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Ray R, Singh P. Prevalence and Implications of Shiga Toxin-Producing E. coli in Farm and Wild Ruminants. Pathogens 2022; 11:1332. [PMID: 36422584 PMCID: PMC9694250 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11111332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a food-borne pathogen that causes human gastrointestinal infections across the globe, leading to kidney failure or even death in severe cases. E. coli are commensal members of humans and animals' (cattle, bison, and pigs) guts, however, may acquire Shiga-toxin-encoded phages. This acquisition or colonization by STEC may lead to dysbiosis in the intestinal microbial community of the host. Wildlife and livestock animals can be asymptomatically colonized by STEC, leading to pathogen shedding and transmission. Furthermore, there has been a steady uptick in new STEC variants representing various serotypes. These, along with hybrids of other pathogenic E. coli (UPEC and ExPEC), are of serious concern, especially when they possess enhanced antimicrobial resistance, biofilm formation, etc. Recent studies have reported these in the livestock and food industry with minimal focus on wildlife. Disturbed natural habitats and changing climates are increasingly creating wildlife reservoirs of these pathogens, leading to a rise in zoonotic infections. Therefore, this review comprehensively surveyed studies on STEC prevalence in livestock and wildlife hosts. We further present important microbial and environmental factors contributing to STEC spread as well as infections. Finally, we delve into potential strategies for limiting STEC shedding and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pallavi Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, Dekalb, IL 60115, USA
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2
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dos Santos RL, Davanzo EFA, Palma JM, Castro VHDL, da Costa HMB, Dallago BSL, Perecmanis S, Santana ÂP. Molecular characterization and biofilm-formation analysis of Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., and Escherichia coli isolated from Brazilian swine slaughterhouses. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274636. [PMID: 36126071 PMCID: PMC9488830 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to verify the presence of Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., and Escherichia coli in two Brazilian swine slaughterhouses, as well as to perform antibiograms, detect virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes, and evaluate the in vitro biofilm-forming capability of bacterial isolates from these environments. One Salmonella Typhi isolate and 21 E. coli isolates were detected, while L. monocytogenes was not detected. S. Typhi was isolated from the carcass cooling chamber’s floor, resistant to several antimicrobials, including nalidixic acid, cefazolin, chloramphenicol, doxycycline, streptomycin, gentamicin, tetracycline, and sulfonamide, and contained resistance genes, such as tet(B), tet(C), tet(M), and ampC. It also showed moderate biofilm-forming capacity at 37°C after incubating for 72 h. The prevalence of the 21 E. coli isolates was also the highest on the carcass cooling chamber floor (three of the four samplings [75%]). The E. coli isolates were resistant to 12 of the 13 tested antimicrobials, and none showed sensitivity to chloramphenicol, an antimicrobial prohibited in animal feed since 2003 in Brazil. The resistance genes MCR-1, MCR-3, sul1, ampC, clmA, cat1, tet(A), tet(B), and blaSHV, as well as the virulence genes stx-1, hlyA, eae, tir α, tir β, tir γ, and saa were detected in the E. coli isolates. Moreover, 5 (23.8%) and 15 (71.4%) E. coli isolates presented strong and moderate biofilm-forming capacity, respectively. In general, the biofilm-forming capacity increased after incubating for 72 h at 10°C. The biofilm-forming capacity was the lowest after incubating for 24 h at 37°C. Due to the presence of resistance and virulence genes, multi-antimicrobial resistance, and biofilm-forming capacity, the results of this study suggest a risk to the public health as these pathogens are associated with foodborne diseases, which emphasizes the hazard of resistance gene propagation in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Lavarini dos Santos
- Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Joana Marchesini Palma
- Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
| | | | | | - Bruno Stéfano Lima Dallago
- Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
| | - Simone Perecmanis
- Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
| | - Ângela Patrícia Santana
- Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
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Grout L, Marshall J, Hales S, Baker MG, French N. Dairy Cattle Density and Temporal Patterns of Human Campylobacteriosis and Cryptosporidiosis in New Zealand. ECOHEALTH 2022; 19:273-289. [PMID: 35689151 PMCID: PMC9276729 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-022-01593-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Public health risks associated with the intensification of dairy farming are an emerging concern. Dairy cattle are a reservoir for a number of pathogens that can cause human illness. This study examined the spatial distribution of dairy cattle density and explored temporal patterns of human campylobacteriosis and cryptosporidiosis notifications in New Zealand from 1997 to 2015. Maps of dairy cattle density were produced, and temporal patterns of disease rates were assessed for urban versus rural areas and for areas with different dairy cattle densities using descriptive temporal analyses. Campylobacteriosis and cryptosporidiosis rates displayed strong seasonal patterns, with highest rates in spring in rural areas and, for campylobacteriosis, summer in urban areas. Increases in rural cases often preceded increases in urban cases. Furthermore, disease rates in areas with higher dairy cattle densities tended to peak before areas with low densities or no dairy cattle. Infected dairy calves may be a direct or indirect source of campylobacteriosis or cryptosporidiosis infection in humans through environmental or occupational exposure routes, including contact with animals or feces, recreational contact with contaminated waterways, and consumption of untreated drinking water. These results have public health implications for populations living, working, or recreating in proximity to dairy farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Grout
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, 6021, New Zealand.
| | - Jonathan Marshall
- School of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4474, New Zealand
| | - Simon Hales
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, 6021, New Zealand
| | - Michael G Baker
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, 6021, New Zealand
| | - Nigel French
- School of Veterinary Science, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4474, New Zealand
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4
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Onyeka LO, Adesiyun AA, Keddy KH, Manqele A, Madoroba E, Thompson PN. Prevalence and patterns of fecal shedding of Shiga toxin–producing
Escherichia coli
by cattle at a commercial feedlot in South Africa. J Food Saf 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Libby Obumneke Onyeka
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Pretoria Onderstepoort South Africa
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike Nigeria
| | - Abiodun A. Adesiyun
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Pretoria Onderstepoort South Africa
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies St. Augustine Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Karen H. Keddy
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Ayanda Manqele
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Pretoria Onderstepoort South Africa
- Agricultural Research Council—Onderstepoort Veterinary Research Onderstepoort South Africa
| | - Evelyn Madoroba
- Agricultural Research Council—Onderstepoort Veterinary Research Onderstepoort South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology University of Zululand KwaDlangezwa South Africa
| | - Peter Neil Thompson
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Pretoria Onderstepoort South Africa
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Prevalence and Whole-Genome Sequence-Based Analysis of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Isolates from the Recto-Anal Junction of Slaughter-Age Irish Sheep. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e0138421. [PMID: 34644161 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01384-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) organisms are a diverse group of pathogenic bacteria capable of causing serious human illness, and serogroups O157 and O26 are frequently implicated in human disease. Ruminant hosts are the primary STEC reservoir, and small ruminants are important contributors to STEC transmission. This study investigated the prevalence, serotypes, and shedding dynamics of STEC, including the supershedding of serogroups O157 and O26, in Irish sheep. Recto-anal mucosal swab samples (n = 840) were collected over 24 months from two ovine slaughtering facilities. Samples were plated on selective agars and were quantitatively and qualitatively assessed via real-time PCR (RT-PCR) for Shiga toxin prevalence and serogroup. A subset of STEC isolates (n = 199) were selected for whole-genome sequencing and analyzed in silico. In total, 704/840 (83.8%) swab samples were Shiga toxin positive following RT-PCR screening, and 363/704 (51.6%) animals were subsequently culture positive for STEC. Five animals were shedding STEC O157, and three of these were identified as supershedders. No STEC O26 was isolated. Post hoc statistical analysis showed that younger animals are more likely to harbor STEC and that STEC carriage is most prevalent during the summer months. Following sequencing, 178/199 genomes were confirmed as STEC. Thirty-five different serotypes were identified, 15 of which were not yet reported for sheep. Serotype O91:H14 was the most frequently reported. Eight Shiga toxin gene variants were reported, two stx1 and six stx2, and three novel Shiga-toxin subunit combinations were observed. Variant stx1c was the most prevalent, while many strains also harbored stx2b. IMPORTANCE Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) bacteria are foodborne, zoonotic pathogens of significant public health concern. All STEC organisms harbor stx, a critical virulence determinant, but it is not expressed in most serotypes. Sheep shed the pathogen via fecal excretion and are increasingly recognized as important contributors to the dissemination of STEC. In this study, we have found that there is high prevalence of STEC circulating within sheep and that prevalence is related to animal age and seasonality. Further, sheep harbor a variety of non-O157 STEC, whose prevalence and contribution to human disease have been underinvestigated for many years. A variety of Stx variants were also observed, some of which are of high clinical importance.
