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Molinelli E, Ceccarelli G, Fantone S, Di Mercurio E, Gambini D, Maurizi A, Perugini J, Tossetta G, Brisigotti V, De Simoni E, Sapigni C, Rizzetto G, Campanati A, Simonetti O, Marzioni D, Offidani A. Melanoma and subcutaneous adipose tissue: Role of peritumoral adipokines in disease characterization and prognosis. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2023; 36:423-430. [PMID: 37334675 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.13103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades, the concept of adipose organ has emerged, giving adipose tissue an active endocrine and immunologic function through the secretion of multiple cytokines and chemokines that seem to be implicated in the development and progression of several cancer, including cutaneous melanoma. In this pilot experimental study, we analyzed the expression in the peritumor subcutaneous adipose tissue of the most significant adipokines involved in the processes of carcinogenesis and metastasis in a population of melanoma patients and in two control groups composed of melanocytic nevi and epidermoid cysts, respectively. We correlated the results obtained with the main disease prognostic factors observing a statistically significant increase in the expression of PAI1, LEP, CXCL1, NAMPT, and TNF-α at the level of the peritumor tissue of the melanoma samples compared to the control groups and a correlation of the same with the histopathological prognostic factor of melanoma. Our preliminary study shows that the overexpression of PAI1, LEP, CXCL1, NAMPT, and TNF-α may contribute to the growth and to the local aggressiveness of cutaneous melanoma. It opens the hypothesis of a direct oncogenic role of subcutaneous adipose tissue and adipokines in the tumorigenesis of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Molinelli
- Dermatological Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Sonia Fantone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Eleonora Di Mercurio
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Daisy Gambini
- Dermatological Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Andrea Maurizi
- Dermatological Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Jessica Perugini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tossetta
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Valerio Brisigotti
- Dermatological Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Edoardo De Simoni
- Dermatological Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Claudia Sapigni
- Dermatological Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Giulio Rizzetto
- Dermatological Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Anna Campanati
- Dermatological Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Oriana Simonetti
- Dermatological Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Daniela Marzioni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Annamaria Offidani
- Dermatological Unit, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
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2
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Simiczyjew A, Wądzyńska J, Pietraszek-Gremplewicz K, Kot M, Ziętek M, Matkowski R, Nowak D. Melanoma cells induce dedifferentiation and metabolic changes in adipocytes present in the tumor niche. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2023; 28:58. [PMID: 37481560 PMCID: PMC10363323 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-023-00476-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the factors that affect the progression of melanoma is the tumor microenvironment, which consists of cellular elements, extracellular matrix, acidification, and a hypoxic state. Adipocytes are one of the types of cell present in the niche and are localized in the deepest layer of the skin. However, the relationship between fat cells and melanoma remains unclear. METHODS We assessed the influence of melanoma cells on adipocytes using an indirect coculture system. We estimated the level of cancer-associated adipocyte (CAA) markers through quantitative PCR analysis. The fibroblastic phenotype of CAAs was confirmed by cell staining and western blotting analysis. The lipid content was estimated by lipid detection in CAAs using LipidSpot and by quantitative analysis using Oil Red O. The expression of proteins involved in lipid synthesis, delipidation, and metabolic processes were assessed through quantitative PCR or western blotting analysis. Lactate secretion was established using a Lactate-Glo™ assay. Proteins secreted by CAAs were identified in cytokine and angiogenesis arrays. The proliferation of melanoma cells cocultured with CAAs was assessed using an XTT proliferation assay. Statistical analysis was performed using a one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's test in GraphPad Prism 7 software. RESULTS Obtained CAAs were identified by decreased levels of leptin, adiponectin, resistin, and FABP4. Adipocytes cocultured with melanoma presented fibroblastic features, such as a similar proteolytic pattern to that of 3T3L1 fibroblasts and increased levels of vimentin and TGFβRIII. Melanoma cells led to a reduction of lipid content in CAAs, possibly by downregulation of lipid synthesis pathways (lower FADS, SC4MOL, FASN) or enhancement of lipolysis (higher level of phosphorylation of ERK and STAT3). Adipocytes cocultured with melanoma cells secreted higher IL6 and SerpinE1 levels and produced less CCL2, CXCL1, and angiogenic molecules. CAAs also showed metabolic changes comprising the increased secretion of lactate and enhanced production of glucose, lactate, and ion transporters. In addition, changes in adipocytes observed following melanoma coculture resulted in a higher proliferation rate of cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS Melanoma cells led to decreased lipid content in adipocytes, which might be related to enhanced delipidation or reduction of lipid synthesis. Fibroblast-like CAAs showed metabolic changes that may be the reason for accelerated proliferation of melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Simiczyjew
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Justyna Wądzyńska
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Magdalena Kot
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Ziętek
- Department of Oncology and Division of Surgical Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, Plac Hirszfelda 12, 53-413, Wroclaw, Poland
- Lower Silesian Oncology, Pulmonology, and Hematology Center, Plac Hirszfelda 12, 53-413, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Matkowski
- Department of Oncology and Division of Surgical Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, Plac Hirszfelda 12, 53-413, Wroclaw, Poland
- Lower Silesian Oncology, Pulmonology, and Hematology Center, Plac Hirszfelda 12, 53-413, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Nowak
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
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Pathogenic Role of Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Obesity and Obesity-Related Inflammatory Diseases. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030348. [PMID: 36766689 PMCID: PMC9913687 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) are adult stem cells, endowed with self-renewal, multipotent capacities, and immunomodulatory properties, as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from other origins. However, in a pathological context, ASCs like MSCs can exhibit pro-inflammatory properties and attract inflammatory immune cells at their neighborhood. Subsequently, this creates an inflammatory microenvironment leading to ASCs' or MSCs' dysfunctions. One such example is given by obesity where adipogenesis is impaired and insulin resistance is initiated. These opposite properties have led to the classification of MSCs into two categories defined as pro-inflammatory ASC1 or anti-inflammatory ASC2, in which plasticity depends on the micro-environmental stimuli. The aim of this review is to (i) highlight the pathogenic role of ASCs during obesity and obesity-related inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, and cancer; and (ii) describe some of the mechanisms leading to ASCs dysfunctions. Thus, the role of soluble factors, adhesion molecules; TLRs, Th17, and Th22 cells; γδ T cells; and immune checkpoint overexpression will be addressed.
