the levels of autophagy and these changes can then trigger disease or affect the therapeutic efficacy of drugs. The goal of this review is to identify the regulatory pathways associated with post-translational and epigenetic modifications of different proteins in autophagy which may be the therapeutic targets shortly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Parimal Karmakar
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India.
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Ma L, Gong Q, Chen Y, Luo P, Chen J, Shi C. Targeting positive cofactor 4 induces autophagic cell death in MYC-expressing diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Exp Hematol 2023; 119-120:42-57.e4. [PMID: 36642374 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
MYC-expressing diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is one of the refractory lymphomas. Currently, the pathogenesis of MYC-expressing DLBCL is still unclear, and there is a lack of effective therapy. We characterized positive cofactor 4 (PC4) as an upstream regulator of c-Myc, and PC4 is overexpressed in DLBCL and is closely related to clinical staging, prognosis, and c-Myc expression. Furthermore, our in vivo and in vitro studies revealed that PC4 knockdown can induce autophagic cell death and enhance the therapeutic effect of doxorubicin in MYC-expressing DLBCL. Inhibition of c-Myc-mediated aerobic glycolysis and activation of the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway are responsible for the autophagic cell death induced by PC4 knockdown in MYC-expressing DLBCL. Using dual-luciferase reporter assay and electrophoretic mobility shift assay assays, we also found that PC4 exerts its oncogenic functions by directly binding to c-Myc promoters. To sum up, our study provides novel insights into the functions and mechanisms of PC4 in MYC-expressing DLBCL and suggests that PC4 may be a promising therapeutic target for MYC-expressing DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Ma
- Institute of Rocket Force Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China; Department of Hematology, Southwest Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of the Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Qiang Gong
- Department of Hematology, Southwest Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of the Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Institute of Rocket Force Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Peng Luo
- Institute of Rocket Force Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Jieping Chen
- Department of Hematology, Southwest Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of the Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Chunmeng Shi
- Institute of Rocket Force Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.
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Shu F, Xiao H, Li QN, Ren XS, Liu ZG, Hu BW, Wang HS, Wang H, Jiang GM. Epigenetic and post-translational modifications in autophagy: biological functions and therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:32. [PMID: 36646695 PMCID: PMC9842768 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01300-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved lysosomal degradation pathway where cellular components are dynamically degraded and re-processed to maintain physical homeostasis. However, the physiological effect of autophagy appears to be multifaced. On the one hand, autophagy functions as a cytoprotective mechanism, protecting against multiple diseases, especially tumor, cardiovascular disorders, and neurodegenerative and infectious disease. Conversely, autophagy may also play a detrimental role via pro-survival effects on cancer cells or cell-killing effects on normal body cells. During disorder onset and progression, the expression levels of autophagy-related regulators and proteins encoded by autophagy-related genes (ATGs) are abnormally regulated, giving rise to imbalanced autophagy flux. However, the detailed mechanisms and molecular events of this process are quite complex. Epigenetic, including DNA methylation, histone modifications and miRNAs, and post-translational modifications, including ubiquitination, phosphorylation and acetylation, precisely manipulate gene expression and protein function, and are strongly correlated with the occurrence and development of multiple diseases. There is substantial evidence that autophagy-relevant regulators and machineries are subjected to epigenetic and post-translational modulation, resulting in alterations in autophagy levels, which subsequently induces disease or affects the therapeutic effectiveness to agents. In this review, we focus on the regulatory mechanisms mediated by epigenetic and post-translational modifications in disease-related autophagy to unveil potential therapeutic targets. In addition, the effect of autophagy on the therapeutic effectiveness of epigenetic drugs or drugs targeting post-translational modification have also been discussed, providing insights into the combination with autophagy activators or inhibitors in the treatment of clinical diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Shu
- grid.452859.70000 0004 6006 3273Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong China
| | - Han Xiao
- grid.452859.70000 0004 6006 3273Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong China
| | - Qiu-Nuo Li
- grid.452859.70000 0004 6006 3273Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong China
| | - Xiao-Shuai Ren
- grid.452859.70000 0004 6006 3273Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong China
| | - Zhi-Gang Liu
- grid.284723.80000 0000 8877 7471Cancer Center, Affiliated Dongguan Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong China
| | - Bo-Wen Hu
- grid.452859.70000 0004 6006 3273Department of Urology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong China
| | - Hong-Sheng Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Guan-Min Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China.
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Autophagy in Hematological Malignancies. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14205072. [PMID: 36291856 PMCID: PMC9600546 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14205072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Autophagy is a dynamic and tightly regulated process that seems to have dual effects in cancer. In some contexts, it can induce carcinogenesis and promote cancer cell survival, whereas in others, it acts preventing tumor cell growth and tumor progression. Thus, autophagy functions seem to strictly depend on cancer ontogenesis, progression, and type. Here, we will dive into the current knowledge of autophagy in hematological malignancies and will highlight the main genetic components involved in each cancer type. Abstract Autophagy is a highly conserved metabolic pathway via which unwanted intracellular materials, such as unfolded proteins or damaged organelles, are digested. It is activated in response to conditions of oxidative stress or starvation, and is essential for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and other vital functions, such as differentiation, cell death, and the cell cycle. Therefore, autophagy plays an important role in the initiation and progression of tumors, including hematological malignancies, where damaged autophagy during hematopoiesis can cause malignant transformation and increase cell proliferation. Over the last decade, the importance of autophagy in response to standard pharmacological treatment of hematological tumors has been observed, revealing completely opposite roles depending on the tumor type and stage. Thus, autophagy can promote tumor survival by attenuating the cellular damage caused by drugs and/or stabilizing oncogenic proteins, but can also have an antitumoral effect due to autophagic cell death. Therefore, autophagy-based strategies must depend on the context to create specific and safe combination therapies that could contribute to improved clinical outcomes. In this review, we describe the process of autophagy and its role on hematopoiesis, and we highlight recent research investigating its role as a potential therapeutic target in hematological malignancies. The findings suggest that genetic variants within autophagy-related genes modulate the risk of developing hemopathies, as well as patient survival.
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In Vitro Anticancer Screening and Preliminary Mechanistic Study of A-Ring Substituted Anthraquinone Derivatives. Cells 2022; 11:cells11010168. [PMID: 35011730 PMCID: PMC8750254 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthraquinone derivatives exhibit various biological activities, e.g., antifungal, antibacterial and in vitro antiviral activities. They are naturally produced in many fungal and plant families such as Rhamnaceae or Fabaceae. Furthermore, they were found to have anticancer activity, exemplified by mitoxantrone and pixantrone, and many are well known redox-active compounds. In this study, various nature inspired synthetic anthraquinone derivatives were tested against colon, prostate, liver and cervical cancer cell lines. Most of the compounds exhibit anticancer effects against all cell lines, therefore the compounds were further studied to determine their IC50-values. Of these compounds, 1,4-bis(benzyloxy)-2,3-bis(hydroxymethyl)anthracene-9,10-dione (4) exhibited the highest cytotoxicity against PC3 cells and was chosen for a deeper look into its mechanism of action. Based on flow cytometry, the compound was proven to induce apoptosis through the activation of caspases and to demolish the ROS/RNS and NO equilibrium in the PC3 cell line. It trapped cells in the G2/M phase. Western blotting was performed for several proteins related to the effects observed. Compound 4 enhanced the production of PARP and caspase-3. Moreover, it activated the conversion of LC3A/B-I to LC3A/B-II showing that also autophagy plays a role in its mechanism of action, and it caused the phosphorylation of p70 s6 kinase.
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Dong L, Huang J, Zu P, Liu J, Gao X, Du J, Li Y. Transcription factor 3 (TCF3) combined with histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) down-regulates microRNA-101 to promote Burkitt lymphoma cell proliferation and inhibit apoptosis. Bioengineered 2021; 12:7995-8005. [PMID: 34658308 PMCID: PMC8806859 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1977557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the function of transcription factor 3 (TCF3) on the proliferation and apoptosis of Burkitt lymphoma cells and its mechanism. qRT-PCR was performed to determine the expression of TCF3, histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3), and microRNA-101 (miR-101) in the Burkitt lymphoma (BL) tumor tissues and lymph node tissues with reactive lymph node hyperplasia (RLNH). We found that the expression of TCF3 and HDAC3 was up-regulated in BL tumor tissues and lymphoma cells, and the miR-101 expression was down-regulated. And TCF3 and HDAC3 were negatively correlated with the expression of miR-101, respectively. In addition, knockdown of TCF3 can inhibit BL cell proliferation, reduce cell viability and promote cell apoptosis, retain the cell cycle in the G0/G1 phase, and inhibit the expression of Akt/mTOR pathway-related proteins (p-Akt and p-mTOR). When miR-101 was overexpressed, the results were the same as when TCF3 was knocked down. Moreover, we used Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) to detect the interaction between TCF3 and HDAC3, and performed the Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) experiment to detect the enrichment of TCF3 and HDAC3 in the promoter region of miR-101. We found that TCF3 can interact with HDAC3 and is enriched in the miR-101 promoter region. In conclusion, TCF3 combined with HDAC3 down-regulates the expression of miR-101, thereby promoting the proliferation of BL cells and inhibiting their apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Dong
- Department of Hematology, Henan Institute of Hematology, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Jingjing Huang
- Department of Hematology, Henan Institute of Hematology, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Peng Zu
- Department of Hematology, Henan Institute of Hematology, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Hematology, Henan Institute of Hematology, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Xue Gao
- Department of Hematology, Henan Institute of Hematology, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Jianwei Du
- Department of Hematology, Henan Institute of Hematology, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Yufu Li
- Department of Hematology, Henan Institute of Hematology, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
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Combination of rapamycin and SAHA enhanced radiosensitization by inducing autophagy and acetylation in NSCLC. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:18223-18237. [PMID: 34321364 PMCID: PMC8351722 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy plays an essential role in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, cancer cells' resistance to ionizing radiation (IR) is the primary reason for radiotherapy failure leading to tumor relapse and metastasis. DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) repair after IR is the primary mechanism of radiotherapy resistance. In this study, we investigated the effects of autophagy-inducing agent, Rapamycin (RAPA), combined with the histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi), Suberoylanilide Hydroxamic Acid (SAHA), on the radiosensitivity of A549 and SK-MES-1 cells, and examined the combination effects on DNA damage repair, and determined the level of autophagy and acetylation in A549 cells. We also investigated the combination treatment effect on the growth of A549 xenografts after radiotherapy, and the level of DNA damage, autophagy, and acetylation. Our results showed that RAPA combined with SAHA significantly increased the inhibitory effect of radiotherapy compared with the single treatment group. The combined treatment increased the expression of DNA damage protein γ-H2AX and decreased DNA damage repair protein expression. RAPA combined with SAHA was induced mainly by regulating acetylation levels and autophagy. The effect of combined treatment to increase radiotherapy sensitivity will be weakened by inhibiting the level of autophagy. Besides, the combined treatment also showed a significantly inhibited tumor growth in the A549 xenograft model. In conclusion, these results identify a potential therapeutic strategy of RAPA combined with SAHA as a radiosensitizer to decreased DSB repair and enhanced DNA damage by inducing acetylation levels and autophagy for NSCLC.