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Vasco K, Nohomovich B, Singh P, Venegas-Vargas C, Mosci RE, Rust S, Bartlett P, Norby B, Grooms D, Zhang L, Manning SD. Characterizing the Cattle Gut Microbiome in Farms with a High and Low Prevalence of Shiga Toxin Producing Escherichia coli. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081737. [PMID: 34442815 PMCID: PMC8399351 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cattle are the main reservoirs of Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC), a major foodborne pathogen associated with acute enteric disease and hemolytic-uremic syndrome in humans. A total of 397 beef and dairy cattle from 5 farms were included in this study, of which 660 samples were collected for 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The microbiota of farms with a high-STEC prevalence (HSP) had greater richness compared to those of farms with a low-STEC prevalence (LSP). Longitudinal analyses showed STEC-shedders from LSP farms had higher microbiome diversity; meanwhile, changes in the microbiome composition in HSP farms were independent of the STEC shedding status. Most of the bacterial genera associated with STEC shedding in dairy farms were also correlated with differences in the percentage of forage in diet and risk factors of STEC carriage such as days in milk, number of lactations, and warm temperatures. Identifying factors that alter the gut microbiota and enable STEC colonization in livestock could lead to novel strategies to prevent fecal shedding and the subsequent transmission to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Vasco
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (K.V.); (B.N.); (P.S.); (R.E.M.); (L.Z.)
| | - Brian Nohomovich
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (K.V.); (B.N.); (P.S.); (R.E.M.); (L.Z.)
| | - Pallavi Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (K.V.); (B.N.); (P.S.); (R.E.M.); (L.Z.)
| | - Cristina Venegas-Vargas
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (C.V.-V.); (P.B.); (B.N.); (D.G.)
| | - Rebekah E. Mosci
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (K.V.); (B.N.); (P.S.); (R.E.M.); (L.Z.)
| | - Steven Rust
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Paul Bartlett
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (C.V.-V.); (P.B.); (B.N.); (D.G.)
| | - Bo Norby
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (C.V.-V.); (P.B.); (B.N.); (D.G.)
| | - Daniel Grooms
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (C.V.-V.); (P.B.); (B.N.); (D.G.)
| | - Lixin Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (K.V.); (B.N.); (P.S.); (R.E.M.); (L.Z.)
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Shannon D. Manning
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (K.V.); (B.N.); (P.S.); (R.E.M.); (L.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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7
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Shahzad A, Ullah F, Irshad H, Ahmed S, Shakeela Q, Mian AH. Molecular detection of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157 in sheep, goats, cows and buffaloes. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:6113-6121. [PMID: 34374895 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06631-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) are important foodborne pathogens that causing serious public health consequences worldwide. The present study aimed to estimate the prevalence ratio and to identify the zoonotic potential of E. coli O157 isolates in slaughtered adult sheep, goats, cows and buffaloes. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 400 Recto-anal samples were collected from two targeted sites Rawalpindi and Islamabad. Among them, 200 samples were collected from the slaughterhouse of Rawalpindi included sheep (n = 75) and goats (n = 125). While, 200 samples were collected from the slaughterhouse of Islamabad included cows (n = 120) and buffalos (n = 80). All samples were initially processed in buffered peptone water and then amplified by conventional PCR. Samples positive for E. coli O157 were then streaked onto SMAC media plates. From each positive sample, six different Sorbitol fermented pink-colored colonies were isolated and analyzed again via conventional PCR to confirm the presence of rfbE O157 gene. Isolates positive for rfbE O157 gene were then further analyzed by multiplex PCR for the presence of STEC other virulent genes (sxt1, stx2, eae and ehlyA) simultaneously. RESULTS Of 400 RAJ samples only 2 (0.5%) showed positive results for E. coli O157 gene, included sheep 1/75 (1.33%) and buffalo 1/80 (1.25%). However, goats (n = 125) and cows (n = 120) found negative for E. coli O157. Only 2 isolates from each positive sample of sheep (1/6) and buffalo (1/6) harbored rfbE O157 genes, while five isolates could not. The rfbE O157 isolate (01) of sheep sample did not carry any of STEC genes, while the rfbE O157 isolate (01) of buffalo sample carried sxt1, stx2, eae and ehlyA genes simultaneously. CONCLUSION It was concluded that healthy adult sheep and buffalo are possibly essential carriers of STEC O157. However, rfbE O157 isolate of buffalo RAJ sample carried 4 STEC virulent genes, hence considered an important source of STEC infection to humans and environment which should need to devise proper control systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asim Shahzad
- Department of Microbiology, Hazara University, Garden Campus, Mansehra, 21300, Pakistan
| | - Fahim Ullah
- Department of Microbiology, Hazara University, Garden Campus, Mansehra, 21300, Pakistan
| | - Hamid Irshad
- Animal Health Program, Animal Sciences Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC), Park Road, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Shehzad Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology, Hazara University, Garden Campus, Mansehra, 21300, Pakistan.
| | - Qismat Shakeela
- Department of Microbiology, Abbottabad University of Science & Technology, Havelian, 22010, Pakistan
| | - Abrar Hussain Mian
- Department of Microbiology, Hazara University, Garden Campus, Mansehra, 21300, Pakistan.
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8
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McCarthy SC, Burgess CM, Fanning S, Duffy G. An Overview of Shiga-Toxin Producing Escherichia coli Carriage and Prevalence in the Ovine Meat Production Chain. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2021; 18:147-168. [PMID: 33395551 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2020.2861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are zoonotic foodborne pathogens that are capable of causing serious human illness. Ovine ruminants are recognized as an important source of STEC and a notable contributor to contamination within the food industry. This review examined the prevalence of STEC in the ovine food production chain from farm-to-fork, reporting carriage in sheep herds, during abattoir processing, and in raw and ready-to-eat meats and meat products. Factors affecting the prevalence of STEC, including seasonality and animal age, were also examined. A relative prevalence can be obtained by calculating the mean prevalence observed over multiple surveys, weighted by sample number. A relative mean prevalence was obtained for STEC O157 and all STEC serogroups at multiple points along the ovine production chain by using suitable published surveys. A relative mean prevalence (and range) for STEC O157 was calculated: for feces 4.4% (0.2-28.1%), fleece 7.6% (0.8-12.8%), carcass 2.1% (0.2-9.8%), and raw ovine meat 1.9% (0.2-6.3%). For all STEC independent of serotype, a relative mean prevalence was calculated: for feces 33.3% (0.9-90.0%), carcass 58.7% (2.0-81.6%), and raw ovine meat 15.4% (2.7-35.5%). The prevalence of STEC in ovine fleece was reported in only one earlier survey, which recorded a prevalence of 86.2%. Animal age was reported to affect shedding in many surveys, with younger animals typically reported as having a higher prevalence of the pathogen. The prevalence of STEC decreases significantly along the ovine production chain after the application of postharvest interventions. Ovine products pose a small risk of potential STEC contamination to the food supply chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhán C McCarthy
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin, Ireland.,UCD-Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Catherine M Burgess
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Séamus Fanning
- UCD-Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Geraldine Duffy
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin, Ireland
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Barth SA, Bauerfeind R, Berens C, Menge C. Shiga Toxin-Producing E. coli in Animals: Detection, Characterization, and Virulence Assessment. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2291:19-86. [PMID: 33704748 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1339-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cattle and other ruminants are primary reservoirs for Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains which have a highly variable, but unpredictable, pathogenic potential for humans. Domestic swine can carry and shed STEC, but only STEC strains producing the Shiga toxin (Stx) 2e variant and causing edema disease in piglets are considered pathogens of veterinary medical interest. In this chapter, we present general diagnostic workflows for sampling livestock animals to assess STEC prevalence, magnitude, and duration of host colonization. This is followed by detailed method protocols for STEC detection and typing at genetic and phenotypic levels to assess the relative virulence exerted by the strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie A Barth
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut/Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Jena, Germany
| | - Rolf Bauerfeind
- Institute for Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus Liebig University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Christian Berens
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut/Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Menge
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut/Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Jena, Germany.