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4
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Ressler JM, Zila N, Korosec A, Yu J, Silmbrod R, Bachmayr V, Tittes J, Strobl J, Lichtenberger BM, Hoeller C, Petzelbauer P. Myofibroblast stroma differentiation in infiltrative basal cell carcinoma is accompanied by regulatory T-cells. J Cutan Pathol 2022; 50:544-551. [PMID: 36562598 DOI: 10.1111/cup.14381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The implications of infiltrative compared to non-infiltrative growth of cutaneous basal cell carcinoma (BCC) on the tumor stroma and immune cell landscape are unknown. This is of clinical importance, because infiltrative BCCs, in contrast to other BCC subtypes, are more likely to relapse after surgery and radiotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS This descriptive cross-sectional study analyzed 38 BCCs collected from 2018 to 2021. In the first cohort (n = 28), immune cells were characterized by immunohistochemistry and multiplex immunofluorescence staining for CD3, CD8, CD68, Foxp3, and α-SMA protein expression. In the second cohort (n = 10) with matched characteristics (age, sex, location, and BCC subtype), inflammatory parameters, including TGF-β1, TGF-β2, ACTA2, IL-10, IL-12A, and Foxp3, were quantified via RT-qPCR after isolating mRNA from BCC tissue samples and perilesional skin. RESULTS Infiltrative BCCs showed significantly increased levels of α-SMA expression in fibroblasts (p = 0.0001) and higher levels of Foxp3+ (p = 0.0023) and CD3+ (p = 0.0443) T-cells compared to non-infiltrative BCCs. CD3+ (p = 0.0171) and regulatory T-cells (p = 0.0026) were significantly increased in α-SMA-positive tumor stroma, whereas CD8+ T-cells (p = 0.1329) and CD68+ myeloid cells (p = 0.2337) were not affected. TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 correlated significantly with ACTA2/α-SMA mRNA expression (p = 0.020, p = 0.005). CONCLUSION Infiltrative growth of BCCs shows a myofibroblastic stroma differentiation and is accompanied by an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nina Zila
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Ana Korosec
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.,SERD Skin and Endothelium Research Division, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Josef Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Rita Silmbrod
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Julia Tittes
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Johanna Strobl
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Beate Maria Lichtenberger
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.,SERD Skin and Endothelium Research Division, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Peter Petzelbauer
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.,SERD Skin and Endothelium Research Division, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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Amalinei C, Grigoraș A, Lozneanu L, Căruntu ID, Giușcă SE, Balan RA. The Interplay between Tumour Microenvironment Components in Malignant Melanoma. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 58:medicina58030365. [PMID: 35334544 PMCID: PMC8953474 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58030365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma has shown an increasing incidence during the last two decades, exhibiting a large spectrum of locations and clinicopathological characteristics. Although current histopathological, biochemical, immunohistochemical, and molecular methods provide a deep insight into its biological behaviour and outcome, melanoma is still an unpredictable disease, with poor outcome. This review of the literature is aimed at updating the knowledge regarding melanoma’s clinicopathological and molecular hallmarks, including its heterogeneity and plasticity, involving cancer stem cells population. A special focus is given on the interplay between different cellular components and their secretion products in melanoma, considering its contribution to tumour progression, invasion, metastasis, recurrences, and resistance to classical therapy. Furthermore, the influences of the specific tumour microenvironment or “inflammasome”, its association with adipose tissue products, including the release of “extracellular vesicles”, and distinct microbiota are currently studied, considering their influences on diagnosis and prognosis. An insight into melanoma’s particular features may reveal new molecular pathways which may be exploited in order to develop innovative therapeutic approaches or tailored therapy.
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Herrera-Vargas AK, García-Rodríguez E, Olea-Flores M, Mendoza-Catalán MA, Flores-Alfaro E, Navarro-Tito N. Pro-angiogenic activity and vasculogenic mimicry in the tumor microenvironment by leptin in cancer. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2021; 62:23-41. [PMID: 34736827 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2021.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The acquired ability to induce the formation of a functional vasculature is a hallmark of cancer. Blood vessels in tumors are formed through various mechanisms, among the most important in cancer biology, angiogenesis, and vasculogenic mimicry have been described. Leptin is one of the main adipokines secreted by adipocytes in normal breast tissue and the tumor microenvironment. Here, we provide information on the relationship between leptin and the development of angiogenesis and vasculogenic mimicry in different types of cancer. Here, we report that leptin activates different pathways such as JAK-STAT3, MAPK/ERK, PKC, JNK, p38, and PI3K-Akt to induce the expression of various angiogenic factors and vasculogenic mimicry. In vivo models, leptin induces blood vessel formation through the PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway. Interestingly, the relationship between leptin and vasculogenic mimicry was more significant in breast cancer. The information obtained suggests that leptin could be playing an essential role in tumor survival and metastasis through the induction of vascular mechanisms such as angiogenesis and vasculogenic mimicry; thus, leptin-induced pathways could be suggested as a promising therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana K Herrera-Vargas
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular del Cáncer, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas s/n, Chilpancingo, GRO 39090, Mexico.
| | - Eduardo García-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular del Cáncer, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas s/n, Chilpancingo, GRO 39090, Mexico.
| | - Monserrat Olea-Flores
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular del Cáncer, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas s/n, Chilpancingo, GRO 39090, Mexico.
| | - Miguel A Mendoza-Catalán
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, GRO, 39090, Mexico.
| | - Eugenia Flores-Alfaro
- Laboratorio de Epidemiología Clínica y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, GRO 39087, Mexico.
| | - Napoleón Navarro-Tito
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular del Cáncer, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Av. Lázaro Cárdenas s/n, Chilpancingo, GRO 39090, Mexico.
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7
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Olszańska J, Pietraszek-Gremplewicz K, Nowak D. Melanoma Progression under Obesity: Focus on Adipokines. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13092281. [PMID: 34068679 PMCID: PMC8126042 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Obesity is a rapidly growing public health problem and the reason for numerous diseases in the human body, including cancer. This article reviews the current knowledge of the effect of molecules secreted by adipose tissue-adipokines on melanoma progression. We also discuss the role of these factors as markers of incidence, metastasis, and melanoma patient survival. Understanding the functions of adipokines will lead to knowledge of whether and how obesity promotes melanoma growth. Abstract Obesity is a growing problem in the world and is one of the risk factors of various cancers. Among these cancers is melanoma, which accounts for the majority of skin tumor deaths. Current studies are looking for a correlation between obesity and melanoma. They suspect that a potential cause of its development is connected to the biology of adipokines, active molecules secreted by adipose tissue. Under physiological conditions, adipokines control many processes, including lipid and glucose homeostasis, insulin sensitivity, angiogenesis, and inflammations. However, when there is an increased amount of fat in the body, their secretion is dysregulated. This article reviews the current knowledge of the effect of adipokines on melanoma growth. This work focuses on the molecular pathways by which adipose tissue secreted molecules modify the angiogenesis, migration, invasion, proliferation, and death of melanoma cells. We also discuss the role of these factors as markers of incidence, metastasis, and melanoma patient survival. Understanding the functions of adipokines will lead to knowledge of whether and how obesity promotes melanoma growth. Further studies may contribute to the innovations of therapies and the use of adipokines as predictive and/or prognostic biomarkers.