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Abstract
The major problems with cancer therapy are drug-induced side effects. There is an urgent need for safe anti-tumor drugs. Artemisinin is a Chinese herbal remedy for malaria with efficacy and safety. However, several studies reported that artemisinin causes neurotoxicity and cardiotoxicity in animal models. Recently, nanostructured drug delivery systems have been designed to improve therapeutic efficacy and reduce toxicity. Artemisinin has been reported to show anticancer properties. The anticancer effects of artemisinin appear to be mediated by inducing cell cycle arrest, promoting ferroptosis and autophagy, inhibiting cell metastasis. Therefore, the review is to concentrate on mechanisms and molecular targets of artemisinin as anti-tumor agents. We believe these will be important topics in realizing the potential of artemisinin and its derivatives as potent anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongning Li
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhao
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Zhang M, Wei W, Peng C, Ma X, He X, Zhang H, Zhou M. Discovery of novel pyrazolopyrimidine derivatives as potent mTOR/HDAC bi-functional inhibitors via pharmacophore-merging strategy. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 49:128286. [PMID: 34314844 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The mTOR and HDAC dual suppression is meaningful for counteracting drug resistance resulted from kinase mutation and bypass mechanisms. Herein, we communicate our recent discovery of a novel structural series of mTOR/HDAC bi-functional inhibitors featuring the pyrazolopyrimidine core via pharmacophore-merging strategy. More than half of them exerted potent dual-target inhibitory activities. In particular, compound 50 exhibited IC50 values of 0.49 and 0.91 nM against mTOR and HDAC1, respectively, along with remarkably enhanced anti-proliferative activity (IC50 = 1.74 μM) against MV4-11 cell line than mTOR inhibitor MLN-0128 (IC50 = 5.84 μM) and HDAC inhibitor SAHA (IC50 = 8.44 μM). Its intracellular intervention of both mTOR signaling and HDAC was validated by the Western blot analysis. Moreover, as the first disclosed mTOR/HDAC dual inhibitor with selectivity for some specific HDAC subtypes, it has the potential to alleviate the adverse effects resulted from pan-HDAC inhibition. Attributed to its favorable in vitro performance, compound 50 is valuable for further functional investigation as a polypharmacological anti-cancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Chengjun Peng
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
| | - Xiaodong Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
| | - Xiao He
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Mingkang Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
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Mandhair HK, Novak U, Radpour R. Epigenetic regulation of autophagy: A key modification in cancer cells and cancer stem cells. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:542-567. [PMID: 34249227 PMCID: PMC8246247 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i6.542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant epigenetic alterations play a decisive role in cancer initiation and propagation via the regulation of key tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes or by modulation of essential signaling pathways. Autophagy is a highly regulated mechanism required for the recycling and degradation of surplus and damaged cytoplasmic constituents in a lysosome dependent manner. In cancer, autophagy has a divergent role. For instance, autophagy elicits tumor promoting functions by facilitating metabolic adaption and plasticity in cancer stem cells (CSCs) and cancer cells. Moreover, autophagy exerts pro-survival mechanisms to these cancerous cells by influencing survival, dormancy, immunosurveillance, invasion, metastasis, and resistance to anti-cancer therapies. In addition, recent studies have demonstrated that various tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes involved in autophagy, are tightly regulated via different epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding RNAs. The impact of epigenetic regulation of autophagy in cancer cells and CSCs is not well-understood. Therefore, uncovering the complex mechanism of epigenetic regulation of autophagy provides an opportunity to improve and discover novel cancer therapeutics. Subsequently, this would aid in improving clinical outcome for cancer patients. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the existing knowledge available on epigenetic regulation of autophagy and its importance in the maintenance and homeostasis of CSCs and cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harpreet K Mandhair
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern 3008, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern 3008, Switzerland
| | - Urban Novak
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern 3008, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern 3008, Switzerland
| | - Ramin Radpour
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern 3008, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern 3008, Switzerland
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Feng S, De Carvalho DD. Clinical advances in targeting epigenetics for cancer therapy. FEBS J 2021; 289:1214-1239. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengrui Feng
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre University Health Network Toronto ON Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics University of Toronto ON Canada
| | - Daniel D. De Carvalho
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre University Health Network Toronto ON Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics University of Toronto ON Canada
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Martinez GP, Zabaleta ME, Di Giulio C, Charris JE, Mijares MR. The Role of Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine in Immune Regulation and Diseases. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:4467-4485. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200707132920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) are derivatives of the heterocyclic aromatic compound
quinoline. These economical compounds have been used as antimalarial agents for many years. Currently,
they are used as monotherapy or in conjunction with other therapies for the treatment of autoimmune diseases
such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Sjögren's syndrome (SS) and antiphospholipid
antibody syndrome (APS). Based on its effects on the modulation of the autophagy process, various
clinical studies suggest that CQ and HCQ could be used in combination with other chemotherapeutics for the
treatment of various types of cancer. Furthermore, the antiviral effects showed against Zika, Chikungunya, and
HIV are due to the annulation of endosomal/lysosomal acidification. Recently, CQ and HCQ were approved for
the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of infected patients with the coronavirus SARSCoV-
2, causing the disease originated in December 2019, namely COVID-2019. Several mechanisms have been
proposed to explain the pharmacological effects of these drugs: 1) disruption of lysosomal and endosomal pH, 2)
inhibition of protein secretion/expression, 3) inhibition of antigen presentation, 4) decrease of proinflammatory
cytokines, 5) inhibition of autophagy, 6) induction of apoptosis and 7) inhibition of ion channels activation. Thus,
evidence has shown that these structures are leading molecules that can be modified or combined with other
therapeutic agents. In this review, we will discuss the most recent findings in the mechanisms of action of CQ and
HCQ in the immune system, and the use of these antimalarial drugs on diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gricelis P. Martinez
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Central University of Venezuela, 50109, Los Chaguaramos 1050-A, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Mercedes E. Zabaleta
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Central University of Venezuela, 50109, Los Chaguaramos 1050-A, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Camilo Di Giulio
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Central University of Venezuela, 50109, Los Chaguaramos 1050-A, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Jaime E. Charris
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Central University of Venezuela, 47206, Los Chaguaramos 1041-A, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Michael R. Mijares
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Central University of Venezuela, 50109, Los Chaguaramos 1050-A, Caracas, Venezuela
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14
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Kulka LAM, Fangmann PV, Panfilova D, Olzscha H. Impact of HDAC Inhibitors on Protein Quality Control Systems: Consequences for Precision Medicine in Malignant Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:425. [PMID: 32582706 PMCID: PMC7291789 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysine acetylation is one of the major posttranslational modifications (PTM) in human cells and thus needs to be tightly regulated by the writers of this process, the histone acetyl transferases (HAT), and the erasers, the histone deacetylases (HDAC). Acetylation plays a crucial role in cell signaling, cell cycle control and in epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Bromodomain (BRD)-containing proteins are readers of the acetylation mark, enabling them to transduce the modification signal. HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) have been proven to be efficient in hematologic malignancies with four of them being approved by the FDA. However, the mechanisms by which HDACi exert their cytotoxicity are only partly resolved. It is likely that HDACi alter the acetylation pattern of cytoplasmic proteins, contributing to their anti-cancer potential. Recently, it has been demonstrated that various protein quality control (PQC) systems are involved in recognizing the altered acetylation pattern upon HDACi treatment. In particular, molecular chaperones, the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy are able to sense the structurally changed proteins, providing additional targets. Recent clinical studies of novel HDACi have proven that proteins of the UPS may serve as biomarkers for stratifying patient groups under HDACi regimes. In addition, members of the PQC systems have been shown to modify the epigenetic readout of HDACi treated cells and alter proteostasis in the nucleus, thus contributing to changing gene expression profiles. Bromodomain (BRD)-containing proteins seem to play a potent role in transducing the signaling process initiating apoptosis, and many clinical trials are under way to test BRD inhibitors. Finally, it has been demonstrated that HDACi treatment leads to protein misfolding and aggregation, which may explain the effect of panobinostat, the latest FDA approved HDACi, in combination with the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib in multiple myeloma. Therefore, proteins of these PQC systems provide valuable targets for precision medicine in cancer. In this review, we give an overview of the impact of HDACi treatment on PQC systems and their implications for malignant disease. We exemplify the development of novel HDACi and how affected proteins belonging to PQC can be used to determine molecular signatures and utilized in precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Anna Michelle Kulka
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Pia-Victoria Fangmann
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Diana Panfilova
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Heidi Olzscha
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
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15
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Mele L, Del Vecchio V, Liccardo D, Prisco C, Schwerdtfeger M, Robinson N, Desiderio V, Tirino V, Papaccio G, La Noce M. The role of autophagy in resistance to targeted therapies. Cancer Treat Rev 2020; 88:102043. [PMID: 32505806 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2020.102043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a self-degradative cellular process, involved in stress response such as starvation, hypoxia, and oxidative stress. This mechanism balances macro-molecule recycling to regulate cell homeostasis. In cancer, autophagy play a role in the development and progression, while several studies describe it as one of the key processes in drug resistance. In the last years, in addition to standard anti-cancer treatments such as chemotherapies and irradiation, targeted therapy became one of the most adopted strategies in clinical practices, mainly due to high specificity and reduced side effects. However, similar to standard treatments, drug resistance is the main challenge in most patients. Here, we summarize recent studies that investigated the role of autophagy in drug resistance after targeted therapy in different types of cancers. We highlight positive results and limitations of pre-clinical and clinical studies in which autophagy inhibitors are used in combination with targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Mele
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli" Naples, Italy
| | - Vitale Del Vecchio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli" Naples, Italy
| | - Davide Liccardo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli" Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Prisco
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli" Naples, Italy; The John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Melanie Schwerdtfeger
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli" Naples, Italy; Department of Medicine IV -Division of Clinical Pharmacology-University of Munich, Germany
| | - Nirmal Robinson
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Vincenzo Desiderio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli" Naples, Italy
| | - Virginia Tirino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli" Naples, Italy
| | - Gianpaolo Papaccio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli" Naples, Italy.