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Wang LYR, Jokinen CC, Laing CR, Johnson RP, Ziebell K, Gannon VPJ. Assessing the genomic relatedness and evolutionary rates of persistent verotoxigenic Escherichia coli serotypes within a closed beef herd in Canada. Microb Genom 2020; 6. [PMID: 32496181 PMCID: PMC7371104 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Verotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC) are food- and water-borne pathogens associated with both sporadic illness and outbreaks of enteric disease. While it is known that cattle are reservoirs of VTEC, little is known about the genomic variation of VTEC in cattle, and whether the variation in genomes reported for human outbreak strains is consistent with individual animal or group/herd sources of infection. A previous study of VTEC prevalence identified serotypes carried persistently by three consecutive cohorts of heifers within a closed herd of cattle. This present study aimed to: (i) determine whether the genomic relatedness of bovine isolates is similar to that reported for human strains associated with single source outbreaks, (ii) estimate the rates of genome change among dominant serotypes over time within a cattle herd, and (iii) identify genomic features of serotypes associated with persistence in cattle. Illumina MiSeq genome sequencing and genotyping based on allelic and single nucleotide variations were completed, while genome change over time was measured using Bayesian evolutionary analysis sampling trees. The accessory genome, including the non-protein-encoding intergenic regions (IGRs), virulence factors, antimicrobial-resistance genes and plasmid gene content of representative persistent and sporadic cattle strains were compared using Fisher’s exact test corrected for multiple comparisons. Herd strains from serotypes O6:H34 (n=22), O22:H8 (n=30), O108:H8 (n=39), O139:H19 (n=44) and O157:H7 (n=106) were readily distinguishable from epidemiologically unrelated strains of the same serotype using a similarity threshold of 10 or fewer allele differences between adjacent nodes. Temporal-cohort clustering within each serotype was supported by date randomization analysis. Substitutions per site per year were consistent with previously reported values for E. coli; however, there was low branch support for these values. Acquisition of the phage-encoded Shiga toxin 2 gene in serotype O22:H8 was observed. Pan-genome analyses identified accessory regions that were more prevalent in persistent serotypes (P≤0.05) than in sporadic serotypes. These results suggest that VTEC serotypes from a specific cattle population are highly clonal with a similar level of relatedness as human single-source outbreak-associated strains, but changes in the genome occur gradually over time. Additionally, elements in the accessory genomes may provide a selective advantage for persistence of VTEC within cattle herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Ya Ruth Wang
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Chad R Laing
- National Centre for Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Roger P Johnson
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kim Ziebell
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Victor P J Gannon
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
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11
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Dixon A, Cernicchiaro N, Amachawadi RG, Shi X, Cull CA, Renter DG. Longitudinal Characterization of Prevalence and Concentration of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Serogroups in Feces of Individual Feedlot Cattle. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2020; 17:631-639. [PMID: 32191498 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2019.2777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to quantify the frequency, distribution, and variability of fecal shedding and super-shedding of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) serogroups O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, O145, and O157 in feedlot cattle over time. A total of 750 fecal grab samples were collected over a 5-week period (June-July 2017) from 150 cattle housed in 10 pens at a commercial feedlot operation. Samples were subjected to culture-based methods and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction for STEC detection and quantification. Cumulative animal-level prevalence estimates were 9.5%, 5.2%, and 15.8% for STEC O157, non-O157 STEC serogroups only (STEC-6), and for all STEC serogroups tested (STEC-7), respectively, with the prevalence of STEC O157 and STEC-7 significantly differing between weeks (p < 0.01). Most of the variability in fecal shedding for STEC O157, STEC-6, and STEC-7 was between pens, rather than between cattle. Over the 5-week period, 10 animals (6.7%) persistently shed STEC non-O157 over 3 or more consecutive weeks, whereas 2 animals (1.3%) intermittently shed STEC non-O157 on nonconsecutive weeks. Fifteen animals (10.0%) shed multiple STEC serogroups within the same fecal sample and five animals (3.3%) shed multiple serogroups at super-shedding levels, higher than 104 CFU (colony-forming units)/g, in the same sample. The presence of a super-shedder in a pen was significantly associated with a greater within pen-level prevalence of STEC-6 (p = 0.01). This study gives further insights into intermittent and persistent shedding and super-shedding patterns of STEC serogroups in individual feedlot cattle, which can enable the development and effective application of preharvest and periharvest interventions, as well as surveillance strategies, for these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Dixon
- Center for Outcomes Research and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Natalia Cernicchiaro
- Center for Outcomes Research and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Raghavendra G Amachawadi
- Center for Outcomes Research and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA.,Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Xiaorong Shi
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Charley A Cull
- Midwest Veterinary Services, Inc., Oakland, Nebraska, USA
| | - David G Renter
- Center for Outcomes Research and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
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12
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Stenkamp-Strahm C, Lombard J, Magnuson R, Linke L, Magzamen S, Urie N, Shivley C, McConnel C. Preweaned heifer management on US dairy operations: Part IV. Factors associated with the presence of Escherichia coli O157 in preweaned dairy heifers. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:9214-9228. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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13
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Wang LYR, Jokinen CC, Laing CR, Johnson RP, Ziebell K, Gannon VPJ. Multi-Year Persistence of Verotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC) in a Closed Canadian Beef Herd: A Cohort Study. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2040. [PMID: 30233526 PMCID: PMC6127291 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, fecal samples were collected from a closed beef herd in Alberta, Canada from 2012 to 2015. To limit serotype bias, which was observed in enrichment broth cultures, Verotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC) were isolated directly from samples using a hydrophobic grid-membrane filter verotoxin immunoblot assay. Overall VTEC isolation rates were similar for three different cohorts of yearling heifers on both an annual (68.5 to 71.8%) and seasonal basis (67.3 to 76.0%). Across all three cohorts, O139:H19 (37.1% of VTEC-positive samples), O22:H8 (15.8%) and O?(O108):H8 (15.4%) were among the most prevalent serotypes. However, isolation rates for serotypes O139:H19, O130:H38, O6:H34, O91:H21, and O113:H21 differed significantly between cohort-years, as did isolation rates for some serotypes within a single heifer cohort. There was a high level of VTEC serotype diversity with an average of 4.3 serotypes isolated per heifer and 65.8% of the heifers classified as "persistent shedders" of VTEC based on the criteria of >50% of samples positive and ≥4 consecutive samples positive. Only 26.8% (90/336) of the VTEC isolates from yearling heifers belonged to the human disease-associated seropathotypes A (O157:H7), B (O26:H11, O111:NM), and C (O22:H8, O91:H21, O113:H21, O137:H41, O2:H6). Conversely, seropathotypes B (O26:NM, O111:NM) and C (O91:H21, O2:H29) strains were dominant (76.0%, 19/25) among VTEC isolates from month-old calves from this herd. Among VTEC from heifers, carriage rates of vt1, vt2, vt1+vt2, eae, and hlyA were 10.7, 20.8, 68.5, 3.9, and 88.7%, respectively. The adhesin gene saa was present in 82.7% of heifer strains but absent from all of 13 eae+ve strains (from serotypes/intimin types O157:H7/γ1, O26:H11/β1, O111:NM/θ, O84:H2/ζ, and O182:H25/ζ). Phylogenetic relationships inferred from wgMLST and pan genome-derived core SNP analysis showed that strains clustered by phylotype and serotype. Further, VTEC strains of the same serotype usually shared the same suite of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes, suggesting the circulation of dominant clones within this distinct herd. This study provides insight into the diverse and dynamic nature of VTEC populations within groups of cattle and points to a broad spectrum of human health risks associated with these E. coli strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Ya Ruth Wang
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | | | - Chad R Laing
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Roger P Johnson
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Kim Ziebell
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Victor P J Gannon
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
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14
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Abia ALK, Ubomba-Jaswa E, Schmidt C, Dippenaar MA. Where Did They Come from-Multi-Drug Resistant Pathogenic Escherichia coli in a Cemetery Environment? Antibiotics (Basel) 2018; 7:antibiotics7030073. [PMID: 30110918 PMCID: PMC6164573 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics7030073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human burial in cemeteries facilitates the decomposition of corpses without posing a public health danger. However, the role of cemeteries as potential environmental reservoirs of drug-resistant pathogens has not been studied. Thus, we investigated cemeteries as potential environmental reservoirs of multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogenic Escherichia coli. E. coli isolates were obtained from water samples (collected from surface water bodies and boreholes in three cemeteries) after isolation using the Colilert® 18 system. Pathogenic potentials of the isolates were investigated using real-time polymerase chain reactions targeting seven virulence genes (VGs) pertaining to six E. coli pathotypes. The resistance of isolates to eight antibiotics was tested using the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method. The mean E. coli concentrations varied from <1 most probable number (MPN)/100 mL to 2419.6 MPN/100 mL with 48% of 100 isolates being positive for at least one of the VGs tested. Furthermore, 87% of the isolates were resistant to at least one of the antibiotics tested, while 72% of the isolates displayed multi-drug resistance. Half of the MDR isolates harboured a VG. These results suggest that cemeteries are potential reservoirs of MDR pathogenic E. coli, originating from surrounding informal settlements, which could contaminate groundwater if the cemeteries are in areas with shallow aquifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akebe Luther King Abia
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa.
| | - Eunice Ubomba-Jaswa
- Water Research Commission, Private Bag X03 Gezina, Pretoria 0031, South Africa.
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, Johannesburg 2094, South Africa.
| | - Chantelle Schmidt
- Engineering Geology and Hydrology, Department of Geology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0084, South Africa.
| | - Matthys Alois Dippenaar
- Engineering Geology and Hydrology, Department of Geology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0084, South Africa.