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Nagore E, Martinez-Garcia MA, Gomez-Olivas JD, Manrique-Silva E, Martorell A, Bañuls J, Carrera C, Ortiz P, Gardeazabal J, Boada A, de Eusebio E, Chiner E, Gonzalez C, Pérez-Gil A, Cullen D, Formigón M, de Unamuno B, Navarro-Soriano C, Muriel A, Gozal D. Relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus and markers of cutaneous melanoma aggressiveness: an observational multicentric study in 443 patients with melanoma. Br J Dermatol 2021; 185:756-763. [PMID: 33453061 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.19813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some studies have suggested a relationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and increased incidence of melanoma. Efforts are under way to identify preventable and treatable factors associated with greater melanoma aggressiveness, but no studies to date have examined the relationship between T2DM and the aggressiveness of cutaneous melanoma at diagnosis. OBJECTIVES To explore potential associations between T2DM, glycaemic control and metformin treatment and the aggressiveness of cutaneous melanoma. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional multicentric study in 443 patients diagnosed with cutaneous melanoma. At diagnosis, all patients completed a standardized protocol, and a fasting blood sample was extracted to analyse their glucose levels, glycated haemoglobin concentration and markers of systemic inflammation. Melanoma characteristics and aggressiveness factors [Breslow thickness, ulceration, tumour mitotic rate (TMR), sentinel lymph node (SLN) involvement and tumour stage] were also recorded. RESULTS The mean (SD) age of the patients was 55·98 (15·3) years and 50·6% were male. The median Breslow thickness was 0·85 mm. In total, 48 (10·8%) patients were diagnosed with T2DM and this finding was associated with a Breslow thickness > 2 mm [odds ratio (OR) 2·6, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·4-4·9; P = 0·004)] and > 4 mm (OR 3·6, 95% CI 1·7-7·9; P = 0·001), TMR > 5 per mm2 (OR 4·5, 95% CI 1·4-13·7; P = 0·009), SLN involvement (OR 2·3, 95% CI 1-5·7; P = 0·038) and tumour stages III-IV (vs. I-II) (OR 3·4, 95% CI 1·6-7·4; P = 0·002), after adjusting for age, sex, obesity, alcohol intake and smoking habits. No significant associations emerged between glycated haemoglobin levels, metformin treatment and melanoma aggressiveness. CONCLUSIONS T2DM, rather than glycaemic control and metformin treatment, is associated with increased cutaneous melanoma aggressiveness at diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Nagore
- Dermatology Department, Instituto Valenciano de Oncologia, Valencia, Spain.,School of Medicine, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain
| | - M A Martinez-Garcia
- Pneumology Department, Hospital Universitario i Politécnico la Fe, Valencia, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - J D Gomez-Olivas
- Pneumology Department, Hospital Universitario i Politécnico la Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - E Manrique-Silva
- Dermatology Department, Instituto Valenciano de Oncologia, Valencia, Spain.,School of Medicine, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain
| | - A Martorell
- Dermatology Department, Hospital de Manises, Valencia, Spain
| | - J Bañuls
- Dermatology Department, Hospital General de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - C Carrera
- Dermatology Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - P Ortiz
- Dermatology Department, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Gardeazabal
- Dermatology Department, Hospital de Cruces, Bilbao, Spain
| | - A Boada
- Dermatology Department, Hospital Germans Trials i Pujol, Barcelona, Spain
| | - E de Eusebio
- Dermatology Department, Hospital Universitario de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Spain
| | - E Chiner
- Pneumology Department, Hospital San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - C Gonzalez
- Dermatology Department, Hospital d Getafe, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Pérez-Gil
- Dermatology Department, Hospital de Valme, Seville, Spain
| | - D Cullen
- Dermatology Department, Fundación Jiménez Diaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Formigón
- Dermatology Department, Consorcio Sanitario Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - B de Unamuno
- Dermatology Department, Hospital Universitario i Politécnico la Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - C Navarro-Soriano
- Pneumology Department, Hospital Universitario i Politécnico la Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - A Muriel
- Biostatistic Unit, Hospital Ramón y Cajal. IRYCIS, CIBERESP, Nursery Department and Physiotherapy, Alcalá University, Madrid, Spain
| | - D Gozal
- Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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Mazurkiewicz J, Simiczyjew A, Dratkiewicz E, Ziętek M, Matkowski R, Nowak D. Stromal Cells Present in the Melanoma Niche Affect Tumor Invasiveness and Its Resistance to Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E529. [PMID: 33430277 PMCID: PMC7825728 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is a highly metastatic type of cancer, which arises frequently from transformed pigment cells and melanocytes as a result of long-term UV radiation exposure. In recent years, the incidence of newly diagnosed melanoma patients reached 5% of all cancer cases. Despite the development of novel targeted therapies directed against melanoma-specific markers, patients' response to treatment is often weak or short-term due to a rapid acquisition of drug resistance. Among the factors affecting therapy effectiveness, elements of the tumor microenvironment play a major role. Melanoma niche encompasses adjacent cells, such as keratinocytes, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), adipocytes, and immune cells, as well as components of the extracellular matrix and tumor-specific physicochemical properties. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge concerning the influence of cancer-associated cells (keratinocytes, CAFs, adipocytes) on the process of melanomagenesis, tumor progression, invasiveness, and the emergence of drug resistance in melanoma. We also address how melanoma can alter the differentiation and activation status of cells present in the tumor microenvironment. Understanding these complex interactions between malignant and cancer-associated cells could improve the development of effective antitumor therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Mazurkiewicz
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.S.); (E.D.); (D.N.)
| | - Aleksandra Simiczyjew
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.S.); (E.D.); (D.N.)
| | - Ewelina Dratkiewicz
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.S.); (E.D.); (D.N.)
| | - Marcin Ziętek
- Department of Oncology and Division of Surgical Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, Plac Hirszfelda 12, 53-413 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.Z.); (R.M.)
- Wroclaw Comprehensive Cancer Center, Plac Hirszfelda 12, 53-413 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Matkowski
- Department of Oncology and Division of Surgical Oncology, Wroclaw Medical University, Plac Hirszfelda 12, 53-413 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.Z.); (R.M.)
- Wroclaw Comprehensive Cancer Center, Plac Hirszfelda 12, 53-413 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Nowak
- Department of Cell Pathology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.S.); (E.D.); (D.N.)
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10
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Relevance of body mass index as a predictor of systemic therapy outcomes in metastatic melanoma: analysis of the MelBase French cohort data ☆. Ann Oncol 2020; 32:542-551. [PMID: 33385520 DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2020.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 'obesity paradox' suggests that higher body mass index (BMI) is associated with better survival values in metastatic melanoma patients, especially those receiving targeted and immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. Higher BMI is also associated with higher incidences of treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs). This study assesses whether BMI is associated with survival outcomes and adverse events in metastatic melanoma patients with systemic therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS This multicentric retrospective study, conducted from 1 March 2013 to 29 April 2019, enrolled adults with unresectable stage III or IV melanoma from the French multicentric prospective cohort-MelBase (NCT02828202). Patients with first-line chemotherapy and targeted and immune therapy were included. Underweight people and those with metastatic mucosal or ocular melanoma were excluded. BMI was categorized using the World Health Organization criteria. Co-primary outcomes included the association between BMI and progression-free survival and overall survival, stratified by treatment type, sex, and age. Secondary endpoints were the association of BMI with overall response and TRAEs. Multivariate analyses were carried out. RESULTS A total of 1214 patients were analyzed. Their median age was 66.0 years (range, 53-75). Male predominance was observed [n = 738 (61%)]. Most patients received immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy (63%), followed by targeted therapy (32%), and had stage M1c disease (60.5%). Obese patients represented 22% of the cohort. The median follow-up duration was 13.5 months (range, 6.0-27.5). In the pooled analysis, no positive or negative association between BMI and progression-free survival (P = 0.88)/overall survival (P = 0.25) was observed, regardless of treatment type, sex, and age. These results were nonsignificant in the univariate and multivariate analyses. The objective response rate, according to BMI category, did not differ significantly regardless of age. TRAEs were not associated with BMI. CONCLUSION The observed lack of an association between BMI and survival demonstrates that BMI is not a valuable marker of systemic treatment-related outcomes in metastatic melanoma. Future approaches might focus on the whole-body distribution.