| | - Marcella La Noce
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli" Naples, Italy
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16
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Zhang Y, Fu T, Ren Y, Li F, Zheng G, Hong J, Yao X, Xue W, Zhu F. Selective Inhibition of HDAC1 by Macrocyclic Polypeptide for the Treatment of Glioblastoma: A Binding Mechanistic Analysis Based on Molecular Dynamics. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:41. [PMID: 32219100 PMCID: PMC7078330 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive intracranial malignant brain tumor, and the abnormal expression of HDAC1 is closely correlated to the progression, recurrence and metastasis of GBM cells, making selective inhibition of HDAC1 a promising strategy for GBM treatments. Among all available selective HDAC1 inhibitors, the macrocyclic peptides have gained great attention due to their remarkable inhibitory selectivity on HDAC1. However, the binding mechanism underlying this selectivity is still elusive, which increases the difficulty of designing and synthesizing the macrocyclic peptide-based anti-GBM drug. Herein, multiple computational approaches were employed to explore the binding behaviors of a typical macrocyclic peptide FK228 in both HDAC1 and HDAC6. Starting from the docking conformations of FK228 in the binding pockets of HDAC1&6, relatively long MD simulation (500 ns) shown that the hydrophobic interaction and hydrogen bonding of E91 and D92 in the Loop2 of HDAC1 with the Cap had a certain traction effect on FK228, and the sub-pocket formed by Loop1 and Loop2 in HDAC1 could better accommodate the Cap group, which had a positive effect on maintaining the active conformation of FK228. While the weakening of the interactions between FK228 and the residues in the Loop2 of HDAC6 during the MD simulation led to the large deflection of FK228 in the binding site, which also resulted in the decrease in the interactions between the Linker region of FK228 and the previously identified key amino acids (H134, F143, H174, and F203). Therefore, the residues located in Loop1 and Loop2 contributed in maintaining the active conformation of FK228, which would provide valuable hints for the discovery and design of novel macrocyclic polypeptide HDAC inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tingting Fu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuxiang Ren
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fengcheng Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guoxun Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiajun Hong
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Xue
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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17
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Ceccarelli V, Ronchetti S, Marchetti MC, Calvitti M, Riccardi C, Grignani F, Vecchini A. Molecular mechanisms underlying eicosapentaenoic acid inhibition of HDAC1 and DNMT expression and activity in carcinoma cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2020; 1863:194481. [PMID: 31923609 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2020.194481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation and histone acetylation, the most studied epigenetic changes, drive and maintain cancer phenotypes. DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) dysregulation promoted localized hypermethylation in CpG rich regions while upregulated histone deacetylases (HDAC) deacetylated histone tails. Both changes led to close chromatin conformation, suppressing transcription and silencing tumor suppressor genes. Consequently, HDAC and DNMT inhibitors appeared to reprogram the transcriptional circuit and potentiate anti-tumoral activity. Here, we report that eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a fatty acid with anti-cancer properties, inhibited HDAC1 and DNMT expression and activity, thus promoting tumor suppressor gene expression. In hepatocarcinoma cells (HCC) EPA bound and activated PPARγ thus downregulating HDAC1 which sequentially reduced expression of DNMT1, 3A and 3B. At the same time, activated PPARγ physically interacted with DNMT1 and HDAC1 in a CpG island on the Hic-1 gene to assemble PPARγ/DNMT1 and PPARγ/HDAC1 protein complexes, which exited from DNA. When EPA and PPARγ were no longer bound, the protein complexes separated into individual proteins. Consequently, DNMT1 and HDAC1 down-regulation and release from DNA inhibited their activities. Overall, EPA-bound PPARγ induced re-expression of the tumor suppressor gene Hic-1. In the present study PPARγ emerged as a master regulator acting synergistically through diverse targets and ways to reveal the epigenetic action of EPA as an HDAC1 and DNMT1 inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Ceccarelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, P.le L. Severi, 1, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Simona Ronchetti
- Department of Medicine, P.le L. Severi, 1, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Mario Calvitti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, P.le L. Severi, 1, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Carlo Riccardi
- Department of Medicine, P.le L. Severi, 1, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Grignani
- Department of Medicine, P.le L. Severi, 1, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Alba Vecchini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, P.le L. Severi, 1, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy.
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Abstract
Lymphoma is a hematological malignancy and its incidence is growing. The use of CD20 monoclonal antibody improves the therapeutic efficacy in CD20-positive B-cell lymphoma. Despite remarkable progress in lymphoma treatment over the past decades, chemotherapy resistance and disease relapse become the main obstacles to further improve the prognosis of the patients. Therefore, the development of new treatment methods and drugs is urgently needed to improve the treatment of lymphoma. In tumors, autophagy functions to protect tumor cells from hypoxia, radiotherapy, and apoptosis. The ability to improve the prognosis of patients with lymphoma through the active regulation of autophagy represents a new approach to clinical treatment.
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19
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Epigenetic Control of Autophagy in Cancer Cells: A Key Process for Cancer-Related Phenotypes. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121656. [PMID: 31861179 PMCID: PMC6952790 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although autophagy is a well-known and extensively described cell pathway, numerous studies have been recently interested in studying the importance of its regulation at different molecular levels, including the translational and post-translational levels. Therefore, this review focuses on the links between autophagy and epigenetics in cancer and summarizes the. following: (i) how ATG genes are regulated by epigenetics, including DNA methylation and post-translational histone modifications; (ii) how epidrugs are able to modulate autophagy in cancer and to alter cancer-related phenotypes (proliferation, migration, invasion, tumorigenesis, etc.) and; (iii) how epigenetic enzymes can also regulate autophagy at the protein level. One noteable observation was that researchers most often reported conclusions about the regulation of the autophagy flux, following the use of epidrugs, based only on the analysis of LC3B-II form in treated cells. However, it is now widely accepted that an increase in LC3B-II form could be the consequence of an induction of the autophagy flux, as well as a block in the autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Therefore, in our review, all the published results describing a link between epidrugs and autophagy were systematically reanalyzed to determine whether autophagy flux was indeed increased, or inhibited, following the use of these potentially new interesting treatments targeting the autophagy process. Altogether, these recent data strongly support the idea that the determination of autophagy status could be crucial for future anticancer therapies. Indeed, the use of a combination of epidrugs and autophagy inhibitors could be beneficial for some cancer patients, whereas, in other cases, an increase of autophagy, which is frequently observed following the use of epidrugs, could lead to increased autophagy cell death.
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20
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Sun J, Piao J, Li N, Yang Y, Kim K, Lin Z. Valproic acid targets HDAC1/2 and HDAC1/PTEN/Akt signalling to inhibit cell proliferation via the induction of autophagy in gastric cancer. FEBS J 2019; 287:2118-2133. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Sun
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Research Center Yanbian University Medical College Yanji China
- Key Laboratory of the Science and Technology Department of Jilin Province Yanji China
| | - Junjie Piao
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Research Center Yanbian University Medical College Yanji China
- Key Laboratory of the Science and Technology Department of Jilin Province Yanji China
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Research Center Yanbian University Medical College Yanji China
- Key Laboratory of the Science and Technology Department of Jilin Province Yanji China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Research Center Yanbian University Medical College Yanji China
- Key Laboratory of the Science and Technology Department of Jilin Province Yanji China
| | - Ki‐Yeol Kim
- Dental Education Research Center BK21 PLUS Project Yonsei University College of Dentistry Seoul Korea
| | - Zhenhua Lin
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Research Center Yanbian University Medical College Yanji China
- Key Laboratory of the Science and Technology Department of Jilin Province Yanji China
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21
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Zheng Z, Wu Y, Li Z, Ye L, Lu Q, Zhou Y, Yuan Y, Jiang T, Xie L, Liu Y, Chen D, Ye J, Nimlamool W, Zhang H, Xiao J. Valproic acid affects neuronal fate and microglial function via enhancing autophagic flux in mice after traumatic brain injury. J Neurochem 2019; 154:284-300. [PMID: 31602651 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, many studies have focused on autophagy, an evolutionarily conserved mechanism that relies on lysosomes to achieve cellular metabolic requirements and organelle turnover, and revealed its important role in animal models of traumatic injury. Autophagy is a double-edged sword. Appropriate levels of autophagy can promote the removal of abnormal proteins or damaged organelles, while hyperactivated autophagy can induce autophagic apoptosis. However, recent studies suggest that autophagic flux seems to be blocked after traumatic brain injury (TBI), which contributes to the apoptosis of brain cells. In this study, valproic acid (VPA), which was clinically used for epilepsy treatment, was used to treat TBI. The Morris water maze test, hematoxylin & eosin staining and Nissl staining were first conducted to confirm that VPA treatment had a therapeutic effect on mice after TBI. Western blotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunofluorescence staining were then performed to reveal that VPA treatment reversed TBI-induced blockade of autophagic flux, which was accompanied by a reduced inflammatory response. In addition, the variations in activation and phenotypic polarization of microglia were observed after VPA treatment. Nevertheless, the use of the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine partially abolished VPA-induced neuroprotection and the regulation of microglial function after TBI, resulting in the deterioration of the central nervous system microenvironment and neurological function. Collectively, VPA treatment reversed the TBI-induced blockade of autophagic flux in the mouse brain cortex, subsequently inhibiting brain cell apoptosis and affecting microglial function to achieve the promotion of functional recovery in mice after TBI. Cover Image for this issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.14755.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilong Zheng
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanqing Wu
- The Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhengmao Li
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Luxia Ye
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qi Lu
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yajiao Zhou
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ting Jiang
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ling Xie
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanlong Liu
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Daqing Chen
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junming Ye
- Department of Anesthesia, The First Affiliated Hospital, Gangnan Medical University Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wutigri Nimlamool
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian Xiao
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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22
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Eyre TA, Hildyard C, Hamblin A, Ali AS, Houlton A, Hopkins L, Royston D, Linton KM, Pettitt A, Rule S, Cwynarski K, Barrington SF, Warbey V, Wrench D, Barrans S, Hirst CS, Panchal A, Roudier MP, Harrington EA, Davies A, Collins GP. A phase II study to assess the safety and efficacy of the dual mTORC1/2 inhibitor vistusertib in relapsed, refractory DLBCL. Hematol Oncol 2019; 37:352-359. [PMID: 31385336 DOI: 10.1002/hon.2662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/11/2024]
Abstract
Patients with relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) who are unfit for or relapsed postautologous stem-cell transplantation have poor outcomes. Historically, mTORC1 inhibitors have produced responses in approximately 30% of patients in this setting. mTORC1 inhibitor efficacy may be limited by resistance mechanisms including AKT activation by mTORC2. To date, dual mTORC1/2 inhibitors targeting both the TORC1 and TORC2 complexes have not been investigated in DLBCL. This phase II trial investigated the oral dual mTORC1/2 inhibitor vistusertib in an intermittent dosing schedule of 125 mg b.d. for 2 days per week. Thirty patients received vistusertib and six received vistusertib-rituximab for up to six cycles (28-day cycles). Two partial responses were achieved on monotherapy. Durations of response were 57 and 62 days, respectively, for these patients. 19% had stable disease within six cycles. In the monotherapy arm, the median progression-free survival was1.69 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.61-2.14) months and median overall survival was 6.58 (95% CI 3.81-not reached) months, respectively. The median duration of response or stable disease across the trial duration was 153 days (95% CI 112-not reached). Tumour responses according to positron emission tomography/computed tomography versus computed tomography were concordant. There were no differences noted in tumour volume response according to cell of origin by either gene expression profiling or immunohistochemistry. Vistusertib ± rituximab was well tolerated; across 36 patients 86% of adverse events were grade (G) 1-2. Common vistusertib-related adverse events were similar to those described with mTORC1 inhibitors: nausea (47% G1-2), diarrhoea (27% G1-2, 6% G3), fatigue (30% G1-2, 3% G3), mucositis (25% G1-2, 6% G3), vomiting (17% G1-2), and dyspepsia (14% G1-2). Dual mTORC1/2 inhibitors do not clearly confer an advantage over mTORC1 inhibitors in relapsed or refractory DLBCL. Potential resistance mechanisms are discussed within.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby A Eyre