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15
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Mainga AO, Cenci-Goga BT, Malahlela MN, Tshuma T, Kalake A, Karama M. Occurrence and characterization of seven major Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli serotypes from healthy cattle on cow-calf operations in South Africa. Zoonoses Public Health 2018; 65:777-789. [PMID: 29984530 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cattle are a major reservoir of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli. This study investigated the occurrence of seven major STEC serogroups including O157, O145, O103, O121, O111, O45 and O26 among 578 STEC isolates previously recovered from 559 cattle. The isolates were characterized for serotype and major virulence genes. Polymerase chain reaction revealed that 41.7% (241/578) of isolates belonged to STEC O157, O145, O103, O121, O45 and O26, and 33 distinct serotypes. The 241 isolates corresponded to 16.5% (92/559) of cattle that were STEC positive. The prevalence of cattle that tested positive for at least one of the six serogroups across the five farms was variable ranging from 2.9% to 43.4%. Occurrence rates for individual serogroups were as follows: STEC O26 was found in 10.2% (57/559); O45 in 2.9% (16/559); O145 in 2.5% (14/559); O157 in 1.4% (8/559); O121 in 1.1% (6/559); and O103 in 0.4% (2/559). The following proportions of virulence genes were observed: stx1, 69.3% (167/241); stx2, 96.3% (232/241); eaeA, 7.1% (17/241); ehxA, 92.5% (223/241); and both stx1 and stx2, 62.2% (150/241) of isolates. These findings are evidence that cattle in South Africa carry STEC that belong to six major STEC serogroups commonly incriminated in human disease. However, only a subset of serotypes associated with these serogroups were clinically relevant in human disease. Most STEC isolates carried stx1, stx2 and ehxA but lacked eaeA, a major STEC virulence factor in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred O Mainga
- Veterinary Public Health Section, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Beniamino T Cenci-Goga
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biopatologiche, Laboratorio di Ispezione degli Alimenti di Origine Animale, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Mogaugedi N Malahlela
- Veterinary Public Health Section, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Takula Tshuma
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Alan Kalake
- Gauteng Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (GDARD), Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Musafiri Karama
- Veterinary Public Health Section, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
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16
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Schmidt N, Barth SA, Frahm J, Meyer U, Dänicke S, Geue L, Menge C. Decreased STEC shedding by cattle following passive and active vaccination based on recombinant Escherichia coli Shiga toxoids. Vet Res 2018. [PMID: 29514704 PMCID: PMC5842637 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-018-0523-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The principal virulence factor of Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), the eponymous Stx, modulates cellular immune responses in cattle, the primary STEC reservoir. We examined whether immunization with genetically inactivated recombinant Shiga toxoids (rStx1MUT/rStx2MUT) influences STEC shedding in a calf cohort. A group of 24 calves was passively (colostrum from immunized cows) and actively (intra-muscularly at 5th and 8th week) vaccinated. Twenty-four calves served as unvaccinated controls (fed with low anti-Stx colostrum, placebo injected). Each group was divided according to the vitamin E concentration they received by milk replacer (moderate and high supplemented). The effective transfer of Stx-neutralizing antibodies from dams to calves via colostrum was confirmed by Vero cell assay. Serum antibody titers in calves differed significantly between the vaccinated and the control group until the 16th week of life. Using the expression of activation marker CD25 on CD4+CD45RO+ cells and CD8αhiCD45RO+ cells as flow cytometry based read-out, cells from vaccinated animals responded more pronounced than those of control calves to lysates of STEC and E. coli strains isolated from the farm as well as to rStx2MUT in the 16th week. Summarized for the entire observation period, less fecal samples from vaccinated calves were stx1 and/or stx2 positive than samples from control animals when calves were fed a moderate amount of vitamin E. This study provides first evidence, that transfer to and induction in young calves of Stx-neutralizing antibodies by Shiga toxoid vaccination offers the opportunity to reduce the incidence of stx-positive fecal samples in a calf cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Schmidt
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI)/Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Jena, Germany. .,Justus Liebig Universität Giessen, Institute for Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Stefanie A Barth
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI)/Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Jena, Germany
| | - Jana Frahm
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Institute of Animal Nutrition, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Ulrich Meyer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Institute of Animal Nutrition, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Sven Dänicke
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Institute of Animal Nutrition, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Lutz Geue
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI)/Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Menge
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI)/Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Jena, Germany
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17
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Stenkamp‐Strahm C, McConnel C, Magzamen S, Abdo Z, Reynolds S. Associations between
Escherichia coli
O157 shedding and the faecal microbiota of dairy cows. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 124:881-898. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Stenkamp‐Strahm
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA
| | - C. McConnel
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA
| | - S. Magzamen
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA
| | - Z. Abdo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA
| | - S. Reynolds
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA
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18
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Martorelli L, Albanese A, Vilte D, Cantet R, Bentancor A, Zolezzi G, Chinen I, Ibarra C, Rivas M, Mercado EC, Cataldi A. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O22:H8 isolated from cattle reduces E. coli O157:H7 adherence in vitro and in vivo. Vet Microbiol 2017; 208:8-17. [PMID: 28888654 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PROBLEM ADDRESSED Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are a group of bacteria responsible for food-associated diseases. Clinical features include a wide range of symptoms such as diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis and the hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), a life-threatening condition. OBJECTIVE Our group has observed that animals naturally colonized with STEC strains of unknown serotype were not efficiently colonized with E. coli O157:H7 after experimental infection. In order to assess the basis of the interference, three STEC strains were isolated from STEC persistently-colonized healthy cattle from a dairy farm in Buenos Aires, Argentina. METHODS AND RESULTS The three isolated strains are E. coli O22:H8 and carry the stx1 and stx2d genes. The activatable activity of Stx2d was demonstrated in vitro. The three strains carry the adhesins iha, ehaA and lpfO113. E. coli O22:H8 formed stronger biofilms in abiotic surface than E. coli O157:H7 (eae+, stx2+) and displayed a more adherent phenotype in vitro towards HeLa cells. Furthermore, when both serotypes were cultured together O22:H8 could reduce O157:H7 adherence in vitro. When calves were intragastrically pre-challenged with 108 CFU of a mixture of the three STEC strains and two days later challenged with the same dose of the strain E. coli O157:H7 438/99, the shedding of the pathogen was significantly reduced. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that E. coli O22:H8, a serotype rarely associated with human illness, might compete with O157:H7 at the bovine recto-anal junction, making non-O157 carrying-calves less susceptible to O157:H7 colonization and shedding of the bacteria to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Martorelli
- Instituto de Patobiología, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Hurlingham 1686, Argentina
| | - A Albanese
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatogenia, Departamento de Fisiología, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO Houssay-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1121, Argentina
| | - D Vilte
- Instituto de Patobiología, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Hurlingham 1686, Argentina
| | - R Cantet
- Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires 1427, Argentina
| | - A Bentancor
- Cátedra de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1427, Argentina
| | - G Zolezzi
- Servicio Fisiopatogenia, INEI-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Buenos Aires 1282, Argentina
| | - I Chinen
- Servicio Fisiopatogenia, INEI-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Buenos Aires 1282, Argentina
| | - C Ibarra
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatogenia, Departamento de Fisiología, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO Houssay-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1121, Argentina
| | - M Rivas
- Servicio Fisiopatogenia, INEI-ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán", Buenos Aires 1282, Argentina
| | - E C Mercado
- Instituto de Patobiología, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Hurlingham 1686, Argentina
| | - A Cataldi
- Instituto de Biotecnología, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Hurlingham 1686, Argentina.
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19
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Puri-Giri R, Ghosh A, Thomson JL, Zurek L. House Flies in the Confined Cattle Environment Carry Non-O157 Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 54:726-732. [PMID: 28399273 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cattle manure is one of the primary larval developmental habitats of house flies, Musca domestica (L.). Cattle serve as asymptomatic reservoirs of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), and bacteria are released into the environment in cattle feces. The USDA-FSIS declared seven STEC serogroups (O157, O26, O45, O103, O145, O121, and O111) as adulterants in beef products. In addition, the serogroup O104 was a culprit of a large outbreak in Germany in 2011. Our study aimed to assess the prevalence of seven non-O157 STEC (O26, O45, O145, O103, O121, O111, and O104) serogroups in adult house flies. Flies (n = 463) were collected from nine feedlots and three dairy farms in six states in the United States and individually processed. This involved a culturing approach with immunomagnetic separation followed by multiplex polymerase chain reactions for detection of individual serogroups and virulence traits. The concentration of bacteria on modified Possé agar ranged between 1.0 × 101 and 7.0 × 107 (mean: 1.5 ± 0.3 × 106) CFU/fly. Out of 463 house flies, 159 (34.3%) carried one or more of six E. coli serogroups of interest. However, STEC was found in 1.5% of house flies from feedlots only. These were E. coli O103 and O104 harboring stx1 and ehxA and E. coli O45 with stx1, eae, and ehxA. This is the first study reporting the isolation of non-O157 STEC in house flies from the confined cattle environment and indicating a potential role of this insect as a vector and reservoir of non-O157 STEC in confined beef cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Puri-Giri
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, 123 Waters Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506 (; ; )
| | - A Ghosh
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, 221K Mosier Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506 ( )
- Current address: Department of Biology, Pittsburg State University, 321 Heckert-Wells Hall, Pittsburg, KS 66762
| | - J L Thomson
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, 123 Waters Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506 (; ; )
| | - L Zurek
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, 123 Waters Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506 ( ; ; )
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, 221K Mosier Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506 ( )
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20
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Extended-spectrum β-lactamase, shigatoxin and haemolysis capacity of O157 and non-O157 E. coli serotypes from producer-distributor bulk milk. Int Dairy J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Conrad CC, Stanford K, Narvaez-Bravo C, Callaway T, McAllister T. Farm Fairs and Petting Zoos: A Review of Animal Contact as a Source of Zoonotic Enteric Disease. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2017; 14:59-73. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2016.2185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cheyenne C. Conrad
- Lethbridge Agricultural Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
- Canadian Association of Fairs and Exhibitions, Brandon, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Kim Stanford
- Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Todd Callaway