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MicroRNA-21-Enriched Exosomes as Epigenetic Regulators in Melanomagenesis and Melanoma Progression: The Impact of Western Lifestyle Factors. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082111. [PMID: 32751207 PMCID: PMC7464294 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA mutation-induced activation of RAS-BRAF-MEK-ERK signaling associated with intermittent or chronic ultraviolet (UV) irradiation cannot exclusively explain the excessive increase of malignant melanoma (MM) incidence since the 1950s. Malignant conversion of a melanocyte to an MM cell and metastatic MM is associated with a steady increase in microRNA-21 (miR-21). At the epigenetic level, miR-21 inhibits key tumor suppressors of the RAS-BRAF signaling pathway enhancing proliferation and MM progression. Increased MM cell levels of miR-21 either result from endogenous upregulation of melanocytic miR-21 expression or by uptake of miR-21-enriched exogenous exosomes. Based on epidemiological data and translational evidence, this review provides deeper insights into environmentally and metabolically induced exosomal miR-21 trafficking beyond UV-irradiation in melanomagenesis and MM progression. Sources of miR-21-enriched exosomes include UV-irradiated keratinocytes, adipocyte-derived exosomes in obesity, airway epithelium-derived exosomes generated by smoking and pollution, diet-related exosomes and inflammation-induced exosomes, which may synergistically increase the exosomal miR-21 burden of the melanocyte, the transformed MM cell and its tumor environment. Several therapeutic agents that suppress MM cell growth and proliferation attenuate miR-21 expression. These include miR-21 antagonists, metformin, kinase inhibitors, beta-blockers, vitamin D, and plant-derived bioactive compounds, which may represent new options for the prevention and treatment of MM.
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Abstract
Leptin is a hormone that plays a major role as mediator of long-term regulation of energy balance, suppressing food intake, and stimulating weight loss. More recently, important physiological roles other than controlling appetite and energy expenditure have been suggested for leptin, including neuroendocrine, reparative, reproductive, and immune functions. These emerging peripheral roles let hypothesize that leptin can modulate also cancer progression. Indeed, many studies have demonstrated that elevated chronic serum concentrations of leptin, frequently seen in obese subjects, represent a stimulatory signal for tumor growth. Current knowledge indicates that also different non-tumoral cells resident in tumor microenvironment may respond to leptin creating a favorable soil for cancer cells. In addition, leptin is produced also within the tumor microenvironment creating the possibility for paracrine and autocrine action. In this review, we describe the main mechanisms that regulate peripheral leptin availability and how leptin can shape tumor microenvironment.
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Modifiable Host Factors in Melanoma: Emerging Evidence for Obesity, Diet, Exercise, and the Microbiome. Curr Oncol Rep 2019; 21:72. [PMID: 31263961 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-019-0814-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We discuss how potentially modifiable factors including obesity, the microbiome, diet, and exercise may impact melanoma development, progression, and therapeutic response. RECENT FINDINGS Obesity is unexpectedly associated with improved outcomes with immune and targeted therapy in melanoma, with early mechanistic data suggesting leptin as one mediator. The gut microbiome is both a biomarker of response to immunotherapy and a potential target. As diet is a major determinant of the gut microbiome, ongoing studies are examining the interaction between diet, the gut microbiome, and immunity. Data are emerging for a potential role of exercise in reducing hypoxia and enhancing anti-tumor immunity, though this has not yet been well-studied in the context of contemporary therapies. Recent data suggests energy balance may play a role in the outcomes of metastatic melanoma. Further studies are needed to demonstrate mechanism and causality as well as the feasibility of targeting these factors.
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14
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Wang Z, Aguilar EG, Luna JI, Dunai C, Khuat LT, Le CT, Mirsoian A, Minnar CM, Stoffel KM, Sturgill IR, Grossenbacher SK, Withers SS, Rebhun RB, Hartigan-O'Connor DJ, Méndez-Lagares G, Tarantal AF, Isseroff RR, Griffith TS, Schalper KA, Merleev A, Saha A, Maverakis E, Kelly K, Aljumaily R, Ibrahimi S, Mukherjee S, Machiorlatti M, Vesely SK, Longo DL, Blazar BR, Canter RJ, Murphy WJ, Monjazeb AM. Paradoxical effects of obesity on T cell function during tumor progression and PD-1 checkpoint blockade. Nat Med 2019; 25:141-151. [PMID: 30420753 PMCID: PMC6324991 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-018-0221-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 503] [Impact Index Per Article: 100.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The recent successes of immunotherapy have shifted the paradigm in cancer treatment, but because only a percentage of patients are responsive to immunotherapy, it is imperative to identify factors impacting outcome. Obesity is reaching pandemic proportions and is a major risk factor for certain malignancies, but the impact of obesity on immune responses, in general and in cancer immunotherapy, is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate, across multiple species and tumor models, that obesity results in increased immune aging, tumor progression and PD-1-mediated T cell dysfunction which is driven, at least in part, by leptin. However, obesity is also associated with increased efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade in both tumor-bearing mice and clinical cancer patients. These findings advance our understanding of obesity-induced immune dysfunction and its consequences in cancer and highlight obesity as a biomarker for some cancer immunotherapies. These data indicate a paradoxical impact of obesity on cancer. There is heightened immune dysfunction and tumor progression but also greater anti-tumor efficacy and survival after checkpoint blockade which directly targets some of the pathways activated in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziming Wang
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Ethan G Aguilar
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Jesus I Luna
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Cordelia Dunai
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Lam T Khuat
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Catherine T Le
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Annie Mirsoian
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Christine M Minnar
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Kevin M Stoffel
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Ian R Sturgill
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Steven K Grossenbacher
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Sita S Withers
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Robert B Rebhun
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Dennis J Hartigan-O'Connor
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Gema Méndez-Lagares
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Alice F Tarantal
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - R Rivkah Isseroff
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Dermatology Service, Sacramento VA Medical Center, Mather, CA, USA
| | - Thomas S Griffith
- Department of Urology, Center for Immunology, Masonic Cancer Center, Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kurt A Schalper
- Department of Pathology & Translational Immuno-oncology Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alexander Merleev
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Immune Monitoring Core, University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Asim Saha
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Emanual Maverakis
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Immune Monitoring Core, University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Karen Kelly
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Davis Schoolof Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Raid Aljumaily
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Hematology and Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Sami Ibrahimi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Hematology and Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Sarbajit Mukherjee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Hematology and Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Michael Machiorlatti
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Sara K Vesely
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Dan L Longo
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Masonic Cancer Center and Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Robert J Canter
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - William J Murphy
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Davis Schoolof Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA.