- Department of Haematology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Catherine Hildyard
- Department of Haematology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Angela Hamblin
- Department of Haematology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Ayesha S Ali
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Aimee Houlton
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Louise Hopkins
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Daniel Royston
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Kim M Linton
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Andrew Pettitt
- Department of Haematology, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals NHS Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Simon Rule
- Department of Haematology, University of Plymouth Medical School, Plymouth, UK
| | - Kate Cwynarski
- Department of Haematology, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - David Wrench
- Department of Haematology, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Sharon Barrans
- Haematological Malignancy Diagnostic Service, St James' University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Caroline S Hirst
- Translational Medicine, AstraZeneca Oncology R&D I Research and Early Development, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anesh Panchal
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Martine P Roudier
- Translational Medicine, AstraZeneca Oncology R&D I Research and Early Development, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elizabeth A Harrington
- Translational Medicine, AstraZeneca Oncology R&D I Research and Early Development, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew Davies
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Graham P Collins
- Department of Haematology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
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23
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Kim M, Park Y, Kwon Y, Kim Y, Byun J, Jeong MS, Kim HU, Jung HS, Mun JY, Jeoung D. MiR-135-5p-p62 Axis Regulates Autophagic Flux, Tumorigenic Potential, and Cellular Interactions Mediated by Extracellular Vesicles During Allergic Inflammation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:738. [PMID: 31024564 PMCID: PMC6460569 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between autophagy and allergic inflammation. In vitro allergic inflammation was accompanied by an increased autophagic flux in rat basophilic leukemia (RBL2H3) cells. 3-MA, an inhibitor of autophagic processes, negatively regulated allergic inflammation both in vitro and in vivo. The role of p62, a selective receptor of autophagy, in allergic inflammation was investigated. P62, increased by antigen stimulation, mediated in vitro allergic inflammation, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA), and passive systemic anaphylaxis (PSA). P62 mediated cellular interactions during allergic inflammation. It also mediated tumorigenic and metastatic potential of cancer cells enhanced by PSA. TargetScan analysis predicted that miR-135-5p was a negative regulator of p62. Luciferase activity assay showed that miR-135-5p directly regulated p62. MiR-135-5p mimic negatively regulated features of allergic inflammation and inhibited tumorigenic and metastatic potential of cancer cells enhanced by PSA. MiR-135-5p mimic also inhibited cellular interactions during allergic inflammation. Extracellular vesicles mediated allergic inflammation both in vitro and in vivo. Extracellular vesicles were also necessary for cellular interactions during allergic inflammation. Transmission electron microscopy showed p62 within extracellular vesicles of antigen-stimulated rat basophilic leukemia cells (RBL2H3). Extracellular vesicles isolated from antigen-stimulated RBL2H3 cells induced activation of macrophages and enhanced invasion and migration potential of B16F1 mouse melanoma cells in a p62-dependent manner. Extracellular vesicles isolated from PSA-activated BALB/C mouse enhanced invasion and migration potential of B16F1 cells, and induced features of allergic inflammation in RBL2H3 cells. Thus, miR-135-5p-p62 axis might serve as a target for developing anti-allergy drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misun Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Yeongseo Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Yoojung Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Youngmi Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Jaehwan Byun
- Department of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Myeong Seon Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea.,Chuncheon Center, Korean Basic Science Institute, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Han-Ul Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Hyun Suk Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Ji Young Mun
- Department of Structure and Function of Neural Network, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Dooil Jeoung
- Department of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
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Guerra S, Cichowski K. Targeting Cancer at the Intersection of Signaling and Epigenetics. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CANCER BIOLOGY-SERIES 2019. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030617-050400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
While mutations resulting in the chronic activation of signaling pathways drive human cancer, the epigenetic state of a cell ultimately dictates the biological response to any given oncogenic signal. Moreover, large-scale genomic sequencing efforts have now identified a plethora of mutations in chromatin regulatory genes in human tumors, which can amplify, modify, or complement traditional oncogenic events. Nevertheless, the co-occurrence of oncogenic and epigenetic defects appears to create novel therapeutic vulnerabilities, which can be targeted by specific drug combinations. Here we discuss general mechanisms by which oncogenic and epigenetic alterations cooperate in human cancer and synthesize the field's early efforts in developing promising therapeutic combinations. Collectively, these studies reveal common themes underlying potential chemical synthetic lethal interactions and support both the expansion and refinement of this type of therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Guerra
- Genetics Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Karen Cichowski
- Genetics Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Ludwig Center at Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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25
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Therapeutic Modulation of Autophagy in Leukaemia and Lymphoma. Cells 2019; 8:cells8020103. [PMID: 30704144 PMCID: PMC6406467 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Haematopoiesis is a tightly orchestrated process where a pool of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) with high self-renewal potential can give rise to both lymphoid and myeloid lineages. The HSPCs pool is reduced with ageing resulting in few HSPC clones maintaining haematopoiesis thereby reducing blood cell diversity, a phenomenon called clonal haematopoiesis. Clonal expansion of HSPCs carrying specific genetic mutations leads to increased risk for haematological malignancies. Therefore, it comes as no surprise that hematopoietic tumours develop in higher frequency in elderly people. Unfortunately, elderly patients with leukaemia or lymphoma still have an unsatisfactory prognosis compared to younger ones highlighting the need to develop more efficient therapies for this group of patients. Growing evidence indicates that macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy) is essential for health and longevity. This review is focusing on the role of autophagy in normal haematopoiesis as well as in leukaemia and lymphoma development. Attenuated autophagy may support early hematopoietic neoplasia whereas activation of autophagy in later stages of tumour development and in response to a variety of therapies rather triggers a pro-tumoral response. Novel insights into the role of autophagy in haematopoiesis will be discussed in light of designing new autophagy modulating therapies in hematopoietic cancers.
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Chen Y, Yuan X, Zhang W, Tang M, Zheng L, Wang F, Yan W, Yang S, Wei Y, He J, Chen L. Discovery of Novel Dual Histone Deacetylase and Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Target Inhibitors as a Promising Strategy for Cancer Therapy. J Med Chem 2019; 62:1577-1592. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Haseeb M, Anwar MA, Choi S. Molecular Interactions Between Innate and Adaptive Immune Cells in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and Their Therapeutic Implications. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2720. [PMID: 30542344 PMCID: PMC6277854 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity constitutes the first line of host defense against various anomalies in humans, and it also guides the adaptive immune response. The function of innate immune components and adaptive immune components are interlinked in hematological malignancies including chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and molecular interactions between innate and adaptive immune components are crucial for the development, progression and the therapeutic outcome of CLL. In this leukemia, genetic mutations in B cells and B cell receptors (BCR) are key driving factors along with evasion of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and promotion of regulatory T cells. Similarly, the release of various cytokines from CLL cells triggers the protumor phenotype in macrophages that further edges the CLL cells. Moreover, under the influence of various cytokines, dendritic cells are unable to mature and trigger T cell mediated antitumor response. The phenotypes of these cells are ultimately controlled by respective signaling pathways, the most notables are BCR, Wnt, Notch, and NF-κB, and their activation affects the cytokine profile that controls the pathogenesis of CLL, and challenge its treatment. There are several novel substances for CLL under clinical development, including kinase inhibitors, antibodies, and immune-modulators that offer new hopes. DC-based vaccines and CAR T cell therapy are promising tools; however, further studies are required to precisely dissect the molecular interactions among various molecular entities. In this review, we systematically discuss the involvement, common targets and therapeutic interventions of various cells for the better understanding and therapy of CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Haseeb
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Muhammad Ayaz Anwar
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Sangdun Choi
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
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28
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Kaliszczak M, van Hechanova E, Li Y, Alsadah H, Parzych K, Auner HW, Aboagye EO. The HDAC6 inhibitor C1A modulates autophagy substrates in diverse cancer cells and induces cell death. Br J Cancer 2018; 119:1278-1287. [PMID: 30318510 PMCID: PMC6251030 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-018-0232-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytosolic deacetylase histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) is involved in the autophagy degradation pathway of malformed proteins, an important survival mechanism in cancer cells. We evaluated modulation of autophagy-related proteins and cell death by the HDAC6-selective inhibitor C1A. METHODS Autophagy substrates (light chain-3 (LC-3) and p62 proteins) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress phenotype were determined. Caspase-3/7 activation and cellular proliferation assays were used to assess consequences of autophagy modulation. RESULTS C1A potently resolved autophagy substrates induced by 3-methyladenine and chloroquine. The mechanism of autophagy inhibition by HDAC6 genetic knockout or C1A treatment was consistent with abrogation of autophagosome-lysosome fusion, and decrease of Myc protein. C1A alone or combined with the proteasome inhibitor, bortezomib, enhanced cell death in malignant cells, demonstrating the complementary roles of the proteasome and autophagy pathways for clearing malformed proteins. Myc-positive neuroblastoma, KRAS-positive colorectal cancer and multiple myeloma cells showed marked cell growth inhibition in response to HDAC6 inhibitors. Finally, growth of neuroblastoma xenografts was arrested in vivo by single agent C1A, while combination with bortezomib slowed the growth of colorectal cancer xenografts. CONCLUSIONS C1A resolves autophagy substrates in malignant cells and induces cell death, warranting its use for in vivo pre-clinical autophagy research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Kaliszczak
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Cancer Imaging Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- Pre-clinical Imaging and Pharmacology, Biogen, 125 Broadway Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Erich van Hechanova
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Cancer Imaging Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- Developmental Biology of Birth Defects Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Yunqing Li
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Cancer Imaging Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Hibah Alsadah
- Cancer Cell Protein Metabolism Group, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Katarzyna Parzych
- Cancer Cell Protein Metabolism Group, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Holger W Auner
- Cancer Cell Protein Metabolism Group, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Eric O Aboagye
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Cancer Imaging Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK.