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, College Station, Texas
| | - Tim McAllister
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
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22
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Murphy BP, McCabe E, Murphy M, Buckley JF, Crowley D, Fanning S, Duffy G. Longitudinal Study of Two Irish Dairy Herds: Low Numbers of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O157 and O26 Super-Shedders Identified. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1850. [PMID: 27917164 PMCID: PMC5114295 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A 12-month longitudinal study was undertaken on two dairy herds to ascertain the Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157 and O26 shedding status of the animals and its impact (if any) on raw milk. Cattle are a recognized reservoir for these organisms with associated public health and environmental implications. Animals shedding E. coli O157 at >10,000 CFU/g of feces have been deemed super-shedders. There is a gap in the knowledge regarding super-shedding of other STEC serogroups. A cohort of 40 lactating cows from herds previously identified as positive for STEC in a national surveillance project were sampled every second month between August, 2013 and July, 2014. Metadata on any potential super-shedders was documented including, e.g., age of the animal, number of lactations and days in lactation, nutritional condition, somatic cell count and content of protein in milk to assess if any were associated with risk factors for super-shedding. Recto-anal mucosal swabs (RAMS), raw milk, milk filters, and water samples were procured for each herd. The swabs were examined for E. coli O157 and O26 using a quantitative real time PCR method. Counts (CFU swab-1) were obtained from a standard calibration curve that related real-time PCR cycle threshold (Ct) values against the initial concentration of O157 or O26 in the samples. Results from Farm A: 305 animals were analyzed; 15 E. coli O157 (5%) were recovered, 13 were denoted STEC encoding either stx1 and/or stx2 virulence genes and 5 (2%) STEC O26 were recovered. One super-shedder was identified shedding STEC O26 (stx1&2). Farm B: 224 animals were analyzed; eight E. coli O157 (3.5%) were recovered (seven were STEC) and 9 (4%) STEC O26 were recovered. Three super-shedders were identified, one was shedding STEC O157 (stx2) and two STEC O26 (stx2). Three encoded the adhering and effacement gene (eae) and one isolate additionally encoded the haemolysin gene (hlyA). All four super-shedders were only super-shedding once during the 1-year sampling period. The results of this study show, low numbers of super-shedders in the herds examined, with high numbers of low and medium shedding. Although four super-shedding animals were identified, no STEC O157 or O26 were recovered from any of the raw milk, milk filter, or water samples. The authors conclude that this study highlights the need for further surveillance to assess the potential for environmental contamination and food chain security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda P. Murphy
- Veterinary Department, Veterinary Food Safety Laboratory, Cork County Council, County CorkIreland
| | | | - Mary Murphy
- Veterinary Department, Veterinary Food Safety Laboratory, Cork County Council, County CorkIreland
| | - James F. Buckley
- Veterinary Department, Veterinary Food Safety Laboratory, Cork County Council, County CorkIreland
| | - Dan Crowley
- Veterinary Department, Veterinary Food Safety Laboratory, Cork County Council, County CorkIreland
| | - Séamus Fanning
- UCD Centre for Food Safety, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College DublinDublin, Ireland
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23
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Climate, lactation, and treatment factors influence faecal shedding ofEscherichia coliO157 pathotypes in dairy cows. Epidemiol Infect 2016; 145:115-125. [DOI: 10.1017/s0950268816001928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYAmong pathogens shed by cattle,Escherichia coliO157 ranks highest in those causing human illness. To date, prevalence and risk factors for O157 shedding have been assessed in feedlot, but not dairy cattle. The study aimed to determine prevalence levels and risk factors for O157 atypical enteropathogenicE. coli(aEPEC) and enterohaemorrhagicE. coli(EHEC) shedding in dairy cattle. Dairy cattle (n= 899) within the first 21 days of lactation were sampled monthly over the course of 1 year, on three dry lot dairies surrounding Fort Collins, CO. During visits multiple factors were measured (disease history, pharmaceutical use, climate measures, etc.), and cattle faeces were collected and assessed for presence of O157 and virulence genes. Logistic regression analysis was performed using O157 outcomes and measured factors. Prevalence of O157 aEPEC was 3·7%, while EHEC was 3·0%. Many potential risk factors were highly correlated, and used to build separate multivariable models. An increase in humidity was positively associated with aEPEC, while fluid faeces and history of disease showed a negative association. Meanwhile, an increase in temperature and antibiotic treatment was positively associated with EHEC, while more days in milk, higher hygiene score and cow contact were negatively associated. These results may guide mitigation strategies that reduce O157 shedding, and contamination of the human food chain.
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Venegas-Vargas C, Henderson S, Khare A, Mosci RE, Lehnert JD, Singh P, Ouellette LM, Norby B, Funk JA, Rust S, Bartlett PC, Grooms D, Manning SD. Factors Associated with Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Shedding by Dairy and Beef Cattle. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:5049-56. [PMID: 27342555 PMCID: PMC4968536 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00829-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is an important foodborne pathogen that can cause hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Cattle are the primary reservoir for STEC, and food or water contaminated with cattle feces is the most common source of infections in humans. Consequently, we conducted a cross-sectional study of 1,096 cattle in six dairy herds (n = 718 animals) and five beef herds (n = 378 animals) in the summers of 2011 and 2012 to identify epidemiological factors associated with shedding. Fecal samples were obtained from each animal and cultured for STEC. Multivariate analyses were performed to identify risk factors associated with STEC positivity. The prevalence of STEC was higher in beef cattle (21%) than dairy cattle (13%) (odds ratio [OR], 1.76; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.25, 2.47), with considerable variation occurring across herds (range, 6% to 54%). Dairy cattle were significantly more likely to shed STEC when the average temperature was >28.9°C 1 to 5 days prior to sampling (OR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.25, 4.91), during their first lactation (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.1, 2.8), and when they were <30 days in milk (OR, 3.9; 95% CI, 2.1, 7.2). These data suggest that the stress or the negative energy balance associated with lactation may result in increased STEC shedding frequencies in Michigan during the warm summer months. Future prevention strategies aimed at reducing stress during lactation or isolating high-risk animals could be implemented to reduce herd-level shedding levels and avoid transmission of STEC to susceptible animals and people. IMPORTANCE STEC shedding frequencies vary considerably across cattle herds in Michigan, and the shedding frequency of strains belonging to non-O157 serotypes far exceeds the shedding frequency of O157 strains, which is congruent with human infections in the state. Dairy cattle sampled at higher temperatures, in their first lactation, and early in the milk production stage were significantly more likely to shed STEC, which could be due to stress or a negative energy balance. Future studies should focus on the isolation of high-risk animals to decrease herd shedding levels and the potential for contamination of the food supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Venegas-Vargas
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Scott Henderson
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Akanksha Khare
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Rebekah E Mosci
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Jonathan D Lehnert
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Pallavi Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Lindsey M Ouellette
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Bo Norby
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Julie A Funk
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Steven Rust
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Paul C Bartlett
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Daniel Grooms
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Shannon D Manning
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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The Accessory Genome of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Defines a Persistent Colonization Type in Cattle. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:5455-64. [PMID: 27371579 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00909-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains can colonize cattle for several months and may, thus, serve as gene reservoirs for the genesis of highly virulent zoonotic enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC). Attempts to reduce the human risk for acquiring EHEC infections should include strategies to control such STEC strains persisting in cattle. We therefore aimed to identify genetic patterns associated with the STEC colonization type in the bovine host. We included 88 persistent colonizing STEC (STEC(per)) (shedding for ≥4 months) and 74 sporadically colonizing STEC (STEC(spo)) (shedding for ≤2 months) isolates from cattle and 16 bovine STEC isolates with unknown colonization types. Genoserotypes and multilocus sequence types (MLSTs) were determined, and the isolates were probed with a DNA microarray for virulence-associated genes (VAGs). All STEC(per) isolates belonged to only four genoserotypes (O26:H11, O156:H25, O165:H25, O182:H25), which formed three genetic clusters (ST21/396/1705, ST300/688, ST119). In contrast, STEC(spo) isolates were scattered among 28 genoserotypes and 30 MLSTs, with O157:H7 (ST11) and O6:H49 (ST1079) being the most prevalent. The microarray analysis identified 139 unique gene patterns that clustered with the genoserotypes and MLSTs of the strains. While the STEC(per) isolates possessed heterogeneous phylogenetic backgrounds, the accessory genome clustered these isolates together, separating them from the STEC(spo) isolates. Given the vast genetic heterogeneity of bovine STEC strains, defining the genetic patterns distinguishing STEC(per) from STEC(spo) isolates will facilitate the targeted design of new intervention strategies to counteract these zoonotic pathogens at the farm level. IMPORTANCE Ruminants, especially cattle, are sources of food-borne infections by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in humans. Some STEC strains persist in cattle for longer periods of time, while others are detected only sporadically. Persisting strains can serve as gene reservoirs that supply E. coli with virulence factors, thereby generating new outbreak strains. Attempts to reduce the human risk for acquiring STEC infections should therefore include strategies to control such persisting STEC strains. By analyzing representative genes of their core and accessory genomes, we show that bovine STEC with a persistent colonization type emerged independently from sporadically colonizing isolates and evolved in parallel evolutionary branches. However, persistent colonizing strains share similar sets of accessory genes. Defining the genetic patterns that distinguish persistent from sporadically colonizing STEC isolates will facilitate the targeted design of new intervention strategies to counteract these zoonotic pathogens at the farm level.
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Molecular characterization and antimicrobial resistance of STEC strains isolated from healthy cattle in 2011 and 2013 in Spain. Epidemiol Infect 2016; 144:2956-2966. [DOI: 10.1017/s0950268816001370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYPrevention of Shiga toxin-producingEscherichia coli(STEC) foodborne outbreaks is hampered by its complex epidemiology. We assessed the distribution of virulence genes (VGs), main serogroups/serotypes for public health [haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS)-related], antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns in a collection of STEC isolates obtained from cattle hide (n= 149) and faecal (n= 406) samples collected during a national survey conducted in Spain in 2011 and 2013. Isolates were cultured using McConkey and CT-SMAC agar after enrichment, and confirmed as STEC by PCR. STEC prevalence in hides (15·4%) was higher than in faeces (10·7%) and O157:H7 was more frequent in the former (2·7%vs. 0·99%). Non-O157 HUS-related serogroups were present albeit at low frequencies. The non-O157 isolates were more heterogeneous than O157:H7 in their VG patterns, with 25/64 presenting VGs from both STEC and enterotoxigenic pathotypes (hybrid isolates). Of the STEC isolates, 62·5% were resistant at least to one antimicrobial, and no differences in AMR between O157:H7 and non-O157 were detected. All isolates had different profiles by PFGE and did not form a cluster. Overall, our results demonstrated that STEC in the cattle reservoir is still a matter of concern for human health due to the presence of HUS-related serogroups, the occurrence of certain VGs, AMR and the additional risks that hybrid isolates may pose, and thus warrants further investigation.