| | - Arta M Monjazeb
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Universityof California School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
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Chen GL, Luo Y, Eriksson D, Meng X, Qian C, Bäuerle T, Chen XX, Schett G, Bozec A. High fat diet increases melanoma cell growth in the bone marrow by inducing osteopontin and interleukin 6. Oncotarget 2018; 7:26653-69. [PMID: 27049717 PMCID: PMC5042005 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of metabolic stress induced by obesity on the bone marrow melanoma niche is largely unknown. Here we employed diet induced obese mice model, where mice received high-fat (HFD) or normal diet (ND) for 6 weeks before challenge with B16F10 melanoma cells. Tumor size, bone loss and osteoclasts numbers were assessed histologically in the tibial bones. For defining the molecular pathway, osteopontin knock-out mice, interleukin 6 neutralizing antibody or Janus kinase 2 inhibition were carried out in the same model. Mechanistic studies such as adipocyte-melanoma co-cultures for defining adipocyte induced changes of tumor cell proliferation and expression profiles were also performed. As results, HFD enhanced melanoma burden in bone by increasing tumor area and osteoclast numbers. This process was associated with higher numbers of bone marrow adipocytes expressing IL-6 in direct vicinity to tumor cells. Inhibition of IL-6 or of downstream JAK2 blocked HFD-induced tumor progression. Furthermore, the phenotypic changes of melanoma cells triggered macrophage and osteoclast accumulation accompanied by increased osteopontin expression. Osteopontin triggered osteoclastogenesis and also exerted a positive feedback loop to tumor cells, which was abrogated in its absence. Metabolic stress by HFD promotes melanoma growth in the bone marrow by an increase in bone marrow adipocytes and IL-6-JAK2-osteopontin mediated activation of tumor cells and osteoclast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Liang Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Minhang District Central Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yubin Luo
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Daniel Eriksson
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Xianyi Meng
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Cheng Qian
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tobias Bäuerle
- Institute of Radiology, University Medical Center Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Xiao-Xiang Chen
- Department of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Georg Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Aline Bozec
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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16
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Liu Z, Wang J, Xing W, Peng Y, Quan J, Fan X. LPS binding to HMGB1 promotes angiogenic behavior of endothelial cells through inhibition of p120 and CD31 via ERK/P38/Src signaling. Eur J Cell Biol 2017; 96:695-704. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Yarlagadda K, Hassani J, Foote IP, Markowitz J. The role of nitric oxide in melanoma. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2017; 1868:500-509. [PMID: 28963068 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a small gaseous signaling molecule that mediates its effects in melanoma through free radical formation and enzymatic processes. Investigations have demonstrated multiple roles for NO in melanoma pathology via immune surveillance, apoptosis, angiogenesis, melanogenesis, and on the melanoma cell itself. In general, elevated levels of NO prognosticate a poor outcome for melanoma patients. However, there are processes where the relative concentration of NO in different environments may also serve to limit melanoma proliferation. This review serves to outline the roles of NO in melanoma development and proliferation. As demonstrated by multiple in vivo murine models and observations from human tissue, NO may promote melanoma formation and proliferation through its interaction via inhibitory immune cells, inhibition of apoptosis, stimulation of pro-tumorigenic cytokines, activation of tumor associated macrophages, alteration of angiogenic processes, and stimulation of melanoma formation itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keerthi Yarlagadda
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center Tampa, FL 33612, United States
| | - John Hassani
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center Tampa, FL 33612, United States
| | - Isaac P Foote
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center Tampa, FL 33612, United States
| | - Joseph Markowitz
- Department of Cutaneous Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center Tampa, FL 33612, United States.
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18
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Fang S, Wang Y, Dang Y, Gagel A, Ross MI, Gershenwald JE, Cormier JN, Wargo J, Haydu LE, Davies MA, McQuade JL, Sui D, Bassett RL, Reveille JD, Wei Q, Amos CI, Lee JE. Association between Body Mass Index, C-Reactive Protein Levels, and Melanoma Patient Outcomes. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:1792-1795. [PMID: 28442307 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shenying Fang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
| | - Yuling Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yifang Dang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Andrew Gagel
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Merrick I Ross
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jeffrey E Gershenwald
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Janice N Cormier
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jennifer Wargo
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Lauren E Haydu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Michael A Davies
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jennifer L McQuade
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Dawen Sui
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Roland L Bassett
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - John D Reveille
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunogenetics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Qingyi Wei
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Christopher I Amos
- Community and Family Medicine, Geisel College of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Jeffrey E Lee
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
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19
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De Giorgi V, Gori A, Savarese I, D'Errico A, Scarfì F, Papi F, Maio V, Covarelli P, Massi D, Gandini S. Role of BMI and hormone therapy in melanoma risk: a case-control study. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2017; 143:1191-1197. [PMID: 28289899 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-017-2387-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, the association between body mass index (BMI) and hormone therapies and Cutaneous Melanoma (CM) development is strongly debated. This study was carried out to assess the association between BMI, hormone therapies, and CM risk. METHODS The present study is a hospital-based case-control study with 605 consecutive CM patients and 592 controls treated for non-neoplastic conditions at the Department of Dermatology in Florence. The associations of melanoma risk with BMI and hormone therapies were assessed performing unconditional logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals, adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS We found a significant interaction of BMI with age (P < 0.0001): being overweight significantly increased CM risk among individuals less than 50 years old (OR = 1.85 with 95% CI 1.14-2.94), whereas the association was not significant for individuals over 50 years old (OR = 1.15 with 95% CI 0.77-1.71). For oestrogen therapy, women taking oral contraceptives (OCs)/hormone replacement therapy (HRT) showed a lower CM risk than men (OR = 0.63, 95% CI 0.44-0.89), with risk estimates significantly lower (P < 0.0001) than in non OCs/HRT users, which had an increased risk compared to men (OR = 1.81, 95% CI 1.29-2.53). CONCLUSIONS Being overweight was significantly associated with CM risk, and this relationship was highly age-conditioned; the second finding was the protective effect of oestrogen therapies for women. Both findings may have a significant impact on melanoma prevention, as the prevalence of obesity and hormone therapy use is increasing worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo De Giorgi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Florence, Via Michelangelo 41, 50124, Florence, Italy.
- Cancer Research "Attilia Pofferi" Foundation, Pistoia, Italy.