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29
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Fang Y, Wang H, Dou HJ, Fan X, Fei XC, Wang L, Cheng S, Janin A, Wang L, Zhao WL. Doxorubicin-loaded dextran-based nano-carriers for highly efficient inhibition of lymphoma cell growth and synchronous reduction of cardiac toxicity. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:5673-5683. [PMID: 30288040 PMCID: PMC6161723 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s161203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Cardiac side effects of doxorubicin (Dox) have limited its clinical application. The aim of this study was to explore new Dox-loaded dextran-based nano-carriers (NCs) in efficiently targeting tumor growth with less cardiac toxicity. Methods Inspired by recent reports that polymeric NCs could function as sustained, controlled and targeted drug delivery systems, we developed Dox-loaded NCs which displayed a 2-fold release ratio of Dox in the mimic tumor site condition (pH 5.0 with 10 mM glutathione, GSH) as much as that in systemic circulation condition (pH 7.4). Results Lymphoma cells treated with Dox-NCs had significantly higher intracellular Dox concentrations and more apoptotic induction, with lower P-gp expression, when compared with those treated with Dox alone. The identified mechanism of action, apoptosis, was triggered through survivin reduction and caspase-3 activation. Even in the Dox-resistant cells, Dox-NCs could significantly inhibit cell growth and induce apoptosis. In murine lymphoma xenograft models, Dox-NCs also remarkably significantly retarded tumor growth, assessed by murine weight, and demonstrated less cytotoxicity. Noticeably, apoptotic myocardial cells were decreased in the Dox-NCs-treated group, when compared with the control group, which was consistent with low intracellular Dox concentration in the cardiac cell line H9C2. Conclusion Dox-NCs showed an anti-lymphoma effect with reduced cardiac toxicity in both in vivo and in vitro models and, therefore, could be a potential therapeutic agent in the treatment of lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Shanghai Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China, ;
| | - Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Jing Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Shanghai Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China, ;
| | - Xiao-Chun Fei
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Shanghai Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China, ;
| | - Anne Janin
- Sino-French Research Center of Life Science and Genomics, Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Shanghai, China, ; .,Joint Research Unit 1165, Inserm, University Paris VII, Saint-Louis Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Shanghai Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China, ; .,Sino-French Research Center of Life Science and Genomics, Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Shanghai, China, ;
| | - Wei-Li Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Shanghai Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China, ; .,Sino-French Research Center of Life Science and Genomics, Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Shanghai, China, ;
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Autophagy therapeutics: preclinical basis and initial clinical studies. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2018; 82:923-934. [PMID: 30225602 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-018-3688-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy captures and degrades intracellular components such as proteins and organelles to sustain metabolism and homeostasis. Rapidly accumulating attention is being paid to the role of autophagy in the development of cancer, which makes autophagy attractive tools and targets for novel therapeutic approaches. Functional studies have confirmed that autophagy dysregulation is causal in many cases of cancer, with autophagy acting as tumor suppressors or tumor promoters, and autophagy inhibitor or promoter has shown promise in preclinical studies. The autophagy-targeted therapeutics using chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine have reached clinical development for treating cancer, but these drugs are actually not efficient probably because of a reduced penetration within the tumor. In this review, we first discuss the discoveries related to dual function of autophagy in cancer. Then, we provide an overview of preclinical studies and clinical trials involved in the development of autophagy therapeutics and finally discuss the future of such therapies.
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31
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Yoshida GJ. Emerging roles of Myc in stem cell biology and novel tumor therapies. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2018; 37:173. [PMID: 30053872 PMCID: PMC6062976 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0835-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiological roles and the therapeutic potentials of Myc family are reviewed in this article. The physiological functions and molecular machineries in stem cells, including embryonic stem (ES) cells and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, are clearly described. The c-Myc/Max complex inhibits the ectopic differentiation of both types of artificial stem cells. Whereas c-Myc plays a fundamental role as a "double-edged sword" promoting both iPS cells generation and malignant transformation, L-Myc contributes to the nuclear reprogramming with the significant down-regulation of differentiation-associated genetic expression. Furthermore, given the therapeutic resistance of neuroendocrine tumors such as small-cell lung cancer and neuroblastoma, the roles of N-Myc in difficult-to-treat tumors are discussed. N-Myc and p53 exhibit the co-localization in the nucleus and alter p53-dependent transcriptional responses which are necessary for DNA repair, anti-apoptosis, and lipid metabolic reprogramming. NCYM protein stabilizes N-Myc, resulting in the stimulation of Oct4 expression, while Oct4 induces both N-Myc and NCYM via direct transcriptional activation of N-Myc, [corrected] thereby leading to the enhanced metastatic potential. Importantly enough, accumulating evidence strongly suggests that c-Myc can be a promising therapeutic target molecule among Myc family in terms of the biological characteristics of cancer stem-like cells (CSCs). The presence of CSCs leads to the intra-tumoral heterogeneity, which is mainly responsible for the therapeutic resistance. Mechanistically, it has been shown that Myc-induced epigenetic reprogramming enhances the CSC phenotypes. In this review article, the author describes two major therapeutic strategies of CSCs by targeting c-Myc; Firstly, Myc-dependent metabolic reprogramming is closely related to CD44 variant-dependent redox stress regulation in CSCs. It has been shown that c-Myc increases NADPH production via enhanced glutaminolysis with a finely-regulated mechanism. Secondly, the dormancy of CSCs due to FBW7-depedent c-Myc degradation pathway is also responsible for the therapeutic resistance to the conventional anti-tumor agents, the action points of which are largely dependent on the operation of the cell cycle. That is why the loss-of-functional mutations of FBW7 gene are expected to trigger "awakening" of dormant CSCs in the niche with c-Myc up-regulation. Collectively, although the further research is warranted to develop the effective anti-tumor therapeutic strategy targeting Myc family, we cancer researchers should always catch up with the current advances in the complex functions of Myc family in highly-malignant and heterogeneous tumor cells to realize the precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go J Yoshida
- Department of Pathological Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.
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Wang XQ, Bai HM, Li ST, Sun H, Min LZ, Tao BB, Zhong J, Li B. Knockdown of HDAC1 expression suppresses invasion and induces apoptosis in glioma cells. Oncotarget 2018. [PMID: 28624794 PMCID: PMC5564623 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma is the most common malignant tumor of the central nervous system, with a low survival rate of five years worldwide. Although high expression and prognostic value of histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) have been recently reported in various types of human tumors, the molecular mechanism underlying the biological function of HDAC1 in glioma is still unclear. We found that HDAC1 was elevated in glioma tissues and cell lines. HDAC1 expression was closely related with pathological grade and overall survival of patients with gliomas. Downregulation of HDAC1 inhibited cell proliferation, prevented invasion of glioma cell lines, and induced cell apoptosis. The expression of apoptosis and metastasis related molecules were detected by RT-PCR and Western blot, respectively, in U251 and T98G cells with HDAC1 knockdown. We found that HDAC1 knockdown upregulated expression of BIM, BAX, cleaved CASPASE3 and E-CADHERIN, and decreased expression of TWIST1, SNAIL and MMP9 in U251 and T98G cells with HDAC1 knockdown. In vivo data showed that knockdown of HDAC1 inhibited tumor growth in nude mice. In summary, HDAC1 may therefore be considered an unfavorable progression indicator for glioma patients, and may also serve as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qiang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hong-Min Bai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou 510010, China
| | - Shi-Ting Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hui Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ling-Zhao Min
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Bang-Bao Tao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jun Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
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Frigola J, Iturbide A, Lopez-Bigas N, Peiro S, Gonzalez-Perez A. Altered oncomodules underlie chromatin regulatory factors driver mutations. Oncotarget 2017; 7:30748-59. [PMID: 27095575 PMCID: PMC5058714 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromatin regulatory factors (CRFs), are known to be involved in tumorigenesis in several cancer types. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms through which driver alterations of CRFs cause tumorigenesis remain unknown. Here, we developed a CRFs Oncomodules Discovery approach, which mines several sources of cancer genomics and perturbaomics data. The approach prioritizes sets of genes significantly miss-regulated in primary tumors (oncomodules) bearing mutations of driver CRFs. We applied the approach to eleven TCGA tumor cohorts and uncovered oncomodules potentially associated to mutations of five driver CRFs in three cancer types. Our results revealed, for example, the potential involvement of the mTOR pathway in the development of tumors with loss-of-function mutations of MLL2 in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. The experimental validation that MLL2 loss-of-function increases the sensitivity of cancer cell lines to mTOR inhibition lends further support to the validity of our approach. The potential oncogenic modules detected by our approach may guide experiments proposing ways to indirectly target driver mutations of CRFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Frigola
- Research Program on Biomedical Informatics, IMIM Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute and Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ane Iturbide
- Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Lopez-Bigas
- Research Program on Biomedical Informatics, IMIM Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute and Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Peiro
- Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Abel Gonzalez-Perez
- Research Program on Biomedical Informatics, IMIM Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute and Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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PI3K/mTOR dual inhibitor BEZ235 and histone deacetylase inhibitor Trichostatin A synergistically exert anti-tumor activity in breast cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:11937-11949. [PMID: 28060760 PMCID: PMC5355316 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecule-targeted therapy has achieved great progress in cancer therapy. Effective drug combinations are one way to enhance the therapeutic efficacy and combat resistance. Here, we determined the effect of the PI3K/mTOR dual inhibitor BEZ235 and the histone deacetylase inhibitor Trichostatin A (TSA) on human breast cancer. We demonstrated that the combination of BEZ235 and TSA results in significant synergistic growth inhibition of multiple breast cancer cell lines. Mechanistic studies revealed that the combined therapy induced apoptosis in a caspase-dependent manner, which might be related to the further depression of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling pathway. Additionally, co-treatment with BEZ235 and TSA enhanced autophagic cell death by up-regulating the expression of LC3B-II and Beclin-1. The vivo tumour modelling studies revealed that BEZ235 combined with TSA blocked tumour growth without noticeable side effects. These data suggest that the combination of BEZ235 and TSA may be a new selective strategy, which may have significant clinical application in the treatment of breast cancer patients.