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27
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Cabal A, Geue L, Gómez-Barrero S, Barth S, Bárcena C, Hamm K, Porrero MC, Valverde A, Cantón R, Menge C, Gortázar C, Domínguez L, Álvarez J. Detection of virulence-associated genes characteristic of intestinal Escherichia coli pathotypes, including the enterohemorrhagic/enteroaggregative O104:H4, in bovines from Germany and Spain. Microbiol Immunol 2016; 59:433-42. [PMID: 26085084 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cattle are reservoirs of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli; however, their role in the epidemiology of other pathogenic E. coli remains undefined. A new set of quantitative real-time PCR assays for the direct detection and quantification of nine virulence-associated genes (VAGs) characteristic of the most important human E. coli pathotypes and four serotype-related genes (wzxO104 , fliCH4 , rbfO157 , fliCH7 ) that can be used as a surveillance tool for detection of pathogenic strains was developed. A total of 970 cattle fecal samples were collected in slaughterhouses in Germany and Spain, pooled into 134 samples and analyzed with this tool. stx1, eae and invA were more prevalent in Spanish samples whereas bfpA, stx2, ehxA, elt, est and the rbfO157 /fliCH7 combination were observed in similar proportions in both countries. Genes characteristic of the hybrid O104:H4 strain of the 2011 German outbreak (stx2/aggR/wzxO104 /fliCH4 ) were simultaneously detected in six fecal pools from one German abattoir located near the outbreak epicenter. Although no isolate harboring the full stx2/aggR/wzxO104 /fliCH4 combination was cultured, sequencing of the aggR positive PCR products revealed 100% homology to the aggR from the outbreak strain. Concomitant detection by this direct approach of VAGs from a novel human pathogenic E. coli strain in cattle samples implies that the E. coli gene pool in these animals can be implicated in de novo formation of such highly-virulent strains. The application of this set of qPCRs in surveillance studies could be an efficient early-warning tool for the emergence of zoonotic E. coli in livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Cabal
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University, 28040, Madrid.,SaBio-IREC, National Wildlife Research Institute, CSIC-Castilla-La Mancha University, 13071, Ciudad Real
| | - Lutz Geue
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Stefanie Barth
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Carmen Bárcena
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University, 28040, Madrid
| | - Katharina Hamm
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Aránzazu Valverde
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University, 28040, Madrid
| | - Rafael Cantón
- Microbiology Unit, University Hospital Ramón y Cajal and Institute Ramón y Cajal for Health Research, Madrid.,Antimicrobial Resistance and Bacterial Virulence Unit associated with the Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christian Menge
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Gortázar
- SaBio-IREC, National Wildlife Research Institute, CSIC-Castilla-La Mancha University, 13071, Ciudad Real
| | - Lucas Domínguez
- SaBio-IREC, National Wildlife Research Institute, CSIC-Castilla-La Mancha University, 13071, Ciudad Real
| | - Julio Álvarez
- Microbiology Unit, University Hospital Ramón y Cajal and Institute Ramón y Cajal for Health Research, Madrid.,Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55455, USA
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28
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Luedtke BE, Bosilevac JM, Harhay DM, Arthur TM. Effect of Direct-Fed Microbial Dosage on the Fecal Concentrations of EnterohemorrhagicEscherichia coliin Feedlot Cattle. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2016; 13:190-5. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2015.2063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon E. Luedtke
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, Nebraska
| | - Joseph M. Bosilevac
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska
| | - Dayna M. Harhay
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska
| | - Terrance M. Arthur
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska
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Lambertini E, Karns JS, Van Kessel JAS, Cao H, Schukken YH, Wolfgang DR, Smith JM, Pradhan AK. Dynamics of Escherichia coli Virulence Factors in Dairy Herds and Farm Environments in a Longitudinal Study in the United States. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:4477-88. [PMID: 25911478 PMCID: PMC4475889 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00465-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic Escherichia coli or its associated virulence factors have been frequently detected in dairy cow manure, milk, and dairy farm environments. However, it is unclear what the long-term dynamics of E. coli virulence factors are and which farm compartments act as reservoirs. This study assessed the occurrence and dynamics of four E. coli virulence factors (eae, stx1, stx2, and the gamma allele of the tir gene [γ-tir]) on three U.S. dairy farms. Fecal, manure, water, feed, milk, and milk filter samples were collected from 2004 to 2012. Virulence factors were measured by postenrichment quantitative PCR (qPCR). All factors were detected in most compartments on all farms. Fecal and manure samples showed the highest prevalence, up to 53% for stx and 21% for γ-tir in fecal samples and up to 84% for stx and 44% for γ-tir in manure. Prevalence was low in milk (up to 1.9% for stx and 0.7% for γ-tir). However, 35% of milk filters were positive for stx and 20% were positive for γ-tir. All factors were detected in feed and water. Factor prevalence and levels, expressed as qPCR cycle threshold categories, fluctuated significantly over time, with no clear seasonal signal independent from year-to-year variability. Levels were correlated between fecal and manure samples, and in some cases autocorrelated, but not between manure and milk filters. Shiga toxins were nearly ubiquitous, and 10 to 18% of the lactating cows were potential shedders of E. coli O157 at least once during their time in the herds. E. coli virulence factors appear to persist in many areas of the farms and therefore contribute to transmission dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Lambertini
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Karns
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Jo Ann S Van Kessel
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Huilin Cao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Ynte H Schukken
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA GD Animal Health, Deventer, Netherlands
| | - David R Wolfgang
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Julia M Smith
- Department of Animal Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Abani K Pradhan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
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30
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Dewsbury DMA, Renter DG, Shridhar PB, Noll LW, Shi X, Nagaraja TG, Cernicchiaro N. Summer and Winter Prevalence of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, O145, and O157 in Feces of Feedlot Cattle. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2015; 12:726-32. [PMID: 26075548 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2015.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The United States Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service has declared seven Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) serogroups (O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, O145, and O157) as adulterants in raw, nonintact beef products. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of these seven serogroups and the associated virulence genes (Shiga toxin [stx1, stx2], and intimin [eae]) in cattle feces during summer (June-August 2013) and winter (January-March 2014) months. Twenty-four pen floor fecal samples were collected from each of 24 cattle pens, in both summer and winter months, at a commercial feedlot in the United States. Samples were subjected to culture-based detection methods that included enrichment, serogroup-specific immunomagnetic separation and plating on selective media, followed by a multiplex polymerase chain reaction for serogroup confirmation and virulence gene detection. A sample was considered STEC positive if a recovered isolate harbored an O gene, stx1, and/or stx2, and eae genes. All O serogroups of interest were detected in summer months, and model-adjusted prevalence estimates are as follows: O26 (17.8%), O45 (14.6%), O103 (59.9%), O111 (0.2%), O121 (2.0%), O145 (2.7%), and O157 (41.6%); however, most non-O157 isolates did not harbor virulence genes. The cumulative model-adjusted sample-level prevalence estimates of STEC O26, O103, O145, and O157 during summer (n=576) were 1.0, 1.6, 0.8, and 41.4%, respectively; STEC O45, O111, and O121 were not detected during summer months. In winter, serogroups O26 (0.9%), O45 (1.5%), O103 (40.2%), and O121 (0.2%) were isolated; however, no virulence genes were detected in isolates from cattle feces collected during winter (n=576). Statistically significant seasonal differences in prevalence were identified for STEC O103 and O157 (p<0.05), but data on other STEC were sparse. The results of this study indicate that although non-O157 serogroups were present, non-O157 STEC were rarely detected in feces from the feedlot cattle populations tested in summer and winter months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M A Dewsbury
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
| | - David G Renter
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Pragathi B Shridhar
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Lance W Noll
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Xiaorong Shi
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Tiruvoor G Nagaraja
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Natalia Cernicchiaro
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
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Kwak MJ, Kwon SK, Cho SH, Kim JF. Genome sequences of the Shiga-like toxin-producing Escherichia coli NCCP15655 and NCCP15656. Gut Pathog 2015; 7:13. [PMID: 25991925 PMCID: PMC4436796 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-015-0060-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Virulence genes can spread among commensal bacteria through horizontal gene transfer. The bacterium with novel virulence factors may pose a severe threat to public health because of the absence of a management system unlike known pathogens. Especially, when a pathogenic bacterium acquires a new kind of virulence genes, it tends to exhibit stronger virulence. In this study, we analyzed the genomes of the two strains of Escherichia coli that were isolated from the feces of patients with diarrhea and produce Shiga-like toxin. Results Phylogenetic analysis of conserved genes and average nucleotide identity values of the draft genome sequences indicate that strains NCCP15655 and NCCP15656, isolated from diarrhea patients, belong to the B1 group of E. coli and form a sister clade with strain E24377A. However, the proportion the genes belonging to the subsystem category “phages, prophages, transposable elements, plasmids” and “virulence, disease and defense” are higher than E24377A. Indeed, in their genomes, genes encoding Shiga toxin type 1, Shiga toxin type 2, and type 1 fimbriae were detected. Moreover, a plasmid encoding hemolysin and entropathogenic E. coli secreted protein C was identified in both genomes. Conclusions Through the genome analysis of NCCP15655 and NCCP15656, we identified two types of Shiga-like toxin genes that could be responsible for the manifestation of the diarrhea symptom. However, the LEE island, which is one of the major virulence factors of enterohemorrhagic E. coli, was not detected and they are most similar with non-Shiga-like toxin-producing E. coli at the genomic level. NCCP15655 and NCCP15656 will be good examples of Shiga-like toxin-producing E. coli whose genomes are not as similar with typical enterohemorrhagic E. coli as non-Shiga-like toxin-producing E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jung Kwak
- Department of Systems Biology and Division of Life Sciences, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-749, Republic of Korea ; Biosystems and Bioengineering Program, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajung-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-350, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Kyeong Kwon
- Department of Systems Biology and Division of Life Sciences, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hak Cho
- Division of Enteric Diseases, Center for Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Heungdeok-Gu, Cheongju, 363-951 Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyun F Kim
- Department of Systems Biology and Division of Life Sciences, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-749, Republic of Korea
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Livezey KW, Groschel B, Becker MM. Use of the ecf1 gene to detect Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in beef samples. J Food Prot 2015; 78:675-84. [PMID: 25836391 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli O157:H7 and six serovars (O26, O103, O121, O111, O145, and O45) are frequently implicated in severe clinical illness worldwide. Standard testing methods using stx, eae, and O serogroup-specific gene sequences for detecting the top six non-O157 STEC bear the disadvantage that these genes may reside, independently, in different nonpathogenic organisms, leading to false-positive results. The ecf operon has previously been identified in the large enterohemolysin-encoding plasmid of eae-positive Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC). Here, we explored the utility of the ecf operon as a single marker to detect eae-positive STEC from pure broth and primary meat enrichments. Analysis of 501 E. coli isolates demonstrated a strong correlation (99.6%) between the presence of the ecf1 gene and the combined presence of stx, eae, and ehxA genes. Two large studies were carried out to determine the utility of an ecf1 detection assay to detect non-O157 STEC strains in enriched meat samples in comparison to the results using the U. S. Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) method that detects stx and eae genes. In ground beef samples (n = 1,065), the top six non-O157 STEC were detected in 4.0% of samples by an ecf1 detection assay and in 5.0% of samples by the stx- and eae-based method. In contrast, in beef samples composed largely of trim (n = 1,097), the top six non-O157 STEC were detected at 1.1% by both methods. Estimation of false-positive rates among the top six non-O157 STEC revealed a lower rate using the ecf1 detection method (0.5%) than using the eae and stx screening method (1.1%). Additionally, the ecf1 detection assay detected STEC strains associated with severe illness that are not included in the FSIS regulatory definition of adulterant STEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin W Livezey
- Roka Bioscience, Inc., 10398 Pacific Center Court, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Bettina Groschel
- Roka Bioscience, Inc., 10398 Pacific Center Court, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Michael M Becker
- Roka Bioscience, Inc., 10398 Pacific Center Court, San Diego, California 92121, USA.