| | - Alessia Gori
- Cancer Research "Attilia Pofferi" Foundation, Pistoia, Italy
| | - Imma Savarese
- Department of Dermatology, University of Florence, Via Michelangelo 41, 50124, Florence, Italy
| | - Antonietta D'Errico
- Department of Dermatology, University of Florence, Via Michelangelo 41, 50124, Florence, Italy
| | - Federica Scarfì
- Department of Dermatology, University of Florence, Via Michelangelo 41, 50124, Florence, Italy
| | - Federica Papi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Florence, Via Michelangelo 41, 50124, Florence, Italy
| | - Vincenza Maio
- Department of Human Pathology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Piero Covarelli
- Department of Dermatology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Daniela Massi
- Department of Human Pathology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Sara Gandini
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
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20
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Clement E, Lazar I, Muller C, Nieto L. Obesity and melanoma: could fat be fueling malignancy? Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2017; 30:294-306. [PMID: 28222242 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, it has become increasingly clear that adipose tissue, and particularly adipocytes, contributes to tumor progression. Obesity, an ever-increasing worldwide phenomenon, exacerbates this effect. The influence of obesity on melanoma remains poorly studied, although recent data do underline an association between the two diseases in both humans and murine models. Herein, we review the impact of obesity on melanoma incidence and progression and discuss the underlying mechanisms known to be involved. Adipose tissue favors the proliferation and aggressiveness of melanoma cells through a direct dialog, mediated by soluble factors and by exosomes, and through remodeling of the tumor microenvironment. This knowledge could, in the future, help to design new personalized therapeutic options for obese melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Clement
- Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Ikrame Lazar
- Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Catherine Muller
- Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Laurence Nieto
- Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Toulouse Cedex, France
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21
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Xia S, Lin R, Jin L, Zhao L, Kang HB, Pan Y, Liu S, Qian G, Qian Z, Konstantakou E, Zhang B, Dong JT, Chung YR, Abdel-Wahab O, Merghoub T, Zhou L, Kudchadkar RR, Lawson DH, Khoury HJ, Khuri FR, Boise LH, Lonial S, Lee BH, Pollack BP, Arbiser JL, Fan J, Lei QY, Chen J. Prevention of Dietary-Fat-Fueled Ketogenesis Attenuates BRAF V600E Tumor Growth. Cell Metab 2017; 25:358-373. [PMID: 28089569 PMCID: PMC5299059 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Lifestyle factors, including diet, play an important role in the survival of cancer patients. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying pathogenic links between diet and particular oncogenic mutations in human cancers remain unclear. We recently reported that the ketone body acetoacetate selectively enhances BRAF V600E mutant-dependent MEK1 activation in human cancers. Here we show that a high-fat ketogenic diet increased serum levels of acetoacetate, leading to enhanced tumor growth potential of BRAF V600E-expressing human melanoma cells in xenograft mice. Treatment with hypolipidemic agents to lower circulating acetoacetate levels or an inhibitory homolog of acetoacetate, dehydroacetic acid, to antagonize acetoacetate-BRAF V600E binding attenuated BRAF V600E tumor growth. These findings reveal a signaling basis underlying a pathogenic role of dietary fat in BRAF V600E-expressing melanoma, providing insights into the design of conceptualized "precision diets" that may prevent or delay tumor progression based on an individual's specific oncogenic mutation profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Xia
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ruiting Lin
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Lingtao Jin
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Liang Zhao
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Hee-Bum Kang
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Yaozhu Pan
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Shuangping Liu
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Guoqing Qian
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Zhiyu Qian
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Evmorfia Konstantakou
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Baotong Zhang
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jin-Tang Dong
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | | | - Taha Merghoub
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lu Zhou
- Cancer Metabolism Laboratory, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ragini R Kudchadkar
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - David H Lawson
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Hanna J Khoury
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Fadlo R Khuri
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Lawrence H Boise
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Sagar Lonial
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Benjamin H Lee
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Brian P Pollack
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jack L Arbiser
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jun Fan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Qun-Ying Lei
- Cancer Metabolism Laboratory, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Oliveira S, Coelho P, Prudêncio C, Vieira M, Soares R, Guerreiro SG, Fernandes R. Melanoma and obesity: Should antioxidant vitamins be addressed? Life Sci 2016; 165:83-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Karimi K, Lindgren TH, Koch CA, Brodell RT. Obesity as a risk factor for malignant melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2016; 17:389-403. [PMID: 27832418 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-016-9393-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The dramatic increases in incidence of both obesity and many cancers including skin cancer emphasize the need to better understand the pathophysiology of both conditions and their connections. Melanoma is considered the fastest growing cancer and rates of non-melanoma skin cancer have also increased over the last decade. The molecular mechanisms underlying the association between obesity and skin cancer are not clearly understood but emerging evidence points to changes in the tumor microenvironment including aberrant cell signaling and genomic instability in the chronic inflammatory state many obese individuals experience. This article reviews the literature linking obesity to melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Karimi
- School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - T H Lindgren
- School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - C A Koch
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
- Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
- G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Robert T Brodell
- Department of Dermatology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA.
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Modified Atkins diet in advanced malignancies - final results of a safety and feasibility trial within the Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2016; 13:52. [PMID: 27525031 PMCID: PMC4983076 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-016-0113-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dysfunctional mitochondrial processes limit malignant cells ability to use energy from fatty acids and ketones. Animal studies using ketogenic diets for cancer show encouraging results. We tested the diet’s safety and feasibility in cancer patients across a broad variety of solid tumors. Methods We recruited 17 advanced cancer patients who were not on chemotherapy. They consumed 20 to 40 g of carbohydrates daily with evaluations performed weekly until week 4, then every 4 weeks until 16 weeks. Quality of life questionnaires monitored for tolerability and compliance. Positron emission/computerized tomography was ordered at baseline, 4,8 and 16 weeks. Student t-testing evaluated differences between baseline and last visit scores for quality of life, weight, body mass index, and serum parameters. Correlations between weight loss and serum ketones, glucose, lipids and creatinine were done. Two-tailed unpaired t-testing of the mean weight loss compared responders against non-responders. Results Eleven out of seventeen enrolled patients were evaluable. Mean age was 65+/- 11.7 years, weight 203 +/- 4.98 lbs. (92 ± 2.3 kgs.) and previous treatment failures was 1.7, +/- 0.97. All lost significant weight with hematologic, biochemical and lipid tests remaining stable. Quality of life scores slightly improved. At 4,8 and 16 weeks, six (54.5 %), five (45.4 %) and four (36 %) patients were stable or improved. We observed no correlations between serum glucose, ketones or lipids. Clinical response did not correlate with ketosis or glycemia. Responders (stable disease or partial responders) lost statistically more weight than non-responders. Dietary compliance was difficult. Only three patients continued dieting past 16 weeks. Out of these, two patients developed brain metastases and were on steroids. They survived 80 and 116 weeks respectively. The third patient underwent residual tumor resection and has no disease at 131 weeks. Conclusions Modified Atkins diets are safe and feasible in advanced cancer. Quality of life was preserved. Patients who lost at least 10 % of their body weight responded the best. Steroid intake affected optimal ketone and glucose levels. Despite this, survival improved in some melanoma and lung cancer patients. Further studies are recommended. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01716468. Registered on September 18, 2012
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25
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Amjadi F, Mehdipoor R, Zarkesh-Esfahani H, Javanmard SH. Leptin serves as angiogenic/mitogenic factor in melanoma tumor growth. Adv Biomed Res 2016; 5:127. [PMID: 27563637 PMCID: PMC4976532 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.187005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Tumor development is angiogenesis dependent. There is evidence that leptin contributes to tumor growth. However, all the mechanisms by which leptin does this has not been clearly established. The objective of the present study was to test the hypothesis that leptin enhances melanoma tumor growth through inducing angiogenesis and cell proliferation. Materials and Methods: We injected 2 × 106 B16F10 melanoma cells subcutaneously to 32 C57BL6 mice. The mice were randomly divided into four groups of eight animals, on day 8. Two groups received twice daily intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of either phosphate buffered saline or recombinant murine leptin (1 μg/g initial body weight). Two groups received i.p. injections of either 9F8 an anti leptin receptor antibody or the control mouse IgG at 50 μg/injection every 3 consecutive days. By the end of the 2nd week, the animals were euthanized and blood samples and tumors were analyzed. Angiogenesis and proliferation were assessed by immunohistochemical staining for CD31 and Ki-67 respectively. Results: Tumors size, capillary density, plasma levels of vascular endothelial growth factor, and the number of Ki-67-positive stained cells were significantly more in the leptin than 9F8 and both control groups (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Taken together, our findings reinforce the idea that leptin acts as an angiogenic and mitogenic factor to promote melanoma growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemehsadat Amjadi