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Zheng Z, Xu PP, Wang L, Zhao HJ, Weng XQ, Zhong HJ, Qu B, Xiong J, Zhao Y, Wang XF, Janin A, Zhao WL. MiR21 sensitized B-lymphoma cells to ABT-199 via ICOS/ICOSL-mediated interaction of Treg cells with endothelial cells. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2017. [PMID: 28637496 PMCID: PMC5480196 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-017-0551-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRs) are involved in tumor progression by regulating tumor cells and tumor microenvironment. MiR21 is overexpressed in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and its biological impact on tumor microenvironment remains unclear. METHODS MiR21 was assessed by quantitative RT-PCR in patients with newly diagnosed DLBCL. The mechanism of action of miR21 on lymphoma progression and tumor angiogenesis was examined in vitro in B-lymphoma cell lines and in vivo in a murine xenograft model. RESULTS Serum miR21 was significantly elevated in patients and associated with advanced disease stage, International Prognostic Index indicating intermediate-high and high-risk, and increased tumor angiogenesis. When co-cultured with immune cells and endothelial cells, miR21-overexpressing B-lymphoma cells were resistant to chemotherapeutic agents, but sensitive to Bcl-2 inhibitor ABT-199, irrespective of Bcl-2 expression on lymphoma cells. In both co-culture systems of Bcl-2positive and Bcl-2negative B-lymphoma cells, miR21 induced inducible co-stimulator (ICOS) expression on regulatory T (Treg) cells. Through crosstalking with Treg cells by ICOS ligand (ICOSL), endothelial cells were activated, resulting in stimulation of Bcl-2 expression and vessel formation. ABT-199 directly targeted Bcl-2 on endothelial cells, induced endothelial cell apoptosis and inhibited tumor angiogenesis. In a murine xenograft model established with subcutaneous injection of B-lymphoma cells, ABT-199 particularly retarded the growth of miR21-overexpressing tumors, consistent with the induction of endothelial cell apoptosis and inhibition of tumor angiogenesis. CONCLUSIONS As a serum oncogenic biomarker of B-cell lymphoma, miR21 indicated B-lymphoma cell sensitivity to ABT-199 via ICOS/ICOSL-mediated interaction of Treg cells with endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Shanghai Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Peng-Peng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Shanghai Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Pôle de Recherches Sino-Français en Science du Vivant et Génomique, Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Shanghai Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Pôle de Recherches Sino-Français en Science du Vivant et Génomique, Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui-Jin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Shanghai Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xiang-Qin Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Shanghai Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Hui-Juan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Shanghai Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Bin Qu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Shanghai Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Shanghai Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xue-Feng Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Anne Janin
- Pôle de Recherches Sino-Français en Science du Vivant et Génomique, Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Shanghai, China.,U1165 Inserm/Université Paris 7, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
| | - Wei-Li Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Shanghai Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,Pôle de Recherches Sino-Français en Science du Vivant et Génomique, Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Shanghai, China.
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Yoshida GJ. Therapeutic strategies of drug repositioning targeting autophagy to induce cancer cell death: from pathophysiology to treatment. J Hematol Oncol 2017; 10:67. [PMID: 28279189 PMCID: PMC5345270 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-017-0436-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The 2016 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to the researcher that discovered autophagy, which is an evolutionally conserved catabolic process which degrades cytoplasmic constituents and organelles in the lysosome. Autophagy plays a crucial role in both normal tissue homeostasis and tumor development and is necessary for cancer cells to adapt efficiently to an unfavorable tumor microenvironment characterized by hypo-nutrient conditions. This protein degradation process leads to amino acid recycling, which provides sufficient amino acid substrates for cellular survival and proliferation. Autophagy is constitutively activated in cancer cells due to the deregulation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, which enables them to adapt to hypo-nutrient microenvironment and exhibit the robust proliferation at the pre-metastatic niche. That is why just the activation of autophagy with mTOR inhibitor often fails in vain. In contrast, disturbance of autophagy–lysosome flux leads to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and an unfolded protein response (UPR), which finally leads to increased apoptotic cell death in the tumor tissue. Accumulating evidence suggests that autophagy has a close relationship with programmed cell death, while uncontrolled autophagy itself often induces autophagic cell death in tumor cells. Autophagic cell death was originally defined as cell death accompanied by large-scale autophagic vacuolization of the cytoplasm. However, autophagy is a “double-edged sword” for cancer cells as it can either promote or suppress the survival and proliferation in the tumor microenvironment. Furthermore, several studies of drug re-positioning suggest that “conventional” agents used to treat diseases other than cancer can have antitumor therapeutic effects by activating/suppressing autophagy. Because of ever increasing failure rates and high cost associated with anticancer drug development, this therapeutic development strategy has attracted increasing attention because the safety profiles of these medicines are well known. Antimalarial agents such as artemisinin and disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) are the typical examples of drug re-positioning which affect the autophagy regulation for the therapeutic use. This review article focuses on recent advances in some of the novel therapeutic strategies that target autophagy with a view to treating/preventing malignant neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go J Yoshida
- Department of Pathological Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan. .,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0083, Japan.
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Dozzo M, Carobolante F, Donisi PM, Scattolin A, Maino E, Sancetta R, Viero P, Bassan R. Burkitt lymphoma in adolescents and young adults: management challenges. Adolesc Health Med Ther 2017; 8:11-29. [PMID: 28096698 PMCID: PMC5207020 DOI: 10.2147/ahmt.s94170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
About one-half of all Burkitt lymphoma (BL) patients are younger than 40 years, and one-third belong to the adolescent and young adult (AYA) subset, defined by an age between 15 and 25-40 years, based on selection criteria used in different reports. BL is an aggressive B-cell neoplasm displaying highly characteristic clinico-diagnostic features, the biologic hallmark of which is a translocation involving immunoglobulin and c-MYC genes. It presents as sporadic, endemic, or epidemic disease. Endemicity is pathogenetically linked to an imbalance of the immune system which occurs in African children infected by malaria parasites and Epstein-Barr virus, while the epidemic form strictly follows the pattern of infection by HIV. BL shows propensity to extranodal involvement of abdominal organs, bone marrow, and central nervous system, and can cause severe metabolic and renal impairment. Nevertheless, BL is highly responsive to specifically designed short-intensive, rotational multiagent chemotherapy programs, empowered by the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab. When carefully applied with appropriate supportive measures, these modern programs achieve a cure rate of approximately 90% in the average AYA patient, irrespective of clinical stage, which is the best result achievable in any aggressive lymphoid malignancy to date. The challenges ahead concern the following: optimization of management in underdeveloped countries, with reduction of diagnostic and referral-for-care intervals, and the applicability of currently curative regimens; the development of lower intensity but equally effective treatments for frail or immunocompromised patients at risk of death by complications; the identification of very high-risk patients through positron-emission tomography and minimal residual disease assays; and the assessment in these and the few refractory/relapsed ones of new monoclonals (ofatumumab, blinatumomab, inotuzumab ozogamicin) and new molecules targeting c-MYC and key proliferative steps of B-cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Dozzo
- Complex Operative Unit of Hematology, Ospedale dell’Angelo
| | | | - Pietro Maria Donisi
- Simple Departmental Operative Unit of Anatomic Pathology, Ospedale Ss. Giovanni e Paolo, Venice, Italy
| | | | - Elena Maino
- Complex Operative Unit of Hematology, Ospedale dell’Angelo
| | | | - Piera Viero
- Complex Operative Unit of Hematology, Ospedale dell’Angelo
| | - Renato Bassan
- Complex Operative Unit of Hematology, Ospedale dell’Angelo
- Correspondence: Renato Bassan, Complex Operative Unit of Hematology, Ospedale dell’Angelo, Via Paccagnella 11, 30174 Mestre-Venice, Italy, Tel +39 41 965 7362, Fax +39 41 965 7361, Email
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Sang Z, Sun Y, Ruan H, Cheng Y, Ding X, Yu Y. Anticancer effects of valproic acid on oral squamous cell carcinoma via SUMOylation in vivo and in vitro. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:3979-3987. [PMID: 28101176 PMCID: PMC5228083 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant histone deacetylase (HDAC) has a key role in the neoplastic process associated with the epigenetic patterns of tumor-related genes. The present study was performed to investigate the effects and determine the mechanism of action of the HDAC inhibitor, valproic acid (VPA), on the CAL27 cell line derived from oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The effects of VPA on the viability of CAL27 cells were investigated using MTT assays. Alterations in the cell cycle and apoptosis were also examined using propidium iodide (PI) and Annexin V-PI assays, and were subequently analyzed by flow cytometry. Small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO)-related genes were evaluated by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis. In addition, the effects of VPA were assessed using a xenograft model in vivo. The present results demonstrated significant dose-dependent inhibition of cell viability following VPA treatment. Treatment with VPA increased the distribution of CAL27 cells in the G1 phase and reduced cells in the S phase, and significantly increased the expression levels of SUMO1 and SUMO2 (P<0.01). Using a xenograft model, the mean tumor volume in VPA-treated animals was demonstrated to be significantly reduced, and the rate of apoptosis was significantly increased, as compared with the control animals. These results suggested that VPA may regulate SUMOylation, producing an anticancer effect in vivo. Further investigation into the role of VPA in tumorigenesis may identify novel therapeutic targets for OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijian Sang
- Department of Stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Yang Sun
- Department of Stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Hong Ruan
- Department of Stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Yong Cheng
- Department of Stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojun Ding
- Department of Stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Youcheng Yu
- Department of Stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
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Ji MM, Wang L, Zhan Q, Xue W, Zhao Y, Zhao X, Xu PP, Shen Y, Liu H, Janin A, Cheng S, Zhao WL. Induction of autophagy by valproic acid enhanced lymphoma cell chemosensitivity through HDAC-independent and IP3-mediated PRKAA activation. Autophagy 2016; 11:2160-71. [PMID: 26735433 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1082024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is closely related to tumor cell sensitivity to anticancer drugs. The HDAC (histone deacetylase) inhibitor valproic acid (VPA) interacted synergistically with chemotherapeutic agents to trigger lymphoma cell autophagy, which resulted from activation of AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) and inhibition of downstream MTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin [serine/threonine kinase]) signaling. In an HDAC-independent manner, VPA potentiated the effect of doxorubicin on lymphoma cell autophagy via reduction of cellular inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate (IP3), blockade of calcium into mitochondria and modulation of PRKAA1/2-MTOR cascade. In murine xenograft models established with subcutaneous injection of lymphoma cells, dual treatment of VPA and doxorubicin initiated IP3-mediated calcium depletion and PRKAA1/2 activation, induced in situ autophagy and efficiently retarded tumor growth. Aberrant genes involving mitochondrial calcium transfer were frequently observed in primary tumors of lymphoma patients. Collectively, these findings suggested an HDAC-independent chemosensitizing activity of VPA and provided an insight into the clinical application of targeting autophagy in the treatment of lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Meng Ji