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Monograph: In vitro efficacy of 30 ethnomedicinal plants used by Indian aborigines against 6 multidrug resistant Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(14)60641-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Evaluation of real time PCR assays for the detection and enumeration of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli directly from cattle feces. J Microbiol Methods 2014; 105:72-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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35
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Shin SW, Byun JW, Jung M, Shin MK, Yoo HS. Antimicrobial resistance, virulence genes and PFGE-profiling of Escherichia coli isolates from South Korean cattle farms. J Microbiol 2014; 52:785-93. [PMID: 25079954 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-014-4166-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
To estimate the prevalence of Escherichia coli with potential pathogenicity in cattle farm in South Korea, a total of 290 E. coli isolates were isolated from cattle farms over a period of 2 years in South Korea. These were examined for phenotypic and genotypic characteristics including antimicrobial susceptibility, serotype, and gene profiles of virulence and antimicrobial resistance. The most dominant virulence gene was f17 (26.2%), followed by stx2 (15.9%), ehxA (11.0%), stx1 (8.3%), eae (5.2%), and sta (4.1%). Some shiga-toxin producing E. coli isolates possessed eae (15.9%). All isolates except for one showed resistance to one or more antimicrobials, with 152 isolates exhibiting multidrug-resistance. The most prevalent resistance phenotype detected was streptomycin (63.1%), followed by tetracycline (54.5%), neomycin (40.3%), cephalothin (32.8%), amoxicillin (30.0%), ampicillin (29.7%), and sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim (16.6%). The associated resistance determinants detected were strA-strB (39.0%), tet(E) (80.0%), tet(A) (27.6%), aac(3)-IV (33.1%), aphA1 (21.4%), bla TEM (23.8%), and sul2 (22.1%). When investigated by O serotyping and PFGE molecular subtyping, the high degree of diversity was exhibited in E. coli isolates. These results suggest that E. coli isolates from South Korean cattle farms are significantly diverse in terms of virulence and antimicrobial resistance. In conclusion, the gastroinstestinal flora of cattle could be a significant reservoir of diverse virulence and antimicrobial resistance determinants, which is potentially hazardous to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Won Shin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea
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Verstraete K, Van Coillie E, Werbrouck H, Van Weyenberg S, Herman L, Del-Favero J, De Rijk P, De Zutter L, Joris MA, Heyndrickx M, De Reu K. A qPCR assay to detect and quantify Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) in cattle and on farms: a potential predictive tool for STEC culture-positive farms. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:1201-21. [PMID: 24681714 PMCID: PMC4014729 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6041201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), of various serogroups harboring the intimin gene, form a serious threat to human health. They are asymptomatically carried by cattle. In this study, a quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) method was developed as a molecular method to detect and quantify Shiga toxin genes stx1 and stx2 and the intimin gene eae. Subsequently, 59 fecal samples from six farms were tested using qPCR and a culture method as a reference. Three farms had contaminated animals as demonstrated by the culture method. Culture-positive farms showed moderate significantly higher stx prevalences than culture-negative farms (p = 0.05). This is the first study which showed preliminary results that qPCR can predict STEC farm contamination, with a specificity of 77% and a sensitivity of 83%, as compared with the culture method. Furthermore, the presence or quantity of stx genes in feces was not correlated to the isolation of STEC from the individual animal. Quantitative data thus did not add value to the results. Finally, the detection of both stx and eae genes within the same fecal sample or farm using qPCR was not correlated with the isolation of an eae-harboring STEC strain from the respective sample or farm using the culture method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Verstraete
- Technology and Food Science Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Brusselsesteenweg 370, Melle 9090, Belgium.
| | - Els Van Coillie
- Technology and Food Science Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Brusselsesteenweg 370, Melle 9090, Belgium.
| | - Hadewig Werbrouck
- Technology and Food Science Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Brusselsesteenweg 370, Melle 9090, Belgium.
| | - Stephanie Van Weyenberg
- Technology and Food Science Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Brusselsesteenweg 370, Melle 9090, Belgium.
| | - Lieve Herman
- Technology and Food Science Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Brusselsesteenweg 370, Melle 9090, Belgium.
| | - Jurgen Del-Favero
- Applied Molecular Genomics Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, Flemish Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerpen 2610, Belgium.
| | - Peter De Rijk
- Applied Molecular Genomics Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, Flemish Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerpen 2610, Belgium.
| | - Lieven De Zutter
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium.
| | - Maria-Adelheid Joris
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium.
| | - Marc Heyndrickx
- Technology and Food Science Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Brusselsesteenweg 370, Melle 9090, Belgium.
| | - Koen De Reu
- Technology and Food Science Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Brusselsesteenweg 370, Melle 9090, Belgium.