- Department of Physiology, Applied Physiology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Anatomy, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roshanak Mehdipoor
- Isfahan Medical Student Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hamid Zarkesh-Esfahani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Immunology, Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shaghayegh Haghjooy Javanmard
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Applied Physiology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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26
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Oba J, Wei W, Gershenwald JE, Johnson MM, Wyatt CM, Ellerhorst JA, Grimm EA. Elevated Serum Leptin Levels are Associated With an Increased Risk of Sentinel Lymph Node Metastasis in Cutaneous Melanoma. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e3073. [PMID: 26986135 PMCID: PMC4839916 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000003073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The metabolic hormone leptin has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various malignancies and may contribute to the high rate of cancer in obese individuals. We reported that leptin and its receptor are expressed by melanoma tumors and cell lines, and that leptin stimulates proliferation of cultured melanoma cells. Here, we tested the hypothesis that leptin contributes to early melanoma progression by assessing its association with sentinel node positivity in cutaneous melanoma patients. The study enrolled 72 patients who were scheduled to undergo lymphatic mapping and sentinel node biopsy. Fasting blood was obtained before surgery, and serum leptin levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with a "raw" (assay value) and an "adjusted" value (raw value divided by body mass index). Leptin levels and other clinicopathologic parameters were compared between sentinel node positive and negative groups. Logistic regression models were used to predict sentinel node status using leptin and other relevant clinical parameters. The raw and adjusted leptin levels were significantly higher in the 15 patients with positive sentinel nodes. These findings could not be attributed to differences in body mass indices. Univariate models revealed raw leptin, adjusted leptin, Breslow thickness, and mitotic rate as significant predictors of sentinel node status. Leptin levels and Breslow thickness remained significant in multivariate models. Survival and follow-up analysis revealed more aggressive disease in diabetic patients. Elevated serum leptin levels predict sentinel node metastasis in melanoma. Validation of this finding in larger cohorts should enable better stratification of early stage melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junna Oba
- From the Departments of Melanoma Medical Oncology Research (JO, JAE, EAG); Biostatistics (WW, MMJ); and Surgical Oncology (JEG, CMW), University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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Adya R, Tan BK, Randeva HS. Differential effects of leptin and adiponectin in endothelial angiogenesis. J Diabetes Res 2015; 2015:648239. [PMID: 25650072 PMCID: PMC4310451 DOI: 10.1155/2015/648239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a major health burden with an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Endothelial dysfunction is pivotal to the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). In relation to this, adipose tissue secreted factors termed "adipokines" have been reported to modulate endothelial dysfunction. In this review, we focus on two of the most abundant circulating adipokines, that is, leptin and adiponectin, in the development of endothelial dysfunction. Leptin has been documented to influence a multitude of organ systems, that is, central nervous system (appetite regulation, satiety factor) and cardiovascular system (endothelial dysfunction leading to atherosclerosis). Adiponectin, circulating at a much higher concentration, exists in different molecular weight forms, essentially made up of the collagenous fraction and a globular domain, the latter being investigated minimally for its involvement in proinflammatory processes including activation of NF-κβ and endothelial adhesion molecules. The opposing actions of the two forms of adiponectin in endothelial cells have been recently demonstrated. Additionally, a local and systemic change to multimeric forms of adiponectin has gained importance. Thus detailed investigations on the potential interplay between these adipokines would likely result in better understanding of the missing links connecting CVD, adipokines, and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghu Adya
- Division of Translational and Systems Medicine-Metabolic and Vascular Health, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- *Raghu Adya:
| | - Bee K. Tan
- Division of Translational and Systems Medicine-Metabolic and Vascular Health, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham B9 5SS, UK
| | - Harpal S. Randeva
- Division of Translational and Systems Medicine-Metabolic and Vascular Health, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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Kontautiene S, Stang A, Gollnick H, Valiukeviciene S. The role of phenotype, body mass index, parental and sun exposure factors in the prevalence of melanocytic nevi among schoolchildren in Lithuania. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2014; 29:1506-16. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.12905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Kontautiene
- Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases; Lithuanian University of Health Sciences; Kaunas Lithuania
| | - A. Stang
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry, and Epidemiology; University Hospital of Essen; University Duisburg-Essen; Essen Germany
| | - H. Gollnick
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology; Otto-von-Guericke-University; Magdeburg Germany
| | - S. Valiukeviciene
- Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases; Lithuanian University of Health Sciences; Kaunas Lithuania
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β3-adrenergic receptor activity modulates melanoma cell proliferation and survival through nitric oxide signaling. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2014; 387:533-43. [PMID: 24599317 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-014-0969-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We have recently shown in B16F10 melanoma cells that blockade of β3-adrenergic receptors (β3-ARs) reduces cell proliferation and induces apoptosis, likely through the involvement of nitric oxide (NO) signaling. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the effects of β3-AR blockade on melanoma cells are mainly mediated by a decrease in the activity of the NO pathway, possibly due to reduced expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS). B16F10 cells were used. Nitrite production, iNOS expression, cell proliferation, and apoptosis were evaluated. β3-AR blockade with L-748,337 reduced basal nitrite production, while β3-AR stimulation with BRL37344 increased it. The effects of β3-AR blockade were prevented by NOS activation, while the effects of β3-AR activation were prevented by NOS inhibition. Treatments increasing nitrite production also increased iNOS expression, while treatments decreasing nitrite production reduced iNOS expression. Among the different NOS isoforms, experiments using L-748,337 or BRL37344 with activators or inhibitors targeting specific NOS isoforms demonstrated a prominent role of iNOS in nitrite production. β3-AR blockade decreased cell proliferation and induced apoptosis, while β3-AR activation had the opposite effects. The effects of β3-AR blockade/activation were prevented by iNOS activation/inhibition, respectively. Taken together, these results demonstrate that iNOS-produced NO is a downstream effector of β3-ARs and that the beneficial effects of β3-AR blockade on melanoma B16F10 cell proliferation and apoptosis are functionally linked to reduced iNOS expression and NO production. Although it is difficult to extrapolate these data to the clinical setting, the targeted inhibition of the β3-AR-NO axis may offer a new therapeutic perspective to treat melanomas.
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Leptin's Pro-Angiogenic Signature in Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2013; 5:1140-62. [PMID: 24202338 PMCID: PMC3795383 DOI: 10.3390/cancers5031140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is linked to increased incidence of breast cancer. The precise causes and mechanisms of these morbid relationships are unknown. Contradictory data on leptin angiogenic actions have been published. However, accumulating evidence would suggest that leptin’s pro-angiogenic effects in cancer play an essential role in the disease. Leptin, the main adipokine secreted by adipose tissue, is also abnormally expressed together with its receptor (OB-R) by breast cancer cells. Leptin induces proliferation and angiogenic differentiation of endothelial cells upregulates VEGF/VEGFR2 and transactivates VEGFR2 independent of VEGF. Leptin induces two angiogenic factors: IL-1 and Notch that can increase VEGF expression. Additionally, leptin induces the secretion and synthesis of proteases and adhesion molecules needed for the development of angiogenesis. Leptin’s paracrine actions can further affect stromal cells and tumor associated macrophages, which express OB-R and secrete VEGF and IL-1, respectively. A complex crosstalk between leptin, Notch and IL-1 (NILCO) that induces VEGF/VEGFR2 is found in breast cancer. Leptin actions in tumor angiogenesis could amplify, be redundant and/or compensatory to VEGF signaling. Current failure of breast cancer anti-angiogenic therapies emphasizes the necessity of targeting the contribution of other pro-angiogenic factors in breast cancer. Leptin’s impact on tumor angiogenesis could be a novel target for breast cancer, especially in obese patients. However, more research is needed to establish the importance of leptin in tumor angiogenesis. This review is focused on updated information on how leptin could contribute to tumor angiogenesis.