- a State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics; Shanghai Institute of Hematology; Shanghai Rui Jin Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine ; Shanghai , China
| | - Li Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics; Shanghai Institute of Hematology; Shanghai Rui Jin Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine ; Shanghai , China.,b Pôle de Recherches Sino-Français en Science du Vivant et Génomique; Laboratory of Molecular Pathology ; Shanghai , China
| | - Qin Zhan
- b Pôle de Recherches Sino-Français en Science du Vivant et Génomique; Laboratory of Molecular Pathology ; Shanghai , China
| | - Wen Xue
- a State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics; Shanghai Institute of Hematology; Shanghai Rui Jin Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine ; Shanghai , China
| | - Yan Zhao
- a State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics; Shanghai Institute of Hematology; Shanghai Rui Jin Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine ; Shanghai , China
| | - Xia Zhao
- a State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics; Shanghai Institute of Hematology; Shanghai Rui Jin Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine ; Shanghai , China.,b Pôle de Recherches Sino-Français en Science du Vivant et Génomique; Laboratory of Molecular Pathology ; Shanghai , China
| | - Peng-Peng Xu
- a State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics; Shanghai Institute of Hematology; Shanghai Rui Jin Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine ; Shanghai , China
| | - Yang Shen
- a State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics; Shanghai Institute of Hematology; Shanghai Rui Jin Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine ; Shanghai , China
| | - Han Liu
- a State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics; Shanghai Institute of Hematology; Shanghai Rui Jin Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine ; Shanghai , China
| | - Anne Janin
- b Pôle de Recherches Sino-Français en Science du Vivant et Génomique; Laboratory of Molecular Pathology ; Shanghai , China.,c U1165 Inserm/Université Paris 7; Hôpital Saint Louis ; Paris , France
| | - Shu Cheng
- a State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics; Shanghai Institute of Hematology; Shanghai Rui Jin Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine ; Shanghai , China
| | - Wei-Li Zhao
- a State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics; Shanghai Institute of Hematology; Shanghai Rui Jin Hospital; Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine ; Shanghai , China.,b Pôle de Recherches Sino-Français en Science du Vivant et Génomique; Laboratory of Molecular Pathology ; Shanghai , China
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Li Y, Seto E. HDACs and HDAC Inhibitors in Cancer Development and Therapy. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2016; 6:cshperspect.a026831. [PMID: 27599530 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a026831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 749] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the last several decades, it has become clear that epigenetic abnormalities may be one of the hallmarks of cancer. Posttranslational modifications of histones, for example, may play a crucial role in cancer development and progression by modulating gene transcription, chromatin remodeling, and nuclear architecture. Histone acetylation, a well-studied posttranslational histone modification, is controlled by the opposing activities of histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs). By removing acetyl groups, HDACs reverse chromatin acetylation and alter transcription of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. In addition, HDACs deacetylate numerous nonhistone cellular substrates that govern a wide array of biological processes including cancer initiation and progression. This review will discuss the role of HDACs in cancer and the therapeutic potential of HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) as emerging drugs in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Li
- George Washington University Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037
| | - Edward Seto
- George Washington University Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037
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Dong Z, Liang S, Hu J, Jin W, Zhan Q, Zhao K. Autophagy as a target for hematological malignancy therapy. Blood Rev 2016; 30:369-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Zhang YY, Zhang ZH, Zhao RJ, Li H, Wang TR, Yan LN, Gu CH, Zhao L, Hao CL. [Valproic acid activates autophagy in multiple myeloma cell lines RPMI8226 and U266]. ZHONGHUA XUE YE XUE ZA ZHI = ZHONGHUA XUEYEXUE ZAZHI 2016; 37:478-83. [PMID: 27431072 PMCID: PMC7348343 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
目的 探讨丙戊酸钠对多发性骨髓瘤(MM)细胞株RPMI8226和U266细胞自噬的影响。 方法 丙戊酸钠处理RPMI8226和U266细胞,吖啶橙染色后采用荧光显微镜观察细胞自噬形态学变化,MTT法检测细胞增殖抑制的变化,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡,实时定量PCR(RT-PCR)和Western Blot法检测细胞自噬相关因子LC3、Beclin1的变化。 结果 荧光显微镜观察到RPMI8226及U266细胞存在基础水平的自噬现象,丙戊酸钠作用后能够诱导细胞自噬增多;MTT法检测结果显示丙戊酸钠对细胞增殖抑制具有时间及浓度依赖性,作用24 h后半数抑制浓度分别为(12.03±0.23)mmol/L和(10.16±0.37) mmol/L。8 mmol/L丙戊酸钠作用24 h后,RPMI8226、U266细胞LC3 mRNA表达水平(22.45±0.07、0.06±0.02)、Beclin1 mRNA表达水平(283.09±17.3、1.53±0.01)与空白对照组(1.00± 0.00、1.00±0.00)比较,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05)。随着丙戊酸钠浓度增加和作用时间延长,LC3、Beclin1蛋白表达水平逐渐增加,LC3Ⅰ向LC3Ⅱ的转化率逐渐升高。 结论 RPMI8226和U266细胞中存在基础水平的自噬现象,丙戊酸钠对MM细胞的自噬有激活作用,这可能是丙戊酸钠治疗MM的机制之一。
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Y Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Chengde Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Chengde 067000, China
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Chu TLH, Guan Q, Nguan CYC, Du C. Halofuginone Synergistically Enhances Anti-Proliferation of Rapamycin in T Cells and Reduces Cytotoxicity of Cyclosporine in Cultured Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144735. [PMID: 26671563 PMCID: PMC4686009 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Both rapamycin (RAPA) and cyclosporin A (CsA) are commonly used for immunosuppression, however their adverse side effects limit their application. Thus, it is of interest to develop novel means to enhance or preserve the immunosuppressive activity of RAPA or CsA while reducing their toxicity. Halofuginone (HF) has been recently tested as a potential immunosuppressant. This study investigated the interaction of HF with RAPA or with CsA in cell cultures. Cell proliferation in cultures was determined using methylthiazol tetrazolium assay, and cell apoptosis assessed by flow cytometric analysis and Western blot. The drug-drug interaction was determined according to Loewe’s equation or Bliss independence. Here, we showed that addition of HF to anti-CD 3 antibody-stimulated splenocyte cultures induced synergistic suppression of T cell proliferation in the presence of RAPA, indicated by an interaction index (γ) value of < 1.0 between HF and RAPA, but not in those with CsA. The synergistic interaction of RAPA with HF in the suppression of T cell proliferation was also seen in a mixed lymphocyte reaction and Jurkat T cell growth, and was positively correlated with an increase in cell apoptosis, but not with proline depletion. In cultured kidney tubular epithelial cells, HF attenuated the cytotoxicity of CsA. In conclusion, these data indicate that HF synergistically enhances anti-T cell proliferation of RAPA and reduces the nephrotoxicity of CsA in vitro, suggesting the potential use of HF for enhancing anti-T cell proliferation of RAPA and reducing CsA-mediated nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony L. H. Chu
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Qiunong Guan
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christopher Y. C. Nguan
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Caigan Du
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Immunity and Infection Research Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Beagle BR, Nguyen DM, Mallya S, Tang SS, Lu M, Zeng Z, Konopleva M, Vo TT, Fruman DA. mTOR kinase inhibitors synergize with histone deacetylase inhibitors to kill B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Oncotarget 2015; 6:2088-100. [PMID: 25576920 PMCID: PMC4385838 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
High activity of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is associated with poor prognosis in pre-B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), suggesting that inhibiting mTOR might be clinically useful. However, emerging data indicate that mTOR inhibitors are most effective when combined with other target agents. One strategy is to combine with histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, since B-ALL is often characterized by epigenetic changes that silence the expression of pro-apoptotic factors. Here we tested combinations of mTOR and pan-HDAC inhibitors on B-ALL cells, including both Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) and non-Ph cell lines. We found that mTOR kinase inhibitors (TOR-KIs) synergize with HDAC inhibitors to cause apoptosis in B-ALL cells and the effect is greater when compared to rapamycin plus HDAC inhibitors. The combination of TOR-KIs with the clinically approved HDAC inhibitor vorinostat increased apoptosis in primary pediatric B-ALL cells in vitro. Mechanistically, TOR-KI and HDAC inhibitor combinations increased expression of pro-death genes, including targets of the Forkhead Box O (FOXO) transcription factors, and increased sensitivity to apoptotic triggers at the mitochondria. These findings suggest that targeting epigenetic factors can unmask the cytotoxic potential of TOR-KIs towards B-ALL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon R Beagle
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA
| | - Duc M Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA
| | - Sharmila Mallya
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA
| | - Sarah S Tang
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA
| | - Mengrou Lu
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA
| | - Zhihong Zeng
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.,Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Marina Konopleva
- Department of Leukemia, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.,Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Thanh-Trang Vo
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA
| | - David A Fruman
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA
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Chen HP, Zhao YT, Zhao TC. Histone deacetylases and mechanisms of regulation of gene expression. Crit Rev Oncog 2015; 20:35-47. [PMID: 25746103 DOI: 10.1615/critrevoncog.2015012997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In recent years it has become widely recognized that histone modification plays a pivotal role in controlling gene expression and is involved in a wide spectrum of disease regulation. Histone acetylation is a major modification that affects gene transcription and is controlled by histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs). HATs acetylate lysines of histone proteins, resulting in the relaxation of chromatin structure, and they also facilitate gene activation. Conversely, HDACs remove acetyl groups from hyperacetylated histones and suppress general gene transcription. In addition to histones, numerous nonhistone proteins can be acetylated and deacetylated, and they also are involved in the regulation of a wide range of diseases. To date there are 18 HDACs in mammals classified into 4 classes based on homology to yeast HDACs. Accumulating evidence has revealed that HDACs play crucial roles in a variety of biological processes including inflammation, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and carcinogenesis. In this review we summarize the current state of knowledge of HDACs in carcinogenesis and describe the involvement of HDACs in cancer-associated molecular processes. It is hoped than an understanding of the role of HDACs in cancer will lead to the design of more potent and specific drugs targeting selective HDAC proteins for the treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Ping Chen
- Department of Surgery, Boston University Medical School, Boston University, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI; Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yu Tina Zhao
- Department of Surgery, Boston University Medical School, Boston University, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI
| | - Ting C Zhao
- Department of Surgery, Boston University Medical School, Boston University, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI