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Ferreira MRA, Freitas Filho EG, Pinto JFN, Dias M, Moreira CN. Isolation, prevalence, and risk factors for infection by shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in dairy cattle. Trop Anim Health Prod 2014; 46:635-9. [PMID: 24510196 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-014-0541-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Rectal swabs of 198 Holstein × Gir crossbred beef cattle from 34 milk farms in the central west of Brazil were analyzed from August 2010 to February 2011. Strains of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) were isolated from 72.73% (144/198) of the animals, on over 97% of the surveyed properties. The molecular characterization indicated the most common toxin gene stx1 in 70.88% of the animals (202/285), followed by 18.95% (54/285) stx1/sxt2, and 10.18% (29/285) stx2. The presence of STEC in animals together with the probable risk factors based on a questionnaire was evaluated in the owners of the evaluated animals. Results showed that the animal category "calves" and production/technification scale "low" of the farm were related to high STEC prevalence in cattle. The season did not significantly affect the presence of STEC in cattle. The STEC strains are considered a major pathogen, causing severe and potentially lethal diseases in humans such as hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome. This high prevalence of STEC in dairy cattle poses a significant risk to public health, since these microorganisms can contaminate products intended for human consumption, e.g., water, raw and pasteurized milk, meat products, dairy products, and/or products of plant origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Roberto Alves Ferreira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Campus Jataí, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia BR 364, Km 192 no 3.800 - Pq. Industrial, Caixa Postal 03, CEP 75801-615, Jataí, GO, Brazil,
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Smith DR. Cattle Production Systems: Ecology of Existing and Emerging Escherichia coli Types Related to Foodborne Illness. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2014; 2:445-68. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-022513-114122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli (STEC), particularly STEC O157, cause rare but potentially serious human infections. Infection with STEC occurs by fecal-oral transmission, most commonly through food. Cattle are the most important reservoir for human STEC exposure, and efforts to control the flow of STEC through beef processing have reduced rates of human illness. However, further reduction in human incidence of STEC may require control of the pathogen in cattle populations. The ecology of STEC in cattle production systems is complex and explained by factors that favor (a) colonization in the gut, (b) survival in the environment, and (c) ingestion by another cattle host. Although nature creates seasonal environmental conditions that do not favor STEC transmission in cattle, human efforts to control STEC by environmental manipulation have not succeeded. Vaccines and direct-fed microbial products have reduced the carriage of STEC by cattle, and other interventions are under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R. Smith
- Mississippi State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762-6100
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Abstract
In the United States, it is estimated that non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) cause more illnesses than STEC O157:H7, and the majority of cases of non-O157 STEC infections are due to serogroups O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, and O145, referred to as the top six non-O157 STEC. The diseases caused by non-O157 STEC are generally milder than those induced by O157 STEC; nonetheless, non-O157 STEC strains have also been associated with serious illnesses such as hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome, as well as death. Ruminants, particularly cattle, are reservoirs for both O157 and non-O157 STEC, which are transmitted to humans by person-to-person or animal contact and by ingestion of food or water contaminated with animal feces. Improved strategies to control STEC colonization and shedding in cattle and contamination of meat and produce are needed. In general, non-O157 STEC respond to stresses such as acid, heat, and other stresses induced during food preparation similar to O157 STEC. Similar to O157:H7, the top six non-O157 STEC are classified as adulterants in beef by the USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service, and regulatory testing for these pathogens began in June 2012. Due to the genetic and phenotypic variability of non-O157 STEC strains, the development of accurate and reliable methods for detection and isolation of these pathogens has been challenging. Since the non-O157 STEC are responsible for a large portion of STEC-related illnesses, more extensive studies on their physiology, genetics, pathogenicity, and evolution are needed in order to develop more effective control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Smith
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Pina M Fratamico
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Nereus W Gunther
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania, USA
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Rath S, Padhy RN. Monitoring in vitro antibacterial efficacy of Terminalia alata Heyne ex. Roth, against MDR enteropathogenic bacteria isolated from clinical samples. J Acute Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacme.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Pathogenic Escherichia coli and One Health Implications. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-45791-7_261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Carvalho A, Miyashiro S, Nassar A, Noda A, Gabriel D, Baldassi L. Caracterização molecular e fenotípica de estirpes de Escherichia coli produtoras de shiga-toxina (STEC) não-O157 de fezes e carcaças bovinas. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352012000400014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Foram coletados 100 suabes retais e 100 suabes de carcaças bovinas em matadouros do estado de São Paulo, e um total de 326 estirpes de E. coli foram identificadas, sendo 163 de amostras retais e 163 de amostras de carcaça. Todos os isolados submetidos à PCR para detecção dos genes das toxinas Stx1 e Stx2 foram identificados como não-O157 e fenotipados pelo teste da citotoxicidade em células Vero. Das 26 estirpes que apresentaram apenas o gene stx1, das 56 que apresentaram apenas o gene stx2 e das 30 estirpes que apresentaram ambos os genes, 17 (65,4%), 42 (75%) e 22 (73,3%), respectivamente, foram positivas ao teste de citotoxicidade. Não houve diferença estatística entre os três perfis genéticos e na positividade ao teste de citotoxicidade. Os resultados mostram a alta frequência de expressão dos fatores de virulência das STEC de bovinos.
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Rivera FP, Sotelo E, Morales I, Menacho F, Medina AM, Evaristo R, Valencia R, Carbajal L, Ruiz J, Ochoa TJ. Short communication: Detection of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in healthy cattle and pigs in Lima, Peru. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:1166-9. [PMID: 22365200 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in cattle and pigs as a possible STEC reservoir in Lima, Peru. One hundred and fourteen cattle and 112 pigs from 10 and 4 farms, respectively, were studied. Five E. coli colonies per culture were studied by a multiplex real-time PCR to identify Shiga toxin-producing (stx1, stx2, eaeA), enterotoxigenic (lt, st), enteropathogenic (eaeA), enteroinvasive (ipaH), enteroaggregative (aggR), and diffusely adherent E. coli (daaD). Shiga toxin-producing E. coli were isolated from 16 cattle (14%) but none from pigs. stx1 was found in all bovine isolates, 11 of which also carried eaeA genes (69%); only 1 sample had both stx1 and stx2. Thirteen stx-positive strains were classified as Shiga-toxigenic (81%) using an enzymatic immunoassay, 2 STEC strains were from serogroup O157 (13%), and 7 were sorbitol negative (44%). Enteropathogenic E. coli were detected more frequently in cattle (18%, 20/114) than in pigs (5%, 6/112). To our knowledge, this is the first study on the prevalence of STEC in farms animals in Peru using molecular methods. Further studies are needed in a large number of farms to determine the relevance of these findings and its consequences for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- F P Rivera
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Av. Honorio Delgado 430, San Martin de Porres, Lima 31, Peru
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Wieler LH, Semmler T, Eichhorn I, Antao EM, Kinnemann B, Geue L, Karch H, Guenther S, Bethe A. No evidence of the Shiga toxin-producing E. coli O104:H4 outbreak strain or enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) found in cattle faeces in northern Germany, the hotspot of the 2011 HUS outbreak area. Gut Pathog 2011; 3:17. [PMID: 22051440 PMCID: PMC3227623 DOI: 10.1186/1757-4749-3-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ruminants, in particular bovines, are the primary reservoir of Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), but whole genome analyses of the current German ESBL-producing O104:H4 outbreak strain of sequence type (ST) 678 showed this strain to be highly similar to enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC). Strains of the EAEC pathotype are basically adapted to the human host. To clarify whether in contrast to this paradigm, the O104:H4 outbreak strain and/or EAEC may also be able to colonize ruminants, we screened a total of 2.000 colonies from faecal samples of 100 cattle from 34 different farms - all located in the HUS outbreak region of Northern Germany - for genes associated with the O104:H4 HUS outbreak strain (stx2, terD, rfbO104, fliCH4), STEC (stx1, stx2, escV), EAEC (pAA, aggR, astA), and ESBL-production (blaCTX-M, blaTEM, blaSHV). RESULTS The faecal samples contained neither the HUS outbreak strain nor any EAEC. As the current outbreak strain belongs to ST678 and displays an en-teroaggregative and ESBL-producing phenotype, we additionally screened selected strains for ST678 as well as the aggregative adhesion pattern in HEp-2 cells. However, we were unable to find any strains belonging to ST678 or showing an aggregative adhesion pattern. A high percentage of animals (28%) shed STEC, corroborating previous knowl-edge and thereby proving the validity of our study. One of the STEC also harboured the LEE pathogenicity island. In addition, eleven animals shed ESBL-producing E. coli. CONCLUSIONS While we are aware of the limitations of our survey, our data support the theory, that, in contrast to other Shiga-toxin producing E. coli, cattle are not the reservoir for the O104:H4 outbreak strain or other EAEC, but that the outbreak strain seems to be adapted to humans or might have yet another reservoir, raising new questions about the epidemiology of STEC O104:H4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lothar H Wieler
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Veterinary Faculty, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Torsten Semmler
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Veterinary Faculty, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Inga Eichhorn
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Veterinary Faculty, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Esther M Antao
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Veterinary Faculty, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Bianca Kinnemann
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Veterinary Faculty, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Lutz Geue
- Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Seestrasse 55, D-16868 Wusterhausen, Germany
| | - Helge Karch
- Institute for Hygiene and the National Consulting Laboratory for Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Sebastian Guenther
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Veterinary Faculty, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - Astrid Bethe
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Veterinary Faculty, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
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Shiga toxin: expression, distribution, and its role in the environment. Toxins (Basel) 2011; 3:608-25. [PMID: 22069728 PMCID: PMC3202840 DOI: 10.3390/toxins3060608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we highlight recent work that has increased our understanding of the production and distribution of Shiga toxin in the environment. Specifically, we review studies that offer an expanded view of environmental reservoirs for Shiga toxin producing microbes in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. We then relate the abundance of Shiga toxin in the environment to work that demonstrates that the genetic mechanisms underlying the production of Shiga toxin genes are modified and embellished beyond the classical microbial gene regulatory paradigms in a manner that apparently "fine tunes" the trigger to modulate the amount of toxin produced. Last, we highlight several recent studies examining microbe/protist interactions that postulate an answer to the outstanding question of why microbes might harbor and express Shiga toxin genes in the environment.
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Kistler WM, Mulugeta S, Mauro SA. Detection of stx and stx genes in Pennsylvanian white-tailed deer. Toxins (Basel) 2011; 3:640-6. [PMID: 22069730 PMCID: PMC3202837 DOI: 10.3390/toxins3060640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing E. coli carrying the stx(1) and/or stx(2) genes can cause multi-symptomatic illness in humans. A variety of terrestrial and aquatic environmental reservoirs of stx have been described. Culture based detection of microbes in deer species have found a low percentage of samples that have tested positive for Stx-producing microbes, suggesting that while deer may contain these microbes, their overall abundance in deer is low. In this study, quantitative PCR (qPCR) was utilized to test for the presence of stx genes in white-tailed deer fecal matter in western Pennsylvania. In this culture independent screening, nearly half of the samples tested positive for the stx(2) gene, with a bias towards samples that were concentrated with stx(2). This study, while limited in scope, suggests that deer may be a greater reservoir for stx than was previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney M. Kistler
- Southwestern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
| | - Surafel Mulugeta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mercyhurst College, Erie, PA 16546, USA;
| | - Steven A. Mauro
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mercyhurst College, Erie, PA 16546, USA;
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +1-814-824-3619; Fax: +1-814-824-2188
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