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Abstract
The increasing percentage of obese individuals in the population and its independent association of increased risk for the development of cancer have heightened the necessity to understand the molecular mechanisms that underlie this connection. The deregulation of adipokines in the setting of obesity and their impact on cancer progression and metastasis is one such area of research. Adipokines are bioactive proteins that mediate metabolism, inflammation, angiogenesis, and proliferation. Altered levels of adipokines or their cognate receptors in cancers can ultimately lead to an imbalance in downstream molecular pathways. Discovery of adipokine receptors in various cancers has highlighted the potential for novel therapeutic targets. Leptin and adiponectin represent two adipokines that elicit generally opposing molecular effects. Epidemiologic studies have highlighted associations between increased serum leptin levels and increased tumor growth, whereas adiponectin exhibits an inverse correlation with cancer development. This review addresses the current level of understanding of molecular pathways activated by adiponectin and leptin to identify the areas of intervention and facilitate advancement in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N Vansaun
- Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA.
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32
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The balance between leptin and adiponectin in the control of carcinogenesis - focus on mammary tumorigenesis. Biochimie 2012; 94:2164-71. [PMID: 22728769 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A number of studies indicate that a growing list of cancers may be influenced by obesity. In obese individuals these cancers can be more frequent and more aggressive resulting in reduced survival. One of the most prominent and well characterized cancers in this regard is breast cancer. Obesity plays a complex role in breast cancer and is associated with increased inflammation, angiogenesis and alterations in serum levels of potential growth factors such as insulin, adiponectin, leptin and estrogen. Reduced levels of serum adiponectin have been reported in breast cancer patients compared to healthy controls, particularly in postmenopausal women and the level of adiponectin has been shown to be inversely associated with insulin resistance. The role of serum leptin levels in breast cancer appears to be more complex. Some studies have shown leptin to be increased in women with breast cancer but other studies have found leptin to be decreased or unchanged. This may be due to a number of confounding issues. We and others propose that it may be the levels of adiponectin and leptin as well as the balance of adiponectin and leptin that are the critical factors in breast and other obesity related cancer tumorigenesis. This review will focus on the current understanding of the interplay between obesity and the functions of leptin and adiponectin. It will then examine what is known about their potential roles in cancer particularly as pertains to breast cancer and how the ratio of adiponectin to leptin may play a role in tumorigenesis.
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Morvan D, Steyaert JM, Schwartz L, Israel M, Demidem A. Normal human melanocytes exposed to chronic insulin and glucose supplementation undergo oncogenic changes and methyl group metabolism cellular redistribution. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 302:E1407-18. [PMID: 22472999 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00594.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent epidemiological studies have suggested a link between cancer and pathophysiological conditions associated with hyperinsulinemia. In this report, we address the possible role of insulin exposure in melanocyte transformation. To this aim, normal melanocytes were exposed to chronic insulin and glucose supplementation (twice the standard medium concentration) for at least 3 wk. After 3-wk treatment, melanocytes increased proliferation (doubling time: 2.7 vs. 5.6 days, P < 0.01). After 3-wk treatment or after 3-wk treatment followed by 4-wk reculture in standard medium, melanocytes were able to grow in soft agar colonies. Treated melanocytes had increased DNA content (+8%, P < 0.05), chromosomal aberrations, and modified oncoprotein profile: p-Akt expression increased (+32%, P < 0.01), Akt decreased, and c-Myc increased (+40%, P < 0.05). PP2A protein expression increased (+42, P < 0.05), while PP2A methylation decreased (-42%, P < 0.05), and PP2A activity was reduced (-27%, P < 0.05). PP2A transcription level was increased (ppp2r1a, PP2A subunit A, +44%, P < 0.05). Also, transcriptomic data revealed modifications in insr (insulin receptors, +10%, P < 0.05) and Il8 (inflammation protein, +99%, P < 0.01). Glycolysis was modified with increased transcription of Pgk1 and Hif1a (P < 0.05), decreased transcription of Pfkfb3 (P < 0.05), decreased activity of pyruvate kinase (P < 0.01), and decreased pyruvate cell content as assessed by (1)H-NMR spectroscopy. In addition, methyl group metabolism was altered with decreased global DNA methylation (-51%, P < 0.01), increased cytosolic protein methylation (+18%, P < 0.05), and consistent changes in methylated species on (1)H-NMR spectra. In conclusion, exposure to chronic insulin and glucose supplementation induces oncogenic changes and methyl group metabolism redistribution, which may be a biomarker of transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Morvan
- Centre INRA de Clermont-Ferrand, 63122 Saint Genes Champanelle, France
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35
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Tahergorabi Z, Khazaei M. A review on angiogenesis and its assays. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2012; 15:1110-26. [PMID: 23653839 PMCID: PMC3646220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis or formation of new blood vessels from preexisting vasculature is a key process in some physiological conditions such as wound healing, growth, and action of female reproductive organs. Moreover, disturbance of the mechanisms of physiological angiogenesis has a role in pathogenesis of some diseases in the form of overproliferation of blood vessels such as cancers, psoriasis, arthritis, retinopathies, obesity, asthma, and atherosclerosis or impaired angiogenesis participates in diseases such as heart and brain ischemia, neurodegeneration, hypertension, osteoporosis, respiratory distress, preeclampsia, endometriosis, postpartum cardiomyopathy, and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Research and study in angiogenesis provide a potential to cure a variety of diseases such as cancers or cardiovascular diseases. Thus, in recent years, several methods for evaluation of angiogenesis have been introduced and selecting the most appropriate cure is very important. In this article, first, we briefly reviewed appropriate assays to evaluate therapeutic angiogenesis (clinical manipulation of angiogenesis) and its importance during some clinical diseases and then introduced in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo assays of angiogenesis besides their benefits and disadvantages. Next, some quantitative techniques for assessing angiogenesis have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoya Tahergorabi
- Department of Physiology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Majid Khazaei
- Department of Physiology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,Corresponding author: Tel: +98-311-7922407; Fax: +98-311-6688597;
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Saito H, Yamamoto Y, Yamamoto H. Diabetes alters subsets of endothelial progenitor cells that reside in blood, bone marrow, and spleen. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2011; 302:C892-901. [PMID: 22159079 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00380.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) derived from the bone marrow (BM) participate in maintaining endothelial integrity and vascular homeostasis. Reduced EPC number and function result in vascular complications in diabetes. EPCs are a population of cells existing in various differentiation stages, and their cell surface marker profiles change during the process of mobilization and maturation. Hence, a generally accepted marker combination and a standardized protocol for the quantification of EPCs remain to be established. To determine the EPC subsets that are affected by diabetes, we comprehensively analyzed 32 surface marker combinations of mouse peripheral blood (PB), BM, and spleen cells by multicolor flow cytometry. Ten subsets equivalent to previously reported mouse EPCs significantly declined in number in the PB of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice, and this reduction was reversed by insulin treatment. The PI(-)Lin(-)c-Kit(-)Sca-1(+)Flk-1(-)CD34(-)CD31(+) EPC cluster, which can differentiate into mature endothelial cells in vitro, was the highest population in the PB, BM, and spleen and occurred 61 times more in the spleen than in the PB. The cell number significantly decreased in the BM as well as in the PB but paradoxically increased in the spleen under diabetic conditions. Insulin treatment reversed the decrease of EPC subsets in the BM and PB and reversed their increase in spleen. A similar tendency was observed in some of the major cell populations in db/db mice. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to report spatial population changes in mouse EPCs by diabetes in the blood and in the BM across the spleen. Diminished circulating EPC supply by diabetes may be ascribed to impaired EPC production in the BM and to decreased EPC mobilization from the spleen, which may contribute to vascular dysfunction in diabetic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidehito Saito
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Vascular Biology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Japan
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