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Long J, Chang L, Shen Y, Gao WH, Wu YN, Dou HB, Huang MM, Wang Y, Fang WY, Shan JH, Wang YY, Zhu J, Chen Z, Hu J. Valproic Acid Ameliorates Graft-versus-Host Disease by Downregulating Th1 and Th17 Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:1849-57. [PMID: 26179902 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is the major complication after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Valproic acid (VPA) was described as a histone deacetylase inhibitor that had anti-inflammatory effects and reduced the production of proinflammatory cytokines in experimental autoimmune disease models. Using well-characterized mouse models of MHC-mismatched transplantation, we studied the effects of VPA on GVHD severity and graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) activity. Administration of VPA significantly attenuated the clinical severity of GVHD, the histopathology of GVHD-involved organs, and the overall mortality from GVHD. VPA downregulated Th1 and Th17 cell responses and cytokine production in vitro and in vivo, whereas its effect on GVHD was regulatory T cell independent. The effect of VPA was related to its ability to directly reduce the activity of Akt, an important regulator of T cell immune responses. Importantly, when mice received lethal doses of host-type acute leukemia cells, administration of VPA did not impair GVL activity and resulted in significantly improved leukemia-free survival. These findings reveal a unique role for VPA as a histone deacetylase inhibitor in reducing the donor CD4(+) T cells that contribute to GVHD, which may provide a strategy to reduce GVHD while preserving the GVL effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Long
- State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Department of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; and
| | - Li Chang
- State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Department of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; and
| | - Yan Shen
- Research Center for Experimental Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Wen-Hui Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Department of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; and
| | - Yue-Nv Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Department of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; and
| | - Han-Bo Dou
- State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Department of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; and
| | - Meng-Meng Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Department of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; and
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Department of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; and
| | - Wei-Yue Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Department of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; and
| | - Jie-Hui Shan
- State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Department of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; and
| | - Yue-Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; and
| | - Jiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; and
| | - Zhu Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; and
| | - Jiong Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Medical Genomics, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Department of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; and
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Chu Q, Han N, Yuan X, Nie X, Wu H, Chen Y, Guo M, Yu S, Wu K. DACH1 inhibits cyclin D1 expression, cellular proliferation and tumor growth of renal cancer cells. J Hematol Oncol 2014; 7:73. [PMID: 25322986 PMCID: PMC4203876 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-014-0073-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a complex with diverse biological characteristics and distinct molecular signature. New target therapies to molecules that drive RCC initiation and progression have achieved promising responses in some patients, but the total effective rate is still far from satisfaction. Dachshund (DACH1) network is a key signaling pathway for kidney development and has recently been identified as a tumor suppressor in several cancer types. However, its role in renal cell carcinoma has not been fully investigated. Methods Immunohistochemical staining for DACH1, PCNA and cyclin D1 was performed on human renal tissue microaraays and correlation with clinic-pathological characteristics was analyzed. In vitro proliferation, apoptosis and in vivo tumor growth were evaluated on human renal cancer cell lines with decitabine treatment or ectopic expression of DACH1. Downstream targets and potential molecular mechanism were investigated through western blot, immunoprecipitation and reporter gene assays. Results Expression of DACH1 was significantly decreased in human renal carcinoma tissue. DACH1 protein abundance was inversely correlated with the expression of PCNA and cyclin D1, tumor grade, and TNM stage. Restoration of DACH1 function in renal clear cell cancer cells inhibited in vitro cellular proliferation, S phase progression, clone formation, and in vivo tumor growth. In mechanism, DACH1 repressed cyclin D1 transcription through association with AP-1 protein. Conclusion Our results indicated that DACH1 was a novel molecular marker of RCC and it attributed to the malignant behavior of renal cancer cells. Re-activation of DACH1 may represent a potential therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
| | - Na Han
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
| | - Xun Yuan
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
| | - Xin Nie
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
| | - Hua Wu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
| | - Mingzhou Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, #28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Shiying Yu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
| | - Kongming Wu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
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Dickinson SE, Rusche JJ, Bec SL, Horn DJ, Janda J, Rim SH, Smith CL, Bowden GT. The effect of sulforaphane on histone deacetylase activity in keratinocytes: Differences between in vitro and in vivo analyses. Mol Carcinog 2014; 54:1513-20. [PMID: 25307283 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sulforaphane is a natural product found in broccoli, which is known to exert many different molecular effects in the cell, including inhibition of histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes. Here, we examine for the first time the potential for sulforaphane to inhibit HDACs in HaCaT keratinocytes and compare our results with those found using HCT116 colon cancer cells. Significant inhibition of HDAC activity in HCT116 nuclear extracts required prolonged exposure to sulforaphane in the presence of serum. Under the same conditions HaCaT nuclear extracts did not exhibit reduced HDAC activity with sulforaphane treatment. Both cell types displayed down-regulation of HDAC protein levels by sulforaphane treatment. Despite these reductions in HDAC family member protein levels, acetylation of marker proteins (acetylated Histone H3, H4, and tubulin) was decreased by sulforaphane treatment. Time-course analysis revealed that HDAC6, HDAC3, and acetylated histone H3 protein levels are significantly inhibited as early as 6 h into sulforaphane treatment. Transcript levels of HDAC6 are also suppressed after 48 h of treatment. These results suggest that HDAC activity noted in nuclear extracts is not always translated as expected to target protein acetylation patterns, despite dramatic inhibition of some HDAC protein levels. In addition, our data suggest that keratinocytes are at least partially resistant to the nuclear HDAC inhibitory effects of sulforaphane, which is exhibited in HCT116 and other cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally E Dickinson
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.,Department of Pharmacology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Jadrian J Rusche
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Sergiu L Bec
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - David J Horn
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Jaroslav Janda
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - So Hyun Rim
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Catharine L Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - G Timothy Bowden
- The University of Arizona Cancer Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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PP242 Synergizes With Suberoylanilide Hydroxamic Acid to Inhibit Growth of Ovarian Cancer Cells. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2014; 24:1373-80. [DOI: 10.1097/igc.0000000000000238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
ObjectivesOverexpression of histone deacetylases and activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway are common aberrations in ovarian cancer. For this reason, simultaneous inhibition of such targets is a rational therapeutic strategy to treat patients with ovarian cancer. This study aimed to investigate the biological effect of the histone deacetylase inhibitor, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), in combination with the dual mTOR complex 1 and mTOR complex 2 inhibitor, PP242, against ovarian cancer cells.Materials and MethodsThe effects of SAHA and PP242 on the growth of SKOV3 and A2780 cells were examined using Cell Counting Kit-8. The apoptosis was analyzed through flow cytometry, and the expression of apoptosis-related proteins was investigated through Western blotting. Induction of autophagy was determined through fluorescence microscopy using a stably transfected green fluorescent protein/microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 construct to visualize autophagosome formation. The expression of autophagy-related proteins was determined through Western blot analysis. The effect of SAHA and PP242 on the growth of ovarian cancer was also examined in an orthotopic ovarian cancer model.ResultsThe combination of SAHA and PP242 significantly inhibited cell proliferation and synergistically increased apoptosis and autophagy compared with each agent alone in vitro. In vivo, this combination exhibited greater inhibition on tumor growth than monotreatments did and it significantly prolonged the survival time of the mice.ConclusionsThese results suggest that the combination of SAHA and PP242 may lead to a novel strategy in treating patients with ovarian cancer.
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50
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Scheuing L, Chiu CT, Liao HM, Linares GR, Chuang DM. Preclinical and clinical investigations of mood stabilizers for Huntington's disease: what have we learned? Int J Biol Sci 2014; 10:1024-38. [PMID: 25285035 PMCID: PMC4183923 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.9898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a lethal, autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder caused by CAG repeat expansions at exon 1 of the huntingtin (Htt) gene, which encodes for a mutant huntingtin protein (mHtt). Prominent symptoms of HD include motor dysfunction, characterized by chorea; psychiatric disturbances such as mood and personality changes; and cognitive decline that may lead to dementia. Pathologically multiple complex processes and pathways are involved in the development of HD, including selective loss of neurons in the striatum and cortex, dysregulation of cellular autophagy, mitochondrial dysfunction, decreased neurotrophic and growth factor levels, and aberrant regulation of gene expression and epigenetic patterns. No cure for HD presently exists, nor are there drugs that can halt the progression of this devastating disease. Therefore, the need to discover neuroprotective modalities to combat HD is critical. In basic and preclinical studies using cellular and animal HD models, the mood stabilizers lithium and valproic acid (VPA) have shown multiple beneficial effects, including behavioral and motor improvement, enhanced neuroprotection, and lifespan extension. Recent studies in transgenic HD mice support the notion that combined lithium/VPA treatment is more effective than treatment with either drug alone. In humans, several clinical studies of HD patients found that lithium treatment improved mood, and that VPA treatment both stabilized mood and moderately reduced chorea. In contrast, other studies observed that the hallmark features of HD were unaffected by treatment with either lithium or VPA. The current review discusses preclinical and clinical investigations of the beneficial effects of lithium and VPA on HD pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Scheuing
- Molecular Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive MSC 1363, Bethesda, MD 20892-1363, USA
| | - Chi-Tso Chiu
- Molecular Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive MSC 1363, Bethesda, MD 20892-1363, USA
| | - Hsiao-Mei Liao
- Molecular Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive MSC 1363, Bethesda, MD 20892-1363, USA
| | - Gabriel R Linares
- Molecular Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive MSC 1363, Bethesda, MD 20892-1363, USA
| | - De-Maw Chuang
- Molecular Neurobiology Section, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive MSC 1363, Bethesda, MD 20892-1363, USA
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